Short Name: OMV Petrom

4043_001_v091130 Refining Standard

(Recommended)
Sub-Document
Description:
Appendix A: Reference data initiating events

User Instruction
The catalogue contains reference data for initiating events which are frequently needed for LOPA. The listed
frequencies of occurrence result from thorough research [e.g. 01, 02, 03, 04] and from experience within the
process industry sector. For application the following aspects need to be considered:
− the data are to be understood as semi-quantitative
− as no universal guidance can be given site / plant specific conditions need to be considered (see also
Local Amendments to this standard) and the values adjusted accordingly
− the applicability of the data for the scenario under investigation has to be verified and the data adjusted if
needed

Table: Reference data for initiating events

Description Frequency Dimension Comment
Cooling water failure (local) 5E-01 [case/year] frequency has to be checked for the
specific site and/or case
Compressor failure (mechanical or 5E-01 [case/year] frequency may differ for different
motor) compressor types (e.g. piston
compressor, screw compressor); site
specific experiences for the different
types should be considered
Failure of a single sealing system of 5E-01 [case/year] failure of a single sealing system
pump
Electrical power failure (local) 5E-01 [case/year]
Electrical power failure (general, 1E-01 [case/year] frequency has to be checked for site;
external supply) for the assessment it might be
valuable to consider short time (e.g.
<1sec) and long time power failure as
they may have different
consequences and safeguards
Pump failure (mechanical or motor) 2E-01 [case/year] frequency may differ for different
pump types (e.g. radial pump, screw
pump); site specific experiences for
the different types should be
considered
Mixer failure (mechanical or motor) 2E-01 [case/year]
Instrument air failure 1E-01 [case/year] frequency has to be checked for site
Cooling water failure (general) 1E-01 [case/year] frequency has to be checked for site

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Appendix A: Reference data initiating events Page Valid as of: 111110
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 Description
BPCS control loop failure
Sensor failure
Valve failure (control or on/off)
Wrong manipulation of random valve
(opened or closed)
Human failure (non-routine activity
e.g. less often than monthly)
Wrong manipulation of locked valve
(opened or closed)
Electrical power failure (general,
internal supply)
Human failure (routine activity e.g.
more often than monthly)
Unloading / loading hose failure
Wrong manipulation of key-locked
valve (opened or closed)
Leakage heat exchanger (internal
leakage tube-shell; pipe rupture)
Safety valve opens spuriously
Rupture disc opens spuriously
Plugged filter
P RefStd_4043_001_v091130_EN_LOPA.doc
Appendix A: Reference data initiating events
OMV Petrom Refining &Petrochemicals – all rights reserved
Frequency Dimension Comment
1E-01 [case/year] this frequency combines technical
failures (e.g. sensor failure) and
operational errors (e.g. control loop in
manual mode);
the given value is a generic value
which may be required to be adjusted
according to the components being
part of the control loop e.g. types of
flow measurement, types of control
valves; failure data for the different
components can be derived from
maintenance protocols, failure data
bases of manufactures, reliability
data bases [05, 06, 07]; for critical
loops a fault tree or failure mode
effect analysis is recommended to
select appropriate values;
1E-01 [case/year] if not considered within the BPCS
control loop failure;
comment to the adjustment of the
generic value see BPCS control loop
failure in the meaning.
1E-01 [case/year] if not considered within the BPCS
control loop failure
1E-01 [case/year] comment to the adjustment of the
generic value see BPCS control loop
failure in the meaning
1E-01 [case/cases assuming well trained, unstressed,
] not fatigue personnel
5E-02 [case/year]
5E-02 [case/year] frequency has to be check for site;
for the assessment it might be
valuable to consider short time (e.g.
<1sec) and long time power failure as
they may have different
consequences and safeguards
2E-02 [case/cases assuming well trained, unstressed,
] not fatigue personnel
1E-02 [case/year]
1E-02 [case/year]
1E-02 [case/year] assumes rupture of a single tube
1E-04 [case/year]
1E-04 [case/year]
< 2E-01 [case/year] has to be adjusted to the specific
service
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 Description Frequency Dimension Comment
Plugged reactor < 2E-01 [case/year] has to be adjusted to the specific
service
Leakage housing compressor or 2E-03 − [case/year]
pump 3E-04
Leakage piping 1E-06 − [case/year] frequency decreases for larger pipe
5E-07 diameters and for larger leak sizes
Leakage process vessel 2E-03 − [case/year]
2E-04
Leakage storage vessel 1E-05 − [case/year]
1E-06
Leakage heat exchanger fan 5E-04 − [case/year]
1E-06
Leakage filter 8E-04 − [case/year]
8E-05

References
[01] IEC 61511-3; Functional safety - Safety instrumented systems for the process industry sector -
Part 3: Guidance for the determination of the required safety integrity levels; 03.2003
[02] William G. Bridges and Tom R. Williams, 1997: Risk Acceptance Criteria and Risk Judgment
Tools (now called Layer of Protection Analysis [LOPA]) Applied Worldwide within a Chemical
Company; William G. Bridges and Tom R. Williams. (first published in “International Conference
and Workshop on Risk Analysis in Process Safety”, 1997, CCPS/AIChE)
[03] Layer of Protection Analysis - Simplified process risk assessment; CCPS/AIChe; 2001
[04] Guidelines for Safe and Reliable Instrumented Protective System; CCPS/AIChE; 2007
[05] Offshore Reliability Data Handbook 4th Edition, (OREDA); 2002
[06] Methods for determining and processing probabilities (Red Book); CPR 12E; 1997
[07] ility Engineering - RAMPage (http://www.saunalahti.fi/ility/RAMPage.htm)

P RefStd_4043_001_v091130_EN_LOPA.doc
Appendix A: Reference data initiating events Page Valid as of: 111110
3 of 3 Version: v091130
OMV Petrom Refining &Petrochemicals – all rights reserved