ASSIGNMENT NUMBER:03

NAME-AYUSHA VINAYAK JAGTAP

REGISTRATION NUMBER:211071071

Aim:To study linux kernel Modules.

Theory:
In this project, you will learn how to create a kernel module and load it into the
Linux kernel. The project
can be completed using the Linux virtual machine. Although you may use an
editor to write these C
programs, you will have to use the terminal application to compile the
programs, and you will have to
enter commands on the command line to manage the modules in the kernel.
As you’ll discover, the
advantage of developing kernel modules is that it is a relatively easy method of
interacting with the
kernel, thus allowing you to write programs that directly invoke kernel
functions. It is important for you
to keep in mind that you are indeed writing kernel code that directly interacts
with the kernel. That
normally means that any errors in the code could crash the system! However,
since you will be using a
virtual machine, any failures will at worst only require rebooting the system.
Part I Assignment
Proceed through the steps described below create the kernel module and to
load and unload the module.
Be sure to check the contents of the kernel log buffer using dmesg to ensure
you have properly followed
the steps.
Part I—Creating Kernel Modules
The first part of this project involves following a series of steps for creating and
inserting a module into
the Linux kernel.
You can list all kernel modules that are currently loaded by entering the
command
lsmod
This command will list the current kernel modules in three columns: name,
size, and where the module is
being used.
The following program (named simple.c and available with the source code for
this text) illustrates a very
basic kernel module that prints appropriate messages when the kernel module
is loaded and unloaded.
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
/* This function is called when the module is loaded. */
int simple init(void)
{
printk(KERN_INFO "Loading Module\n");
return 0;
}
/* This function is called when the module is removed. */
void simple exit(void)
{
printk(KERN_INFO "Removing Module\n");
}
/* Macros for registering module entry and exit points. */

module init(simple init);

module exit(simple exit);
MODULE LICENSE("GPL");
MODULE DESCRIPTION("Simple Module");
MODULE AUTHOR("SGG");
The function simple init() is the module entry point, which represents the
function that is invoked when
the module is loaded into the kernel. Similarly, the simple exit() function is the
module exit point—the
function that is called when the module is removed from the kernel.
The module entry point function must return an integer value, with 0
representing success and any other
value representing failure. The module exit point function returns void. Neither
the module entry point
nor the module exit point is passed any parameters. The two following macros
are used for registering the
module entry and exit points with the kernel:
module init()
module exit()
Notice how both the module entry and exit point functions make calls to the
printk() function. printk() is
the kernel equivalent of printf(), yet its output is sent to a kernel log buffer
whose contents can be read by
the dmesg command. One difference between printf() and printk() is that
printk() allows us to specify a
priority flag whose values are given in the <linux/printk.h> include file. In this
instance, the priority is
KERN_INFO, which is defined as an informational message.
The final lines—MODULE LICENSE(), MODULE DESCRIPTION(), and MODULE
AUTHOR()—
represent details regarding the software license, description of the module,
and author. For our purposes,
we do not depend on this information, but we include it because it is standard
practice in developing
kernel modules.
This kernel module simple.c is compiled using the Makefile accompanying the
source code with this
project. To compile the module, enter the following on the command line:
make
The compilation produces several files. The file simple.ko represents the
compiled kernel module. The
following step illustrates inserting this module into the Linux kernel.
Loading and Removing Kernel Modules
Kernel modules are loaded using the insmod command, which is run as
follows:
sudo insmod simple.ko
To check whether the module has loaded, enter the lsmod command and
search for the module simple.
Recall that the module entry point is invoked when the module is inserted into
the kernel. To check the
contents of this message in the kernel log buffer, enter the command
dmesg
You should see the message "Loading Module."
Removing the kernel module involves invoking the rmmod command
(notice that the .ko suffix is unnecessary):

sudo rmmod simple

Be sure to check with the dmesg command to ensure the module has been
removed.
Because the kernel log buffer can fill up quickly, it often makes sense to clear
the buffer periodically.
This can be accomplished as follows:
sudo dmesg –c

CODE:
ayusha@Ayusha:~$ make

make: *** No targets specified and no makefile found. Stop.

ayusha@Ayusha:~$ cd Desktop/

ayusha@Ayusha:~/Desktop$ make

make -C /lib/modules/5.15.0-60-generic/build M=/home/ayusha/Desktop modules

make[1]: Entering directory '/usr/src/linux-headers-5.15.0-60-generic'

make[1]: Leaving directory '/usr/src/linux-headers-5.15.0-60-generic'

ayusha@Ayusha:~/Desktop$ sudo rmmod simple

[sudo] password for ayusha:

rmmod: ERROR: Module simple is not currently loaded

ayusha@Ayusha:~/Desktop$ sudo insmod simple.ko

ayusha@Ayusha:~/Desktop$ dmesg

dmesg: read kernel buffer failed: Operation not permitted

ayusha@Ayusha:~/Desktop$ sudo sysctl kernel.dmesg_restrict=0

kernel.dmesg_restrict = 0

ayusha@Ayusha:~/Desktop$ dmesg

[ 0.000000] Linux version 5.15.0-60-generic (buildd@lcy02-amd64-054) (gcc (Ubuntu

11.3.0-1ubuntu1~22.04) 11.3.0, GNU ld (GNU Binutils for Ubuntu) 2.38) #66-Ubuntu SMP Fri
Jan 20 14:29:49 UTC 2023 (Ubuntu 5.15.0-60.66-generic 5.15.78)

[ 0.000000] Command line: BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz-5.15.0-60-generic

root=UUID=73400247-52a8-447b-babb-ee3e897dc598 ro quiet splash

[ 0.000000] KERNEL supported cpus:

[ 0.000000] Intel GenuineIntel

[ 0.000000] AMD AuthenticAMD

[ 0.000000] Hygon HygonGenuine

[ 0.000000] Centaur CentaurHauls

[ 0.000000] zhaoxin Shanghai

[ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x001: 'x87 floating point registers'

[ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x002: 'SSE registers'

[ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x004: 'AVX registers'

[ 0.000000] x86/fpu: xstate_offset[2]: 576, xstate_sizes[2]: 256

[ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Enabled xstate features 0x7, context size is 832 bytes, using
'standard' format.

[ 0.000000] signal: max sigframe size: 1776

[ 0.000000] BIOS-provided physical RAM map:

[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable

[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000000009fc00-0x000000000009ffff] reserved

[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000f0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved

[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000007ffeffff] usable

[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007fff0000-0x000000007fffffff] ACPI data

[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fec00000-0x00000000fec00fff] reserved

[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fee00000-0x00000000fee00fff] reserved

[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fffc0000-0x00000000ffffffff] reserved

[ 0.000000] NX (Execute Disable) protection: active

[ 0.000000] SMBIOS 2.5 present.

[ 0.000000] DMI: innotek GmbH VirtualBox/VirtualBox, BIOS VirtualBox 12/01/2006

[ 0.000000] Hypervisor detected: KVM

[ 0.000000] kvm-clock: Using msrs 4b564d01 and 4b564d00

[ 0.000000] kvm-clock: cpu 0, msr 5d801001, primary cpu clock

[ 0.000003] kvm-clock: using sched offset of 4869826655 cycles

[ 0.000005] clocksource: kvm-clock: mask: 0xffffffffffffffff max_cycles: 0x1cd42e4dffb,

max_idle_ns: 881590591483 ns

[ 0.000009] tsc: Detected 1996.803 MHz processor

[ 0.001515] e820: update [mem 0x00000000-0x00000fff] usable ==> reserved

[ 0.001520] e820: remove [mem 0x000a0000-0x000fffff] usable

[ 0.001527] last_pfn = 0x7fff0 max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000

[ 0.001542] Disabled

[ 0.001543] x86/PAT: MTRRs disabled, skipping PAT initialization too.

[ 0.001545] CPU MTRRs all blank - virtualized system.

[ 0.001548] x86/PAT: Configuration [0-7]: WB WT UC- UC WB WT UC- UC

[ 0.001636] found SMP MP-table at [mem 0x0009fff0-0x0009ffff]

[ 0.001850] RAMDISK: [mem 0x30705000-0x34379fff]

[ 0.001858] ACPI: Early table checksum verification disabled

[ 0.001862] ACPI: RSDP 0x00000000000E0000 000024 (v02 VBOX )

[ 0.001868] ACPI: XSDT 0x000000007FFF0030 00003C (v01 VBOX VBOXXSDT 00000001

ASL 00000061)

[ 0.001875] ACPI: FACP 0x000000007FFF00F0 0000F4 (v04 VBOX VBOXFACP 00000001

ASL 00000061)

[ 0.001883] ACPI: DSDT 0x000000007FFF0620 002353 (v02 VBOX VBOXBIOS 00000002

INTL 20100528)

[ 0.001888] ACPI: FACS 0x000000007FFF0200 000040

[ 0.001892] ACPI: FACS 0x000000007FFF0200 000040

[ 0.001897] ACPI: APIC 0x000000007FFF0240 00006C (v02 VBOX VBOXAPIC 00000001 ASL
00000061)

[ 0.001901] ACPI: SSDT 0x000000007FFF02B0 00036C (v01 VBOX VBOXCPUT 00000002

INTL 20100528)

[ 0.001905] ACPI: Reserving FACP table memory at [mem 0x7fff00f0-0x7fff01e3]

[ 0.001907] ACPI: Reserving DSDT table memory at [mem 0x7fff0620-0x7fff2972]

[ 0.001908] ACPI: Reserving FACS table memory at [mem 0x7fff0200-0x7fff023f]

[ 0.001908] ACPI: Reserving FACS table memory at [mem 0x7fff0200-0x7fff023f]

[ 0.001909] ACPI: Reserving APIC table memory at [mem 0x7fff0240-0x7fff02ab]

[ 0.001910] ACPI: Reserving SSDT table memory at [mem 0x7fff02b0-0x7fff061b]

[ 0.002185] No NUMA configuration found

[ 0.002187] Faking a node at [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000007ffeffff]

[ 0.002195] NODE_DATA(0) allocated [mem 0x7ffc6000-0x7ffeffff]

[ 0.002505] Zone ranges:

[ 0.002506] DMA [mem 0x0000000000001000-0x0000000000ffffff]

[ 0.002508] DMA32 [mem 0x0000000001000000-0x000000007ffeffff]

[ 0.002510] Normal empty

[ 0.002511] Device empty

[ 0.002512] Movable zone start for each node

[ 0.002514] Early memory node ranges

[ 0.002515] node 0: [mem 0x0000000000001000-0x000000000009efff]

[ 0.002516] node 0: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000007ffeffff]

[ 0.002518] Initmem setup node 0 [mem 0x0000000000001000-0x000000007ffeffff]

[ 0.002523] On node 0, zone DMA: 1 pages in unavailable ranges

[ 0.002556] On node 0, zone DMA: 97 pages in unavailable ranges

[ 0.006879] On node 0, zone DMA32: 16 pages in unavailable ranges

[ 0.007293] ACPI: PM-Timer IO Port: 0x4008

[ 0.007354] IOAPIC[0]: apic_id 4, version 32, address 0xfec00000, GSI 0-23

[ 0.007358] ACPI: INT_SRC_OVR (bus 0 bus_irq 0 global_irq 2 dfl dfl)

[ 0.007361] ACPI: INT_SRC_OVR (bus 0 bus_irq 9 global_irq 9 low level)

[ 0.007366] ACPI: Using ACPI (MADT) for SMP configuration information

[ 0.007373] smpboot: Allowing 4 CPUs, 0 hotplug CPUs

[ 0.007394] PM: hibernation: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x00000000-0x00000fff]

[ 0.007396] PM: hibernation: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x0009f000-0x0009ffff]

[ 0.007397] PM: hibernation: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x000a0000-0x000effff]

[ 0.007398] PM: hibernation: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x000f0000-0x000fffff]

[ 0.007399] [mem 0x80000000-0xfebfffff] available for PCI devices

[ 0.007400] Booting paravirtualized kernel on KVM

[ 0.007403] clocksource: refined-jiffies: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns:

7645519600211568 ns

[ 0.007410] setup_percpu: NR_CPUS:8192 nr_cpumask_bits:4 nr_cpu_ids:4 nr_node_ids:1

[ 0.007569] percpu: Embedded 60 pages/cpu s208896 r8192 d28672 u524288

[ 0.007576] pcpu-alloc: s208896 r8192 d28672 u524288 alloc=1*2097152

[ 0.007578] pcpu-alloc: [0] 0 1 2 3

[ 0.007602] kvm-guest: PV spinlocks enabled

[ 0.007605] PV qspinlock hash table entries: 256 (order: 0, 4096 bytes, linear)
[ 0.007615] Built 1 zonelists, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 515824

[ 0.007616] Policy zone: DMA32

[ 0.007618] Kernel command line: BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz-5.15.0-60-generic

root=UUID=73400247-52a8-447b-babb-ee3e897dc598 ro quiet splash

[ 0.007682] Unknown kernel command line parameters "splash

BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz-5.15.0-60-generic", will be passed to user space.

[ 0.011754] Dentry cache hash table entries: 262144 (order: 9, 2097152 bytes, linear)

[ 0.011803] Inode-cache hash table entries: 131072 (order: 8, 1048576 bytes, linear)

[ 0.011904] mem auto-init: stack:off, heap alloc:on, heap free:off

[ 0.016879] Memory: 1951748K/2096696K available (16393K kernel code, 4379K rwdata,

10820K rodata, 3240K init, 6560K bss, 144688K reserved, 0K cma-reserved)

[ 0.017449] SLUB: HWalign=64, Order=0-3, MinObjects=0, CPUs=4, Nodes=1

[ 0.017473] ftrace: allocating 50540 entries in 198 pages

[ 0.054269] ftrace: allocated 198 pages with 4 groups

[ 0.054392] rcu: Hierarchical RCU implementation.

[ 0.054393] rcu: RCU restricting CPUs from NR_CPUS=8192 to nr_cpu_ids=4.

[ 0.054394] Rude variant of Tasks RCU enabled.

[ 0.054395] Tracing variant of Tasks RCU enabled.

[ 0.054395] rcu: RCU calculated value of scheduler-enlistment delay is 25 jiffies.

[ 0.054396] rcu: Adjusting geometry for rcu_fanout_leaf=16, nr_cpu_ids=4

[ 0.057834] NR_IRQS: 524544, nr_irqs: 456, preallocated irqs: 16

[ 0.058296] random: crng init done

[ 0.067908] Console: colour VGA+ 80x25

[ 0.067920] printk: console [tty0] enabled

[ 0.067945] ACPI: Core revision 20210730

[ 0.068063] APIC: Switch to symmetric I/O mode setup

[ 0.068336] x2apic enabled

[ 0.068586] Switched APIC routing to physical x2apic.

[ 0.069856] ..TIMER: vector=0x30 apic1=0 pin1=2 apic2=-1 pin2=-1

[ 0.069890] clocksource: tsc-early: mask: 0xffffffffffffffff max_cycles: 0x3990c471fbb,

max_idle_ns: 881590442488 ns

[ 0.069901] Calibrating delay loop (skipped) preset value.. 3993.60 BogoMIPS

(lpj=7987212)
[ 0.069905] pid_max: default: 32768 minimum: 301

[ 0.069938] LSM: Security Framework initializing

[ 0.069951] landlock: Up and running.

[ 0.069952] Yama: becoming mindful.

[ 0.069980] AppArmor: AppArmor initialized

[ 0.070036] Mount-cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 3, 32768 bytes, linear)

[ 0.070042] Mountpoint-cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 3, 32768 bytes, linear)

[ 0.070499] Last level iTLB entries: 4KB 0, 2MB 0, 4MB 0

[ 0.070501] Last level dTLB entries: 4KB 0, 2MB 0, 4MB 0, 1GB 0

[ 0.070509] Spectre V1 : Mitigation: usercopy/swapgs barriers and __user pointer

sanitization

[ 0.070511] Spectre V2 : Mitigation: Retpolines

[ 0.070512] Spectre V2 : Spectre v2 / SpectreRSB mitigation: Filling RSB on context switch

[ 0.070513] Spectre V2 : Spectre v2 / SpectreRSB : Filling RSB on VMEXIT

[ 0.070514] Speculative Store Bypass: Vulnerable

[ 0.098631] Freeing SMP alternatives memory: 40K

[ 0.207215] smpboot: CPU0: 11th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i3-1125G4 @ 2.00GHz (family:
0x6, model: 0x8c, stepping: 0x1)

[ 0.207638] Performance Events: unsupported p6 CPU model 140 no PMU driver, software
events only.

[ 0.207686] rcu: Hierarchical SRCU implementation.

[ 0.208239] NMI watchdog: Perf NMI watchdog permanently disabled

[ 0.208305] smp: Bringing up secondary CPUs ...

[ 0.208393] x86: Booting SMP configuration:

[ 0.208394] .... node #0, CPUs: #1

[ 0.015616] kvm-clock: cpu 1, msr 5d801041, secondary cpu clock

[ 0.210037] #2

[ 0.015616] kvm-clock: cpu 2, msr 5d801081, secondary cpu clock

[ 0.212511] #3

[ 0.015616] kvm-clock: cpu 3, msr 5d8010c1, secondary cpu clock

[ 0.214383] smp: Brought up 1 node, 4 CPUs

[ 0.214387] smpboot: Max logical packages: 1

[ 0.214388] smpboot: Total of 4 processors activated (15974.42 BogoMIPS)

[ 0.214614] devtmpfs: initialized

[ 0.214614] x86/mm: Memory block size: 128MB

[ 0.214614] clocksource: jiffies: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns:

7645041785100000 ns

[ 0.214614] futex hash table entries: 1024 (order: 4, 65536 bytes, linear)

[ 0.214614] pinctrl core: initialized pinctrl subsystem

[ 0.214614] PM: RTC time: 00:50:18, date: 2023-02-13

[ 0.214614] NET: Registered PF_NETLINK/PF_ROUTE protocol family

[ 0.214614] DMA: preallocated 256 KiB GFP_KERNEL pool for atomic allocations

[ 0.214614] DMA: preallocated 256 KiB GFP_KERNEL|GFP_DMA pool for atomic allocations

[ 0.214614] DMA: preallocated 256 KiB GFP_KERNEL|GFP_DMA32 pool for atomic

allocations

[ 0.214614] audit: initializing netlink subsys (disabled)

[ 0.214614] audit: type=2000 audit(1676249424.491:1): state=initialized audit_enabled=0

res=1
[ 0.217988] thermal_sys: Registered thermal governor 'fair_share'

[ 0.217990] thermal_sys: Registered thermal governor 'bang_bang'

[ 0.217991] thermal_sys: Registered thermal governor 'step_wise'

[ 0.217991] thermal_sys: Registered thermal governor 'user_space'

[ 0.217992] thermal_sys: Registered thermal governor 'power_allocator'

[ 0.217997] EISA bus registered

[ 0.218003] cpuidle: using governor ladder

[ 0.218006] cpuidle: using governor menu

[ 0.218034] ACPI: bus type PCI registered

[ 0.218036] acpiphp: ACPI Hot Plug PCI Controller Driver version: 0.5

[ 0.218126] PCI: Using configuration type 1 for base access

[ 0.219371] Kprobes globally optimized

[ 0.219393] HugeTLB registered 2.00 MiB page size, pre-allocated 0 pages

[ 0.229983] ACPI: Added _OSI(Module Device)

[ 0.229985] ACPI: Added _OSI(Processor Device)

[ 0.229986] ACPI: Added _OSI(3.0 _SCP Extensions)

[ 0.229986] ACPI: Added _OSI(Processor Aggregator Device)

[ 0.229987] ACPI: Added _OSI(Linux-Dell-Video)

[ 0.229988] ACPI: Added _OSI(Linux-Lenovo-NV-HDMI-Audio)

[ 0.229989] ACPI: Added _OSI(Linux-HPI-Hybrid-Graphics)

[ 0.232059] ACPI: 2 ACPI AML tables successfully acquired and loaded

[ 0.233355] ACPI: Interpreter enabled

[ 0.233364] ACPI: PM: (supports S0 S5)

[ 0.233365] ACPI: Using IOAPIC for interrupt routing

[ 0.234014] PCI: Using host bridge windows from ACPI; if necessary, use "pci=nocrs" and
report a bug

[ 0.234015] PCI: Using E820 reservations for host bridge windows

[ 0.234105] ACPI: Enabled 2 GPEs in block 00 to 07

[ 0.238704] ACPI: PCI Root Bridge [PCI0] (domain 0000 [bus 00-ff])
[ 0.238711] acpi PNP0A03:00: _OSC: OS supports [ASPM ClockPM Segments MSI EDR HPX-
Type3]

[ 0.239206] acpi PNP0A03:00: _OSC: not requesting OS control; OS requires

[ExtendedConfig ASPM ClockPM MSI]

[ 0.239216] acpi PNP0A03:00: fail to add MMCONFIG information, can't access extended
PCI configuration space under this bridge.

[ 0.239606] PCI host bridge to bus 0000:00

[ 0.239609] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [bus 00-ff]

[ 0.239611] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [io 0x0000-0x0cf7 window]

[ 0.239613] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [io 0x0d00-0xffff window]

[ 0.239614] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x000a0000-0x000bffff window]

[ 0.239616] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x80000000-0xfdffffff window]

[ 0.240008] pci 0000:00:00.0: [8086:1237] type 00 class 0x060000

[ 0.240982] pci 0000:00:01.0: [8086:7000] type 00 class 0x060100

[ 0.241703] pci 0000:00:01.1: [8086:7111] type 00 class 0x01018a

[ 0.242232] pci 0000:00:01.1: reg 0x20: [io 0xd000-0xd00f]

[ 0.242370] pci 0000:00:01.1: legacy IDE quirk: reg 0x10: [io 0x01f0-0x01f7]
[ 0.242372] pci 0000:00:01.1: legacy IDE quirk: reg 0x14: [io 0x03f6]

[ 0.242373] pci 0000:00:01.1: legacy IDE quirk: reg 0x18: [io 0x0170-0x0177]

[ 0.242375] pci 0000:00:01.1: legacy IDE quirk: reg 0x1c: [io 0x0376]

[ 0.243144] pci 0000:00:02.0: [15ad:0405] type 00 class 0x030000

[ 0.244710] pci 0000:00:02.0: reg 0x10: [io 0xd010-0xd01f]

[ 0.245926] pci 0000:00:02.0: reg 0x14: [mem 0xe0000000-0xe0ffffff pref]

[ 0.248832] pci 0000:00:02.0: reg 0x18: [mem 0xf0000000-0xf01fffff]

[ 0.254418] pci 0000:00:02.0: Video device with shadowed ROM at [mem 0x000c0000-
0x000dffff]

[ 0.255484] pci 0000:00:03.0: [8086:100e] type 00 class 0x020000

[ 0.256613] pci 0000:00:03.0: reg 0x10: [mem 0xf0200000-0xf021ffff]

[ 0.258963] pci 0000:00:03.0: reg 0x18: [io 0xd020-0xd027]

[ 0.264813] pci 0000:00:04.0: [80ee:cafe] type 00 class 0x088000

[ 0.266036] pci 0000:00:04.0: reg 0x10: [io 0xd040-0xd05f]

[ 0.267188] pci 0000:00:04.0: reg 0x14: [mem 0xf0400000-0xf07fffff]

[ 0.268229] pci 0000:00:04.0: reg 0x18: [mem 0xf0800000-0xf0803fff pref]

[ 0.273012] pci 0000:00:05.0: [8086:2415] type 00 class 0x040100

[ 0.273205] pci 0000:00:05.0: reg 0x10: [io 0xd100-0xd1ff]

[ 0.273287] pci 0000:00:05.0: reg 0x14: [io 0xd200-0xd23f]

[ 0.275184] pci 0000:00:06.0: [106b:003f] type 00 class 0x0c0310

[ 0.276444] pci 0000:00:06.0: reg 0x10: [mem 0xf0804000-0xf0804fff]

[ 0.284452] pci 0000:00:07.0: [8086:7113] type 00 class 0x068000

[ 0.285281] pci 0000:00:07.0: quirk: [io 0x4000-0x403f] claimed by PIIX4 ACPI

[ 0.285300] pci 0000:00:07.0: quirk: [io 0x4100-0x410f] claimed by PIIX4 SMB

[ 0.288287] pci 0000:00:0b.0: [8086:265c] type 00 class 0x0c0320

[ 0.289616] pci 0000:00:0b.0: reg 0x10: [mem 0xf0805000-0xf0805fff]

[ 0.298241] pci 0000:00:0d.0: [8086:2829] type 00 class 0x010601

[ 0.299620] pci 0000:00:0d.0: reg 0x10: [io 0xd240-0xd247]

[ 0.300966] pci 0000:00:0d.0: reg 0x14: [io 0xd248-0xd24b]

[ 0.302132] pci 0000:00:0d.0: reg 0x18: [io 0xd250-0xd257]

[ 0.303364] pci 0000:00:0d.0: reg 0x1c: [io 0xd258-0xd25b]

[ 0.304585] pci 0000:00:0d.0: reg 0x20: [io 0xd260-0xd26f]

[ 0.306148] pci 0000:00:0d.0: reg 0x24: [mem 0xf0806000-0xf0807fff]

[ 0.319746] ACPI: PCI: Interrupt link LNKA configured for IRQ 11

[ 0.321900] ACPI: PCI: Interrupt link LNKB configured for IRQ 10

[ 0.322063] ACPI: PCI: Interrupt link LNKC configured for IRQ 9

[ 0.322309] ACPI: PCI: Interrupt link LNKD configured for IRQ 11

[ 0.322606] iommu: Default domain type: Translated

[ 0.322606] iommu: DMA domain TLB invalidation policy: lazy mode

[ 0.322606] SCSI subsystem initialized

[ 0.322606] libata version 3.00 loaded.

[ 0.322606] pci 0000:00:02.0: vgaarb: setting as boot VGA device

[ 0.322606] pci 0000:00:02.0: vgaarb: VGA device added:

decodes=io+mem,owns=io+mem,locks=none

[ 0.322606] pci 0000:00:02.0: vgaarb: bridge control possible

[ 0.322606] vgaarb: loaded

[ 0.322606] ACPI: bus type USB registered

[ 0.322606] usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs

[ 0.322606] usbcore: registered new interface driver hub

[ 0.322606] usbcore: registered new device driver usb

[ 0.322606] pps_core: LinuxPPS API ver. 1 registered

[ 0.322606] pps_core: Software ver. 5.3.6 - Copyright 2005-2007 Rodolfo Giometti

<giometti@linux.it>

[ 0.322606] PTP clock support registered

[ 0.322606] EDAC MC: Ver: 3.0.0

[ 0.322606] NetLabel: Initializing

[ 0.322606] NetLabel: domain hash size = 128

[ 0.322606] NetLabel: protocols = UNLABELED CIPSOv4 CALIPSO

[ 0.322606] NetLabel: unlabeled traffic allowed by default

[ 0.322606] PCI: Using ACPI for IRQ routing

[ 0.322606] PCI: pci_cache_line_size set to 64 bytes

[ 0.322606] e820: reserve RAM buffer [mem 0x0009fc00-0x0009ffff]

[ 0.322606] e820: reserve RAM buffer [mem 0x7fff0000-0x7fffffff]

[ 0.326187] clocksource: Switched to clocksource kvm-clock

[ 0.341051] VFS: Disk quotas dquot_6.6.0

[ 0.345062] VFS: Dquot-cache hash table entries: 512 (order 0, 4096 bytes)

[ 0.345297] AppArmor: AppArmor Filesystem Enabled

[ 0.345330] pnp: PnP ACPI init

[ 0.346400] pnp: PnP ACPI: found 2 devices

[ 0.366387] clocksource: acpi_pm: mask: 0xffffff max_cycles: 0xffffff, max_idle_ns:

2085701024 ns

[ 0.366588] NET: Registered PF_INET protocol family

[ 0.366650] IP idents hash table entries: 32768 (order: 6, 262144 bytes, linear)

[ 0.367198] tcp_listen_portaddr_hash hash table entries: 1024 (order: 2, 16384 bytes,

linear)

[ 0.367229] Table-perturb hash table entries: 65536 (order: 6, 262144 bytes, linear)

[ 0.367243] TCP established hash table entries: 16384 (order: 5, 131072 bytes, linear)
[ 0.367283] TCP bind hash table entries: 16384 (order: 6, 262144 bytes, linear)

[ 0.367298] TCP: Hash tables configured (established 16384 bind 16384)

[ 0.367357] MPTCP token hash table entries: 2048 (order: 3, 49152 bytes, linear)

[ 0.367372] UDP hash table entries: 1024 (order: 3, 32768 bytes, linear)

[ 0.367380] UDP-Lite hash table entries: 1024 (order: 3, 32768 bytes, linear)

[ 0.367414] NET: Registered PF_UNIX/PF_LOCAL protocol family

[ 0.367419] NET: Registered PF_XDP protocol family

[ 0.367433] pci_bus 0000:00: resource 4 [io 0x0000-0x0cf7 window]

[ 0.367437] pci_bus 0000:00: resource 5 [io 0x0d00-0xffff window]

[ 0.367439] pci_bus 0000:00: resource 6 [mem 0x000a0000-0x000bffff window]

[ 0.367440] pci_bus 0000:00: resource 7 [mem 0x80000000-0xfdffffff window]

[ 0.367515] pci 0000:00:00.0: Limiting direct PCI/PCI transfers

[ 0.367528] pci 0000:00:01.0: Activating ISA DMA hang workarounds

[ 0.370205] PCI: CLS 0 bytes, default 64

[ 0.370275] Trying to unpack rootfs image as initramfs...

[ 0.378361] clocksource: tsc: mask: 0xffffffffffffffff max_cycles: 0x3990c471fbb,

max_idle_ns: 881590442488 ns

[ 0.378507] clocksource: Switched to clocksource tsc

[ 0.378557] platform rtc_cmos: registered platform RTC device (no PNP device found)

[ 0.379509] Initialise system trusted keyrings

[ 0.379523] Key type blacklist registered

[ 0.379616] workingset: timestamp_bits=36 max_order=19 bucket_order=0

[ 0.381192] zbud: loaded

[ 0.381504] squashfs: version 4.0 (2009/01/31) Phillip Lougher

[ 0.381760] fuse: init (API version 7.34)

[ 0.382389] integrity: Platform Keyring initialized

[ 0.392332] Key type asymmetric registered

[ 0.392336] Asymmetric key parser 'x509' registered

[ 0.392375] Block layer SCSI generic (bsg) driver version 0.4 loaded (major 243)

[ 0.392443] io scheduler mq-deadline registered

[ 0.392889] shpchp: Standard Hot Plug PCI Controller Driver version: 0.4

[ 0.393138] ACPI: AC: AC Adapter [AC] (off-line)

[ 0.393205] input: Power Button as /devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXPWRBN:00/input/input0

[ 0.393248] ACPI: button: Power Button [PWRF]

[ 0.393315] input: Sleep Button as /devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSLPBN:00/input/input1

[ 0.393335] ACPI: button: Sleep Button [SLPF]

[ 0.393922] Serial: 8250/16550 driver, 32 ports, IRQ sharing enabled

[ 0.394953] ACPI: battery: Slot [BAT0] (battery present)

[ 0.400796] Linux agpgart interface v0.103

[ 0.403156] loop: module loaded

[ 0.403737] ata_piix 0000:00:01.1: version 2.13

[ 0.404170] scsi host0: ata_piix

[ 0.404306] scsi host1: ata_piix

[ 0.404332] ata1: PATA max UDMA/33 cmd 0x1f0 ctl 0x3f6 bmdma 0xd000 irq 14
[ 0.404334] ata2: PATA max UDMA/33 cmd 0x170 ctl 0x376 bmdma 0xd008 irq 15

[ 0.404534] tun: Universal TUN/TAP device driver, 1.6

[ 0.404590] PPP generic driver version 2.4.2

[ 0.404696] VFIO - User Level meta-driver version: 0.3

[ 0.404791] ehci_hcd: USB 2.0 'Enhanced' Host Controller (EHCI) Driver

[ 0.404797] ehci-pci: EHCI PCI platform driver

[ 0.405363] ehci-pci 0000:00:0b.0: EHCI Host Controller

[ 0.405369] ehci-pci 0000:00:0b.0: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 1

[ 0.405542] ehci-pci 0000:00:0b.0: irq 19, io mem 0xf0805000

[ 0.419623] ehci-pci 0000:00:0b.0: USB 2.0 started, EHCI 1.00

[ 0.419706] usb usb1: New USB device found, idVendor=1d6b, idProduct=0002,

bcdDevice= 5.15

[ 0.419709] usb usb1: New USB device strings: Mfr=3, Product=2, SerialNumber=1

[ 0.419712] usb usb1: Product: EHCI Host Controller

[ 0.419714] usb usb1: Manufacturer: Linux 5.15.0-60-generic ehci_hcd

[ 0.419715] usb usb1: SerialNumber: 0000:00:0b.0

[ 0.419909] hub 1-0:1.0: USB hub found

[ 0.419915] hub 1-0:1.0: 12 ports detected

[ 0.420209] ehci-platform: EHCI generic platform driver

[ 0.420225] ohci_hcd: USB 1.1 'Open' Host Controller (OHCI) Driver

[ 0.420229] ohci-pci: OHCI PCI platform driver

[ 0.424272] ohci-pci 0000:00:06.0: OHCI PCI host controller

[ 0.424355] ohci-pci 0000:00:06.0: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 2

[ 0.424430] ohci-pci 0000:00:06.0: irq 22, io mem 0xf0804000

[ 0.486764] usb usb2: New USB device found, idVendor=1d6b, idProduct=0001,

bcdDevice= 5.15

[ 0.486768] usb usb2: New USB device strings: Mfr=3, Product=2, SerialNumber=1

[ 0.486770] usb usb2: Product: OHCI PCI host controller

[ 0.486771] usb usb2: Manufacturer: Linux 5.15.0-60-generic ohci_hcd

[ 0.486773] usb usb2: SerialNumber: 0000:00:06.0

[ 0.486962] hub 2-0:1.0: USB hub found

[ 0.486977] hub 2-0:1.0: 12 ports detected

[ 0.487287] ohci-platform: OHCI generic platform driver

[ 0.487300] uhci_hcd: USB Universal Host Controller Interface driver

[ 0.491462] i8042: PNP: PS/2 Controller [PNP0303:PS2K,PNP0f03:PS2M] at 0x60,0x64 irq

1,12

[ 0.491949] serio: i8042 KBD port at 0x60,0x64 irq 1

[ 0.491957] serio: i8042 AUX port at 0x60,0x64 irq 12

[ 0.492530] mousedev: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice

[ 0.493672] input: AT Translated Set 2 keyboard as

/devices/platform/i8042/serio0/input/input2

[ 0.494323] rtc_cmos rtc_cmos: registered as rtc0

[ 0.494369] rtc_cmos rtc_cmos: setting system clock to 2023-02-13T00:50:18 UTC

(1676249418)

[ 0.494389] rtc_cmos rtc_cmos: alarms up to one day, 114 bytes nvram

[ 0.494399] i2c_dev: i2c /dev entries driver

[ 0.494428] device-mapper: core: CONFIG_IMA_DISABLE_HTABLE is disabled. Duplicate

IMA measurements will not be recorded in the IMA log.

[ 0.494467] device-mapper: uevent: version 1.0.3

[ 0.494576] device-mapper: ioctl: 4.45.0-ioctl (2021-03-22) initialised: dm-
devel@redhat.com

[ 0.494607] platform eisa.0: Probing EISA bus 0

[ 0.494609] platform eisa.0: EISA: Cannot allocate resource for mainboard

[ 0.494611] platform eisa.0: Cannot allocate resource for EISA slot 1

[ 0.494613] platform eisa.0: Cannot allocate resource for EISA slot 2

[ 0.494615] platform eisa.0: Cannot allocate resource for EISA slot 3

[ 0.494616] platform eisa.0: Cannot allocate resource for EISA slot 4

[ 0.494618] platform eisa.0: Cannot allocate resource for EISA slot 5

[ 0.494619] platform eisa.0: Cannot allocate resource for EISA slot 6

[ 0.494621] platform eisa.0: Cannot allocate resource for EISA slot 7

[ 0.494622] platform eisa.0: Cannot allocate resource for EISA slot 8

[ 0.494624] platform eisa.0: EISA: Detected 0 cards

[ 0.494626] intel_pstate: CPU model not supported

[ 0.494903] ledtrig-cpu: registered to indicate activity on CPUs

[ 0.495003] drop_monitor: Initializing network drop monitor service

[ 0.495164] NET: Registered PF_INET6 protocol family

[ 0.585974] ata2.00: ATAPI: VBOX CD-ROM, 1.0, max UDMA/133

[ 0.586792] scsi 1:0:0:0: CD-ROM VBOX CD-ROM 1.0 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5

[ 0.587530] sr 1:0:0:0: [sr0] scsi3-mmc drive: 32x/32x xa/form2 tray

[ 0.587533] cdrom: Uniform CD-ROM driver Revision: 3.20

[ 0.592593] sr 1:0:0:0: Attached scsi CD-ROM sr0

[ 0.592826] sr 1:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg0 type 5

[ 0.956526] usb 2-1: new full-speed USB device number 2 using ohci-pci

[ 1.004519] Freeing initrd memory: 61908K

[ 1.011656] Segment Routing with IPv6

[ 1.011671] In-situ OAM (IOAM) with IPv6

[ 1.011699] NET: Registered PF_PACKET protocol family

[ 1.011784] Key type dns_resolver registered

[ 1.012376] IPI shorthand broadcast: enabled

[ 1.012385] sched_clock: Marking stable (1000712838, 11616175)->(1013608638, -
1279625)

[ 1.012577] registered taskstats version 1

[ 1.012703] Loading compiled-in X.509 certificates

[ 1.013537] Loaded X.509 cert 'Build time autogenerated kernel key:

2453f7d92edfc2f639f43e9f3b2f2940ca2143ea'

[ 1.014142] Loaded X.509 cert 'Canonical Ltd. Live Patch Signing:

14df34d1a87cf37625abec039ef2bf521249b969'

[ 1.014718] Loaded X.509 cert 'Canonical Ltd. Kernel Module Signing:

88f752e560a1e0737e31163a466ad7b70a850c19'

[ 1.014719] blacklist: Loading compiled-in revocation X.509 certificates

[ 1.014759] Loaded X.509 cert 'Canonical Ltd. Secure Boot Signing:

61482aa2830d0ab2ad5af10b7250da9033ddcef0'

[ 1.014776] Loaded X.509 cert 'Canonical Ltd. Secure Boot Signing (2017):
242ade75ac4a15e50d50c84b0d45ff3eae707a03'

[ 1.014795] Loaded X.509 cert 'Canonical Ltd. Secure Boot Signing (ESM 2018):
365188c1d374d6b07c3c8f240f8ef722433d6a8b'

[ 1.014810] Loaded X.509 cert 'Canonical Ltd. Secure Boot Signing (2019):
c0746fd6c5da3ae827864651ad66ae47fe24b3e8'
[ 1.014825] Loaded X.509 cert 'Canonical Ltd. Secure Boot Signing (2021 v1):
a8d54bbb3825cfb94fa13c9f8a594a195c107b8d'

[ 1.014842] Loaded X.509 cert 'Canonical Ltd. Secure Boot Signing (2021 v2):
4cf046892d6fd3c9a5b03f98d845f90851dc6a8c'

[ 1.014858] Loaded X.509 cert 'Canonical Ltd. Secure Boot Signing (2021 v3):
100437bb6de6e469b581e61cd66bce3ef4ed53af'

[ 1.014875] Loaded X.509 cert 'Canonical Ltd. Secure Boot Signing (Ubuntu Core 2019):
c1d57b8f6b743f23ee41f4f7ee292f06eecadfb9'

[ 1.014993] zswap: loaded using pool lzo/zbud

[ 1.015352] Key type .fscrypt registered

[ 1.015353] Key type fscrypt-provisioning registered

[ 1.018576] Key type encrypted registered

[ 1.018580] AppArmor: AppArmor sha1 policy hashing enabled

[ 1.018610] ima: No TPM chip found, activating TPM-bypass!

[ 1.018613] Loading compiled-in module X.509 certificates

[ 1.019079] Loaded X.509 cert 'Build time autogenerated kernel key:

2453f7d92edfc2f639f43e9f3b2f2940ca2143ea'

[ 1.019081] ima: Allocated hash algorithm: sha1

[ 1.019086] ima: No architecture policies found

[ 1.019094] evm: Initialising EVM extended attributes:

[ 1.019094] evm: security.selinux

[ 1.019095] evm: security.SMACK64

[ 1.019096] evm: security.SMACK64EXEC

[ 1.019096] evm: security.SMACK64TRANSMUTE

[ 1.019097] evm: security.SMACK64MMAP

[ 1.019097] evm: security.apparmor

[ 1.019098] evm: security.ima

[ 1.019098] evm: security.capability

[ 1.019099] evm: HMAC attrs: 0x1

[ 1.019386] PM: Magic number: 11:734:809

[ 1.019745] RAS: Correctable Errors collector initialized.

[ 1.021154] Freeing unused decrypted memory: 2036K

[ 1.021705] Freeing unused kernel image (initmem) memory: 3240K

[ 1.042804] Write protecting the kernel read-only data: 30720k

[ 1.043996] Freeing unused kernel image (text/rodata gap) memory: 2036K

[ 1.044709] Freeing unused kernel image (rodata/data gap) memory: 1468K

[ 1.122341] x86/mm: Checked W+X mappings: passed, no W+X pages found.

[ 1.122351] Run /init as init process

[ 1.122353] with arguments:

[ 1.122354] /init

[ 1.122355] splash

[ 1.122355] with environment:

[ 1.122356] HOME=/

[ 1.122357] TERM=linux

[ 1.122357] BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz-5.15.0-60-generic

[ 1.215002] piix4_smbus 0000:00:07.0: SMBus Host Controller at 0x4100, revision 0

[ 1.215172] e1000: Intel(R) PRO/1000 Network Driver

[ 1.215174] e1000: Copyright (c) 1999-2006 Intel Corporation.

[ 1.216681] ahci 0000:00:0d.0: version 3.0

[ 1.217715] ACPI: video: Video Device [GFX0] (multi-head: yes rom: no post: no)

[ 1.217792] ahci 0000:00:0d.0: SSS flag set, parallel bus scan disabled

[ 1.217801] input: Video Bus as

/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A03:00/LNXVIDEO:00/input/input5

[ 1.217960] ahci 0000:00:0d.0: AHCI 0001.0100 32 slots 1 ports 3 Gbps 0x1 impl SATA
mode

[ 1.217964] ahci 0000:00:0d.0: flags: 64bit ncq stag only ccc

[ 1.221268] scsi host2: ahci

[ 1.225975] ata3: SATA max UDMA/133 abar m8192@0xf0806000 port 0xf0806100 irq 21

[ 1.301707] usb 2-1: New USB device found, idVendor=80ee, idProduct=0021, bcdDevice=
1.00

[ 1.301713] usb 2-1: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=3, SerialNumber=0

[ 1.301715] usb 2-1: Product: USB Tablet

[ 1.301717] usb 2-1: Manufacturer: VirtualBox

[ 1.313076] hid: raw HID events driver (C) Jiri Kosina

[ 1.421783] input: ImExPS/2 Generic Explorer Mouse as
/devices/platform/i8042/serio1/input/input4

[ 1.538439] ata3: SATA link up 3.0 Gbps (SStatus 123 SControl 300)

[ 1.538652] ata3.00: ATA-6: VBOX HARDDISK, 1.0, max UDMA/133

[ 1.538657] ata3.00: 52428800 sectors, multi 128: LBA48 NCQ (depth 32)

[ 1.538789] ata3.00: configured for UDMA/133

[ 1.538989] scsi 2:0:0:0: Direct-Access ATA VBOX HARDDISK 1.0 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5

[ 1.539290] sd 2:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg1 type 0

[ 1.539310] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] 52428800 512-byte logical blocks: (26.8 GB/25.0 GiB)

[ 1.539358] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Write Protect is off

[ 1.539361] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Mode Sense: 00 3a 00 00

[ 1.539380] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support
DPO or FUA

[ 1.579512] sda: sda1 sda2 sda3

[ 1.598857] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI disk

[ 1.607083] e1000 0000:00:03.0 eth0: (PCI:33MHz:32-bit) 08:00:27:93:7a:57

[ 1.607090] e1000 0000:00:03.0 eth0: Intel(R) PRO/1000 Network Connection

[ 1.609222] e1000 0000:00:03.0 enp0s3: renamed from eth0

[ 1.628193] usbcore: registered new interface driver usbhid

[ 1.628197] usbhid: USB HID core driver

[ 1.639062] input: VirtualBox USB Tablet as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:06.0/usb2/2-

1/2-1:1.0/0003:80EE:0021.0001/input/input6

[ 1.639380] hid-generic 0003:80EE:0021.0001: input,hidraw0: USB HID v1.10 Mouse

[VirtualBox USB Tablet] on usb-0000:00:06.0-1/input0

[ 2.498132] EXT4-fs (sda3): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null).
Quota mode: none.

[ 2.695134] systemd[1]: Inserted module 'autofs4'

[ 2.731367] systemd[1]: systemd 249.11-0ubuntu3.4 running in system mode (+PAM

+AUDIT +SELINUX +APPARMOR +IMA +SMACK +SECCOMP +GCRYPT +GNUTLS +OPENSSL
+ACL +BLKID +CURL +ELFUTILS +FIDO2 +IDN2 -IDN +IPTC +KMOD +LIBCRYPTSETUP -LIBFDISK
+PCRE2 -PWQUALITY -P11KIT -QRENCODE +BZIP2 +LZ4 +XZ +ZLIB +ZSTD -XKBCOMMON
+UTMP +SYSVINIT default-hierarchy=unified)

[ 2.731406] systemd[1]: Detected virtualization oracle.

[ 2.731413] systemd[1]: Detected architecture x86-64.

[ 2.732878] systemd[1]: Hostname set to <Ayusha>.

[ 3.006019] systemd[1]: Queued start job for default target Graphical Interface.

[ 3.008214] systemd[1]: Created slice Slice /system/modprobe.

[ 3.008628] systemd[1]: Created slice Slice /system/systemd-fsck.

[ 3.008890] systemd[1]: Created slice User and Session Slice.

[ 3.008963] systemd[1]: Started Forward Password Requests to Wall Directory Watch.

[ 3.009296] systemd[1]: Set up automount Arbitrary Executable File Formats File System
Automount Point.

[ 3.009353] systemd[1]: Reached target User and Group Name Lookups.

[ 3.009370] systemd[1]: Reached target Remote File Systems.

[ 3.009381] systemd[1]: Reached target Slice Units.

[ 3.009405] systemd[1]: Reached target System Time Set.

[ 3.009450] systemd[1]: Reached target Local Verity Protected Volumes.

[ 3.009882] systemd[1]: Listening on Syslog Socket.

[ 3.010049] systemd[1]: Listening on fsck to fsckd communication Socket.

[ 3.010149] systemd[1]: Listening on initctl Compatibility Named Pipe.

[ 3.010440] systemd[1]: Listening on Journal Audit Socket.

[ 3.010521] systemd[1]: Listening on Journal Socket (/dev/log).

[ 3.010616] systemd[1]: Listening on Journal Socket.

[ 3.011173] systemd[1]: Listening on udev Control Socket.

[ 3.011271] systemd[1]: Listening on udev Kernel Socket.

[ 3.012064] systemd[1]: Mounting Huge Pages File System...

[ 3.012932] systemd[1]: Mounting POSIX Message Queue File System...

[ 3.014465] systemd[1]: Mounting Kernel Debug File System...

[ 3.015762] systemd[1]: Mounting Kernel Trace File System...

[ 3.018327] systemd[1]: Starting Journal Service...

[ 3.020819] systemd[1]: Starting Set the console keyboard layout...

[ 3.021895] systemd[1]: Starting Create List of Static Device Nodes...

[ 3.022871] systemd[1]: Starting Load Kernel Module chromeos_pstore...

[ 3.023741] systemd[1]: Starting Load Kernel Module configfs...

[ 3.024669] systemd[1]: Starting Load Kernel Module drm...

[ 3.025640] systemd[1]: Starting Load Kernel Module efi_pstore...

[ 3.026808] systemd[1]: Starting Load Kernel Module fuse...

[ 3.027883] systemd[1]: Starting Load Kernel Module mtdpstore...

[ 3.029648] systemd[1]: Starting Load Kernel Module pstore_blk...

[ 3.030865] systemd[1]: Starting Load Kernel Module pstore_zone...

[ 3.032208] systemd[1]: Starting Load Kernel Module ramoops...

[ 3.032696] systemd[1]: Condition check resulted in File System Check on Root Device
being skipped.

[ 3.034698] systemd[1]: Starting Load Kernel Modules...

[ 3.036160] systemd[1]: Starting Remount Root and Kernel File Systems...

[ 3.037211] systemd[1]: Starting Coldplug All udev Devices...

[ 3.039737] systemd[1]: Mounted Huge Pages File System.

[ 3.039834] systemd[1]: Mounted POSIX Message Queue File System.

[ 3.039911] systemd[1]: Mounted Kernel Debug File System.

[ 3.039984] systemd[1]: Mounted Kernel Trace File System.

[ 3.040424] systemd[1]: Finished Create List of Static Device Nodes.

[ 3.040806] systemd[1]: modprobe@configfs.service: Deactivated successfully.

[ 3.041148] systemd[1]: Finished Load Kernel Module configfs.

[ 3.041450] systemd[1]: modprobe@efi_pstore.service: Deactivated successfully.

[ 3.041670] systemd[1]: Finished Load Kernel Module efi_pstore.

[ 3.041888] systemd[1]: modprobe@fuse.service: Deactivated successfully.

[ 3.042181] systemd[1]: Finished Load Kernel Module fuse.

[ 3.042399] systemd[1]: modprobe@pstore_zone.service: Deactivated successfully.

[ 3.042643] systemd[1]: Finished Load Kernel Module pstore_zone.

[ 3.043682] systemd[1]: Mounting FUSE Control File System...

[ 3.045386] systemd[1]: Mounting Kernel Configuration File System...

[ 3.046226] systemd[1]: modprobe@pstore_blk.service: Deactivated successfully.

[ 3.052261] mtd device must be supplied (device name is empty)

[ 3.054989] EXT4-fs (sda3): re-mounted. Opts: errors=remount-ro. Quota mode: none.

[ 3.058386] systemd[1]: Finished Load Kernel Module pstore_blk.

[ 3.059745] systemd[1]: modprobe@drm.service: Deactivated successfully.

[ 3.059963] systemd[1]: Finished Load Kernel Module drm.

[ 3.060289] systemd[1]: Finished Remount Root and Kernel File Systems.

[ 3.060390] systemd[1]: Mounted FUSE Control File System.

[ 3.060443] systemd[1]: Mounted Kernel Configuration File System.

[ 3.061279] lp: driver loaded but no devices found

[ 3.061351] systemd[1]: Activating swap /swapfile...

[ 3.061390] systemd[1]: Condition check resulted in VMware vmblock fuse mount being
skipped.

[ 3.063991] systemd[1]: Starting Load/Save Random Seed...

[ 3.065878] systemd[1]: Starting Create System Users...

[ 3.068223] systemd[1]: modprobe@ramoops.service: Deactivated successfully.

[ 3.070445] systemd[1]: Finished Load Kernel Module ramoops.

[ 3.073816] Adding 2744316k swap on /swapfile. Priority:-2 extents:6 across:2908156k FS

[ 3.074571] systemd[1]: Activated swap /swapfile.

[ 3.076726] systemd[1]: modprobe@chromeos_pstore.service: Deactivated successfully.

[ 3.080001] ppdev: user-space parallel port driver

[ 3.085104] systemd[1]: Finished Load Kernel Module chromeos_pstore.

[ 3.085369] systemd[1]: Reached target Swaps.

[ 3.088198] systemd[1]: Finished Load/Save Random Seed.

[ 3.088309] systemd[1]: Condition check resulted in First Boot Complete being skipped.

[ 3.092935] systemd[1]: Finished Create System Users.

[ 3.094256] systemd[1]: Starting Create Static Device Nodes in /dev...

[ 3.099219] systemd[1]: modprobe@mtdpstore.service: Deactivated successfully.

[ 3.099415] systemd[1]: Finished Load Kernel Module mtdpstore.

[ 3.099617] systemd[1]: Condition check resulted in Platform Persistent Storage Archival

being skipped.

[ 3.100753] systemd[1]: Started Journal Service.

[ 3.106402] systemd-journald[255]: Received client request to flush runtime journal.

[ 3.112963] systemd-journald[255]: File

/var/log/journal/f550b9c1c91440958ee44f19cd11acd7/system.journal corrupted or
uncleanly shut down, renaming and replacing.
[ 3.115506] IPMI message handler: version 39.2

[ 3.117319] ipmi device interface

[ 3.137826] loop0: detected capacity change from 0 to 8

[ 3.138314] loop1: detected capacity change from 0 to 126896

[ 3.142826] loop2: detected capacity change from 0 to 129600

[ 3.146719] loop3: detected capacity change from 0 to 489712

[ 3.147139] loop4: detected capacity change from 0 to 334424

[ 3.151297] loop5: detected capacity change from 0 to 709280

[ 3.153380] loop6: detected capacity change from 0 to 187776

[ 3.155380] loop7: detected capacity change from 0 to 820832

[ 3.155965] loop8: detected capacity change from 0 to 93928

[ 3.159910] loop9: detected capacity change from 0 to 94064

[ 3.160683] loop10: detected capacity change from 0 to 102048

[ 3.165567] loop11: detected capacity change from 0 to 608

[ 3.167080] loop12: detected capacity change from 0 to 568

[ 3.172262] vmwgfx 0000:00:02.0: vgaarb: deactivate vga console

[ 3.172796] Console: switching to colour dummy device 80x25

[ 3.173667] [TTM] Zone kernel: Available graphics memory: 1011368 KiB

[ 3.173713] vmwgfx 0000:00:02.0: [drm] FIFO at 0x00000000f0000000 size is 2048 kiB

[ 3.173731] vmwgfx 0000:00:02.0: [drm] VRAM at 0x00000000e0000000 size is 16384 kiB

[ 3.173741] vmwgfx 0000:00:02.0: [drm] Running on SVGA version 2.

[ 3.173746] vmwgfx 0000:00:02.0: [drm] DMA map mode: Caching DMA mappings.

[ 3.173800] vmwgfx 0000:00:02.0: [drm] Legacy memory limits: VRAM = 16384 kB, FIFO =
2048 kB, surface = 507904 kB

[ 3.173803] vmwgfx 0000:00:02.0: [drm] MOB limits: max mob size = 0 kB, max mob pages
=0

[ 3.173806] vmwgfx 0000:00:02.0: [drm] Capabilities: rect copy, cursor, cursor bypass,
cursor bypass 2, alpha cursor, extended fifo, pitchlock, irq mask, gmr, traces, gmr2, screen
object 2, command buffers,

[ 3.173809] vmwgfx 0000:00:02.0: [drm] Max GMR ids is 8192

[ 3.173810] vmwgfx 0000:00:02.0: [drm] Max number of GMR pages is 1048576

[ 3.173812] vmwgfx 0000:00:02.0: [drm] Maximum display memory size is 16384 kiB
[ 3.176757] vmwgfx 0000:00:02.0: [drm] Screen Object display unit initialized

[ 3.177025] vmwgfx 0000:00:02.0: [drm] Fifo max 0x00200000 min 0x00001000 cap
0x00000355

[ 3.177143] vmwgfx 0000:00:02.0: [drm] Using command buffers with DMA pool.

[ 3.177156] vmwgfx 0000:00:02.0: [drm] Available shader model: Legacy.

[ 3.177163] [drm:vmw_host_printf [vmwgfx]] *ERROR* Failed to send host log message.

[ 3.178797] fbcon: svgadrmfb (fb0) is primary device

[ 3.179260] Console: switching to colour frame buffer device 100x37

[ 3.180894] [drm] Initialized vmwgfx 2.19.0 20210722 for 0000:00:02.0 on minor 0

[ 3.387182] vboxguest: loading out-of-tree module taints kernel.

[ 3.387363] vboxguest: module verification failed: signature and/or required key missing -
tainting kernel

[ 3.400747] vgdrvHeartbeatInit: Setting up heartbeat to trigger every 2000 milliseconds

[ 3.400876] Host supports full mouse state reporting, switching to extended mouse
integration protocol

[ 3.407446] input: VirtualBox mouse integration as

/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:04.0/input/input7

[ 3.428460] vboxguest: Successfully loaded version 7.0.6 r155176

[ 3.428501] vboxguest: misc device minor 123, IRQ 20, I/O port d040, MMIO at
00000000f0400000 (size 0x400000)

[ 3.428503] vboxguest: Successfully loaded version 7.0.6 r155176 (interface 0x00010004)

[ 3.518439] cryptd: max_cpu_qlen set to 1000

[ 3.560484] AVX2 version of gcm_enc/dec engaged.

[ 3.566336] AES CTR mode by8 optimization enabled

[ 3.672178] audit: type=1400 audit(1676249421.672:2): apparmor="STATUS"

operation="profile_load" profile="unconfined" name="lsb_release" pid=418
comm="apparmor_parser"

[ 3.676787] audit: type=1400 audit(1676249421.676:3): apparmor="STATUS"

operation="profile_load" profile="unconfined" name="nvidia_modprobe" pid=419
comm="apparmor_parser"

[ 3.676792] audit: type=1400 audit(1676249421.676:4): apparmor="STATUS"

operation="profile_load" profile="unconfined" name="nvidia_modprobe//kmod" pid=419
comm="apparmor_parser"

[ 3.687680] audit: type=1400 audit(1676249421.684:5): apparmor="STATUS"

operation="profile_load" profile="unconfined" name="/usr/bin/man" pid=427
comm="apparmor_parser"

[ 3.687687] audit: type=1400 audit(1676249421.684:6): apparmor="STATUS"

operation="profile_load" profile="unconfined" name="man_filter" pid=427
comm="apparmor_parser"
[ 3.687690] audit: type=1400 audit(1676249421.684:7): apparmor="STATUS"
operation="profile_load" profile="unconfined" name="man_groff" pid=427
comm="apparmor_parser"

[ 3.693385] audit: type=1400 audit(1676249421.692:8): apparmor="STATUS"

operation="profile_load" profile="unconfined" name="tcpdump" pid=428
comm="apparmor_parser"

[ 3.693393] audit: type=1400 audit(1676249421.692:9): apparmor="STATUS"

operation="profile_load" profile="unconfined" name="/usr/lib/NetworkManager/nm-dhcp-
client.action" pid=420 comm="apparmor_parser"

[ 3.693396] audit: type=1400 audit(1676249421.692:10): apparmor="STATUS"

operation="profile_load" profile="unconfined" name="/usr/lib/NetworkManager/nm-dhcp-
helper" pid=420 comm="apparmor_parser"

[ 3.871770] intel_rapl_msr: PL4 support detected.

[ 4.161777] snd_intel8x0 0000:00:05.0: allow list rate for 1028:0177 is 48000

[ 4.686722] e1000: enp0s3 NIC Link is Up 1000 Mbps Full Duplex, Flow Control: RX

[ 4.687113] IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_CHANGE): enp0s3: link becomes ready

[ 5.468174] vboxvideo: loading version 7.0.6 r155176

[ 5.522228] 00:50:23.527785 main VBoxService 7.0.6 r155176 (verbosity: 0) linux.amd64

(Jan 11 2023 15:34:33) release log

00:50:23.527787 main Log opened 2023-02-13T00:50:23.527780000Z

[ 5.522318] 00:50:23.527925 main OS Product: Linux

[ 5.522347] 00:50:23.527958 main OS Release: 5.15.0-60-generic

[ 5.522374] 00:50:23.527986 main OS Version: #66-Ubuntu SMP Fri Jan 20 14:29:49 UTC
2023

[ 5.522424] 00:50:23.528013 main Executable:

/opt/VBoxGuestAdditions-7.0.6/sbin/VBoxService

00:50:23.528014 main Process ID: 1044

00:50:23.528014 main Package type: LINUX_64BITS_GENERIC

[ 5.525556] 00:50:23.531092 main 7.0.6 r155176 started. Verbose level = 0

[ 5.526800] 00:50:23.532387 main vbglR3GuestCtrlDetectPeekGetCancelSupport:

Supported (#1)

[ 5.717128] loop13: detected capacity change from 0 to 8

[ 8.032014] kauditd_printk_skb: 37 callbacks suppressed

[ 8.032017] audit: type=1400 audit(1676249426.033:48): apparmor="DENIED"

operation="capable" profile="/snap/snapd/17950/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine" pid=1116
comm="snap-confine" capability=12 capname="net_admin"

[ 8.032038] audit: type=1400 audit(1676249426.033:49): apparmor="DENIED"

operation="capable" profile="/snap/snapd/17950/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine" pid=1116
comm="snap-confine" capability=38 capname="perfmon"

[ 8.593049] rfkill: input handler disabled

[ 17.201257] rfkill: input handler enabled

[ 17.226395] audit: type=1400 audit(1676249435.233:50): apparmor="DENIED"

operation="capable" profile="/snap/snapd/17950/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine" pid=1547
comm="snap-confine" capability=12 capname="net_admin"

[ 17.226950] audit: type=1400 audit(1676249435.233:51): apparmor="DENIED"

operation="capable" profile="/snap/snapd/17950/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine" pid=1547
comm="snap-confine" capability=38 capname="perfmon"

[ 19.661036] audit: type=1326 audit(1676249437.670:52): auid=1000 uid=1000 gid=1000

ses=3 subj=snap.snapd-desktop-integration.snapd-desktop-integration pid=1837
comm="snapd-desktop-i" exe="/snap/snapd-desktop-integration/49/usr/bin/snapd-
desktop-integration" sig=0 arch=c000003e syscall=314 compat=0 ip=0x7f300dfa373d
code=0x50000

[ 19.877215] ISO 9660 Extensions: Microsoft Joliet Level 3

[ 19.877675] ISO 9660 Extensions: RRIP_1991A

[ 20.235313] rfkill: input handler disabled

[ 25.136288] audit: type=1400 audit(1676249443.145:53): apparmor="DENIED"

operation="open" profile="snap-update-ns.firefox" name="/var/lib/" pid=2267 comm="5"
requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=0 ouid=0

[ 25.147467] audit: type=1400 audit(1676249443.157:54): apparmor="DENIED"

operation="open" profile="snap-update-ns.firefox" name="/var/lib/" pid=2267 comm="5"
requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=0 ouid=0

[ 27.275040] audit: type=1326 audit(1676249445.286:55): auid=1000 uid=1000 gid=1000

ses=3 subj=snap.firefox.firefox pid=2243 comm="firefox"
exe="/snap/firefox/2311/usr/lib/firefox/firefox" sig=0 arch=c000003e syscall=314 compat=0
ip=0x7f2e0c3ac73d code=0x50000
[ 32.198568] audit: type=1107 audit(1676249450.213:56): pid=595 uid=102
auid=4294967295 ses=4294967295 subj=unconfined msg='apparmor="DENIED"
operation="dbus_signal" bus="system" path="/org/freedesktop/login1"
interface="org.freedesktop.login1.Manager" member="UserRemoved" name=":1.12"
mask="receive" pid=2243 label="snap.firefox.firefox" peer_pid=633
peer_label="unconfined"

exe="/usr/bin/dbus-daemon" sauid=102 hostname=? addr=? terminal=?'

[ 145.884860] e1000: enp0s3 NIC Link is Down

[ 151.961861] e1000: enp0s3 NIC Link is Up 1000 Mbps Full Duplex, Flow Control: RX

[ 198.159663] audit: type=1400 audit(1676249616.256:57): apparmor="DENIED"

operation="open" profile="snap.firefox.firefox" name="/etc/fstab" pid=2243
comm="firefox" requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=1000 ouid=0

[ 198.536761] audit: type=1107 audit(1676249616.632:58): pid=595 uid=102

auid=4294967295 ses=4294967295 subj=unconfined msg='apparmor="DENIED"
operation="dbus_method_call" bus="system" path="/org/freedesktop/hostname1"
interface="org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties" member="GetAll" mask="send"
name=":1.128" pid=2243 label="snap.firefox.firefox" peer_pid=4242
peer_label="unconfined"

exe="/usr/bin/dbus-daemon" sauid=102 hostname=? addr=? terminal=?'

[ 198.537367] audit: type=1107 audit(1676249616.632:59): pid=595 uid=102

auid=4294967295 ses=4294967295 subj=unconfined msg='apparmor="DENIED"
operation="dbus_method_call" bus="system" path="/org/freedesktop/hostname1"
interface="org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties" member="GetAll" mask="send"
name=":1.128" pid=2243 label="snap.firefox.firefox" peer_pid=4242
peer_label="unconfined"

exe="/usr/bin/dbus-daemon" sauid=102 hostname=? addr=? terminal=?'

[ 538.199379] Loading Module

ayusha@Ayusha:~/Desktop$ sudo rmmod simple

ayusha@Ayusha:~/Desktop$

OUTPUT:
CONCLUSION:

Thus we have studied Kernel Modules and how to delete and insert modules.