United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE Module 3 (Part I) AeUnited Architects of the Philippines — Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE Le a MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO SEEN HERE PRESENTING THE TEN BOOKS OF ARCHITECTURE BEFORE THE ROMAN EMPEROR AUGUSTUS CAESAR, WHOM THE WORK HAS BEEN DEDICATED. + Bom c. 80-70 BC, died after c. 15 BC and considered as a Roman writer, architect and engineer active in the 1st century BC. + He is best known as the author of the multi-volume work De Architectura libre decem ("On Architecture"). It is known today as the “Ten Books of Architecture” + Vitruvius served as a ballista (artilleryman), the third class of arms in the military offices and most likely he served as chief of the ballista (senior officer of artillery) in charge of doctores ballistarum (artillery experts) and fibratores who actually operated the machines. + Believed to be the first architect and engineer the world has known by name. + Frontinus in his written work, De Aquaeductu, was the first to mention his name as “Vitruvius, the Architect” in the first century. + The Basilica de Fano_ built in 19 BC in a place known as Fanum Fortunae in Italy is the only known project Vitruvius has made according to his writings but has completely disappeared. A basilica is a public building converted by the Early Christians into what we now called Cathedrals.United Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development Vitruvius is famous for declaring that a structure must exhibit the three qualities of firmitas, utilitas, venustas — that is, it must be solid, useful, beautiful. According to Vitruvius, “Architecture is an imitation of nature” He said theat the Greeks in perfecting their art of building has invented the architectural orders: Doric, lonic and Corinthian that gave them a sense of proportion, culminating in understanding the proportions of the greatest work of art: the human body. This brought Vitruvius in defining his Vitruvian Man, which was later drawn by Leonardo da Vinei where in his sketch, the human body was inscribed in the circle and the square. These forms are considered as the fundamental geometric pattems of the cosmic order. Books Vill, [X and X form the basis of much of what we know about Roman technology including dewatering equipments, surveying instruments, central heating, pipes standards, hoists, cranes and pulleys, sundials and water clocks, and the use of an aeolipile (the first Steam engine) as an experiment to demonstrate the nature of atmospheric air movements (wind). His description and studies made of the aqueduct was so comprehensive that even up to now, some of them are existing like the ones in Segovia, Spain and Pont du Gard in France. He discovered the discrepancy between the intake and supply of water caused _by illegal pipes inserted into the channels to divert the water. Vitruvius is well known and often cited as one of the earliest surviving sources to have advised that Jead should not be used to conduct drinking water, recommending clay pipes or masonry channels. This came after observing the laborer illnesses in lead foundry shops. Vitruvius gave us the famous story about Archimedes and his detection of adulterated gold in a royal crown that caused him to cry the famous term, Eureka! _His book De Architectura was rediscovered in 1414 by the Florentine humanist Poggio Bracciolini.United Architects of the Philippines — Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development + Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472) holds the honour of making Vitruvius work widely known in his seminal treatise on architecture De re Aedificatoria (ca. 1450). + The first known edition of Vitruvius work was in Rome by Fra jovani —_Sulpitius in 1486. + The proportions of the (male) human body as described in Vitruvius : 41.) A palm is the width of four fingers 2.) A footis the width of four palms 3.) A cubits the width of six palms 4.) A pace is four cubits 5.) Aman’s height is four cubits (and thus 24 palms) 6.) The length of a man’s outspread arms (arm span) is equal to his height 7.) The distance from the hairline to the bottom of the chin is one-tenth of a man's height 8.) The distance from the top of the head to the bottom of the chin is one- eighth of a man's height. 9.) The distance from the bottom of the neck to the hairline is one-sixth of a man's height. 10.) The maximum width of the shoulders is a quarter of a man’s height (one cubit), 11.) The distance from the middle of the chest to the top of the head is a quarter of a man’s height (one cubit). 42.) The distance from the elbow to the tip of the hand is a quarter of a man's height (one cubit). 13.) The distance from the elbow to the armpit is one-eighth of a man’s height (half a cubity 44.) The length of the hand is one-tenth of a man’s height. 15.) The distance from the bottom of the chin to the nose is one-third of the length of the head. 16.) The distance from the hairline to the eyebrows is one-third of the length of the face. 17.) The length of the ear is one-third of the length of the face, 18.) The length of a man's foot is one-sixth of his height.United Architects of the Philippines — Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development THE PANTHEON, ROME The interior of the Pantheon (from an 18th-century painting by Panini). The Pantheon was built long after Vitruvius death but its excellent state of preservation to this day makes it of great importance to those interested in Vitruvian Architecture. THE VITRUVIAN MAN (The Canon of Proportions) + It is a world-renowned drawing created by Leonardo da Vinei circa 1487. + Itis stored in the Gallerie dell’Accademia in Venice, Italy. + The drawing is based on the correlations of ideal human proportions with geometry described by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius in Book Ill of his treatise De Architectura + Vitruvius described the human figure as being the principal source of proportion among the Classical orders of architecture. 4United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development ef Charles-Edouard Jeanneret (Le Corbusier) (October 6, 1887 — August 27, 1965) He was born as Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris in La Chaux-de- Fonds, Switzerland just 3 miles across the border with France. He became a French citizen in 1930 and would later be known as an architect, designer, urbanist, writer and painter, and famous for being one of the pioneers of what now is called Modern Architecture. He was a pioneer in studies of modem high design and was dedicated to providing better living conditions for the residents of crowded cities. Le Corbusier adopted his pseudonym in the 1920s, allegedly deriving it in part from his maternal grandfather's name "Lecorbésier’ following his belief also that a person could reinvent himself by adopting a single name to identify oneself. Besides it was in vogue during that time among artists and many other fields especially in Paris. He studied at the La-Chaux-de-Fonds Art School under Charles L'Eplattenier, who had studied in Budapest and Paris. His architecture teacher in the Art School was the architect René Chapallaz, who had a large influence on Le Corbusier's earliest houses. In 1908, he studied architecture in Vienna with Josef Hoffmann. Between October 1910 and March 1911, he worked near Berlin for the renowned architect Peter Behrens, Early on in his career, and now fluent in German, he might have met Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius. Both of these experiences would prove influential in his later career.United Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development After his travels around Europe, and especially visiting the Parthenon, he wrote Vers une Architecture , meaning, “Towards an Architecture” (1923) Le Corbusier taught at his old school in La-Chaux-de-Fonds during World War! In four years of teaching, he worked on theoretical architectural studies using modem techniques, the result of wwhich was his project forthe "Dom-ino" House (1914-1915). By this time, he would start his own his own architectural practice with his cousin, Pierre Jeanneret (1896-1967), @ partnership that would last until the 50s, with an interruption in the WWII years, due to Le Corbusier's ambivalent position towards the Vichy regime. Early on his career, he built nothing but occupy himself concentrating on Purist theory and painting. In 1918, Le Corbusier met the Cubist painter Amédée Ozenfant, in whom he recognised a kindred spirit. The two began a period of collaboration. Rejecting Cubism as irrational and "romantic," the duo jointly published their manifesto, Aprés le Cubisme and established a new artistic movement, Purism. They established the Purist journal L'Esprit nouveau He was good friends with the Cubist artist Femand Léger. His theoretical studies led him and his cousin to design single family houses that are spare in and out. Among these was the Maison “Citrohan”, a pun on the name of the French Citroén automaker, for the modem industrial methods and materials they advocated using for the house. His project, Immeubles Villas (1922) called for large blocks of cell-like individual apartments stacked one on top of the other, with plans that included a living room, bedrooms and kitchen, as well as a garden terrace. A solution to the growing slums of Paris. In 1922, he presented his scheme “Ville Contemporaine” (Contemporary City) for three million inhabitants. The centerpiece of this plan was the group of sixty-story, cruciform skyscrapers; steel ‘framed office buildings encased in huge curtain walls of glass. His dictum, "Architecture or Revolution’," developed in his articles in this journal, became his rallying cry for the book Vers Une Architecture.United Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development In the 1930s, Le Corbusier expanded and reformulated his ideas on urbanism, eventually publishing them in “La Ville Radieuse” (The Radiant City) of 1935. The difference of this withcontemporary city is is its abandonment of the class-based stratification of the former. Now, housing is assigned according to family size, not economic position. After World War Il, Le Corbusier attempted to realize his urban planning schemes on a small scale by constructing a series of "unités” or housing block units around France and the most famous of these was the Unité d'Habitation of Marseilles (1946-1952). On a grand scale his ideas on urbanism presented itself in the construction of the Union Territory Chandigarh, the new capital for the Indian states of Punjab and Haryana and the first planned city in India. Le Corbusier designed many administration buildings including a courthouse, parliament building and a university. He also designed the general layout of the city dividing it into sectors. His plans were a development from the plan of Albert Mayer. Against his doctor's orders, on August 27, 1965, Le Corbusier went for a swim in the Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, France. He drowned due to heart failure. Villa Savoye (1923-1931) epitomizes his five points of modem architecture 1.) Pilotis - reinforced concrete stilts that lifted the bulk of the structure off the ground, 2.) Free Facade - meaning non-supporting walls that could be designed as the architect wished, and, 3.) Open Floor Plan - meaning that the floor space was free to be configured into. rooms without concem for supporting walls. 4) Uninterrupted Views — meaning houses should have unhampered visual contact with its surrounding views. 5.) Roof Garden - meaning to compensate for the green area consumed by the building and replacing it on the roof. A ramp rising from ground level to the third floor roof terrace allows for an architectural promenade through the structure. Introduced the Modufor system for the scale of architectural proportion as a continuation of the Vitruvian principles who used the proportions of the human body to improve the appearance and function of architecture. Other basis for ModulorUnited Architects of the Philippines — Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development 1.) Golden Ratio 2.) Human Measurements 3.) Fibonacci Numbers 4.) Double Unit + Villa Stein (1927), Garches, France exemplified the Modulor system's application. The villa’s rectangular ground plan, elevation, and inner structure closely approximate golden rectangles. + Harmony and proportion are rhythms apparent to the eye and clear in their relations with one another. And these rhythms are at the very root of human activities. They resound in Man by an organic inevitability, the same fine inevitability which causes the tracing out of the Golden Section by children, old men, savages, and the leamed.” (Design Philosophy) * In furniture design, he said , “Chairs are architecture, sofas are bourgeois." + In 1928, Le Corbusier and Perriand began to put the expectations for furniture Le Corbusier outlined in his 1925 book L’Art Décoratif aujourd'hui into practice resulting into the creation of the Le Corbusier chair, which are chrome-plated tubular steel chairs. + He was a founding member of the Congrés international d’Architecture Moderne (CIAM) + Notable Projects 1905: Villa Fallet, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland 1908: Stotzer House, 6, Chemin de Pouillerel, la Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland. 1912: Villa Jeanneret-Perret, La Chaux-de-Fonds 1916: Villa Schwob, La Chaux-de-Fonds 1922: Villa Besnus (Ker-Ka-Ré), Vaucresson, Paris, France 1922: Ozenfant House and Studio, Vaucresson, Paris. (much altered.) 1923: Villa La Roche/Villa Jeanneret, Paris 1924: Pavillon de L'Esprit Nouveau, Paris (destroyed) 1924: Quartiers Modemes Fruges, Pessac, France 1925: Villa Jeanneret, Paris 1926: Villa Cook, Boulogne-sur-Seine, France 1926: Villa Temisien, 5, Allee des Pins, Boulogne-sur-Seine, Paris. ( Block of apartments buitt over the house) 1927: Villa Stein, Garches, Paris. 1927: Pleinex House, 24, Bis Boulevard Massena, Paris 13e. 1927: Villas at Weissenhof Estate, Stuttgart, Germany 1928: Villa Savoye, Polssy-sur-Seine France 1929: Cité du Refuge, Armée du Salut, Paris, France 1930: Pavillon Suisse, Cité Universitaire, Paris 1930: Maison Errazuriz, ChileUnited Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development 1930: Las Nubes, house of Uruguayan novelist Enrique Amorim (Salto, Uruguay) 1931: Palace of the Soviets, Moscow, USSR (project) 1931: Immeuble Clarté , Geneva, Switzertand 1933: Tsentrosoyuz, Moscow, USSR 1936: Palace of Ministry of National Education and Public Health, Rio de Janeiro (as a consultant to Lucio Costa, Oscar Niemeyer and others) 1938: The "Cartesian" Sky-scraper(project) 1945: Usine Claude et Duval, Saint-Dié-des-Vosges, France 1947~1952: Unité d'Habitation, Marseille, France 1948: Curutchet House, La Plata, Argentina 1949-1952: United Nations Headquarters, New York City (Consultant) 1950-1954: Chapelle Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, France 1951: Cabanon de Vacances, Roquebrune-Cap-Martin 1951: Maisons Jaoul, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France 1951: Mill Owners’ Association Building, Villa Sarabhai and Villa Schodan, Ahmedabad, India 1952: Unité d Habitation of Nantes-Rezé, Nantes, France 1952-1959: Buildings in Chandigarh, India 1952: Palace of Justice (Chandigarh) 1952: Museum and Gallery of Art (Chandigarh) 1953: Secretariat Building (Chandigarh) 1953: Governor's Palace (Chandigarh) 1955: Palace of Assembly (Chandigarh) 1956: Shodan House 1959: Goverment College of Art (GCA) and the Chandigarh College of Architecture(CCA) (Chandigarh) 1956: Museum at Ahmedabad, Ahmedabad, india 1956: Saddam Hussein Gymnasium, Baghdad, Iraq 41957: Unité Habitation of Briey en Forét, France 1957: National Museum of Westem Art, Tokyo 41957: Maison du Brésil, Cité Universitaire, Paris 4957-1960: Sainte Marie de La Tourette, near Lyon, France (with lannis Xenakis) 1957: Unité Habitation of Berlin-Chanlottenburg, Flatowallee 16, Berlin 41957: Unité d'Habitation of Meaux, France 1958: Philips Pavilion, Brussels, Belgium (with lannis Xenakis) (destroyed) at the 1958 World —_Expositon 1961: Center for Electronic Calculus, Olivetti, Milan, Italy 1961: Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States 41963: House of Man, Zurich, Switzerland 1964-1969: Firminy-Vert 1964: Unité Habitation of Firminy, France 1966: Stadium Firminy-Vert 1965: Maison de la culture de Firminy-Vert 1969: Church of Saint-Pierre, Firminy, France (built posthumously and completed under José Oubrerie's guidance in 2006) 1967: Heidi Weber Museum (Centre Le Corbusier), Zurich, Switzerland Major Publications : 1918: Aprés le Cubisme (After Cubism), with Amédée OzentantUnited Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development 1923: Vers une Architecture (Towards an Architecture) (frequently mistranslated as “Towards @ New Architecture") 1925: Urbanisme (Urbanism) 1925: La Peinture Moderne (Modern Painting). with Amédée Ozentant 1925: L’Art décoratif d‘aujourcthui (The Decorative Arts of Today) 1931: Premier clavier de couleurs (First Color Keyboard) 1935: Aircraft 1935: La Ville Radieuse (The Radiant City) 1942: Charte d’Athénes (Athens Charter) 1943: Entretien avec les étuaiants des écoles darchitecture (A Conversation with Architecture Students) 1945: Les Trios éstablishments Humains (The Three Human Establishments) 1948: Le Modulor (The Modulor) 1953: Le Poeme de Angle Droit (The Poem of the Right Angle) 1955: Le Modulor 2 (The Modufor 2) 1959: Deuxiéme olavier de couleurs (Second Colour Keyboard) 1966: Le Voyage d'Orient (The Voyage to the East) Famous Quotes "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. | am happy and ! say: ‘This is beautiful. That is Architecture. Art enters in..." (Vers une architecture, 1923) “Architecture is the masterly, correct, and mi ‘ent play of masses brought together in light: "Space and light and order. Those are the things that men need just as much as they need bread or a place to sleep.” “The house is a machine for living in." (Vers une architecture, 1923) “itis a question of building which is at the root of the social unrest of today: architecture or revolution.” (Vers une architecture, 1923) "Modern life demands, and is waiting for, a new kind of plan, both for the house and the city." (Vers une Architecture, 1923) “The 1s" are a lie.” (Vers une Architecture, 1923) NOTABLE WORKS : ‘The Open Hand Monument, Chandigarh, toUnited Architects of the Philippines — Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development Le Corbusler Paviton, Zurich, Switzerland * i) FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT (1867-1959) + Frank Lloyd Wright, born in 1867, was one of the most original and influential American architects of the 20th century, + He designed about 800 buildings, during his career and many of those are houses. AtUnited Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development + Frank Lloyd Wright was familiar with the plains of the Midwest resulting in the development of a concept of openness and use of organic materials which is called the ‘Prairie style’ architecture. He believed that “Buildings should fit into its natural surroundings.” + Lloyd Wright designed the Guggenheim Museum in New York, built to house ‘a collection of abstract art and opened shortly after his death in 1959, itis stil recognized as one of the most interesting examples of modem architecture, The Volute, Guggenheim Museum ‘Guggeniteim interior showing the wide, Multi deck creulatory hallways. . 2United Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Gareer Development ‘Wingspread, Racine, Wisconsin, USA FLW told the owners that, “every little girl needed a balcony to be serenaded at.” Price Office Building, Bartiesille, Oklahoma, USA ‘The only skyscraper designed by FLW and was actually bult. The building was originally designed for New York oy but was shelved due to the stack market crash in 1929, The bulding was buit in 1952 Pes 2s Frank Lloyd Wright's Logo a red square vith his inials “FLLW" on it. In letterheads and ‘other documents, the red square appears on slightly bigger beige fet. House £033, Chicago, Ilinols, USA Johnson Wax Building, Racine, Wisconsin \3United Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development (Other view ofthe school -—Interlor_ ews of the school showing one of theatellers (studio) and the lecture hall, 14United Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development [After the Great Tokyo earthquake of It follows the Maya Revival style of Architecture, 1923 ‘an influence beckoned from ancient cures in ‘The imperial Hotel was shown stillintact and ‘Meso:America. The plan was derived from the standing amidst powerful earthquake that hotels log forming the letter °H". fattened Tokyo in 1923. The burning edifice fom the right sides the Kangyo Bank Original design of the imperial Hote, Tokyo, The ote’ orginal lobby 2sit sts now in the Japan ‘Meiji Mura Museum after the hotel was demo- ‘The orignal design ofthe hotel was done in lished to give way for new developments in 1890 by Archt. Yruru Watababe which was Tokyo. Accidentally burned down. AUnited Architects of the Philippines — Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development Go Antonio Gaudi y Cornet (June 25, 1852 — June 10, 1926) Spanis Architect known to be the best representative of “Catalan Architectural Modernism. His works expressed firmly his individual style and are mostly found in the Catalonian capital, Barcelona that includes his magnum opus, ‘La ‘Sagrada Familia’. He introduced the craft, Trencadis — an art form made of waste ceramic pieces applied as surface treatment. Modernisme/Modernista — the design style sweeping Spain and most of Europe at the tum of the 19” century. Gaudi deviated from the pack by transcending his creation through influences from nature without losing modem influenc es, though some cfitics refer to his works as Neo-Modern Baroque. eee eh : Meig (pe shale ‘Gaul ancestral Home, Riudoms Early works indude a lampost at Plaza Real in Barcelona and a Gove display cabinet IbUnited Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development ra ie Cemetery Gateway, 1875 ‘Quayside Building, 1876 Fuente parala Plaza de Barcelona 1?United Architects of the Philippines — Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development Hk {a Baslea y Temple Explator de a Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, Spain. Model and sketch. Benjamin Henry Boneval Latrobe (May 1, 1764 - September 3, 1820) + He was bom on May 1, 1764 at theFulneck Moravian Settlement, near Pudsey in West Yorkshire, England from an aristocratic parents. + He was a British-bom American neoclassical architect best known for his design of the United States Capitol. + He also designed the Baltimore Basilica, the first Roman Catholic Cathedral in the United States. + Latrobe was one of the first formally-trained, professional architects in the United States, drawing influences from his travels in Italy, as well as British and French Neoclassical architects such as Claude Nicolas. Ledoux. + He entered apprenticeship under John Smeaton, an engineer known for designing Eddystone Lighthouse. Then in 1787 or 1788, he worked as an apprentice with neoclassical architect S.P. Cockerell, serving for a brief time before leaving to practice the profession on his own. ISUnited Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Genter for Career Development + Latrobe came to the United States in 1796, initially settling in Virginia where he worked on the State Penitentiary in Richmond. + Latrobe then relocated to Philadelphia where he established his practice. In 1803 working on projects in Washington DC for the next 14 years. + He spent the latter years of his life in New Orleans and died there on ‘September 3, 1820 from yellow fever. + He has been called the "Father of American Architecture" + Latrobe is credited with professionalizing architecture in America, and his building designs influenced the United States until the Civil War. Latrobe Gate, Washington Navy Yard 1United Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development ‘aslica ofthe National Shrine of the Pope Vila, Kensington, Kentucky “Assumption ofthe Virgin Mary, ‘Baltimore, Maryland United States of America Capitol Inglewood, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA ‘Builaing, Washington DC, USA {Danie Forney House)United Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development Adolf Franz Karl Viktor Maria Loos (10 December 1870 — 23 August 1933) Born in 1870 in Bruen (Bmo), Moravia, to an ethnically German family. He completed technical school in Liberec, Czech Republic, which is now called the Technical University Liberec. Further studies at Dresden Technical University before moving to Vienna. He contracted syphilis in the brothels of Vienna, and by age 21 he was sterile and in 1893 his mother disowned him ‘Austro-Hungarian architect who was very influential in European Modem architecture. In his essay, Ornament and Crime, he repudiated the florid style of the Vienna Secession, the Austrian version of Art Nouveau. In this and many other essays he contributed to the elaboration of a body of theory and criticism of Modemism in architecture. Famous quote, "Omamentis crime’. After staying with an uncle in Philadelphia, USA, he returned to Vienna in 1896. This time a man of taste and refinement, thus, he quickly established himself as the preferred architect of Vienna's cultured bourgeoisie. He pioneered the ‘Raumplan'—the theory which considered ordering and size of interior spaces based on function. Even if he abhors decoration, he believed that “the i distinetion_in using ornaments is not between complicated and simple, but between ‘organic’ and superfluous decoration.” The same reason why one can find ‘that some of his works has omaments. In his lifetime, he married thrice to women of substance in Vienna only to have all of them ending in divorce due to scandals, 2%United Architects of the Philippines — Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Gareer Development He also designed for Knize of Vienna, a men’s fashion haberdashery. He had cancer before and had vital organs removed and spent the rest of his, life eating ham and cream only. In 1933, he died poor. NOTABLE WORKS 1899 Café Museum, Vienna 1907 Field Christian Cross, Radesinska Svratka, Czech Republic 1908 American Bar (formerly called the Kartner Bar), Vienna 1910 Steiner House, Vienna 1910 Goldman & Salatsch Building, a mixed-use building overlooking Michaelerplatz, Vienna (known colloquially as the "Looshaus") 1913 Scheu House, Vienna 1916 Sugar mill, Hrugovany u Bma, Czech Republic 1917 House for sugar mill owner, Hrugovany u Bma, Czech Republic 1922 Rufer House, Vienna 1925 Maison Tzara, house and studio for Tristan Tzara, one of the founders of Dadaism, in Montmartre, Paris, France 1926 Villa Moller, Vienna 1927 House (not built) in Paris for the American entertainer Josephine Baker 1928 Villa Miller, Prague, Czech Republic 1929 Khuner Villa, Kreuzberg, Austria 1932 Villa Winternitz, Na Cihlaice 10, Praha 5, Czech Republic 1928-1933 many residential interiors in Pilsen, Czech Repul 00s villa 20United Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development Josephine Baker House, Paris, France (never butt) Erich Mendelsohn (21 March 1887 — 15 September 1953) + He was born in Allenstein, East Prussia, a Jewish German architect, known for his expressionist architecture in the 1920s, as well as for developing a dynamic functionalism in his projects for department stores and cinemas. + First, he attended a humanist Gymnasium in Allenstein and continued with ‘commercial training in Berlin a3United Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development He studied national economics at the University of Munich in 1906 and in 1908, he began studying architecture at the Technical University of Berlin and stayed for 2 years. Later he transferred to the Technical University of Munich, where in 1912 he graduated cum laude. His influence includes Theodor Fischer, an architect whose own work fell between neo- classical and Jugendstil, and he also made contact with members of Der Blau eReiter and Die Briicke, two groups of expressionist artists. He worked as an independent architect in Munich between 1912-1914. He served in the warfront of the First World War and upon his retum from the war, he settled his practice in Berlin. His previous projects, the Einsteinturm (Einstein Tower) and the hat factory in Luckenwalde established his reputation. In 1924, along with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius, he was one of the founders of the progressive architectural group known as Der Ring. His practice prospered and his later projects, the Mossehaus newspaper offices and Universum cinema were also highly influential on art deco and Streamline Moderne. ‘With the rise of anti-semitism in Germany and himself being of Jewish origin, he fied to England in 1933, leaving behind his fortune and a lucrative pra In England he began a business partnership with Serge Chermayeff, which continued until the end of 1936. His association with Chaim Weizmann, who later becom is the single reason why he influenced the Jerusalem International Style characterized by having all facades fashioned in limestone. In 1938, having already dissolved his London office, he took British citizenship, shortening his English forename to “Eric” At the start of WW II, he stayed in the USA and lectured at the University of California in Berkeley. it is where he stayed and undertook several projects ‘mostly for the Jewish communtiy until his death in 1953. Notable Projects : Work Hall of the Herrmann hat factory, Luckenwaide (1919-1920) Einsteinturm (solar observatory on the Telegraphenberg) in Potsdam, 1917 or 1920- 1921 Steinberg Hat factory, Herrmann & Co, Luckenwalde (1921-1923) 4United Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development Mossehaus, Berlin (1921-1923) ‘Schocken department store, Nuremberg (1925-1926) Red Flag Textile Factory, Leningrad, 1926. Extension and conversion of Cohen & Epstein department Store, Duisburg (1925-1927) ‘Schocken department store, Stuttgart (1925-1928) Exhibition pavilion for the Rudolf Mosse publishing house at the Pressa in Cologne (1928) ‘Woga-Komplex and Universum-Kino (cinema), Berlin (1925-1931) ‘Schocken department store, Chemnitz (1927-1930), Columbushaus, Potsdamer Platz, Berlin (1928-1932 Jewish youth center, Essen (1930-1933) ‘The De La Warr Pavilion, Bexhill-on-Sea, Sussex, England (1934). In collaboration with Serge Chermayeff. Cohen House, Chelsea, London (1934- 1936). In collaboration with Serge Chermayeff. Weizmann House, Weizmann Institute Campus, Rehovot near Tel Aviv (1935-1936) ‘A cluster of three buildings on the Weizmann Institute campus, presently housing high-resolution NMR, biological MRI, and the Kimmel Center for Archeology, respectively. Hebrew University, Jerusalem (1934-1940) ‘Synagogue B'Nal Amoona, now Center of Creative Arts, University City, Missouri (1946-1950) Maimonides Hospital, San Francisco (1946-1950) Park Synagogue, Cleveland Heights, Ohio (1947-1951) AUnited Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development Einsteinturm, Potsdam lckenwalde Hat Factory, inteslor and Exterior views Red Flag Factory, Leningrad, Russia De a Warr Pavilion, Bexhil-on-Sea, Sussex, England 26United Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development Germany Petersdorff Department Store, Breslau,United Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (March 27, 1886 — August 17, 1969) He was a German architect and is is commonly referred to and addressed by his sumame; Mies. He called his buildings “skin and bones" architecture. He sought a rational approach that would guide the oreative process of architectural design. in the He is often associated with the aphorisms “Less is more” and "God is details’ First worked worked in his father's stone-carving shop and at several local design firms before he moved to Berlin. Later he worked at the office of interior designer Bruno Paul He began his architectural career by apprenticing at the studio of Peter Behrens from 1908 to 1912 working alongside Walter Gropius and Le Corbusier After works done at the Embassy of the German Empire in Saint Petersburg under Behrens, many quickly recognized his talents and getting independent commissions, despite his lack of a formal college-level education, Ludwig Mies renamed himself as part of his rapid transformation from a tradesman's son to an architect working with Berlin's cultural elite, adding “van der" and his mother's sumame "Rohe". He Is influenced in part by the 19” century Prussian Neo-Classical architect Karl 2h Schinkel He was also one of the founders of the architectural association Der Ring, He joined the avant-garde Bauhaus design school as their director of architecture, adopting and developing their functionalist application of simple geometric forms in the design of useful objects. 2818M Building, Chicago. Lakeshore Brive, Chicago Chicago United Architects of the Philippines — Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development In his works, the design theories of Adolf Loos found resonance with Mies, particularly the ideas of “eradication of the superficial and unnecessary, feplacing elaborate applied ornament with the straightforward display of materials and forms.” He also left Germany with much reservation in 1937 due to Nazi political pressure and went to the USA where he was offered the Directorship of, the Armour Institute of Technology, later renamed, ilinois Institute of Technology. Here he introduced a new kind of education and atfitude later known as Second School of Chicago, which became very influential in the following decades in North America and Europe. He designed some buildings o-campus that included the Alumni Hall, the Chapel, and his masterpiece the S.R. Crown Hall, built as the home of IT's School of Architecture. Crown Hall is widely regarded as Mies’ finest work, the definition of Miesian architecture. His other important work is the Farnsworth House, ‘Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas ‘Crown Hall, IT Campus, Chicago, Minos 29United Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Gareer Development German Pavilion, Sarcelona Exposition, Barcelona, Spain. The conic Barcelona ChairUnited Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development Marquette las skyscraper, an example of “Tugendaht Howse, Brno, Czech Republic, 1930 “sin and bones architecture” Gottlieb Eliel Saarinen (August 20, 1873 - July 1, 1950) + He was a Finnish architect who became famous for his art nouveau buildings in the early years of the 20th century. arUnited Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development Eliel Saarinen was educated in Helsinki at the Helsinki University of Technology. From 1896 to 1905 he worked as a partner with Herman Gesellius and Armas Lindgren at the firm Geselius, Lindgren, and Saarinen. His first major work with the firm, the Finnish Pavilion at the World's Fair. His hybrid design style composed of Finnish wooden architecture, British Gothic Revival, and the Jugendstil, was christened the Finnish National Romanticism and culminated in the design of the Helsinki Central Railway Station In April 1913 he received the first place award in an intemational competition for his plan of Reval, Estonia He also designed the Finnish markka banknotes introduced in 1922. Eliel Saarinen moved to the United States in 1923 after his noted competition entry for the Tribune Tower in Chicago, Illinois. In 1924 he became a visiting professor at the University of Michigan. He design the campus of Cranbrook Educational Community, intended as an ‘American equivalent to the Bauhaus. Saarinen taught there and became president of the Cranbrook Academy of Art in 1932. His son, Eero (1910-1964), became one of the most important American architects of the mid-20th century, as one of the leaders of the international ‘stule. aLUnited Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development ‘National Museum of Finland Cranbrook Tower and Quadrangle (Christ Church Lutheran Holink, Finland Cranbrook Academy, Bloomfields, ‘Michigan, USA ‘Michigan, USA 46United Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development First Christian Church ‘Marble Palace, Helsinki, Finland \Lahti Town Hall, Lahti, Finland Columbus, Ohio, USA id Mie Waeinaas Music Hal, Buffalo, New York, USAUnited Architects of the Philippines — Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development Pier Luigi Nervi (June 21, 1891 — January 9, 1979) Nervi was bom in Sondrio, Italy. He was an Italian engineer and has studied at the University of Bologna and qualified in 1913 He taught as a professor of engineering at Rome University from 1946-64 and is widely known both as an engineer and an architect. ‘Nervi is also noted for his innovative use of reinforced concrete. From 1961-1962 Nervi was the Norton professor at Harvard University. Nervi also stressed that “intuition should be used _as_much asmathematics in design, especially with thin shelled structures, He borrowed from both Roman and Renaissance architecture while applying ribbing and vaulting to improve strength and eliminate columns and combining simple geometry and prefabrication to innovate design solutions. Pier Luigi Nervi was educated and practised as a ingegnere edile (translated as "building engineer’) In Italy, at the time (and to a lesser degree also today), a building engineer might also be considered an architect, Notable Works : 1.) Stadio Artemio Franchi, Florence (1931) 2.) Exhibition Building, Turin, Italy (1949), 3.) UNESCO Headquarters, Paris (1950) (collaborating with Marcel Breuer and Berard Zehrfuss) 4.) The Pirelli Tower, Milan (1950) (collaborating with Gio Ponti) 5.) Palazzo dello sport EUR (now PalaL ottomatica), Rome (1956) 6.) Palazzetto dello Sport, Rome (1958)United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development 7,) Stadio Flaminio, Rome (1957) 8.) Palazzo del Lavoro, Turin (1961) 9.) Palazzetto dello sport, Turin (1961) 10.) George Washington Bridge Bus Station, New York City (1963) 11.) Tour de la Bourse, Montreal (1964) (collaborating with Luigi Moretti) 12.) Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption, San Francisco, California (19 67) (collaborating with Pietro Belluschi) 13.) Paul VI Audience Hall, Vatican City (1971) 414.) Australian Embassy, Paris (1973) Consulting engineer 15.) Norfolk Scope, Norfolk, Virginia, USA (1971) Palazzetto dello Sport, Rome, "Nortolk Scope, Norfolk, Virginia, St. Mary of the ‘Assumption Italy usa San Francisco, California, USA “Tour dela Bourse, Montreal, CanadaUnited Architects of the Philippines — Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development Eero Saarinen (August 20, 1910 - September 1, 1961) His father whom he shared the same birthdate is Eliel Saarinen, ‘They migrated to the USA in 1923 at the age of thitteen.He grew up in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, where his father was a teacher at the Cranbrook Academy of Art and he took courses in sculpture and fumiture design there. He had a close relationship with fellow students Charles and Ray Eames, and became good friends with. He was a Finnish American architect_and industrial_designer of the 20th century famous for varying his style according to the demands of the project: simple, sweeping, arching structural curves or machine-like rationalism. In 1929, he studied sculpture at the Académie de la Grande Chaumiére in Paris, France and afterwhich, he went on to study at the Yale School of Architecture earning his degree in 1934. During WW Il, he worked for the US Military doing bomb disassembly, ‘manuals and provide designs for the Situation Room in the White House. He worked there fulltime till 1944, After his father's death in 1950, Saarinen founded his own architect's office, "Eero Saarinen and Associates" While still working for his father, Saarinen first received critical recognition for a chair designed together with Char 1es for the "Organic Design in Home Fumishings" competition in 1840, for which they received first prize for the "Tulip Chair’ Then in 1948 he took first prize in the competition for the design of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, St. Louis, not completed until the 1960s. The compefition award was mistakenly sent to his father. Many of his projects use catenary curves in their structural designs.United Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development + Eero Saarinen was elected a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects in 1952. He is also a winner of the AIA Gold Medal. + Eero Saarinen died of a brain tumor in 1961 at the age of 51 + NOTABLE WORKS 1.) The Law School at the University of Chicago, Chicago, illinois. 2) The Miller House, Columbus, Indiana. 3.) Gateway Arch, St. Louis, Missouri 4.) TWA Terminal at JFK Intemational Airport 5.) Washington Dulles international Airport 6.) Kresge Auditorium and MIT Chapel at MIT 7.) General Motors Technical Center, Warten, Michigan 8.) US Embassies in Osio and London 8.) Noyes House dormitory at Vassar College. 10.) IBM Pavilion, 1964-1965 New York World's Fair 11.) The "Tulip Chair’, popularized by its use on the original Star Trek television series (1966-69). 12.) Crow Island School Dulles international Airport, Chany, Noyes House Expansion (Gateway Arch] Virginia, USA in St. Louis, Missouri, USAUnited Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development "TWA Terminal JFK Airport, New Kresge Auditorium, MIT, USA US Embassy, tendon, ‘York ity, New York, USA England ‘Svenska Theater »United Architects of the Philippines — Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development Ingalls Hockey Rink, Yale University, ‘Schoo! of tw, University of Chicago, USA New Haven, Connecticut, USA (September 3, 1856 — April 14, 1924) Louis Henri Sullivan was born in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. In high school, Sullivan met Moses Woolson, whose teachings made a lasting impression on him, and nurtured him until his death. His early education was at the Massachusetts Insfitute of Technology and later at Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He worked first at the office of Frank Furness when he was 16 years old when he was still at MIT. The Depression of 1873 dried up much of Furness’s work, and he was forced to let Sullivan go. At that point Sullivan moved on to Chicago in 1873 to take part in the building boom following the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. He worked for William LeBaron Jenney, the architect often credited with erecting the first steel-frame building. 40United Architects of the Philippines — Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development ‘Then he worked at the firm of Dankmar Adler becoming a partner at age 24. Their asociation for 14 years is the most productive in his life as an Architect, with more than 100 buildings , most are landmarks. ‘Their first important work was the Auditorium Building in Chicago (1889). + Their most important skyscraper is the 10-story steel-famed Wainwright Building, St. Louis, Mo, (1890-91). + The young Frank Lloyd Wright spent six years as apprentice to Sullivan, who ‘would be a major influence on the younger architect. + He considered it obvious that building design should indicate a building's functions and that, where the function does not change, the form should not change; hence his influential dictum "Form follows function.” + He is known as the “Father of Skyscrapers’ and “Father of Modernism’. + He was an influential architect and critic of the Chicago School, and an inspiration to the Chicago group of architects who have come to be known as the Prairie School. ATT HasYEnE ae Prudent Buen Wainwigh Biting Carson Pie Sot Butane Duffel, New York, USA St Lous sou, USA cticago, Minos USAUnited Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development ‘Auditorium Building, Chicago, Gage Building, Chicago, (Chicago Stock Exchange Building Minos, USA Minos, USA ‘chicago tino, USAUnited Architects of the Philippines — Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development S| Johann Otto von Spreckelsen (May 4, 1929—March 16, 1987) He was bom in Viborg, Denmark and studied at the Viborg Katedralskole and Royal Academy of Arts in Copenhagen. He directed the creation of several modern churches in Denmark, Vangede Kirke near Copenhagen (1974), Stavnsholt Kirke at the city of Farum (1981) and the two Roman Catholic churches in Esbjerg and Hvidovre both consecrated to Saint Nicholas. His best known work however is the 100 meters high Grande Arche at La Défense in Paris made of granite and carrara marble and inspired by the Arch de Triomphe, which he won in an intemational design competition because of its “purity’ and strength", according to then French President, Francois Mitterand. He relied heavily on simple geometrical figures, especially the quadrant, which can be seen in his churches, in the interior decorations even of church organs. asUnited Architects of the Philippines — Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development ‘Stavinshot,kicke Fram, Denmark Vangede-irke 2005, Copenhagen, Denmark Marcel Lajos Breuer (@1 May 1902 - 1 July 1981) + He was born in Pecs, Hungary and known well fo his friends and associates as Lajko, a Hungarian name. + One of the masters of Modernism, Breuer displayed interest in modular construction and simple forms. + Early education was at the Bauhaus in Germany and later on in his life, was appointed a teaching position prior to WW I + His initial practice was in Berlin doing residential and commercial projects. + Nazism in Germany forced him, like many intellectuals that time to exile in London. + Breuer pioneered the design of tubular steel furniture with the famous “Wassily Chair’ in 1925. 4dUnited Architects of the Philippines — Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development + In London, Breuer was employed by Jack Pritchard at the Isokon company; one — of the earliest introducers of modern design in the United Kingdom, + Breuer eventually ended up in the United States and taught at Harvard's Architecture School + His students include Philip Johnson, Paul Rudolph and LM.Pel who later became well-known U.S. architects. + At the same time, Breuer worked with old friend and Bauhaus colleague Walter Gropius, also at Harvard, on the design of several houses in the Boston area and elsewhere. in 1941, they parted ways. + One time, Johnson called Breuer "a peasant mannerist. + His own practice after the war resulted in the design of the Geller House, the first to employ Breuer's concept of the ‘binucfear house, with separate wings for the bedrooms and for the living / dining / kitchen area, separated by an entry hall, and with the distinctive ‘butterfly roof Wassily Chair, 1925, ‘Whitey Museum of American Art, University of Massachusetts New York City, New York, USA Amherst CampusUnited Architects of the Philippines — Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development St John’ Abbey Church, St John's [UNESCO General Meadquarters, Pars, France University [Ariston Cub, Mar-de-Plata, Geller House, Long (stand, New ‘Metuilen Beach House Argentina York, USA, 1959 Montoloking, New Jersey, USA AoUnited Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development ‘Armstrong Rubber Co. HO, West HUD Office Building ‘Australian Embassy, Paris France Haven, Connecticut, USA Washington DC, USA Frank House Fire sland Pines, New York, USA, 1958 47United Architects of the Philippines — Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Care Development eee, Waiter Adolph Georg Gropius (May 18, 1883 — July 5, 1969) + Founder of the Bauhaus School in Germany. Formerly, this was called Grand-Ducal Saxon School of Arts and Crafts in Weimar but its founder, Henry van de Velde was asked to step down as Director because he is Belgian, + Along with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier, he is widely regarded as one of the pioneering masters of modem architecture. + Walter Gropius, lke his father and his great-uncle Martin Gropius before him, became an Architect, + Gropius could not draw, and was dependent on collaborators and partner- interpreters throughout his career. + In'schoot he hired an assistant to complete his homework for him. + In 1908 Gropius found employment with the firm of Peter Behrens, one of the first members of the utilitarian school, + In 1910 together with fellow employee Adolf Meyer, they established a practice in Bertin. Together they share credit for one of the seminal modemist buildings created during this period: the Faguswerk in Alfeld-an-der-Leine, Germany. + In 1913, Gropius published an article about "The Development of industrial Buildings’ which included about a dozen photographs of factories and gi elevators in North America. + In 1945, Gropius founded The Archi Collaborative (TAC) based in ‘Cambridge with a group of younger architects and would become one of the most well-known and respected architectural firms in the world. TAC went bankrupt in 1995, + Gropius and his Bauhaus protégé Marcel Breuer both moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts to teach at the Harvard Graduate School of Design 4BUnited Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development + Gropius died in 1969 in Boston, Massachusetts, aged 86. + Today, he is remembered not only by his various buildings but also by the district of Gropiusstaat in Bertin. + Notable Works 1.) 1922 competition entry for the Chicago Tribune Tower competition 2.) 1925-1932 Bauhaus School and Facuily, Housing, Dessau, Germany 3.) 1937 The Gropius House, Lincoln, Massachusetts, USA 4.) 1942-1944 Aluminum City Terrace housing project, New Kensington, Pennsylvania, USA 5.) 19571960 University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq 6.) 1958-1963 Pan Am Building (now the Metlife Building), New York, with Pietro Belluschi ‘and project architects Emery Roth & Son: 7.) 1957 Interbau Apartment blocks, Hansaviertel, Bertin, Germany, with The Architects’ Collaborative and Wils Ebert 8.) 1960 the Gropiusstadt building complex, Bertin, Germany 9) 1959-1961 Embassy of the United States, Athens, Greece (The Architects’ Collaborative ‘and consulting architect Pericles A Sakellarios) 10.) 1968 Glass Cathedral, Thomas Glassworks, Amberg 11.) 1967- 69 Tower East Shaker Heights, Ohio, this was Gropius’ last major Project. 12) 1910-1911 the Fagus Factory, Alfeld an der Leine, Germany 13.) 1914 Office and Factory Buildings at the Werkbund Exhibition, 1914, Cologne, — Germany 14) 1921 Sommerfeld_House, Berlin, Germany designed for Adolf Sommerfeld ‘Bauhaus, Weimar, Germany Gropius House, Lincaln, ‘Monument to the ‘March Dead Massachusetts, USA aqUnited Architects of the Philippines — Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development Aluminura Cty Terrace Housing ‘Quad, University of Baghdad, aq US Embassy, Athens, Greece Project, New Kensington Pennsylvania, USA Shopping Area, Groplusstadt, Housing Blocks, Groplusstak, Berlin, Germany Beri, GermanyUnited Architects of the Philippines — Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development Richard Joseph Neutra (April 8, 1892 — Apri 16, 1970) Neutra was bom in Vienna, Austria on April 8, 1892. + He studied under Adolf Loos at the Vienna University of Technology, + He was also influenced by Otto Wagner, and worked for a time in Germany in the studio of Erich Mendeisohn, + He moved to the United States by 1923 and became a naturalized citizen in 1929. Neutra worked briefly for Frank Lloyd Wright. + He partnered with Rudolf Schindler, his university pal to work and live communally in Califomia and shared a house with their wives and practice. A close friendship that would sour later on because of ‘professional rivalry. + He wrote his autobiography, Life and Shape. + Neutra coined the term biorealism, which means "the inherent and inseparable relationship between man and nature.” + “Architects must have a razor-sharp sense of individuality.” xUnited Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development ‘Miler House, Palm Springs, eaufimann House, Palm Springs, ‘yclorama Building, Gettyburg California, USA, 1937 California, USA Pennsylvania, USA (Desert Modernism Style) ‘Boomerang Chair Lovell House, Califor * Von Sternberg House ‘Neutra House, Palos Altos, Usa. Northridge, California, USA California, USAUnited Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto (February 3, 1898 - May 11, 1976) + He studied architecture at the Helsinki University of Technology, graduating in 1921 + Hewas a Finnish architect and designer. His work includes architecture, furniture, textiles and glassware. + Aalto's early career runs in parallel with the rapid economic growth and industrialization of Finland during the first half of the twentieth century. + The styles of his work, ranged from Nordic Classicism a - style that had been a reaction to the previous dominant style of National Romanticism of the early work, to a rational International Style Modemism during the 1930s to a more organic modemist style from the 1840s onwards. + Aalto University, a_new Finnish university (an amalgamation of Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki School of Economics and Talk) established in 2010, is named after him. Alvar Aalto is the eponym of the Alvar Aalto Medal, now considered one of world architecture's most prestigious awards. + Famous Quotes "God created paper for the purpose of drawing architecture on it. Everything else is at least for me an abuse of paper.” "We should work for simple, good, undecorated things, but things which are in harmony with the human being and organically suited to the litle man in the street.” * Architecture is a concem for design as a Gesamtkunstwerk - a total work of art.” + Notable Works 1921-1923: Bell tower of Kauhajarvi Church, Lapua, Finland 1926-1929: Defence Corps Building, Jyvaskyla, Finland 1927-1935: Municipal library, Viipuri, Finland (now Vyborg, Russia) aUnited Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development 1928-1929, 1930: Turun Sanomat newspaper offices, Turku, Finland 1928-1928: Paimio Sanatorium, Tuberculosis sanatorium and staff housing, Paimio, Finland 1931: Central University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia (former Yugoslavia) 1932: — Villa Tammekann, Tartu, Estonia 1984: Corso theatre, restaurant interior, Zurich, Switzerland 1937-1938: Villa Mairea, Noormarkku, Finland 1939: Finnish Pavilion, at the 1939 World's Fair 1947-1948: Baker House, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, ‘Massachusetts, USA 1949-1966: Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland 1952-1958: House of Culture, Helsinki, Finland 1953; The Experimental House, Muuratsalo, Finland, 1962-1971: Finlandia Hall, Helsinki, Finland 1965-1968: Nordic House, Reykjavik, Iceland 1959-1988: Essen opera house, Essen, Germany Furniture and glassware Tea cart Amehair 400 with reindeer fur Chairs 1932: Paimio Chair 1933: Three-legged stacking Stool 60 1939: Four-legged Stool E60 1935-6: Armchair 404 (alk/a/ Zebra Tank Chair) 41939: Armchair 406 |: Floor lamp A805 1959: Floor lamp A810 Vases 1936: Aalto Vase S4United Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development Auditorium, Vipuct Municipal Helsink University \Vilpur, Finkand Helsing Finland House of Culture, Helsinkt Firdandlia al, Helsink!, Finland ‘Aalvar Alto Opera House, Bein, Germany ssUnited Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development oe Peter Behrens (14 April 1868 - 27 February 1940) Behrens attended the Christianeum_ and studied painting in his native Hamburg, as well as in Dusseldorf and Karlsruhe. After his studies, he became one of the founders of a new wave formed in Munich called Munich Secession. After marriage to lily Kramer and upon settling in Munich, he worked first as a painter, illustrator and book-binder in a sort of artisanal way as he, at that time, was frequenting the bohemian circles and was interested in subjects related to the reform of life-styles He was a founder of modem objective industrial architecture and modern industrial design in Germany and also the founder of the Vereinigten Werkstatfen (United Workshops) in 1887.United Architects of the Philippines — Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development His earliest works in Jugendstil are omament drawings like the delicate sketch of butterfies alighting on lily pads framed by rushes, and in this design his affinity with Japanese art is obvious.” Jugendstil is the tendency to restrict every form to a two-dimensional plane, reducing even the human figure to nothing but an ommament design He taught and became a Director of Dusseldorf Kunstgewerbeschule , a school for artists and artisans. He was also a founding member of a group called Werkbung, a progressive group with ideas of developing German artistic work and later they wanted to raise the esthetical quality of manufactured products in Germany. He achieved as a first German and also European citizen to create first complex corporate identity, by connecting art and industry how we know it today. In 1907, AEG (Allgemeine Elektrizitats-Gesellschatt) retained Behrens as artistic consultant. He designed the entire corporate identity (logotype, product design, publicity, etc.) and for that he is considered the first industrial designer in history. Peter Behrens was never an employee for AEG, but worked in the capacity of artistic consultant. In 1910, Behrens designed the AEG Turbine Factory. From 1907 to 1912, he had students and assistants, and among them were Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, Adolf Meyer, Jean Kramer and Walter Gropius (later to become the first director of the Bauhaus. He said, “Our age has been seized by a haste that leaves no time for absorption in details.” When we race at high speed through the metropolis, we can no longer see the details of buildings. Just as the images of the city seen from an express train passing by at high speed can only have an impact through their sithouettes, individual buildings can no longer speak for themselves. Such a way of seeing has already become a habit for us. He also taught at the Akademie der Bildenden Kiinste in Vienna as he rem ied head of the Department of Architecture at the Prussian Academy of Fine Arts in Berlin. In 1926, Behrens was commissioned by the Englishman Wenman Joseph Bassett-Lowke to design him a family home in Northampton, UK. The house, named ‘New Ways’ is often regarded as the first modernist house in Britain. Behrens became associated with Hitler's urbanistic dreams for Berlin with the commission for the new head quarters of the AEG on Albert Speer's famous planned north-south axis. However, his selection was rejected by the Powerful Alfred Rosenberg, but Speer’s decision was supported by Hitler who admired Behrens's Saint Petersbura Embassy. The vast AEG Complex was, never built as war ensued. Behrens died in 1940 at the Bristoi Hotel in Berlin. 3?United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development + He is attributed as the pioneer in the concept of the creation of corporate i Louis Isadore Kahn bom ttze-Leib Schmuilowsky, (February 20, 1901 or 1902 - March 17, 1974) + He was bom to a poor Jewish Family in an island in Estonia, then part of the Russian Empire. + As a young boy émigré in the US, he would draw using carbonized twigs of trees made into a charcoal, but he is persevering. + Trained in a rigorous Beaux-Arts tradition — a type of leaming with great emphasis on drawing, at the University of Pennsyivania. + After getting his degree in Architecture in 1924, Kahn worked as senior draftsman in the office of City Architect John Molitor. In this capacity, he worked on the design forthe 1926 Sesquicentennial Exposition. + One year after, he toured Europe and upon return to the US in 1929, Kahn worked in the offices of Paul Philiope Cret, his former studio critic at the University of Pennsylvania, and in the offices of Zantzinger, Borie and Medary in PhitadelphiaUnited Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development In 1932, Kahn and Dominique Beminger founded the Architectural Research Group, espousing among others, populist-social agenda and new aesthetics of the European avant-gardes. As he was practicing, he taught at Yale School of Architecture from 1947 to 1957. From 1957 until his death, he was a professor of architecture atthe School of Design at the University of Pennsylvania. Also, he is a Professor of Atchitecture and Planning at MIT and a visiting lecturer at Princeton University until 1967. Kahn's style tends to be monumental and monolithic; his heavy buildings do not hide their weight, their materials, or the way they are assembled and are considered as monumental beyond modemism. Awards 1.) Fellow, American Institute of Architects (1953) 2) Frank P, Brown Medal (1964) 3.) Member, National Institute of Arts and Letters (1964) 4.) Member, of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1968) 5.) AIGA Gold Medal for Design Excellence (1968) His project, Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban (National Assembly Building) in Dhaka, Bangladesh is perhaps the most important masterpiece designed by Louis Kahn. it and considered as one of the twentieth century's greatest architectural monuments, and is without question Kahn's magnum opus. 1974, Kahn died of a heart attack in a men's restroom in Pennsylvania Station_in New York and he went unidentified for three days because he had crossed out the home address on his passport. He had just returned from a work trip to Bangladesh, and despite his long career, he was deeply in debt when he died. His son by his third wife, Nathaniel Kahn, released an Oscar-nominated biographical documentary about his father, titled My Architect: A Son's Joumey. Notable Works : 1,)Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut,(1951-1953 2.) Richards Medical Research Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, (1957-1965 3.) The Salk institute, La Jolla, California, (1959-1968), 4.) First Unitarian Church, Rochester, New York (1959-1969 5.) Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban (National Assembly Building) in Dhaka, Bangladesh (1962-1974) 6.) Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas, (1967-1972 7.) Yale Center for British Art, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, (1969-1974) 8.) Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park, Roosevelt Island, New York, (1972— 1974), unbuiltUnited Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development lan Charles Athfield (born 15 July 1940) He was born in Christchurch, New Zealand and graduated from the University of Auckland in 1963 with a Diploma of Architecture. That same year he joined Structon Group Architects, and he became a partner in 1965. tn 1968 he was a principal partner in setting up Athfield Architects with tan Dickson and Graeme John Boucher (Manson). In 1966 Athfield started work on his first major project, Athfield House, for his family and a studio. Located in Khandaliah, Wellington, this distinctive group of structures stands out amongst neighbouring conventional suburban houses. His early projects were constructed with a broad palette of materials including corrugated iron, plaster, stainless steel and fibre glass as a reaction to much of the bland “Modem” architecture of the period. Athfield built in a deliberately veriacular style using features harking back to colonial buildings - finials, steeply pitched roofs, timber weatherboards, verandahs and double hung windows He is partly influenced by the geometric massing of the Japanese Metabolists. Athfield combined all disparate elements into a highly eclectic and personal style,United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development His works in early 70's are characterized by developing a distinctive and highly personal design approach based on the repetition of small scale elements and complex massing, He is critcized by designing what detractors are saying ‘cartoon houses’ as they were charm and not practicality Athfield believed, however, that “In a house, you should get a surprise every time you turn a corner and look up.” Athfield's practice expanded during the 1980s from mainly residential work to a wider variety of community and commercial buildings that includes best known projects like Telecom Towers, Civic Square and Wellington Library, Jade Stadium in Christchurch and work on the design of the Bangkok rapid transport system. (Waitakere library and UNITEC ‘Auckland, New Zealand élCenter for Career Development pines - Center for Career United Architects of the Philippines United Architects of the PI Development ‘Adam Art Gallery ‘Aslington Flats, Center, Aucdand, Wellington, New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand Richard Buckminster Fuller (uly 12, 1895 ~ July 1, 1983) + He was born Richard Buckminster “Bucky” Fuller was an American engineer, systems theorist, author, designer, inventor, futurist and member of Mensa Intemational, the high IQ society. + Fuller published more than 30 books, inventing and popularizing terms such as "Spaceship Earth", ephemeralization, and synergetics. He also developed ‘numerous inventions, mainly architectural designs, the best known of which is the Geodesic dome. + The carbon molecules known as fullerenes were later named by scientists for their resemblance to geodesic spheres invented by Fuller. Fuller attended Milton Academy in Massachusetts, and after that began studyi ng t Harvard. He was expelled from Harvard twice: first for spending all hisUnited Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development money partying with a vaudeville troupe, and then, after having been readmitted, for his “irresponsibility and lack of interest.” It was to be many years before he received a Sc.D. from Bates College in Lewiston, Maine. Fuller taught at Black Mountain College in North Carolina during the summers of 1948 and 1949, serving as its Summer Institute director in 1949, and with the support of a group of professors and students, he began reinventing a project that would make him famous: the geodesic dome. Although the geodesic dome had been created some 30 years earlier by Dr.Walther Baversfeld, Fuller was awarded United States patents. He is credited for popularizing this type of structure. One of his early models was first constructed in 1945 at Bennington College in Vermont, where he frequently lectured. During 1949, he erected his first geodesic dome building that could sustain its own weight with no practical limits. It was 4.3 meters (14 ft) in diameter and constructed of aluminum aircraft tubing and a vinyl-plastic skin, in the form of an icosahedron. Fuller taught at Washington University in St. Louis and at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. Beginning as an assistant professor, he gained full professorship during 1968, in the School of Art and Design. In the 1930s, Fuller designed and built prototypes of what he hoped would be a safer, aerodynamic car, which he called the Dymaxion - said to be a syllabic abbreviation of dynamic maximum tension, or possibly of dynamic ‘maximum ion. The Montreal losphere, 1967. Geodesle Domes, Eden Project Space Frames Sketches oeUnited Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career (US Pavilion, Nontreal Expo 67 Proposed Triton JOHN C. PORTMAN, JR. Bom December 4, 1924 * Born on December 4, 1924 in Walhalla, South Carolina + He is an American’ architect and real estate developer widely known for popularizing hotels and office buildings with multi-storied interior atriums. + ‘Agraduate of the Georgia institute of Technology in 1950. + Portman is a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects + Important Works Hyatt Regency O'Hare, Rosemont, 1969 BlueCross BlueShield Building, Chattanooga, 1971 Embarcadero Center, San FranciscoUnited Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development ‘One Embarcadero Center (formerly the Security Pacific 1973 Tower), 1971 Two Embarcadero Center, 1974 Three Embarcadero Center (formerly the Levi Strauss Building), 1977 Four Embarcadero Center, 1982 Hyatt Regency San Francisco (also known as Five Embarcadero Center), Embarcadero West, 1989 Le Méridien San Francisco (formerly the Park Hyatt San Francisco), 1988 ‘The Mall at Peachtree Center, Atlanta, 1973 The Tower (formerly the Block 82 Tower, Bank One Tower, Team Bank, Texas American Bank, and Fort Worth National Bank Building), Fort Worth, 1960-1974 Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel, Atlanta, 1976 Westin Bonaventure Hotel, Los Angeles, 1974-1976 Renaissance Center, Detroit Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center, 1973-1977 Renaissance Center Tower 100, 1973-1977 Renaissance Center Tower 200, 1973-1977 Renaissance Center Tower 300, 1973-1977 Renaissance Center Tower 400, 1973-1977 Renaissance Center Tower 500, 1979-1981 Renaissance Center Tower 600, 1979-1981 The Regent Singapore (formerly the Pavilion InterContinental Hote), Singapore, 1982 Peachtree Center Athletic Club, Atlanta, 1985 Atlanta Marriott Marquis, 1985 Marina Square, Singapore Marina Square Shopping Centre, 1985 Mandarin Oriental Singapore, 1985 Marina Mandarin Singapore, 1985 Pan Pacific Singapore Hotel, 1986 Cottage 428, Sea Island, 1985 New York Marriott Marquis, New York City, 1982-1985 Northpark Town Center, Sandy Springs Northpark 400, 1986 Northpark 500, 1989 Northpark 600, 1998, JW Marriott San Francisco Union Square (formerly the Pan Pacific San Francisco and Portman Hotel), 1987 ‘American Cancer Society Center (formerly the Inforum Technology Center), Atlanta, 1989 Riverwood 100 (formerly the Bamett Bank Building), Vinings, 1989 ‘Shanghai Centre, Shanghai, China, 1990 Shanghai Centre West Apartment (also known as the Exhibition Centre North Apartment 1) ‘Shanghai Centre Apartments 2 (also known as the Shanghai East Apartment) The Portman Ritz-Carlton, Shanghai (formerly the Shanghai Centre Main Tower and Shangri-La Hotel) ‘SunTrust Plaza (formerly One Peachtree Center), Atlanta, 1992 Cap Square (short for Capital Square), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Menara Multi Purpose (also known as the Capital Square Tower 1), 1994United Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development Capital Square Condominiums, 2007 Bank of Communications, Shanghai, China, 2000 Shi Liu Pu Building (also known’ as the Bank of Telecommunications), Shanghai, China, 2000 Bund Center, Shanghai, China, 2002 Bund Center (also known as the Shanghai Golden Beach Tower) ‘The Westin Bund Center, Shanghai Westin Residences Westin Warsaw Hotel, Warsaw, Poland, 2001-2003 The Westin Charlotte, Charlotte, 2003 Tomorrow Square (contains the JW Marriott Hotel Shanghai at Tomorrow Square), Shanghai, China, 1997-2003, Taj Wellington Mews Luxury Residences, Mumbai, India, 2004 ‘Schaumburg Hotel & Convention Center, Schaumburg, 2006 ICON, San Diego, 2004-2007 Beijing Yintai Centre (also known as the Silvertie Cente, Beijing, China, 2002-2007 Beijing Yintai Centre Tower 4 Beijing Yintai Centre Tower 2 Beijing Yintai Centre Tower 3 Hilton San Diego Bayfront (also known as the Hilton San Diego Convention Center Hotel and Campbell Shipyard Hilton), San Diego, 2006-2008 R. Howard Dobbs University Center, Emory University, 1986 George W. Woodruff Physical Education Center, Emory University, 1983 Awards /Honors: 1.) 1978 Medal for Innovations in Hotel Design - National American Institute of Architects 2.) 1980 Silver Medal Award for Innovative Design - Atlanta Chapter, American Institute of Architects, 3.) 1984 Urban Land Institute Award for Excellence - for Embarcadero Center 4.) On May 16, 2011, the Atianta City Council voted to rename Harris Street in Downtown Atlanta as John Portman Boulevard. gS gSUnited Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development Rennaisance Center ‘San Francisco, California, USA Detroit, lincis, USA ay Park at, Hyderabad, Ingia Charles Alexander Jencks (Bom 21 June 1939) He first received his BA in English Literature at Harvard University in 1961, later gaining an MA in architecture from the Graduate School of 1965. Design in He took his studies even further and received his PhD in Architectural History from University College, London in 1970.United Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development Jencks who was bom in Baltimore, Maryland, USA is an American architectural theorist, landscape architect and designer. He pioneered in the new concept of landscape garden design known as Cosmic Garden - a garden based on natural and scientific processes whose goal is to celebrate nature, but incorporating elements from the modem sciences into the design into contemporary setting. This is realized with the project, Garden ofCosmic Speculation built in 1988 dedicated to his late wife, Maggie Keswick. Jencks is synonymous with his writings of Postmodernism in architecture as he published his thought on Post-modemism in the Language of Post- Modern Architecture. He said that, “Post modern architecture focuses on forms derived from the mind, body, and nature.” His latest book the /eanic Building examines the trend setting and celebrity culture. Jencks discusses why buildings are being designed this way. Critical Modernism - Where is Post Modernism going? is the latest book by Charles Jencks where argues that Post modernism is another critical reaction to Modernism that comes from within Modernism itself. He has appeared on television programmes in the USA and UK and written two feature films for the BBC (on Le Corbusier and on Frank Lloyd Wright and Michael Graves) Notable Works 1.) Symbolic Fumiture, exhibition Aram Designs London 1985. 2.) Garagia Rotunda, Truro, MA 1976-77. 3.) The Elemental House (with Buzz Yudell), Los Angeles. 4.) The Thematic House (with Terry Farrell), London, 1979-84. 5.) Landform in Edinburgh for The Scottish Gallery of Modem Art. 6.) Matt Ridley, Center for Life, Newcastle, May 2000. 7.) Designs for Black Hole Landscape, IUCAA, Pune, India, 2002. 68United Architects of the Philippines ~ Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development Dividing Cats, care Center, 2005, Rall Garden and bridges of Scottish Worthves, Portrack, 2003-2006United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development United Architects of the Philippines - Center for Career Development . Ss ‘Moundette, Garden and Laneform Ueda, Gallery of Maggie Cancer Care Center, Scotland Sculpture, Maggie Contre, ‘Modern Art, Edinburgh, Exterior views Glasgow, Scotland 2002-2003 ‘Scotland, 1998-2002 ‘Maggi Cancer Care Center, Scotland Interior views Prepared By : Archt. Ted Villamor G. Inocencio, FUAP