French Revolu on (1789-1799) ■ In form of: money, farm produce, unpaid work

About King Louis XVI: ● Filled top job in church + officers in army
● Became king in 1774, at 20. ● Had to follow king’s orders, couldn’t change laws/ tell king what to do
● Mistakes: ● Wanted more influence than king
1. Made all the big decisions, don’t consult about war and taxes Third estate:
2. Chose his ministers - sacked any who opposed him 1. The Bourgeois
3. Prisoned people without trial ● 8% of the popula on
4. Ruled from palace (Versailles) ● Middle classes: Merchants, Lawyers & Bankers
● Can’t vote
Financial crisis: ● Paid tax
● Supported American War of Independence against Britain 2. The Sans-culo es
○ Was very expensive - caused bankruptcy ● 75% of the popula on
● Annual income: 475mil livres ● Manual workers (unskilled workers)
● Annual expenditure: 587mil livres ● Name comes from the fact that they wore trousers instead of culo es like the
● King had lavish spending wealthy people
i. Sans-culo es (meaning without breeches)
Structure of the estate system: ● Life quality:
● People were unhappy with this system (one of the causes of french revolu on) i. Poor - paid less
ii. Most earnings go to necessi es (rent, food)
First estate: iii. Starving as bread prices rising
● Roman catholic clergy (church: priests, monks, nuns) 3. The Peasants
● 0.5% of the popula on ● 85% of the popula on
● Owned 10% of the land ● Lived in countryside
● Taxes: didn’t pay - made king a gi each year ● Worked on land
● Powerful: controlled books, newspapers, ran schools & hospitals i. Some owned land (40% land owned by peasants)
○ Had great control over ideas ● Life quality:
● Bishops + archbishops: high income (400k) i. Need to pay taxes to the king
● Village priests: low income (1k) ii. Tithes to church (one tenth of annual produce or earnings to church)
○ Wanted king to make church fairer iii. Pay rent
○ Helped the poor during high food price 1. Many are starving
a. Harvest is bad
Second estate: b. Prices are skyrocke ng
● Aristocra c landlords
● 1% of the popula on Stages of the French revolu on 1787-1789:
● Owned 30% of the land Stage 1: Bourgeois revolu on
● Taxes: ● 1787: King Louis desperate for money - ask nobles pay taxes
○ Didn’t pay ● Nobles refused, asked louis to call mee ng of estate general
○ Collected tax from peasants + paid them rent

○ Mee ng of estate general: gathering of representa ves of all 3 estates to discuss b. Wanted change
how to solve france’s problems 2. Intellectual
○ Been 170 years since that happened a. Era of enlightenment
● Third estate felt unfair since they represented 98% of the popula on - yet they could be b. Growth of new ideas: liberty + equality
out-voted by the first and second estates (everyone equal vote) c. Got idea to revolt from american revolu onary war
● Third estate form Na onal Assembly - decide that as representa ve of people , they 3. Social
have right to decide taxes a. Growth of industry
○ Abolished hated taxes b. Development of capitalism (open-market system)
○ Ended King’s right to imprison people without trial c. Business men were middle class - believed that they didnt fit into the 3rd estate
● 23rd June - locked out of room, stayed up ll dawn - swore oath - draw up new more 4. Economic
democra c cons tu on for France a. Lavish spending
● King at first refused the idea - then nobles and some priests joined (he gave away) b. Taxed the poor
i. Angered the common people
Stage 2: Sans-culo es revolu on c. Had no food
1. Bad harvests i. Taxed on bread prices
2. Bread prices ii. Bad harvest
a. In Paris, sky-high
b. Sans-culo es starving & angry Effect of French Revolu on:
● To save yourselves from starva on - broke into warehouse looking for grain 1. Democra c ideals
● Scared of soldier - take weapon ● Napoleon conquered France
● 14 July 1789 - stormed to royal fortress of the Bas lle (killing the governor) ● Spread democra c ideals
a. Royal soldiers couldn’t stop them ○ Want to conquer more places to spread ideas quicker
● October, women walked to palace of versailles 2. Claiming liberty, equality, fraternity
a. Forced king to go back with them to Paris ● Liberty - freedom
b. Made him wear the revolu onary colors: blue, white & red ● Equality - everyone treated equally
○ No slave/ nobles
Stage 3: Peasant’s revolu on ● Fraternity - mutual support, friendship
● Sans-culo es revolu on - influence peasants 3. Na onalism
● Started a acking barns belonging to nobles and church (that held the grain they paid as ● Patrio sm - love for ur country
taxes and thes) ○ Feel pride & inspired
● Rebellion was called “The Great fear” ○ Emphasize ethnicity
● 4 August 1789 - nobles & churchmen renounce all their privileges ( thes, courts, tax 4. Poli cal
exemp on, the lot) ● Power of monarch limited
○ Desperate to stop them ● France establish: Legisla ve Assembly
○ Made law
Causes of the French revolu on: ○ Granted tax paying men to elect
1. Poli cal ○ As long as you pay tax you can vote
a. Members of the 3rd estate formed the na onal assembly ○ Last me: only allowed one person from each estate to vote,
 ○ People in a district can vote to choose a person to join the legisla ve 1. Local councils
assembly (speak their opinion in assembly/ talk about district problems ● Can vote if pay tax (tax = 10 day of wages)
■ If the member didn't do their work properly - can vote for another ● 61% french men could vote except:
one to join ○ Women
○ Sans-culo es
5. Social and economic ○ Poorer peasants
● Abolish privileges of nobles 2. The church
○ Ended feudalism ● Lands were sold
● Now pay tax according to financial ability ● Had to pay tax
○ Declare income so can es mate how much tax u have to pay ● Protestants and jews could worship freely
○ Will see your income, deduct your need, impose tax on the money le 3. Tax
● Labor union abolished ● Paid based on:
○ Was where u elect one leader ○ Land owned
○ Gather problems and report to employer ○ Property owned
■ E.g. report not enough salary 4. Law
● Abnolished torture
Declara on rights of man 1789: ● All french men were equal in law
● Aug 1789: Na onal Assembly formed
○ Bourgeois The execu on of King: 1793
○ Sans culo es ● June 1791 - Louis and family tried to leave
● Published ‘The Declara on of the Rights of man’ ○ Caught at Varennes
● Principles: ● Sep 1792 - removed from throne - na onal assembly declared france a republic
1. All men are free and have equal rights ● Jan 1793 - Guillo ned , marie antoine e
2. Gov exists to protect above rights ● Bread price was fixed (sans-culo es happy)
3. Liberty: freedom to do anything that doesn't harm others ● At war with Austria + Bri sh + Dutch
4. Religious freedom and freedom to express your opinions ○ Marie Antoine e was austrian
5. No one can be arrested or imprisoned unless charged ○ They invaded france
6. Taxes should be paid by everyone according to their wealth ○ 60% troops army officers and nobles le
7. All ci zens should be consulted before taxes are levied ● Couldn’t trade ince ships were intercepted by Bri sh navy

● Na onal government The Terror 1792-1794:

● Became cons tu onal monarchy (got king, but parliament run country)
● Assembly decided on taxa on, foreign policy (including war)
● Members: bourgeois, middle class (be er off members of the 3rd estate)
● King can choose own ministers
Ideas put into prac se:
● Very bloody - anyone who opposed the revolu on/ supported the King was arrested
○ Crime to be in the first and second estate/ rich
○ 2700 + 15000 (paris + town and ci es)
● Commi ee of public safety set up to lead france (new elec on held on one man one
vote premise)
○ Led by Ci zen Robespierre
○ Could do anything with the support of the sans-culo es

● Wanted radical change 1812 - France controlled most of western europe

● No more dukes and viscounts 1. Holland
● Changed the naming of months and years 2. Belgium
○ Floreal - month of flowers (20 April-19 May) 3. sPain
○ September 1792 start of Year 1 4. Italy
● Believed in: 5. Germany
○ direct democracy 6. Austria
○ violence to win arguments 7. Poland
● Peasants hated the terror
○ had to send their sons to war, pay heavy taxes for war 1815 - Napoleon exiled a er waterloo
○ Sell food grown at low prices 1848 - Hasn’t been a new king since
■ (Price freeze demanded by sans-culo es)
● Rebellion in Vendee region broke out in western france in 1793 Opium war I (1839-1842)
○ A lot of people shot ● Qing dynasty vs English
○ Women raped, crops burnt, animals mu lated ● Qing dynasty (1644-1911)
● English monarch: Queen Victoria (1819 – 1901) 63 years
Emperor Napoleon
● 1794 - Robespierre overthrown Opium war in china:
○ Run by a directory of five men ● Bri sha expanded and opened trade with china
○ Only property owners could be representa ves ● China - tea, silk, porcelain
○ Rebellions broke out (sans-culo es, royalists) ○ Huge demand in britain
● 1799 - Napoleon Bonaparte (france most successful general - seized power) ○ It was only in China
○ Ruled from: 1799-1815
○ Representa ve had no power Bri sh plan:
● Trade imbalance
What did he do as emperor? ○ China had what bri sh wanted - bri sh didnt have anything China wanted
1. Issued a new set of laws ○ China dominate trade by taxing exports high
● Code Napoleon ○ China priced tea, silk, porcelain high
2. Reformed educa on ● To correct it, Bri sh smuggle opium into canton
● Ordered a Na onal Curriculum ● Opium
3. Set up efficient civil service + police force ○ only thing China was interested in buying
4. Standardised measurements (metres, litres, grams) ○ Addic on
5. Divided france into 96 departements ■ Social and economic disrup on
a. Prefect ran each one and listened
6. New na onal army About opium:
a. Successful ● Bri sh found opium in 1800
b. Promoted democra cally, by ability ● Made from poppies
○ That contain heroin (highly addic ve drug)
 ● Poppies were grown and processed in Bri sh India 2. Sea ba les at that me were usually fought by bringing the two lines of ships parallel, so
that they pounded each other with guns, broadside to broadside.
What happened to China? 3. Nelson came up with a new and dangerous plan: ‘crossing the T’.
● Chinese government was helpless a. Sailing at the right angles to the enemy fleet, during which they were under fire
● Tried to ban the trade from enemy guns and unable to retaliate
○ A lot of chinese official were bribed b. Then they raked the enemy vessel’s bow or stern with the full force of a
● Emperor appointed Lin (Lin Tse-Hu) as a the new official broadside a ack
c. A er they a acked the middle ship, the enemy’s forma on would become messy
A empt (1839): d. Then the Bri sh ships would pass through and shoot the other ships with a
● Lin tried to send a le er to Queen Victoria broadside a ack
● Talking about how she wouldn’t like it if someone drugged her ci zens 4. Bri sh won, but Nelson died because he was shot by a French marksman
● Asking for sympathy
Reasons for the French’s failure of the invasion
The war 1. Weakness of the French force
● Lin gave bri sh merchants 3 days to hand over their stocks of opium a. Most of the soldiers were Spanish
● Chinese gov confiscated and destroyed more than 20k boxes of opium from warehouse i. They did not want to help the French with all their heart
● Bri sh sent gunboat and fired b. An epidemic of yellow fever had caused death
○ Sank chinese war junks
● Bri sh sent: steam-powered ba leship 2. Ba le Tac cs
● Smashes chinese sailing ships a. The tradi onal way of figh ng
b. The 2 enemies came alongside parallel to each other and fired broadside
Treaty of Nanking: c. Their gunners tac cs were to aim at the mast, sails and rigging of an enemy ship
● Aug 29th 1842 to try and make it unsailable
● Cina paid Britain large insurance
● Gave HK to britain 3. Leadership
● Increased number of ports to trade a. No proper instruc ons
● Bri sh ci zens were free from Chinese law b. No proper communica on
● Opium trade doubled c. Wrong planning
● China was powerless d. Didn’t ensure their capability
e. Crossing the Atlan c is not something easy
The Ba le of Trafalgar - 21 October 1805 i. Need to have skillful seamen
Introduc on: The Ba le of Trafalgar was a major sea ba le between Britain and the combined ii. Need to have good ships
French and Spanish navies during the Napoleonic wars. The Bri sh fleet was commanded by f. Although ships were big, they lack equipment and safety measures
Admiral Hora o Nelson. The ba le of Trafalgar took place on October 21, 1805.
4. Lack of training
1. Napoleon forced his soldiers to go into war, even if they weren’t prepared mentally and
a. Many or most of their soldiers were inexperienced
physically. Napoleon would call them as cowards if they didn't; and he also could not be
b. A er the French revolu on, they had decided to not use the king’s officers (who
disobeyed.
were experienced)

c. Most of the officers had fled ○ Preparedness: he knew Napoleon was planning a war so he visited Cadiz and
- Soldiers scared to be killed since they used to side with the king learnt about the spanish ships, gunnery was not of a high standard.
d. No place to train (because the Bri sh blockade their sea) ○ Knowledge: know his enemy, know his own ships
○ Professionalism: immediate signaling
5. Luck CONCLUSION:
a. Unfortunately, the Bri sh didn’t follow them to the Caribbean Nelson was standing for his country and men even during his last breath. He only died a er
b. They were caught by the storm and diseased on the way back knowing that the Bri sh had won. Nelson was indeed the reason behind the great victory of the
ba le of trafalgar. His defeat at the ba le of Trafalgar convinced Napoleon that he should not
Why did the Bri sh win the ba le? invade England. As a result of the ba le, the Bri sh navy was the most important and powerful
1. Leadership navy in the world for the next 100 years.
a. Nelson is an experienced and smart leader that always brought Bri sh victory
b. Inspira onal leader and greatly admired by the men under his command Waterloo - 18 June 1815:
c. Great skill in naval strategy and tac cs ● Loca on: Waterloo, Netherlands
d. At cape Trafalgar, he saved Britain from the threat of invasion by Napoleon ● Ended Napoleonic war (22 year war with france)
(known as his best victory) ● 40 years of bri sh losing american colonies
e. Unfortunately, he didn’t survive during the ba le ● A collected victory - cooperated to defeat Napoleon (who wanted dominate whole
europe)
2. Weapons 1. United Kingdom
a. Bri sh fleets were just wooden sailing ships but they were bigger 2. the Netherlands
b. Mostly same weapons 3. Hanover
c. Needed six men to fire a single cannon, but a well-trained team could fire their 4. Brunswick
cannon every 90 seconds 5. Nassau
d. Cannonballs weighed 14.5kg, and could smash through mber one metre thick at 6. Prussia
a 30 metre range ● Long wars: developed bri sh industries - people fear invasion
e. French fleets were similar but had had more warships ● Bri sh commander: Duke of wellington
○ Brilliant general
Reasons nelson was the cause of the defeat ○ Played vital role in defea ng napoleon in spain + waterloo
● Morale of the english navy ● Soldiers: brave, stood up to cannon-fire & charging cavalry
○ Bri sh was high in spirit to win
○ this is because of nelson’s moral support Civil war (1642-1651)
○ when nelson no ced that the enemy ships outnumbered them and consists of ● Parliament vs King
big ships, he didn’t want his men to get demo vated
● King Charles I
○ so he gave a message to his men “england expects every men to do their duty”
○ moreover he also had experienced officers so he built trust in his men
Why was King Charles I charged?
● Nelson’s leadership 1. Ignored parliament - ruled according to his own will
○ Daring: willing to take a bold risk (used a new tac c= T tac c) a. Believed in divine right - thought he didnt need to consult his parliament
○ Unconven onal: he does not based on the general prac ce (think out of the b. Need parliament permission to raise taxes
box/think of something unusual)
i. House of Lords
 1. nobles , bishops Her help for poverty:
ii. House of Commons ● Passed poor law (more than 200 years)
1. Elected MPs (rich landowners + merchants) ● Realised there were 2 different types of poor people
2. Made war on own subjects 1. Send to work
3. Responsible for the murders, raping & damages (from the wars he caused) 2. Taken care of
4. Restarted war again a er his defeat
Oliver Cromwell (1653-1659)
How did King Charles respond to the charges? ● Became Lord Protector in 1653
● Ignore the charges ○ Rejected the crown in 1657 when parliament offered
● S ll believed in his divine right ● Puritan
● Brilliant cavalry commander
The trial: ○ Had his men regroup a acked enemy from behind
● King fought with jury (Brad Shawl) ○ Mostly religious men in his troop
○ Jury kicked the king out of court ○ Swear = 12 pence fine
■ Con nued the trial without him (he couldn't defend himself) ○ Drunk = set in the stocks
● Charles was deemed guilty
○ Sentenced to death What did he do?
○ He was executed 3 days a er the trial ● Created the New Model Army (na onal army)
○ Played huge part in parliament victory
○ They wore red uniform
Elizabeth I (1558-1603) ● Captured Drogheda of Ireland
● Daughter of Henry VIII & Anne Boleyn ○ Scared royalist would use it as base to invade
● Cousin of Queen Mary of Scots ○ There were Irish catholic rebellion against protestant landowners
● Made England stronger
Why did people love her? ○ Navy defeat spanish
● Chose a middle ground policy (supported both catholic and protestant prac ces) ○ Won control of jamaica (west indies)
● Would journey around country - show herself to ppl ● Religious changes:
○ Would go to where crowd thickest and thanked people ○ Cock figh ng,
○ Horse races
Why did she never marry? ○ Plays
● Understood how marriage brought disasters ○ Bear bai ng
● Probs wanted to husband up earl of leicester (robert dudley)
○ Then she thought oh who would rule then Cromwell’s death:
● Died = 1658
Her & parliament: ● His son Richard took over as Lord Protector
● Didn’t like them cri cising her
● Only called them 13 mes in her 45 year reign for taxes Return of Monarch:
● Parliament offer crown to Charles I son: Charles II

○ Became king - limited powers ● Need heroic leader not ● King no longer can just be
● Monarchy restored 1660 commi ee heroic
● Charles II: ● Some monarch fat some
○ Made sure on good terms with parliament women
○ Called parliament every 3 years (even tho didnt have to)
Personali es ● Bad kings dont listen advice ● Monarchs = lazy to rule/ too
○ Stayed protestant (even tho at heart catholic)
● Led to magna carta sick
● Kings deposed ● Parliament gained power

Ideas about monarchy: Middle Ages vs 1800s

Middle Ages
Parliament ● King’s servant
● Agree to pay taxes when King
needs money for war
● Meet when king call
Religion ● King chosen by god
● Rebel king = rebel god
● Holy oil show king come from
god
Ruler’s Task ● Defend his people
● Keep law & order
● Not expected to improve ppl
life
Alterna ves ● No alterna ve to king
● No king = replace with
another king
War ● O en war
● Need one mad to lead &
organise army
1800s
● In control
○ Discuss & vote
important laws
● Won civil war - executed King
● Made king protestant
● PM = dont need king but need
parliament support
● Loyalty to religion, before,
loyalty to monarch
○ (since religious
changes in 1500)
● Don't believe monarch chosen
by god anymore
● Monarch = protestant
○ Parliament decided,
not god
● Need team of ppl to decide so
many decisions
● People want to choose those
people
● Prime minister leads gov -
make important decisions
● Can change if he suck
○ Cant do that easily
with king/queen
● Wars = last many years
● Need general & officials to
carefully plan
Why did people want change?
Long-term problems
Working condi ons
● Long hours (5am-7pm)
○ Short breaks - toilet / meal
○ Desperate for job - people accept long hours
● Dangerous factories + mines
○ Unfenced machinery
○ Toxic materials + dust
● Ten Hours Act
○ Campaign to limit work hours to 10 hours per day
● Job insecurity
○ Workers laid off - orderbook dried up
Living Condi ons
● Poor quality houses
● Basic sanita on
○ Toilet in yard
○ Bucket in corner of room
● House overcrowded
○ Family live sleep one room
○ Sublet to other - earn money
● Factory machine - steam driven
○ Air full of smoke
● No system of refuse collec on
○ Rubbish pile on street
● Kept animals in town
○ Noise smell of cow, pig, chicken
● Drinking → standpipe/ stream (polluted)
Short-term problems 1815-1820: 3. Votes for all adults
1. Unemployment
a. During NW - industry boom - supply army with kit/ weapons/ ra ons The consequences:
b. A er NW - orders dried up → people laid off 1. Peterloo Massacre
i. Ex-soldiers & sailors look for jobs as wells a. Sarcas c ref to waterloo
c. New machines take palace of skilled labourers 2. Gov congrat magistrates on their handling of the situa on
2. Food prices 3. Henry hunt charged “assembling unlawful banners for the purpose of exi ng discontent”
a. Some me low, some me high a. 2 half year in prison
b. High = all workers can't afford enough food for themselves and family b. Other speakers = one year
c. Gov didnt help → taxed them 4. Gov banned 50+ ppl mee ngs
i. Gov spent too much money figh ng NW → need pay debt 5. Magistrate power to search house for weapon
1. Increased taxes on food (don’t usually tax essen als) 6. Newspaper tax increase
3. Corn Law a. Stop workers from reading them and ge ng dangerous ideas
a. Kept price fo wheat ar ficially high 7. Vo ng system did not change
b. Ordinary people pay more for bread
Reform riots - 1831
Elec on system in England Reform:
1. Only 4% men can vote ● 10 years a er peterloo - violence died down
a. Own land ● Economy recovering - food price falled, more jobs available
2. MP not paid → only rich can become ● Harsh treatment of protestor scared everyone
3. Women cant vote (seen as unstable, cannot handle pressure) ● 1830 :
4. Vo ng = public (stand up say who they vote for) ○ Countryside riots - farm workers detsrtoyed machines they thought were pu ng
a. Voters can threatened and bribed with money/ beer them out of work
○ Elec on of 1830 - new MPs (in favor of reform)
Peterloo 1819: ○ Reform movement restart
What happened at St Peter's Fields? 16 August 1819 ■ Mee ng all over country
1. Manchester reform leader call big public mee ng ■ Demand change to vo ng system - so ordinary men can have say in how
2. Manchester no police force country is run
a. Worry law order → call soldiers ○ Protestor got parliament agree reform bill
i. Manchester ○ House of lords rejected
ii. Salford Yeomanry
3. 50k demonstrators march with brass bands No ngham:
4. Henry Hunt speak → magistrate order Yeomanry arrest ● Riot storm No ngham castle of Duke of Newcastle
5. Yeomanry kill 9 men 2 women - 400 injured ● Duke of Newcastle
○ Known for bribing and threatening voters
What did the protestors want? ○ Owned many houses
1. Reform of parliament ○ Ppl vote against his wish → lose home
2. Reduc on of taxes ● Protestors arrested following the riots

● 3 executed 6 australia

Bristol - 31 October 1831

● 2 weeks a er no ngham

London:
● Rumour: 200k protestors march from birmingham → london
○ Won't leave un l parliament agree to more people have vote
● Gov order regiment of soldier to stop march
○ Soldier refused to obey
○ Gov took this seriously

June 1832 Vo ng system changed

The Reform Act 1832
1. Men who owned, leased, rented property over certain value have right to vote
2. 4% → 8% can vote
3. Large ci es (Leeds, Manchester, Bradford) got MPs

Things not changed:

1. Voters s ll need own property/ land to vote
2. Working men cannot vote
3. Women cannot vote
4. Vo ng = public
a. Bribery and fear
5. Countryside + south s ll more MPs than north & industrial towns

Char sm
What is char sm?
● 1836, group of london working men who drew up a Charter w/ 6 poli cal demands