Reinforced

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(1)GENERAL BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION TO EUROCODE DESIGN BY ENGR BLDR VICTOR O OYENUGA FNSE PPNIStructE FNIHTE FNICE MNIOB (2)1.0 INTRODUCTION Historical Background. The development of the formulation of the Eurocodes started in 1975 when the Member States of the Commission of the European
Community decided on an action programme in the field of construction based on the Article 95 of the Treaty. In 1989, the Commission, EU and other relevant organizations decided to transfer the preparation and publication of the Eurocodes to CEN (Comite European de Normalization OR European Committee on Standardization) through a series
of Mandates, in order to provide them a future status of European Standard (EN). The resulting Structural Eurocodes programme (3)TABLE 1: EUROCODES RELEASES S/N o Codes & Years Eurocodes Descriptions 1. EN 1990 Eurocode Basis of Structural Design 1. EN 1991 Eurocode 1 Actions on Structures 1. EN 1992 Eurocode 2 Design of
Concrete Structures 1. EN 1993 Eurocode 3 Design of Steel Structures 1. EN 1994 Eurocode 4 Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures 1. EN 1995 Eurocode 5 Design of Timber Structures 1. EN 1996 Eurocode 6 Design of Masonry Structures 1. EN 1997 Eurocode 7 Geotechnical Design 1. EN 1998 Eurocode 8 Design of Structures for
Earthquake Resistance (4)2.0 PURPOSES OF THE EUROCODES As a means to prove compliance of building and civil engineering works with the essential requirement of the regulatory council requirements. As a basis for specifying contracts for construction works and related engineering services and As a framework for drawing up harmonized
technical specifications for construction products. The Eurocode standards provide common structural design rules for member countries and for everyday use Unusual forms of construction or design conditions are not specifically covered and additional expert (5)2.1 ASSUMPTIONS FOR USE OF EUROCODES The design of the structure is made by
appropriately qualified and experienced personnel. The execution by personnel of appropriate skills and experiences. Adequate supervision and quality control is provided during the execution , The construction materials and products are of approved standard. The Structure will be used in accordance with (6) The Principles comprise: general
statements and definitions for which there is no alternative, as well as requirements and analytical models for which no alternative is permitted unless specifically stated. The principles are identified by the letter P following the clause number. On the other hand, Application Rules are generally recognized rules, which comply with the Principles and
satisfy their requirements. They are clauses without the letter P. 2.2 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION (7)2.3 NATIONALLY DETERMINED PARAMETERS AND NATIONAL ANNEXES The possible differences in construction materials/products; design and construction practices, and regional differences in climatic conditions, etc. some parameters,
such as, partial safety factors, allowance in design etc., then a particular application rule may be proposed as determined nationally. The recommended values of these parameters and design method/procedures are collectively referred to as Nationally Determined Parameters (NDPs). The NDPs determine various aspects of design, but perhaps most
importantly, the level of safety of structures during execution and in-service, remains the responsibility of the country. (8)3.0 THE EUROCODES This presentation is centred on the following Eurocodes: Eurocode: Basis of Structural Design. Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures. Eurocode 2: Design of (9)3.1 EUROCODE – BASIS OF STRUCTURAL
DESIGN. Assumptions, Principles and Application Rules Definitions. Requirements such as Design Working Life, Durability, Quality and Reliability Management. Principles of Limit State Design. Actions and Environmental Influence. Structural Analysis and Design Verifications by the Partial Factor (10)3.2 EUROCODE 1: ACTIONS ON
STRUCTURES (EC 1) This is issued in various parts as stated below: BS EN 1991 1 - 1: Dead and Live BS EN 1991 1 - 2: Fire BS EN 1991 1 - 3: Snow BS EN 1991 1 - 4: Wind BS EN 1991 1 - 5: Thermal BS EN 1991 1 - 6: Execution BS EN 1991 1 - 7: Accidental BS EN 1991 - 2: Traffic Bridges BS EN 1991 - 3: Crane & Machinery BS EN 1991 - 4:
Silos & Tanks. (11)3.3 EUROCODE 2: DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES (EC 2) Part 1 - 1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings. Part 1 - 2: General Rules in Structural Fire Design. Part 2: Concrete Bridges in Design and Detailing Rules. Part 3: Liquid Retaining and Containment Structures. The Eurocode 2 (EC 2): Part 1-1 gives general basis
for the design of structures in plain, reinforced, lightweight, pre-cast and pre-stressed concrete. In addition, it gives some detailing rules, which are mainly applicable to ordinary buildings. It is similar to BS 8110-Parts 1 and 2 (1985, 1997). However, reference has to be made to Eurocode - Basis of Structural Design and Eurocode 1 - Actions on
Buildings, for a complete structural (12)4.0 THE EUROCODE 2 In general, the design value of an action, Fd, is obtained by multiplying the representative value, Frep, by the appropriate partial safety factor for actions, ɣf. Thus, Fd = ɣf Frep Limit State Load Type Permanent, Gk Imposed, Qk Wind, Wk Unfavorable Favorable Unfavorabl e Favorable
Unfavorable Equilibrium 1.10 0.9 1.5 0.0 1.5φ0 Table 2: Partial safety factors for the ultimate limit state of equilibrium (13)-Limit State/ -Load Combination Load Type Permanent, Gk Imposed, Qk Wind, Wk Unfavorable Favorable Unfavorable Favorable Unfavorable Strength 1.Permanent and variable 1.0 1.5 0 - 2.Permanent and wind 1.0 - - 1.5
3.Permanent, imposed, wind a 1.35 1.0 1.5φ0,1 - 1.5φ0,2 b 1.0 1.5 0 1.5φ0 c 1.0 1.5φ0 0 1.5 Table 3: Load combinations and partial safety/combination factors for the ultimate limit state of strength. (14)4.2 PARTIAL FACTORS FOR MATERIALS AND STRENGTH The major materials that are referred to are concrete and steel reinforcements. Clause
2.4.2.4 and Table 2.1N of EC2 give the details of the partial factors for materials. The Table 2.1N is represented here as Table 4. Table 4: Partial factors for materials for Ultimate Limit States Design Situations ɣc for Concrete ɣs for reinforcing steel Persistent and Transient 1.5 1.15 Accidental 1.2 1.0 (15)5.0 THE NIGERIAN ENVIRONMENT The
formulation of the Nigerian Annex to Eurocode 2 Isopleths of basic wind speed in Nigeria Local materials Concrete strengths Locally available reinforcements (16)Figure 4 - Categorisation of the Prevailing Wind Isopleths Figure 1: Basic Wind Isopleths of Nigeria. (NCC, 2009: Onundi, 2009). (17)The conclusion from this presentation is simple. There
is the need to move along with the current development in the world around us. The publication of the Nigerian Annex to the Eurocodes is an urgent task. Our Universities have to buckle up and provide researches into issues that will be of direct benefits to the engineering design and construction practitioners and to Nigeria as a nation in order to
mitigate failures and collapses of structures, while modernizing and beautifying the environment. (18) Eurocode: Basis of Structural Design Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures Simplified Reinforced Concrete Design by Victor O. Oyenuga, 3rd Edition, 2019, Vasons
Concept Consultants Ltd., Lagos. Eurocodes are available at BSI Group Headquarters, 389 Chiswick High Road, London, W4 4AL, UK. Tel: +44 (0) 208996 9001 and +44 (0) 208996 7001. (19)THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 8 to 12 are not shown in this preview. You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 17 to
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