1.

Methodology

The following methodology will be implemented in the Research Process:

1) Problem Formulation:

By means of this research, we intend to find out how software firms can contribute
positively to the environment by following the basic principles of Green IT. Secondly, we
intend to find out what measures are these companies taking to ensure that they are
complying with green practices on manufacturing, using and disposing computer systems.
Thirdly, we want to investigate on how we can improve these measures, or add new ones so
as to maximize the companies green contribution.

In a nutshell, we will browse through the various initiatives required for green computing,
what initiatives have been taken in the perspective Organization, how effective they have
been, and what enhancements can be done to the existing model to further make the existing
model more environment friendlier.

Throughout the course of this research, we shall be meeting with the practices departments
of Wipro Technologies, so as to benefit our research with appropriate data , sharing of
observations and discussion of conclusions derived.

We shall also attempt to find out the impact of ICTs on the environment on a regular basis
by constantly reviewing environmental statistics that highlight this impact.

Considerations while selecting Green IT as a research problem.

- Ever since I understood the importance of our environment and the impact of ICTs on
it, I became concerned which is the reason why I have a deep interest in the subject of Green
computing.
- Because of my deep interest in this concept, I have always been well versed with what
is happening in the world of green computing, and for the same reason I have gone through I
a large magnitude of research papers, journals, books, and online material available online.
This has significantly reduced the time I would have otherwise invested in information
gathering for this research. Hence I am in position to utilize this gained time in investigation
this domain in finer detail.
- The most motivation factor about this research topic is that on completion of this
research work, the knowledge gained thereof would be beneficial not to an individual, but to
the whole environment.
- Another motivating factor is that following green practices for ICTs is not just a
question of compliance, but it also brings monitory benefit with it, by minimizing operation
and purchasing costs, hence companies are also very much welcoming for anyone who can
better their existing green practices.

2) Extensive Literature Review:

Literature review is integral part of entire research process and makes valuable contribution
to every operational step. Reviewing literature can be time-consuming, daunting and
frustrating, but is also rewarding.

Throughout the course of this research, I intend to constantly and continually focus on the
review of all existing literal in this field, so that I am inform to the largest extend about the
various happenings in this field. This knowledge will hugely benefit the research as Iwill be
aware about the working principles on this subject throughregular extensive research.

The process of reviewing the literature helps us to understand thesubject area better and thus
helps us to conceptualize our research problem clearly and precisely. It also helps us to
understand the relationship between our research problem and the body of knowledge in the
area.
A literature review tells us if others have used procedures and methods similar to the ones
that we are proposing, which procedures and methods have worked well for them, and what
problems they have faced with them. Thus we will be better positioned to select a
methodology that is capable of providing valid answer to our research questions.

Sources of Literature Review

BOOKS
Books comprise a central part of any bibliography. During the course of this research work,
we shall be going through a large magnitude of books that are related to Green IT, ICTs
impact on environment, Cloud Computing, Virtualization etc. This review can be both,
advantageous and disadvantageous in their own ways.

Advantage-material published generally is of good quality and the findings are integrated
with other research to form a coherent body of knowledge.

Disadvantage-material is not completely up to date, as it can take a few years between the
completion of a work and publication in the form of a book.

JOURNALS
Journals provide us with the most up-to-date information, even though there is a gap of two
to three years between the completion of a research project and the publication in a journal.
As with books, we need to prepare a list of journals for identifying literature relevant to our
study.

E-journals:
E-journals have become popular and are easy to find because today most of the researchers
prefer to publish their journals on internet. E-journals can be purchased from the publishing
companies or a subscription can be obtained.
E-books:
E-books like other printed books have similar information but they are available on internet.
Some of the e-books are free to read and print while others have to be purchased. Amazon
and e-bay are two prominent sources of purchasing books online.

Newspapers:
While conducting research on such a subject that is directly related to the future of this
planet, newspapers would prove to be very important because they contain information
about the latest facts and figure not only on national, but also at world level that a book may
not contain.

Government Published Documents:

Government publishes records and reports of various environmental statistics which will
give me insight for later research.

3) Objective Formulation:

In the course of this research, we shall be concentrating primarily on three main objectives.
- To explore how software firms can contribute positively to the environment by
following the basic principles of Green IT.
- To find out what measures are these companies taking to ensure that they are
complying with green practices on manufacturing, using and disposing computer systems.
- To determine how we can improve these measures, or add new ones so as to maximize
the companies green contribution.
I shall be undergoing a descriptive study on Wipro Technologies sustainability report from
the past to keep tract of how the company has been able to handle this issue, and how
successful they have been in implementing all that they had targeted in the line of this
initiative.

4) Research Design Preparation:

Research design is the conceptual structure within which research would be conducted. The
function of research design is to provide for the collection of relevant information with
minimal expenditure of effort, time and money.
For data collection, I shall be relying primarily on Wipro Technologies, although I shall be
visiting other ICTs as well so as to do a comparative analysis.
While vising other ICTs, survey methodology will be followed.
It would be advantageous in the sense that
- Can be used to collect many different kinds of information
- Quick and low cost as compared to observation and experimental method.
It would be disadvantageous in the sense that
- Respondent’s reluctance to answer questions asked by unknown interviewers about things
they consider private.
- Busy people may not want to take the time -may try to help by giving pleasant answers
- Unable to answer because they cannot remember or never gave a thought to what they do
and why
- May answer in order to look smart or well informed.

Mail Questionnaires:
It would be advantageous in the sense that
- Can be used to collect large amounts of information at a low cost per respondent.
- Respondents may give more honest answers to personal questions on a mail questionnaire
- No interviewer is involved to bias the respondent’s answers.
- Convenient for respondent’s who can answer when they have time
- Good way to reach people who often travel
It would be disadvantageous in the sense that
- Not flexible
- Takes longer to complete than telephone or personal interview
- Response rate is often very low
- Researcher has no control over who answers.

Focus Group Interviewing:

For Green IT, this way of gathering information would prove to be excellent because apart
from facts and figures, we will be getting a lot of new ideas and people’s own perception of
how they think that green practices can be made better.
It is rapidly becoming one of the major research tool to understand people’s thoughts and
feelings. It is usually conducted by inviting six to ten people to gather for a few hours with a
trained moderator to talk about a product, service or organization.
The moderator needs objectivity, knowledge of the subject and industry, and some
understanding of group and consumer behavior. The moderator starts with a broad question
before moving to more specific issues, encouraging open and easy discussion to bring out
true feelings and thoughts.
At the same time, the interviewer focuses the discussion, hence the name focus group
interviewing. -often held to help determine the subject areas on which questions should be
asked in a later, large-scale, structured-direct interview.

5) Data Collection:

Apart from collecting the performance related data, we shall also be conduction
questionnaires.
A questionnaire consists of a set of questions presented to a respondent for answers. The
respondents read the questions, interpret what is expected and then write down the answers
themselves. It is called an Interview Schedule when the researcher asks the questions (and if
necessary, explain them) and record the respondent’s reply on the interview schedule.
Because there are many ways to ask questions, the questionnaire is very flexible.
Questionnaire should be developed and tested carefully before being used on a large scale.

There are three basic types of questionnaire:

• Closed –ended
• Open-ended
• Combination of both

 Closed –ended Questionnaire:

 -Closed ended questions include all possible answers/prewritten response categories, and
respondents are asked to choose among them.
-e.g. multiple choice questions, scale questions
- Type of questions used to generate statistics in quantitative research.
-As these follow a set format, and most responses can be entered easily into a computer
for ease of analysis, greater numbers can be distributed.

 Open-ended Questionnaire:
-Open-ended questions allow respondents to answer in their own words.
-Questionnaire does not contain boxes to tick but instead leaves a blank section for the
response to write in an answer.
-Whereas closed–ended questionnaires might be used to find out how many people use
open-ended questionnaires might be used to find out what people think about a service.
-As there are no standard answers to these questions, data analysis is more complex.
-As it is opinions which are sought rather than numbers, fewer questionnaires need to be
distributed.

 Combination of both:
-This way it is possible to find out how many people use a service and what they think
of the service in the same form.
-Begins with a series of closed–ended questions, with boxes to tick or scales to rank,
and the finish with a section of open-ended questions or more detailed response.

6) Analysis of Data:

Processing and analysing data involves a number of closely related operations which are
performed with the purpose of summarizing the collected data and organizing these in a
manner that they answer the research questions (objectives).
The Data Processing operations are:
1. Editing- a process of examining the collected raw data to detect errors and omissions and
to correct these when possible.

2. Classification- a process of arranging data in groups or classes on the basis of common

characteristics depending on the nature of phenomenon involved.
3. Tabulation-Tabulation is the process of summarizing raw data and displaying the same in
compact form for further analysis. It is an orderly arrangement of data in columns and rows.
Tabulation is essential because:

a) It conserves space and reduces explanatory and descriptive statement to a minimum.

b) It facilitates the process of comparison.

c) It facilitates the summation of items and the detection of errors and omissions.

d) It provides the basis for various statistical computations.

Tabulation may also be classified as simple and complex tabulation. Simple tabulation
generally results in one-way tables which supply answers to questions about one
characteristic of data only. Complex tabulation usually results on two-way tables (which
give information about two inter-related characteristics of data), three–way tables or still
higher order tables, also known as manifold tables.

7) Report Generation

This will consolidate all the above stated points mentioned above.
The report will contain all relevant details related to all the research done on Green IT, and
will be the summation of all conclusions derived and improvements suggested and
implemented.
2. Wipro’s Initiative

Wipro works closely with its partners and stake holders in identifying and eliminating not only
the chemicals rated toxic and hazardous but goes one step beyond to identify chemicals that may
pose a threat in the future to the safety of its employees and the environment at large. Currently
the below table enlists few of the identified chemicals and phase-out plans:

S.No. Element Permissible Quantity Wipro Strategy

(PPM)
1. Polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) 1000 Banned
2. Refractory Ceramic Fibers Restricted Banned
3. Asbestos and its compounds Restricted Banned
4. Azo dyes/colorants 100 Banned
5. Nickel and its components 1000 Banned
6. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Restricted Eliminated
7. Phthalates 1000 Elimination by FY
2012.
8. Cadmium Oxide 1000 Control within
limits.

Wipro continues to work with its vendors for eliminating other hazardous chemical substances
like Antimony, Phthalates and Beryllium along with vendor roadmaps for the appropriate release
to the market.
Wipro will launch a product free from Antimony , beryllium and Phthalates by Dec 2011.

Chemical -Next Level Elimination

Total %age Free Phthalates %ageFree Beryllium %ageFree

Category Antimony
Components
13 100 100 92

Chemical -Next Level Elimination

Component Phthalates Beryllium Free Antimony Free Status

Free
CPU Yes Yes Yes Closed
Heat Sink Yes Yes Yes Closed
Mother Board Yes Yes Yes Closed
Hard Disk Yes Yes Yes Closed
Monitor Yes Yes ? Open
SMPS Yes Yes Yes Closed
Keyboard Yes Yes Yes Closed
Mouse Yes Yes Yes Closed

PVC- AND BFR-FREE MODELS OF ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS ON THE MARKET

Following the launch of PVC/BFR free Desktop in 2010 , significant focus has been made to
bring more models which exclude PVC and BFR toxic content . There in increase in the share of
PVC & BFR free product release moved up to 37% . Wipro will continue focus on this
elimination process to reach 100% by FY 2011.
(www.wiprogreentech.com)