OCTOBER - 2020 Vol 26
Peer Reviewed Journal
Editorial
The genomic structure of coronavirus is non-
segmented positive strand RNA (+ssRNA) with
nucleocapsid. It has single stranded genomes. It has four
main structural proteins as spike glycoprotein, envelop
glycoprotein, membrane glycoprotein and nucleocapsid
protein. Several other accessory proteins are also present.
Spike glycoprotein facilitates binding to host cells by
attraction of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in
lower respiratory tract in synergy with TMPRSS2
(transmembrane serine protease 2). The furin cleavage
site of virus is essential for breakdown of Spike
glycoprotein and it determines the entry of virus in host
cells.
The nucleocapsid protein is localized in
endoplasmic reticulum. It is bound to nucleic acid material
of the virus. It is responsible for viral genome and
replication cycle. It is also connected to response of host
cells for viral infection. Membrane protein plays important
role in determining the shape of the virus envelope while
envelope protein helps in the production and maturation
of virus.
Number of herbal compounds shown specific
activities against different virus is being used to control
covid-19 too. Recent studies reveal cucurmin with
potentials to treat Covid-19 as it has got protease
inhibitory effects with downregulation capacity for ACE
Series 10 ISSN: 2455-1384
receptor. Epigallocatechin gallate, kaemferol-7-glucoside,
baicalin, scutellarin, hesperetin, glycyrrhizin, nicotianamine
etc. are other compounds that target ACE2 receptors.
Epigallocatechin gallate is present with number
of plants as leaves of Camellia sinensis, fruits of
Terminalia bellirica, T. chebula etc. Smilax chinensis,
Cassia renigera, Andrographis paniculata etc. contain
kaemferol-7-glucoside. Baicalin and scutellarin are
present many plants from Lamiaceae and Myrtaceae
family. Citrus species are rich in hesperetin while
Glcyrrhiza glabra contain glycyrhhizin. Herbal
compounds are needed to be tested with potentials to
inhibit the spike protein breakdown or ACE-2 receptor
inhibition. Compounds targeting nucleocapsid protein may
help in stopping signalling pattern.
In This Issue
1) Plants of Genus Leucas, Options For
Antibiotic Activities: A Review Study
2) Multiple Choice Questions: Series: 66:
AIDS
3) Formulation Profile (Series-A/141)
4) Herbal Drug Profile (Series-A/142)
Newsletter of ARMARC Vol 26 Series 10 2 OCTOBER - 2020 ISSN: 2455-1384

Plants of Genus Leucas, Options For Antibiotic Activities: A Review Study

*Dr. Keerthana N., PG Scholar, Dept. of Dravyaguna, ALNRMAMC, Koppa
Prof. (Dr.) Sanjaya K.S., Dept. of Dravyaguna, ALNRMAMC, Koppa
*Corresponding Author: keerthanaalwayssmilz@gmail.com
Abstract: Background: Increasing burden of antimicrobial resistant against few of antibiotics is matter of
concerns for healthcare professionals and common people across the globe. Medicines of natural sources
may be the options for such resistance by various way. Plants rich in volatile oil have shown antibacterial
activities. Leucas species from Lamiaceae family reported with bactericidal activities. Some compounds of
volatile oil of different species of Leucas are common as caryophyllene etc. These compounds have already been
investigated for inhibitory actions against bacteria.
Leucas cephalotes: The hexane and methanol extract of leaves of Leucas cephalotes against Staphylococcus
aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been shown in one study while another details
about the action specified with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria separately.
Leucas aspera: Root extract of Leucas aspera has exhibited highest inhibition in comparison to all extracts
followed by flower extracts. It was more active against Salmonella species.
Leucas zeylanica: A study shows the inhibitory effects of methanolic extract of whole plant of Leucas
zeylanica against three Gram-positive and two Gram-native bacteria with significant inhibitory effects.
Discussion and Conclusion: Studies report maximum percentage of â-caryophyllene in L. aspera with
greater percentage of caryophyllene oxide in L. cephalotes. A study shows weak to moderate inhibitory
action of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Enterococcus faecallis.
Compounds of these plants may have synergistic effects while working against different strains of bacteria.
Key words: Antibacterial, Leucas cephalotes, Leucas aspera, Leucas zeylanica, Volatile oil, Caryophyllene.......
A collaborated report of Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India and World Health
Organization shows increasing burden of antimicrobial resistant against few of antibiotics1. At present a horrific
condition is observed in child deaths (5 years or less) in India due to pneumonia, accounting for 25% of all deaths1.
Medical science is looking for new compound to cope up with the situation. At present 50% or more available drugs
used in modern medicines are derived from natural sources2. The antibacterial activity of essential oil has been
reported5. Essential oils from cinnamon, clove, rosemary etc. possess antimicrobial properties against Salmonella
typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa3. Al-Mariri and Safi (2013) have shown antimicrobial
property of essential oils few plants from Lamiaceae against Brucella melitensis4.
Lamiaceae is a family of 236 genera and 7200 species6. Salvia is largest genera of world with more than
900 species6. Worldwide 98 taxa are reported for the genus Leucas, while 50 taxa in India7. Flora of British India
has included 38 species8. Among these, six species are mentioned with medicinal uses by Kirtikar and Basu (1918)9
as Leucas urticaefolia, Leucas aspera, Leucas linifolia, Leucas zeylanica, Leucas cephalotes and Leucas
stelligera. All these plants contain volatile oil.
The volatile oil percentage from previous studies show slight variation in L. cephalotes10 and L. aspera11
being 0.2% and 0.3% respectively. L. zeylanica12 is reported with comparatively less percentage than these two
species, being 0.015%.
The volatile oil from inflorescence and seeds of L. cephalotes contains caryophyllene oxide (26.56%), δ-
fenchene (12.02%), β-ionone (9.41%), 1-hepten-3-ol (6.53%), menthol (6.30%), decahydro-naphthalene (5.15%),
Newsletter of ARMARC Vol 26 Series 10 3 OCTOBER - 2020 ISSN: 2455-1384
α-cadinol (2.13%) and β-caryophyllene (4.05%)16,27. The volatile of aerial parts of L. aspera contains β-caryophyllene
(34.2%), 1-octen-3-ol (14.8%), α-humulene (6.3%), α-pinene (5.8%), epi-α-bisabolol (4.6%) and limonene
(4.5%)11. The greater portion of the oil is reported to be sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (47.7%)11. The major compo-
nents of the essential oil from the aerial parts and leaves of L. zeylanica were the β-caryophyllene (25.5%), α-
humulene (9.8%), germacrene D (14.6%), β-selinene (9.3%), and caryophyllene oxide (1%), as well as 1-tetradecanol
(7.8%), and phytol (5.3%)12. Essential oil from the stem was found to be rich in tetradecanol, palmitic acid, and
alkanes12. 70.7% sesquiterpene hydrocarbons was reported12. Many other compounds are also present with vola-
tile oil of these species. But, here few based on higher percentage are mentioned. So, present study was selected to
find out the differences and similarities in compounds and uses among three species of Leucas viz., L. cephalotes,
L. aspera, and L. zeylanica.
Antibacterial Effects: Antimicrobial agents acting against resistant strains is need of time. Compounds or extracts
of medicinal plants are always a better option. Such medicines are in demand looking to global booming of antibiotic
resistance13.
Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng.
Madhukiran et al. (2002) have shown the antibacterial activity of hexane and methanol extract of leaves of
Leucas cephalotes against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa14. Kumar et
al. (2016) tested the ethanol and aqueous extracts of Leucas cephalotes for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia
coli and Vibrio cholera. Ethanol extract is reported better in activity against S. aureus while aqueous extract is
suggested to be working against all three strains with better inhibition in E. coli15. Khan et al. (2014) shows in his
antibacterial study of extracts of L. cephalotes against Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial. He observed
lower range of inhibition non-polar extracts (petroleum ether) and benzene extracts compared to polar extracts as
ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous extracts. Ethyl acetate extract exhibited highest antibacterial activity against S.
aureus, S. albus and Plesiomonas shigelloides16. The inhibitory effect of ethanolic extracts of L. cephalotes
against S. aureus, E. coli and Vibrio cholera is shown by Jangra et. al. (2019)25.
Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link.
Chew et al. (2012) investigated antibacterial activity of methanolic extracts of different parts of Leucas
aspera by disk diffusion method. Root extract exhibited highest inhibition in comparison to all extracts followed by
flower extracts. It was more active against Salmonella species17. Rahman and Islam (2013) studied the inhibition
activity of ethanolic extract of whole plant of L. aspera by disk diffusion method against Gram positive and Gram
negative bacterial. The extract revealed maximum inhibition against Bacillus subtilis and B. megaterium among
Gram positive bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Gram negative bacteria. As per authors, Gram positive
strains were more sensitive than Gram negative. Ilango et al. (2008) compared the ethyl acetate extract and methanol
extract of whole plant of Leucas aspera against Bacillus cereus Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus,
Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris,
Newsletter of ARMARC Vol 26 Series 10 4 OCTOBER - 2020 ISSN: 2455-1384

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhi using different concentrations. Both extracts exhibited moderated
to significant antibacterial activity. The ethyl acetate extract disclosed better inhibition against S. epidermidis and K.
pneumonia whereas methanol extract was better against E. coli19. Saritha et al. (2015) studied the ethanolic extract
of whole plant for antibacterial study. Antibacterial activity against E. coli was observed with incubation concentration
of 10-100 µg/ml, but at higher concentration, it was evident. The time taken for complete bacterial killing was noted
as 60 minutes at concentration of 400-500 µg/ml20. Kolgi et al. (2019) studied the antibacterial activity of leaf
extracts using agar well diffusion method against Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Significant inhibition
iss reported with 10 µg/ml21.
Leucas zeylanica (L.) R. Brown
Rajakaruna et al. (2002) studied the inhibitory effects of methanolic extract of whole plant ofLeucas zeylanica
against three Gram-positive bacteria e.g., Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-resistant), Bacillus subtilis,
Enterobacter faecalis and two Gram-native bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The extract
exhibited significant inhibitory effects against S. aureus and B. subtilis22. Napagoda et al. (2018) revealed the
inhibitory effects of hexane extract of Leucas zeylanica against Staphylococcus aureus and S. saprophyticus with
a MIC of 250µg/ml23. The moderate effect of cold methanolic extract of whole plants was revealed by Hewage et al.
(1998) against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium fortuitum24. Abdullah et al. compared
the methanol and chloroform extracts of leaves of L. zeylanica against two strains of Gram-negative bacteria i.e., S.
aureus and E. coli in in Corbicula fluminea (Etak) tissue. Methanolic extracts exhibited better result than chloroform
extracts26.
Discussion and Conclusion:
Studies report maximum percentage of β-caryophyllene in L. aspera with greater percentage of caryophyllene
oxide in L. cephalotes. A study shows weak to moderate inhibitory action of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia
coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Enterococcus faecallis28. Dahham et al. (2015) have shown the strong
antibacterial effect of β-Caryophyllene against all the tested bacterial strains (B. cereus, B. subtilis, E. coli, Klebsiella
pneumonia, S. aureus andPseudomonas aeruginosa with MIC values that ranged from 3 to 14 μM 30. The
compound showed more pronounced antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria.
In another study, β-caryophyllene is suggested to alter membrane permeability and integrity of B. cereus, resulting in
damage of membrane and leakage of intracellular content eventually causing cell death29. β-ionone is another compound
in L.cephalotes with around 9%. β-ionone exhibited antibacterial activity against S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogens
and Micrococcus luteus (Mikhlin et al., 1983)31. Diaz et al. (1988) revealed the antibacterial effects of menthol
against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria32. á-humulene is having antibacterial effects against
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, S. aureus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella enterica etc33. 1-Octen-3-ol, is
having antibacterial properties against S. aureus, B. subtilis, S. epidermidis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa (Xiong et al.,
2017)34. The á-pinene was observed by da Silva et al. (2012) for antibacterial activities Crptococcus neoformans
Newsletter of ARMARC Vol 26 Series 10 5 OCTOBER - 2020 ISSN: 2455-1384
by inhibiting phospholipase and esterase (bacterial membrane) activities35. Essential oil from many plants containing
germacrene D are having antibacterial activities. Compounds of these plants may have synergistic effects while
working against different strains of bacteria. A detailed study based on compounds and their interactions are
required to introduce more biological drugs as an option of antibiotics.
Conflict of Interest: No Conflict of Interest
References:
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Mohan Basu, Allahabad, India.
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cephalotes (Roth) Spreng. Leaf’. Ancient Science of Life. XXI (4): 244-247.
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16. Khan, A.V., Ahmed, Q.U., Khan, A.A. and Shukla, I. (2014). ‘In Vitro Antibacterial Efficacy of Leucas
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17. Chew, A.L., Jessica, J.J.A. and Sasidharan, S. (2012). ‘Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of different
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parts of Leucas aspera’. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. Mar; 2(3): 176-180.
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20. Saritha, K., Rajesh, A., Manjulatha, K., Setty, O.H. and Yenugu, S. (2015). ‘Mechanism of antibacterial
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of extracts of Leucas aspera and Anisomeles malabarica’. International Journal of Biological & Medical
Research. 10(1):6631-6634.
22. Rajakaruna, N., Harris, C.S. and Towers, G.H.N. (2002). ‘Antimicrobial Activity of Plants Collected from
Serpentine Outcrops in Sri Lanka’. Pharmaceutical Biology. 40(3): 235-244.
23. Napagoda, M., Gerstmeier, J., Butschek, H., Lorenz, S., Kanatiwela, D., Qader, M. et al. (2018). ‘Lipophilic
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inflammation and gout’. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 224: 474-481.
24. Hewage, C.M., Bandara, B.M.R., Karunaratne, V., Wannigama, G.P., Pinto, M.R.M. and Wijesundara,
D.S.A. (1998). ‘Antibacterial activity of Some Medicinal Plants if Sri Lanka’. Journal of National
Foundation Sri Lanka. 26(1): 27-34.
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Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 7 (6):2984-89.
26. Abdullah, F., Nasir, S.N.A., Han, D.K., Appalasamy, S., Nor, M.M. and Rak, A.E. (2019). ‘Potential of
Leucas zelanica extract to eliminate E. coli and S. aureus in Corbicula fluminea (Etak) tissue’. Malaysian
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27. Miyaichi, Y., Segawa, A. and Tomimori, T. (2006) ‘Studies on Nepalese crude drugs. XXIX. Chemical
constituents of Dronapuspi, the whole herb of Leucas cephalotes Spreng. Chemical and Pharmaceutical
Bulletin. 54(10): 1370-1379.
28. Neta, M.C.S., Catia Vittorazzi, Guimaraes, A.C., Martins, J.D.L., Fronza, M., Endringer, D.C., and Scherer,
R. (2017). ‘Effects of b-caryophyllene and Murraya paniculata essential oil in the murine hepatoma cells
and in the bacteria and fungi 24-h time–kill curve studies’. Pharmaceutical Biology. 55(1):190-197.
29. Moo, C.L., Yang, S.K., Osman, M.A., Yuswan, M.H, Loh, J.Y., Lin, W.M., Lim, S.H.E., Lal, K.S. (2020).
‘Antibacterial Activity and Mode of Action of β-caryophyllene on Bacillus cereus. Polish Journal of
Microbiology. 69(1): 49-54.
30. Dahham, S.S., Tabana, Y.N., Iqbal, M.A., Ahamed, M.B.K., Ezzaqt, M.O., Majid, A.S.A. and Majid,
A.M.S.A. (2015). ‘The Anticancer, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of the Sesquiterpene β-
caryophyllene from the Essential Oil of Aquilaria crassna’. Molecules. 20(7): 11808-11829.
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*****
Newsletter of ARMARC Vol 26 Series 10 7 OCTOBER - 2020 ISSN: 2455-1384

Multiple Choice Questions: Series: 66: AIDS

1. In progressed AIDS, chances of getting: c. 1 year

a. Weight loss is common d. 25 years
b. Tuberculosis and other opportunistic 8. HIV infection can spread from infected mother
diseases is very common to child:
c. Tumours is more a. During pregnancy
d. All the above b. During delivery and breast feeding
2. Which statement about HIV is wrong? c. Both a and b
a. HIV1 and HIV2 are two distinct viruses d. By sweat and tear
b. The strains of HIV1 can be grouped into 9. Post exposure prophylaxis is done in:
4 groups M, N, O and P a. Rabies
c. Within group M of HIV1, there are more b. HIV
than 8 subgroups c. Tetanus
d. None of the above d. All the above
3. In the females, HIV transmission sight can be: 10. HIV controllers are those HIV infected patients:
a. Vagina a. Who maintain high CD4 cells for up to 5
b. Ectocervix years without antiretroviral therapy
b. Are also called as long term non-
c. Endocervix
progressors (LTNP)
d. All the above
c. Both a and b
4. HIV in males can spread through:
d. None of the above
a. Penile urethra
11. Elite suppressors in HIV infected people are
b. Rectum
those who without antiviral treatment maintain:
c. Penile inner foreskin
a. Low viral load
d. All the above
b. Undetectable viral load
5. HIV in humans can spread from:
c. Both a and b
a. Unprotected anal sex and vaginal sex
d. None of the above
b. Unprotected oral sex
12. Long term non progressors (LTNP) in HIV
c. Both
infected are those, who without antiretroviral
d. None of the above
therapy:
6. HIV virus is a: a. Have a detectable viral load
a. Adenovirus b. Are also called as Elite controllers
b. Retrovirus c. Have high T-helper cells count
c. DNA virus d. All the above
d. None of the above. 13. Vertical transmission of HIV is:
7. Without treatment, HIV infected person’s life a. From infected mother to child
expectancy is: b. From receptive oral sex by male
a. 11 years c. From receptive oral sex by female
b. 20 years d. From receptive anal sex by female
Newsletter of ARMARC Vol 26 Series 10
14. HIV superinfection is:
a. When suspicion source is multiple
b. When symptoms involve multiple systems
c. When infected by more than one strain
of HIV
d. All the above
15. Blood borne transmission in HIV can be through:
a. Needle sharing during IV drug use
b. Needle-stick injury
c. Unscreened blood transfusion
d. All the above
16. The prevention of HIV from Mother to child
involves:
a. Giving antiretroviral therapy to pregnant
mothers
b. Giving antiretroviral therapy to infants
c. Avoiding breastfeeding
d. All the above
17. Blood test for HIV are:
a. Elisa test third generation
b. Elisa test fourth generation
c. PCR
d. All the above
18. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
includes:
a. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitor (NNRTI)
b. Nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase
inhibitors (NRTIs)
c. Includes both group of drugs
d. None of the above
19. The desired outcome of HAART treatment is a
long-term plasma HIV-RNA count below:
a. 100 copies/mL
b. 200 copies/mL
c. 50 copies/mL
d. 250 copies/mL
20. Benefits of treatment with HAART:
a. A decreased risk of progression to
AIDS and a decreased risk of death
8 OCTOBER - 2020 ISSN: 2455-1384
b. Improves physical and mental health
c. Reduced risk of acquiring tuberculosis
and reduced risk of transmission of the
disease to sexual partners
d. All the above
21. Specific adverse events are related to the
antiretroviral agent as:
a. Lipodystrophy syndrome and
dyslipidemia
b. Diabetes mellitus and diarrhea
c. Increased risk of cardiovascular
disease
d. All the above
22. Circumcision in males is recommended by
WHO for preventing HIV transmission from:
a. Infected female to male
b. Infected male to male
c. Infected male to female
d. All the above
23. Antiretroviral therapy is given during:
a. Pre exposure in risk groups
b. Post exposure in acute phase
c. In chronic infective stage
d. All the above
24. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors:
a. Inhibit formation of viral DNA
b. Inhibit copying of viral RNA
c. Both a and b
d. Dissolve the viral RNA
25. Protease inhibitors which are used in HIV
patients:
a. Prevent viral replication of HIV viruses
b. Hydrolyze the phospholipid membrane
of virus
c. Hydrolyze viral DNA
d. All the above
Answers: Series: 65: Thalassemia: 1-c; 2-d; 3-b; 4-a;
5-d; 6-d; 7-c; 8-c; 9-d; 10-b; 11-a; 12-a; 13-a; 14-b;
15-c; 16-c; 17-b; 18-a; 19-a; 20-d; 21-a; 22-c; 23-c;
24-d; 25-c ..............................
Newsletter of ARMARC Vol 26 Series 10 9 OCTOBER - 2020 ISSN: 2455-1384

Formulation Profile (Series-A/141) Herbal Drug Profile (Series-A/142)

Kadali Kshara Naagakeshara

Prof. M.H. Hukkeri Dr. Prashant Kumar Jha Prof. K.S.Sanjay Dr. Prashant Kumar Jha

(Ref: AFI: 10:5)

Ingredients: Kadali bhasma 1 part and 6 parts water.
Method of Preparation: Rhizome of Kadali was dried.
Then dried rhizome was ignited to ash completely. After
that it was cooled and weight was taken. Then water was
taken in specified quantity (6 times of weight of ash). Ash
was macerated in water. Thereafter, it was left undisturbed
3-5 hours. Then it was filtered 21 times in succession by
using three folded cloths, till clear fluid was obtained. Now
filtrate was treated on fire with continuous stirring with Botanical Source: Stamens of Mesua ferrae Linn.
from family Clusiaceae or Guttiferae.
ladle to make ash moisture free. Then it was stored in air-
Geographical Source: The plant is distributed
tight container away from light.
throughout western Ghats and Eastern Himalaya up to
Analytical Parameters
5,000 feet.
Organoleptic characters
Morphology: This is an evergreen green up to 30
1. Colour : White
meters tall with buttressed stem at base. Bark is dark
2. Odour : Charasteristic
grey-brown, thin, fissured, exuding resin when wounded.
3. Taste : Salty
Leaves are pendulous, dark green above, lanceolate or
4. Consistency : Powder
ovate lanceolate in shape, leathery with acuminate to
Physico-chemical parameters
caudate apex. Flowers are solitary, 5-8.5 cm in diameter.
Loss on drying at 105ºC : 1.25%
Petals are white and obovate. Fruits are ovoid or laterally
Total ash : 98.15%
depressed, globose with pointed atyle at apex. Seeds
Acid insoluble ash : 1.21% are 1-4.
pH : 12.85 + 0.10 Macroscopy: Stamens are 1.5-2 cm long, filiform with
Quantitative Estimation golden yellow oblong elongated anthers and short
Sodium : 1.52% filaments. Some of stamens are fused. Odour is fragrant
Potassium : 15.82% and taste is astringent.
Calcium : 1.22% Microscopy: The epidermis is cuticularized. The anther
Therapeutic Indication: Disorder of spleen, abdominal wall is composed of parenchyma cells. The cells of
lump, fever, edema, dyspepsia etc. connectives are elongated and lignified. Pollen grains are
Dose: 125-250 mg yellow with protuberances on wall, oblate to sub-oblate
Anupana: Water in shape. Exine surface is reticulate and intine are distinct.
Newsletter of ARMARC Vol 26 Series 10 10 OCTOBER - 2020 ISSN: 2455-1384
Chemical Constituents: Stamens contain alpha-and

PRINTED MATTER/BOOK POST

beta- amyrin, ß-sitosterol, mesuanic acid, bioflavonoids,

RNI Regd No. KARENG/2002/07924

mesuaferrones A and B, 1,5- Dihydroxyxanthone, euxa-
anthone-7-methyl ethyl ether etc.
Uses: It is used as astringent. It is prescribed in gout,
haemorrhagic disorders, diseases of urinary bladder, uter-
ine bleeding etc.
All the xanthones from plants have been proven
for anti-inflammatory effects on carageenan-induced paw
edema.

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