SECTION 2 ~ TRUSS SHAPES PAGE Wo. A. CONFIGURATIONS COMMONLY USED 1. King Post Truss : a4 2, Fink (W) Twos 1 8, Fon Truss 22 A. Woubie Fink (WW) oF Helgian truss 22 5. hile Fink or Tple (W) Truss 23 6. Howe Truss 23 7. Mosited Queenpost Tuss 24 8, Scissore Truss 24 8, Monopiteh Truss 25 10, Dual Pitch Tru - 11, Flot Trussoe B, SELECTION OF CONFIGURATION 2 G._ TRUSS PITCH INFLUENCES CosT 27 D. SPECIAL CONFIGURATIONS. a7 4. Piggyback Trusses 28 2. Attic Frames 2-10 3, Patil Vauted C 2a 4, Gambro! Truss 212 5. Cleeetory Truss 219 6, Extonded Top Chord Bes 213 7. Neches 214 8. Mult-Bosting Trusses 2.16 9, Trusses Supporting Concont 2:16Section TRUSS SHAPES ‘A. CONFIGURATIONS COMMONLY USED “The following pages ilustreto tase configurations manufactured by Gang- Nail Truse Fabricators which aren general use in Canad. 1 KING Post TRUSS The King Post Truss is generally recommanded for use where vary short pins aro required. Tho economic cance is up to approximately 20 fa (M6) Under most loading conditions. They sr ueed io nd carports in esidenil construction end occasionally In ama induetil ‘and egvicultural storage shod e.24) king Post Truss 2. FINK (W) TRUSS “The Fink Truss is generally suitable for spans of 20 feet (6.096m) to 40 feet (12.192m) in all elsses of construction. Ths contigutaion is very efficient and is probaly the most commonly weed of al wood trusses, (9.22) © eens tan cn 80Section TRUSS SHAPES. 23. FAN TRUSS ‘The Fan Truss is primarly used for residantisl construction inthe span Tange of 20 feet (6.090m) through 30 feet (2.14) under heave snow Tosde. itis used to replace the Fink Truss where eddiional top chord penels are required to maintain minimum chord sito Fn 29) Fantuss 4, DOUBLE FINK (WW) OR BELGIAN TRUSS “The Doub Fink is gonerally used for spans of 24 to 40 fet (10.363 — 12192m) in rosidetil construction and frm 40 foot (12:192m) to 60 feet (18.28m) for comerercal, industrial or farm buildings. (24) Double Fink (WW) or Belgian Truss @ monn tery ema 188Section TRUSS SHAPES ‘5. TRIPLE FINK OR TRIPLE (ww) TRUSS ‘This configuration is generally used In commercial, industrial oF form bulings where span exceeds 60 fost (18.24m) under high snow loud conditions pacing oxcoeds 2 feot (Gtm). This uss ean sections when necboeary for ease of transportation fd 10 fel splicing. (Fa. 28) Trip Fink or W Truss 6. Howe Truss. ‘his tuss may be used inthe same range of epane e8 the Fink Truss. 20 to 40 feat (6.036m — 12 102m). Ite» more efficient configuration than the Fink for low slope trusses (below 3/12) whore, deflection ‘governs the truss design. The Howe configuration is often used 10 Imanufecture girders capable of carrying © hoavy truss leading on the bottom chord. (a.29) Howe Truss © atoms cr 6b 2-3Section TRUSS SHAPES 7. MODIFIED QUEENPOST TRUSS ‘Tho Modifiod Quosnpost Truss is applicable for spans which sre of similorlongth 10 those requiring e Double Fink but which have load ‘ondllons which require fewer bottom chord panels. (Fo. 27) Medied Quoenpost Truss 8, SCISSORS TRUSS ‘With ts pitched bottom chords the Scissors Truss is often spaced for Uso in churches, hals nd residences when a vaulted celing Is dosired eis sometimes used in buildings when it is necessary to increse the clearanco atthe conte of the span. Fo. 28) Sclesore Truss 2-4 Qnty comeSection TRUSS SHAPES 8. MONo-PITCH TAUSS ‘The Mono-Pitch or Half Truss ls used in the epan range of 20 fest (6.096m) to 40 fect (12.192m) forall types of buildings whore a singlo roof slope is raquired. it con be combined with other configurations to achieve spacial architectural flects (9.29) 10. DUAL PITCH TRUSS: This configuration is primarily eed in reskdantisl construction to achive 4 spectc shape required by the building designer, (e.240) ual Piten Tes Orvis dite mgt 0 aoSection TRUSS SHAPES 2-6 11, FLAT TRUSSES, Fat trusses have © wide range of applications for roole and floors of ‘most typee of buildings. The wuss dopth and the aumber of panels can be varlad within certain Finite depending upon tho span. The top chord ‘canbe fat, pitched from ana end to the other, oF inthe case of truss With en even number of panele it can be pitched from the. ends to the entre panel point. Webs cen be of the Howe configuration in fig. 2-11 for the Worron or sawtoothod design. Flat tusses can be designed to be ‘supported at the ord of the botiom chord ofthe end of the top chor Both ends can be supported In the same menner (ie. top or bottorn ‘chard bearing) of asin the ease of many commercial buildings, one end ‘of the bottom chord ean boar on a suppocting wall with the opposite end ‘of tho top chon supported by a beam. — (Fo. 240) Flot Tassos @ tend Cage ne 8Sesion TRUSS SHAPES B._ SELECTION OF CONFIGURATION Although we have provided some rough quidatinas on the preceeding pases With regard to the use of each of the more common truss shapes, the {eterminetion of the most economical web configuration in any given site tion ie not alwaye an eacy decision uw tu varalns In design TOW, Span, truss spacing, and pitch. In tho co60 of flat trusses the decision Ie slag ellacted by the overall depth of the truss. As a result, in many cases the bulding Sesigner mey wish to outne the shape of th pefimeter ofthe truss end allow the Gang-Nall Truss Fabricator to babe his rico on the most economicel web ‘rangemont after having examined the eutebilty of verious configurations ‘The complenity of each truss shape end the number of cferent truss types fequited to make up a root system also have a direct bearing on the cost of lobour end meter. A roof system involving & number of complex truss shapes will always be more costly thon a gystem involving only ane oF 100) commonly used configurations C._TRUSS PITCH INFLUENCES COST ‘The sppearanco ofthe building is lmost always the prime consideretion in {otermining roof pitch. However, ust as the bulding designer is ewere thet his decision on roof pitch wal infuonce the cost of the roofing matrils. he should also be aviare that it can also influence the cast of the oof structure Under most snow load conditions in Canada, roof truss pitches below 3/12 requte relatively hoavy chord mombers to prevent excessive deflection. In cartain cases, sight modification in roof pitch can result in a eubstaiil radueton in tho cost ofa root system, With root russes of the Scissors type. the pitch of the top and bottom chords has an even more pronouncad elect on cost For example, an increase Inthe pitch of tho top chord from 4/12 to 45/12 together with a docroese in the pitch of tho bottom chord from 2/12 to 16/12 can result In ¢ reduction in cost nthe order of 40%. In the preliminary stages ofthe design, the profesional may wish to obtain Information from s GangNail Tress Fabrcstor on the relate costs of rao! systems of various pitches, ._ SPECIAL CONFIGURATIONS. “he folowing peges Hustrat some specil russes which are manufectured by Gang-Nal Tors Fabrieatore. To provide unusual shapes that may be required —To solve certain shipping and handling problems To taka advantage of multiple supports To support concentrated loads © rene ay ose aSection TRUSS SHAPES 1, PIGGYBACK TAUSSES ‘A Piggyback Truss is sny truss that ia bult in two sections in the {oiemors plent and has one section field spiced to the top of the ‘ther, This may be done to ereate an unusual shape or when heat Sxeecds tho mations ofthe fabricating procass or highway restrictions, so 7 | (Fo. 21) ‘A sigayback sectional tuss is gonorally used when the slope (oF pitch) ex ‘Conds tho height liitetion of the febrieating press (h) or by highway eesti (a. 20) specialty food chain utlies distinctive root ine 10 help identity Its stores, The entra frama i carried by the Gang-Nel Trusses, 26 shown in tho raving. The "piggyback" method of creating orginal roof lines Is eanitv ‘sccomplshed when Gang-Nil Tusses are designed fora bulding. @ ment ecg 8Sesion russ ois 2 Plegy Back Truss (a. 248) 0 an unusual roof dosign to moke its buldings istinetve. In this case, the Gang-Nail Trusses wore bult and than “pigay- Dbcked atthe job site before being set in place, © etter cern 2-9Section ‘TRUSS SHAPES 2. ATTIC FRAMES ‘The Ate frame, commonly used in storey and a half constuction, not 9 trues duo tits lack of triangulation in the spece opening. Iie ‘tatiealyIndeterminete structure that can be designed by ABC on re ‘quest from Licensed Gang-Nail Componont Fabricators. Due to heavy floor loads these framed components aro usually arranged £0 thet one ‘or more interior bearings contribute to the support. Interior stars ‘oy be of the etectabe typ for ooeontnal use, Thoy ave designed to ‘rammed betwen truseos which are spaced 2 feat (im) on centers. It ‘wider and pormanent access stairs aro desired, 3 double fame placed on f2ch sido ofthe eleway opening is usually suicint to carry the load. ‘Tho designer should locate the stalr opening 30 as to avoid cutting die- ‘gona or vertical wab members. Whore the overall height of the frame ‘xceede shipping imitations, It may ba designed inthe two place Pigay- bck errangemont described earlier 0.248) Section showing a types atic tame, 2-10 rtm teSection ‘TRUSS SHAPES 8, PARTIAL VAULTED CEILING ‘Trusses used to form partaly vaulted ceings can be designed in @ vatiety of ways. Two examples ore shown below. (Fi. 240) — Fa 247) Grammar srscorsone ne 86dSection ‘TRUSS SHAPES 4, GAMBREL TRUSS This typo of tues ie usually designed to provide a definite exterior ep- pearance and where no uses to be mado of the space above the cong {Whore the overall height ofthe trues exceeds shipping limitations, it may tlso be designed in the two ploee Piggyback arangoment described ann. a 249) ‘Tho tusses on this restaurant, souvenir shop and service station building have 4 gombrl root, The Gang-lal Trusses ware fabricated and shipped to the Job sito as completo componentsSection TRUSS SHAPES 65, CLERESTORY TRUSS ‘This truss Is sometimes used in commerclal buldings to provide # de- Sired exterior appearance or to facitate lighting (299) [Corostory Truss 6, EXTENDED TOP CHORD BEARING TRUSS. ‘The Extonded Top Chord Bearing Truss is speciied where designers want a "Tay" type coling efecto increased ealing height an a bung With 2 low exterior profs. Is application is limited to wussas of short span and where the horizontal distance betweon the support and the nd ofthe bottom chord is relatively short, (220) Extended Top Chord Beating Truss @rremmstatm cmt 8Section TRUSS SHAPES 7. ARCHES ‘This type of structure Is us required. ‘where very high overhead clearance Is (Fa 220 ‘The “Gambrel” typo three hinged arch is most fequently used In age cultural buildings to provide storage space over a second floer. The ie developed with two trusses of the Scissors type joined to- agothor in tho fil (0.222) } 2-14 © mets enenns 60Section TRUSS SHAPES 18, MULTLBEARING TAUSSES ‘Whore the design of relatively wide bulaings conveniently permits the use of interior loadbeuring partons, russes are fequenly supported at ‘one oF moro intomediata paints. This normaly rosuits in smal tus ‘members than would bo required for ¢ clear span truss of the same length, In this case the truss must be designed so that @ panel point joint occurs at each intermediate support. To prevent oversrescing of any portion of the wuss, is important that all bearing points ae. at ‘exacly the same elovaion. This equenty requires ehimming to slign- mont. When multsbaring trusses ere asad, the dosigner le cautioned to Speci exacting contols for the support point elevations (ig. 220) Four besring trusses are frequently used in mult-dweling residents! buliings whieh include 9 center hal (Fo. 226) @remtmtsncinoen th PaoSection ‘truss 2-16 SHAPES 9. TRUSSES SUPPORTING CONCENTRATED LOADS ‘Any tue or group of trusses can be designed to support concentrated loads on tha top chord or suspended from the bottom chord. The truss ign arengos the interior webs to provide & panel point of joint at the loed point and includes the eoncsntroted load In hs ealeulations of ‘the forees inthe wuss members. Flat trusses are frequently designed to tod loads from mechanical equipment boaring on their 9 its usually convenion for th building desianer to locate ton tho root. All shopas canbe designed to suppor smlar ‘equipment where its located in the atic or is suspended trom the bot- tom chord ‘Where tho conconuated load is relatively small or can bo distibuted ‘over @ numbor of wusse, it is adviseblo to maintain the seme config: ‘uration as tho edjzcont trusses to reduce fabrication costs and make ‘minor adjustments tothe design to compensate for this eddtonal load, Where relauvely small concentistad loads occur in the chord pana, than at & panel point, the chord member can often be reinforced by fastening addtional members to each side ofthe chord to reduce the bbenging stresses in tho chord and ilo the use of the same web con: figuration os the adjacent trusses. In order 0 minimize costs, it often advantageous to use 8 double or triple member wus at the location af the concontated lad in lieu of 2 rovisod coniguration, This is dona by nail laminating the members to- {ethor wither prior 10 or folowing their placament on tho supporting ‘pecia designto support concentrated load. 1 (0.225 Bottom chord standaré rs einforcasto support concenvated ios. @ mines 8