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The Effectiveness of Giving NPK and Bio Urine Fertilizer on the Chemical
Properties of Soil, Nutrition Absorption, and Rice Production

Article · May 2021

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The Effectiveness of Giving NPK and Bio Urine

Fertilizer on the Chemical Properties of Soil,
Nutrition Absorption, and Rice Production
Idaryani1, Abdul Wahid Rauf1, Dewi Sahara2, Atman3, Andi Yulyani Fadwiwati4 Mohammad Ikbal Bahua5,
Lis M Yapanto*, Andi Apriany Fatmawaty6, A Nurhayu1

1
South Sulawesi Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology, email: idaryanidj@gmail.com
2
Central Java Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology, email: dewisahara.ds@gmail.com
3
WestSumatera Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology, email: atmanroja@gmail.com
4
Gorontalo Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology, email: ayulyanifadwiwati@yahoo.co.id
5
Gorontalo State University, Mohamad.bahua@ung.ac.id

*Faculty of Fishery and Marine Science, Gorontalo State University, email:lizrossler@ung.ac.id

6
The University of Sultan AgengTirtayasa, email: apriany@untirta.ac.id

Issue Details Abstract

Issue Title: Issue 2
Received: 25 March, 2021
Accepted: 27 April, 2021
Published: 15 May, 2021
Pages: 1342 - 1355
Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and
Linguistica Antverpiensia
The research objective was to determine the effectiveness of NPK and bio urine fertilizers on soil
chemical properties, nutrient uptake, and rice yield. The design used in this study was a
randomized block design (RAK = Randomize Complete Block Design) with ten types of
treatment and repeated three times. The treatment is a combination of several levels of NPK
fertilizer and bio urine fertilizer. The results showed that NPK fertilizer application with bio
urine significantly affected pH, total N, available P and K, N, P, K absorption, strawweight, dry
grain weight, and 1000 grain weight. Application of NPK fertilizer combined with bio urine
fertilizer can increase several elements such as organic C, total N, available P, K, N, P, and K
uptake in rice plants. The highest yield of rice obtained in the treatment of 75% NPK fertilizer +
30 ml bio urine, namely 5.65 t ha-1, and the lowest product obtained in the farmer (control)
method of treatment, 4.01 t ha-1. The Relative Agronomic Effectiveness (RAE) value is
165.66%. The use of fertilizer at this dosage is more effective than standard fertilizers, and the
economic test value of fertilizers is around 1.42; it is suitable for use in rice farming.
Key words: NPK fertilizer, bio urine, chemical properties, rice, RAE, chemical fertilizers,
organic fertilizers

1. Introduction
Rice is one of the main foodstuffs for most of Indonesia's population and even the
world's population.Rice is the main food crop in Asia (Burest et al. 2005) and is one
of the most important staple foods for more than half of its population (Chauhan et
al. 2017).To ensure food security in the world's rice-consuming countries, large
quantities of good quality rice are produced to meet society's needs in the future

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(Peng and Yang, 2003).As the human population increases, it is imperative to
increase rice yields on the remaining agricultural land to meet current and future
food demands (Mueller et al., 2012; Xie et al., 2016).
One of the obstacles to increasing rice production in Indonesia is the deterioration of
soil quality.The decline in soil quality in Indonesia indicated that most rice fields in
Indonesia are in a condition of soil sickness (soil sickness) with an indicator of soil
organic C content of less than 2% due to the unbalanced use of organic and inorganic
fertilizers.Excessive or inappropriate use of inorganic fertilizers is a significant cause
of nutrient imbalance in the soil, causing high losses, especially N from fertilizers,
low N recovery (30%) (Krupnik et al., 2004), and low N use efficiency (around 35%)
(Cao et al., 2013) on rice.Unbalanced use of chemical fertilizers decreased soil
fertility and reduced 38% of rice grain yield (Singh et al., 2001).
Organic fertilizers such as chicken manure mainly contain nitrogen compounds that
quickly mineralized to ammonia and nitrates (Eghball et al., 2002). At the same time,
cow dung is essential to the source of nutrients for plant production, rich in N
content, and known as a substitute for inorganic fertilizers (Sharma and Mitra,
1991).Organic fertilizerhas excellent rice cultivation potential, which can function as
soil fertilizer to supply nutrients for absorption by plants (Binh and Shima,
2018).Besides, organic fertilizers are also a strategy to improve soil structure,
increase nutrient content and produce sustainable crop yields that have high
economic benefits (Pan et al., 2009; Ghosh et al., 2012; Mi et al., 2016).N in organic
fertilizers combined with N in chemical fertilizers has been shown to increase N use
efficiency significantly, and it is easy to apply in rice fields (Pan et al., 2009).
Organic fertilizers can partially replace chemical fertilizers, although organic
fertilizers, either as a whole or partial substitution for inorganic N, do not
significantly affect rice yields (Huang et al., 2016).Several studies reported that
organic fertilizers, combined with complete chemical fertilizers, significantly
increased yield (Ye et al., 2011).Liver et al.(2008) found evidence of increased crop
yields with organic fertilizers compared to chemical fertilizers.
Animal manure can be used as a substitute mineral N, which can be used as fertilizer
to increase rice yields (Lal, 2015; Agbede and Ojeniyi, 2009; Barzegar et al., 2002).
Which can increase carbon (C) in the soil (De Melo et al., 2019), can maintain soil
structure and fertility (Diacono and Montemurro, 2010; Barzegar et al., 2002), and
reduce mineral fertilizer input and environmental impacts (He et al., 2016).Manure is
rich in nutrients for plants, easy to obtain, and can reduce mineral fertilizers'
dependence.However, about 78% N of livestock manure is lost to the environment
(Bai et al., 2016); therefore, an alternative to substituting mineral fertilizers with
manure is needed.
Among the various sources of organic matter, cow urine is one source of
nitrogen.Analysis of cow urine has shown that cow urine contains nitrogen, sulfur,
phosphate, sodium, manganese, carbolic acid, iron, silicon, chlorine, salt, vitamins,
A, B, C, D, and E, the mineral lactose, and hormone enzymes.Total N in cow urine
ranges from 6.8-21.1 g N liters - 1 of which averages 69% urea, 7.3% allantoin, 5.8%
hippuric acid, 3.7% creatinine, 2, 5% creatine, 1.3% uric acid, and 0.5% xanthine
plus hypoxanthine, 1.3% nitrogen-free amino acids and 2.8% as ammonia (Singh et
al. l, 2014).The nutrient content in cow urine (bio urine), especially nitrogen, is much
higher than other locally available fertilizers.Therefore, the use of livestock urine
alone or in

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c Treatment Urea SP-36 KCl Bio urine
o kg ha-1 .ml liter wa-
m ter-1
b A = Without fertilizer (control) 0 0 0 0
i B = Standar fertilizer(NPK 100%) 300 100 50 0
n C = NPK 75% 225 75 37,5 0
a D = NPK 75 % + Bio urine 225 75 37,5 10
t E = NPK 75 % + Bio urine 225 75 37,5 20
i F = NPK 75% + Bio urine 225 75 37,5 30
o G = NPK 100% + Bio urine 300 100 50 10
H = NPK 100% + Bio urine 300 100 50 20
n I = NPK 100% + Bio urine 300 100 50 30
J = NPK 50% + Bio urine 150 50 25 30
w
ith chemical fertilizers can increase soil and plant productivity.Urine enables farmers
to reduce dependence and costs on fertilizers (Sharma et al., 1991).
Based on the description, rice fertilization research carried out using inorganic
fertilizers (NPK) and liquid organic fertilizers (Biourine).This study aimed to
determine the effectiveness of NPK and Biourine fertilizers on soil chemical
properties, nutrient uptake, and rice yield.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1.Site Research
The research was conducted in Bone Regency, South Sulawesi Province,
Indonesia, from April to August 2017. The located at the position of 4 ° 13 '- 5 ° 6'
South Latitude and 119 ° 42'-120 ° 30 'East Longitude.The average annual rainfall
ranges from 1500-2000, starting from November to July with a temperate climate.Air
humidity ranges from 95% -99% with a temperature of 26 ° C - 34 ° C.Ultisol soil
type with a dusty clay texture, soil pH 5.01, total N 0.16%, 2.08% C-organic, P 17
ppm, K 135 me / 100 gr.
2.2.Treatment details
Field experiments arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD)
with ten treatment types and three replications.The treatment tested was a
combination of several biourines and inorganic fertilizers (chemical
fertilizers).(Table 1).
Table 1. The arrangement of treatment of biourine fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers
on rice

2.3. Crop management

The soil is thoroughly cultivated with a hand rotary plow (hand tractor), then a 5 m
x 6 m plot is made, with a plot dividing 20-30 cm wide and 30 cm high.The rice
variety used was the Inpari-42 variety, which was planted when the seeds were 17
days old with a spacing of 25x25 cm (tile system).The bio urine fertilizer application
was carried out by spraying it on each experimental plot according to the
concentration tested.Spraying is carried out in the morning around 09.00 - 10.00 and
in the afternoon above 16.00.Spraying is carried out in the first week after the seeds
are transferred to the field until the end of the study (before harvest) with an
application time interval of once every seven days, spraying fertilizer evenly over the
surface of the stems and leaves until wet.
Urea gave three times, first when the plants are ten days after planting, the
second fertilization when the plants are 25 days after planting, and the third
fertilization when the plants are 45 days after planting.SP-36 and KCl fertilization
given at the time of the first fertilization.Irrigation was carried out intermittently and
ten days before harvesting water intake into the fields stopped.The first wedding was

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done manually at the age of 21 DAS, and then the plants were cultivated to be
weed-free.Pests and plant diseases are controlled before and when there are
symptoms of attack by spraying the plants with pesticides or insecticides.Plants are
harvested by tuber when the plants have reached maturity; that is when the grain has
been ripe yellow, at least 90% using a sickle, then knocked out in plastic bags, and
the grain weighed for each experimental plot.

2.3.Soil sampling and analysis

Soil samples were taken as a composite at four points at a depth of 30 cm for
each treatment using a core sampler.Analysis of soil samples to determine pH,
C-organic, minerals N, P and K are available.Mineral N was determined by
extracting soil samples with 1 M KCl, followed by estimating N by extract steam
distillation (Pansu and Gautheyrou, 2006).Available P in soil samples was
determined by extracting 0.5 M sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3; pH = 8.5; 1:20: soil /
extractant) (Curtin et al, 2006).Moreover, measuring the P concentration in the
extract colorimetrically (Santi, 2006).The available K in the soil samples extracted
with 1 N ammonium acetate (NH4OAc, pH = 7.0) (Pansu and Gautheyrou, 2006).

2.4. Plant sample collection and analysis

Grain and straw samples collected after rice harvest dried at 50 ° C in an
oven—the nitrogen concentration in the straw samples determined by the
micro-Kjeldahl method.Phosphorus concentration determined by digesting plant
samples in acid (HNO3 / HClO4; 4: 1), followed by estimation on a
spectrophotometer after developing a yellow color using the molybedo-phosphoric
acid method (Hansen, 1989).Potassium concentration was determined utilizing a
flame photometer of the same extract used to determine P. N, P, and K uptake by rice
and straw calculated by multiplying the plant's total dry matter yield the respective
nutrient concentrations.

2.5.Observation of crop yields

Grain yield per plot (kg plot-1), obtained from the yield of 2 m x 2.5 m, the yield of
grain converted to tonnes ha-1 with K.A. 14% = (100-KA GKP / 86 x yield ofplots)

2.6.Effectiveness of biourine fertilizers

The effectiveness of biourine known by using the calculation of Relative Agronomic
Effectiveness (RAE) as used by Machai et al., 1984 as follows:

The yield on tested fertilizers - yield on control

RAE = ------------------------------------------------------------ x 100%
The yield on standard fertilizers - yield on control

2.7.Test the economic effectiveness of biourine fertilizer

The economic effectiveness test of fertilizers is used to determine whether the
fertilizers used have good economic value.If the value produced is more than one,
the tested fertilizer has an excellent economic value (Dimitrijevic et al., 2020)

PxQ
The economic effectiveness of fertilizers = ----------
C
P = price of grain Rp.kg -1
Q = dry grain yield tonnes ha-1
C = expenses, including the purchase of fertilizer Rp.ha-1

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2.8.Statistic analysis

The Data on different parameters tested using one-way analysis of variance

(ANOVA), according to the Complete Randomized Block Design (CRBD) using
SPSS. Then other treatments were carried out with further tests using Duncan's
multiple distance test (DMRT).The treatments that were significantly different at p
<0.05 were considered statistically significant.The statistical significance of the
coefficient of determination (R2) tested using the F test. R2 was significant at p
<0.05 and p <0.01, marked as * and **, respectively.

3. Results
3.1.Availability of nutrients in the soil
The research results indicate that there has been an increase in nutrient
availability in the known soil by comparing the initial soil data (before the study)
with the data from the soil analysis after the study (Table 2).
Parameter Before Treatment
Study A B C D E F G H I J
pH 5,01 5,01 6,23 6,21 6,23 6,20 b 6,79 d 6,65 6,25bc 6,56 cd 6,41
a ab b ab cd c

C-org(%) 2,08 2,08 3,31 3,42 3,43 3,51 3,48 3,47 3,39 3,32 3,00
N tot(%) 0,16 0,16 0,20 0,18 0,17 0,21 c 0,21 c 0,20bc 0,19 b 0,18 ab 0,16
a bc ab b a
b a a bc
P2O5 availa- 17,0 17,0 20,0 23,0 24,7 24,6 25,0 18,2 20,2 25,0 21,5
a ab b b bc ab
ble(ppm)
a c a b c b a b
K2O availa- 60,0 60,0 107,9 97,8 83,3 100,0 109,2 93,0 75,0 102,0 61,0a
b
ble(ppm)
Note: The value on the same line followed by the same letter shows no significant
difference based on the DMRT test at the 5% level
A = without fertilizer (control) F = NPK 75%+bio urine 30 ml
B = standar fertilizer (NPK 100%) G = NPK 100%+bio urine 10 ml
C = NPK 75% H = NPK 100%+bio urine 20 ml
D = NPK 75%+bio urine 10 ml I = NPK 100%+bio urine 30 ml
E = NPK 75%+bio urine 20 ml J = NPK 50%+bio urine 30 ml

3.2.Crop Yield
Dry straw weights ranged from 3.25 to 5.83 t ha-1, where the weight of dry
straw with 75% NPK + 10 ml and 20 ml biourine was not significantly different from
standard fertilizer treatment (NPK 100%).Increasing the dose of biourine up to 30 ml
combined with 75% NPK fertilizer gave the highest strawweight (5.85 t ha-1) and
was significantly different from standard fertilizer (100% NPK).There was an
increase in dry strawweight of 38.7% compared to standard fertilizers.
Dry grain weights ranged from 4.01-6.65 t ha-1, and the highest yield was obtained
in the treatment of 75% NPK fertilizer + 30 ml biourine and was significantly
different from standard fertilizer (NPK 100%), where there was an increase in dry
grain weight.41% compared to controls (Table 3).
Table 3. Effect of NPK fertilizer with biourine fertilizer on strawweight and dry
grain weight

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Treatment Straw dry Dry grain weight (t Grain weight

weight(t ha-1) ha-1) 1000 grains (g)
A = Without fertilizer (control) 3,25 c 4,01 cd 27,12 d
B = Standar fertilizer (NPK 100%) 4,20 b 5,00 ab 28,14 cd
C = NPK 75% 3,85bc 4,50 cd 27,52 cd
D = NPK 75%+bio urine 10 m 4,10 b 4,62 c 28,23abc
E = NPK 75%+bio urine 20 ml 4,00 b 4,85 bc 28,31abc
F = NPK 75%+bio urine 30 ml 5,83 a 6,65 a 29,33 a
G = NPK 100%+bio urine 10 ml 5,12 a 5,15 ab 28,68 ab
H = NPK 100%+bio urine 20 ml 4,83 ab 4,75 bc 28,23abc
I = NPK 100%+bio urine 30 ml 4,98 ab 5,07 ab 28,38abc
J = NPK 50%+bio urine 30 ml 3,50 bc 4,55 c 27,08 d
N
ote: The exact line's value, followed by the same letter, shows no significant
difference based on the DMRT test at the 5% level.

3.3.N, P, and K uptake

The highest N uptake was obtained in treatment F, namely applying 75% NPK
fertilizer + 30 ml biourine and the first treatment, using 100% NPK fertilizer + 30 ml
biourine.Treatment A without giving fertilizer or control and treatment C or giving
NPK fertilizer, 75% showed the lowest N uptake.The highest P uptake was also
obtained in treatment F and I, while the highest K absorption was obtained to
treatNPK 100%+bio urine 30 ml. To determine the effectiveness of biourine
application to the nutrient content of N, P, and K in rice plants, in Figures 1–3.

30 24,12 bc 23,06cd 25,76a24,2bc24,28bc

25,58a
23,46c
N uptake

25 20,9 de
20,6de
18,08 e
20
15
A B C D E F G H I J
Treatment

Figure 1. Effect of NPK fertilizer with biourine on N uptake; the bar line shows
the standard error of the mean.The mean value of N uptake followed by
different letters was significantly different (p <0.05) with Duncan's multiple
range test (DMRT)

6 5,68a 5,51a
5,06ab 4,89ab 4,95ab
4,62 ab 4,74ab
5 4,35 b 4,28b
4,21b
P uptake

2
A B C D Treatment
E F G H I J

Figure 2. Effect of NPK fertilizer with biourine on P uptake; the bar line shows
the standard error of the mean.The mean value of P absorption followed
by different letters was significantly different (p <0.05) with Duncan's
multiple range test (DMRT)

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50
46,84a
44,56ab44,02ab
45 43,51b
42,21 c
41,05 c 41,1c

K uptake
40 38,67d
37,23 d
35,12e
35

30
A B C D E F G H I J
Treatment

Figure 3. Effect of NPK fertilizer with biourine on K uptake; the bar

line shows the standard error of the mean.The mean value of K absorption
followed by different letters was significantly different (p <0.05) with
Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT)

3.4.The Relative of Agronomic Effectiveness of Agronomy (RAE)

andthe economic effectiveness test of fertilizers
The 75% NPK fertilizer + 30 ml bio urine fertilizer treatment gave the
highest RAE value of 165.66. The treatment effectively increased the dry grain
weight and had the highest economic effectiveness value of 1.42 compared to
other treatments. NPK fertilizer with biourine fertilizer on the relative value of
agronomic effectiveness and the economic test value of fertilizers in Table 4.
Table 4.Effect of NPK fertilizer with biourine fertilizer on the relative value of
agronomic effectiveness (RAE) and the economic effectiveness test of fertilizers
Perlakuan REA (%) The Economic Effec-
tiveness of Fertilizer
A = Without fertilizer (con- - 1,07
trol)
B = Standar fertilizer (NPK 100 1,26
100%)
C = NPK 75% 49,50 1,15
D = NPK 75%+bio urine 10 61,62 1,18
ml
E = NPK 75%+bio urine 20 84,65 1,23
ml
F = NPK 75%+bio urine 30 165,66 1,42
ml
G = NPK 100%+bio urine 115,15 1,29
10 ml
H = NPK 100%+bio urine 74,75 1,19
20 ml
I = NPK 100%+bio urine 30 107,1 1,26
ml
J = NPK 50%+bio urine 30 54,55 1,16
ml

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4. Discussion
4.1. Availability of nutrients in the soil
Soil pH and soil organic C In general, there was an increase in soil pH
from 5.01 (initial soil conditions) in all treatments and was significantly different
from the treatment without fertilization (control) (P <0.05). Soil pH increases for
the better, that is, approaching the pH towards the neutral. At neutral pH,
microorganisms' activity will increase the soil's decomposition process, which can
free cations that can be exchanged or adsorbed. The highest increase in pH was
obtained in the treatment of using 75% inorganic fertilizers combined with 30 ml
of bio urine (Table 2). The three factors that determine changes in soil pH
according to (Brady et al. 1984) are: (1) the percentage of saturation of bases and
aluminum and bases can exchange from the colloidal complex, (2) types of
micelles, and (3) types of ion adsorbed.
The four parameters observation of soil organic C content and urine
biofertilizer provision increased the soil organic C content. The addition of bio
urine fertilizer can provide a high C contribution to soil and plants. The increase
in soil C content was due to the contribution of nutrients from the soil organic
fertilizer decomposition process. Brady. et al. (1984) stated that giving organic
fertilizers added organic carbon to the soil and returned soil nitrogen. Brady. et al.
1984 asserted that the primary source of C in the soil comes from the
decomposition of organic fertilizers in the form of dead plant and animal remains.
Total soil N content
Table 2 shows an increase in the soil's total N (initial soil conditions) from
0.16% - 0.21%.The indicates an increase in total N levels by 30% from the initial
conditions or in the treatment without fertilization (control).Fertilizer sprayed on
plants can also be absorbed in the soil so that the residual fertilizer enters the soil
and is food for soil organisms.Brady. et al. (1984) stated that fungi could remodel
plant tissues, release C and N nutrients, utilize some of these nutrients and release
some together with carbon dioxide and ammonium. The highest total soil N
content was obtained using 75% NPK fertilizer + 30 ml urine biofertilizer and had
a significant effect (P <0.05).Administration at this dose is thought to increase the
total N in the soil.Bio urine fertilizer has an N content of 0.350% so that it breaks
down quickly and provides additional N into the soil.
Available P and K levels
The element P is indispensable in the generative phase of plants. The
element P plays an essential role in seed filling. The combined application of
biourine and inorganic fertilizers for specific doses can increase P levels in the
soil. The P content increases the residual bio-urine fertilizer sprayed on the plant
that enters the soil. The soil can absorb it, thereby automatically increasing the
absorption of nutrients by external mycelium by expanding the surface of root
absorption or through the results of chemical compounds that cause nutrient bonds
released in the soil (Soedarsono et al., 2014). Likewise, the K element is also
essential during the plant generative phase. The residual urine biofertilizer
sprayed on plants can be absorbed inthe soil, thereby increasing the soil's K
content. The increase in soil P and K levels from soil conditions before being
given the highest treatment obtained in each treatment combination of 75% NPK
fertilizer + 30 ml biourine fertilizer and 100% NPK fertilizer + 30 ml biourine
fertilizer and had a significant effect on the treatment without fertilization
(control).
4.2. Uptake of N, P, and K of Rice Plants
The highest N nutrient uptake was shown by treating 75% NPK fertilizer +
30 ml bio urine. Because the soil's nutrient supply is insufficient, but the

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additional N, P, and K nutrients available from organic fertilizers (bio urine). The
addition of bio urine fertilizer was able to increase plant N uptake by 63.5%. The
highest N uptake achieved in treating 75% NPK fertilizer + 30 ml of bio urine
fertilizer. The corresponds to the soil's total N content, where the higher the total
N soil, the N uptake will also increase.
Meanwhile, the application of fertilizer at this dose can increase the totalN soil by
30%. Increasing the organic matter content in the soil will increase the uptake of
plant N. N uptake in rice plants increased by providing organic fertilizers
compared to organic fertilizer (Hossain et al., 2010). Besides that, its high
concentration causes this fertilizer to make it more quickly available to plants.
High inorganic fertilizers' application reduced N uptake and rice yields compared
to combining organic and inorganic fertilizers. Organic fertilizer treatment
significantly increased soil organic matter and nutrient content compared to
chemical treatment (Huang et al., 2010). The enhanced soil microbial biomass and
activity by urine bio-fertilizers are favorable for N immobilization in the
pre-growth stage and subsequent re-mineralization (Choi et al., 2004), and thus
increase the uptake of N by plants.
P elements in the soil and their absorption by plants are strongly influenced
by soil conditions, climatic conditions, and plants' ability to absorb nutrients from
the soil.The element P is one of the elements that must be provided from the early
stages of growth to ensure profitable growth until the generative phase.The high P
uptake in the treatment was caused by soil inorganic P's contribution from SP-36
and direct absorption through stomata due to biourine spraying.Besides, the
micro-climatic conditions during plant growth are sufficiently following the
conditions for growing rice plants to allow rice plants to carry out their
physiological processes well and the nutrient absorption process to take place
properly.Potassium is a nutrient classified as a luxury consumption (Salvagiotti,
2008) because whatever is available in the soil solution will be absorbed by plants
without causing poisoning.

4.3.Rice yields
The combination of biourine fertilizers with inorganic fertilizers hashigher rice
yields than the control (farmer's method). Following the research of Moe et
al.,(2017), which combines inorganic fertilizers and organic fertilizers, it can
reduce the use of chemical fertilizers without reducing hybrid rice yields and can
increase the growth, yield, and components of rice yields. Sharada and
Sujathamma (2018), suggest that organic fertilizers can help restore soil health.
Still, it is not sufficient for plant nutritional needs, so that organic fertilizers need
to be combined with inorganic fertilizers to get optimal results.Likewise, the
results of Singh et al., (2020), researchedthat the combined application of NPK +
manure resulted in a significant increase in rice and wheat yield of 58 and 141%,
respectively, compared to the control (without manure). Shang et al., (2011), also
reported that organic fertilizers combined with adequate nutrients could increase
yields. The process of cell division cannot be separated from the plant body's
physiological activities, which are influenced by the presence of IAA (Indol
Acetic Acid). IAA is an auxin type of ZPT that provides cells' development for
plant growth so that rice plants grow well. Inorganic fertilizers can provide
nutrients in the available form to plants to quickly get the nutrients they need. The
process of cell division cannot be separated from the plant body's physiological
activities, which are influenced by the presence of IAA (Indol Acetic Acid). IAA
is an auxin type of ZPT that provides cells' development for plant growth so that
rice plants grow well. The highest yield is in the combination of bio urine fertilizer

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with inorganic fertilizers, where at this dose, suspected that the plant nutrient
needs had been met (Soedarsono et al., 2014).
According to Soedarsono et al., (2014), one factor supporting plant growth
and production are nutrients. Nutrients must be available in sufficient quantities so
that growth and production will be optimal. Inorganic fertilizers can provide
nutrients in the available form to plants to quickly get the nutrients they need.
Treatment with 75% NPK fertilizer + 30 ml bio urine got the best results,
presumably because the N element in bio urine with inorganic fertilizers is
different. At this rate, it can meet plant needs. Biourine contains N in a form that is
not available to plants, requires a mineralization process to be absorbed by plants.
In contrast, the N element in urea is functional in large quantities to be directly
absorbed by plants (Zhi et al., 2011). Based on some of the research results
obtained, it shows that inorganic fertilizers need to be combined with liquid
organic fertilizers to increase rice yields.
Pan et al., (2009), reported that cow urine combined with chemical fertilizers
increased rice productivity by 21% compared to chemical fertilizers alone. Hati et
al., (2008) showed an increase in soybean yields with organic fertilization
compared to conventional processing. The generally recognized organic fertilizers
(bio urine) can improve soil physical and chemical properties, increase soil
nutrient conservation and promote plant growth (Rasool et al., 2007; Banger et al.,
2008; Mi et al., 2018). The availability of nutrients that are not limited to organic
fertilizers such as N, P, and K can also increase rice productivity (Mi et al., 2018).
Thus, compared to chemical N, organic fertilizers combined with chemical N have
a positive effect on soil productivity and result in sustainable yield growth.
Organic fertilizers rich in nutrients are an adequate substitute for reducing
chemical fertilizers' costs (Masarirambi et al., 2012). However, excessive use of
bio-organic fertilizers should be avoided, especially in soil, to reduce the risk of
toxic effects from reduced metabolic intermediates (Liang et al., 2003). The use of
chemical and organic fertilizers in an integrated manner increases plant growth
and increases rice yield and quality (Masarirambi et al., 2012).

4.4. Value of Relative Agronomic Effectiveness (RAE) and Fertilizer

Effectiveness Test
The RAE value shows how effective the fertilizer to standard fertilizers, where the
RAE value of standard fertilizers is 100%. The F, G, and I treatments are 75%
NPK + 30 ml bio urine, 100% NPK fertilizer + 10 ml bio urine, and 100% NPK
fertilizer + 30 ml bio urine can be said to be more effective than the use of
standard fertilizers on rice plants. The combination of NPK and bio urine
fertilizers at these doses used as an alternative to inorganic fertilizers. Specifically,
F treatment can make the use of inorganic fertilizers more efficient in rice
cultivation. The fertilizers' economic test is intended to determine whether the
tested fertilizers are suitable and profitable as a business-oriented business.
The economic test was carried out by calculating the ratio of revenue to income
and expense, including fertilizer. Based on the economic difficulty results, the
treatment of 75% NPK fertilizer + 30 ml bio urine gives the highest effectiveness
test value even though other treatments are also feasible in rice farming because
all treatments have a fertilizer effectiveness test value> 1—the same results
obtained from the research. Islam et al., (2017), aim to determine the optimum and
economical dose for producing rice in saline and char lands ecosystem; the results
show that the treatment combination is economically feasible to develop with
indicators of marginal cost changes more significant than 2. MBCR of all plots
compared to controls ranging from 2.43 - 3.40, which is higher than the permit
capability limit (2.00).

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ISSN: 0304-2294

5. Conclusion
The results showed that NPK fertilizer combined with bio urine fertilizer
could increase soil pH and several organic C, total N, available P, K, N, P, and
K uptake in rice plants.The highest yield of rice obtained in the treatment of
75% NPK fertilizer + 30 ml bio urine, namely 6.65 t ha-1, and the lowest yield
was obtained in the farmer (control) method of treatment 4.01 t ha-1, so that
there was an increase of 41%.The Relative Agronomic Effectiveness (RAE)
value is 165.66%. The use of fertilizer at this dosage is more effective than
standard fertilizers. The economic test value of fertilizers is around 1.42, so it is
suitable for rice farming.

Acknowledgments
Thank you very much for P.T.MandiriMassadidu. They collaborated and
financed this research and the extension workers assigned to the research
location, and the implementing farmer groups to carry out this research.

Compliance with Ethical Standards

Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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