Thermodyamics Notes by Negi Sir

BASIC
THERMODYNAMICS
by
NEGI SIR
MECHANICAL HEAD (Unacademy Brands)
MANAGING DIRECTOR ENGINEERS HUB
GATE AIR -1 (XE) 2019 & 2020

BNPM AIR -1
M.Tech IIT – B (Topper)
CLASS NOTES & PROBLEMS
CALLING : 95054 74766

WHATSAPP : 82922 44719
Revision – 0 (08/11/2021)
CHAPTER-1
BASIC CONCEPTS
by
NEGI SIR
GATE AIR -1 (XE) 2019 & 2020

BNPM AIR -1
CALLING : 95054 74766

WHATSAPP : 82922 44719
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1 BASIC CONCEPTS
1.1 System, Property, Internally Reversible Process
1. If x and y are two independent intensive 5. Which of the following thermodynamic
properties of a thermodynamic system, then properties is NOT an intensive property of a
which relation among the following fails to thermodynamic system:
identify z as another thermodynamic property? A. Pressure B. Temperature
A. dz = xdy + ydx C. Density D. Volume
B. dz = xdy − ydx [GATE-2016-XE]
C. dz = 2dy + dx 6. The measured temperature of a system is 30°C.
dy ydx Its exact absolute temperature in K is
D. dz = −
0 e
x x2
A. 303.00 B. 303.10
[GATE-2020-XE]
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C. 303.15 D. 303.16
2. Which of the following is an intensive
[GATE-2013-XE]
thermodynamic property?
c
7. Two gases separated by an impermeable but
A. Enthalpy B. Internal energy
movable partition are allowed to freely
C. Entropy D. Pressure
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exchange energy. At equilibrium, the two sides
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[GATE-2019-XE]
will have the same
3. Consider the following properties:
A. pressure and temperature
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(P) temperature (Q) specific gravity

B. volume and temperature
(R) chemical potential (S) volume
C. pressure and volume
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The option which lists ALL the intensive

D. volume and energy
properties is
R
[GATE-2013-PH]
A. P B. P and Q
8. The correct expression representing Z to be
C. P, Q and R D. P, Q, R and S
thermodynamic property is
[GATE-2017-CH]
A. Z = Pdv
4. Given dϕ = f(T)dT + (T⁄V)dV and dΨ =
B. Z = vdp
Tdp + (T⁄P 2 )dV, then
C. Z = Pdv + vdp
A. Both ϕ and Ψ are properties
D. Z = Pdv − vdp
B. Neither ϕ and Ψ is a property
[GATE-2012-XE]
C. ϕ is a property but Ψ is not a property
9. Identify the group containing the appropriate
D. Ψ is a property but ϕ is not a property
match of items in List-I and List-II.
[GATE-2017-XE]
List-I
K-A jet engine in flight
- 1 -
Thermodynamics Referral Code: NEGI10
L-Water being heated in a sealed container B. remains unchanged

M-Internal energy C. double
N-Specific entropy D. depend on the nature of the intensive
List-II property
P-Closed system [GATE-2007-XE]
Q-Control volume 13. An isolated thermodynamic system executes a
R-Intensive property process. Choose the correct statement (s) from
S-Extensive property the following?
A. K-P; L-Q; M-R; N-S A. No heat is transferred
B. K-Q; L-P; M-R; N-S B. No work is done
C. K-Q; L-P; M-S; N-R C. No mass flows across the boundary of the
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D. K-P; L-Q; M-S; N-R system
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[GATE-2011-XE] D. No chemical reaction takes place within the
10. Intensive thermodynamic variables are system
A. independent of the number of moles in the A. A & B B. A, B & C
c
system C. A, B, C, D D. None of these
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B. dependent on the volume of the system [GATE-1999-ME]
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C. dependent on the mass of the system 14. A reversible heat transfer demand:
D. independent of the temperature of the A. The temperature difference causing heat
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system. transfer tends to zero

[GATE-2009-MT] B. The system receiving heat must be at a
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11. Three thermodynamic quantities X, Y and Z constant temperature

satisfy the relation dZ = XdY + YdX. This C. The system transferring out heat must be at
R
implies, a constant temperature

A. quantity Z is a thermodynamic property. D. Both interacting systems must be at constant
B. quantities X & Y are thermodynamic temperatures
properties. [GATE-1993-ME]
C. all three quantities are thermodynamic 15. An insulated rigid vessel contains a mixture of
properties. fuel & air. The mixture is ignited by a minute
D. none of the quantities are thermodynamic spark. The content of the vessel experiences
property. A. Increase in temperature, pressure & energy
[GATE-2008-XE] B. Decrease in temperature, pressure & energy
12. A system is partitioned into two equal parts. An C. Increase in temperature and pressure but no
intensive property of each part will change in energy
A. become half
- 2 -
D. Increase in temperature and pressure but [GATE-1993-ME]

decrease in energy.
1.2 Compressibility Factor, Ideal Gas Equation, van der Walls Equation
1. Superheated steam at 1500 kPa, has a specific 0.0815 kJ / (kgK), The critical pressure and
volume of 2.75 m3 /kmol and compressibility temperature are, respectively,
factor (Z) of 0.95. The temperature of steam is Pcr = 4.059 MPa and Tcr = 374.2 K.
_____°C (round off to the nearest integer) [GATE-2021-XE]
A. 249 B. 198 4. A cylinder of volume 0.1 m3 is filled with 100
C. 522 D. 471 mol of propane (C3 H8 ) at 2 MPa. If propane is
[GATE-2021-ME] assumed to obey the van der Waals equation of
2. A cylinder of volume 1 m3 contains a mixture state, then its temperature is ___________ K
0 e
of CO2 (20% by mol) and O2 (80% by mol) at (1 decimal place).
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100 kPa and 300 K. This cylinder is connected The van der Waals constants for propane are:
to a 1 MPa pressure line carrying N2 at 300 K. a = 939.2 kPa(m3 /kmol)2 and
b = 0.0905 m3 /kmol.
c
The cylinder is filled isothermally till the
pressure of gas mixture inside it becomes 500 The universal gas constant is 8.3145 J/(mol
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kPa, and then the filling is stopped. The amount K).
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of N2 gas that has entered the cylinder is [GATE-2021-XE]

___________ (in mole, 2 decimal places). 5. In a mixture of gases there are 0.1 kmol of
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The universal gas constant is 8.3145 J/(mol K). oxygen (O2 ), 0.1 kmol of nitrogen (N2 ) and 0.8
kmol of methane (CH4 ). If the molar mass of
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[GATE-2021-XE]
3. For the Refrigerant R-134 (at 1 MPa and 50°C), O2 , N2 and CH4 are 32 kg/kmol, 28 kg/kmol
R
the difference between the specific volume and 16 kg/kmol, respectively, then the mass
computed by assuming it to be an ideal gas and fraction of N2 in the gas mixture is
its actual specific volume is : videal − vactual = A. 0.100 B. 0.170
4.529 × 10−3 m3 /kg. If the compressibility C. 0.148 D. 0.680
factor associated with the state is Z = 0.84, then [GATE-2020-XE]
vcom − vactual = ___________× 10−3 m3 /kg 6. A 4 − m3 reservoir contains 10 kg of a real gas
(3 decimal places). at 200 K. If this gas follows the van der Waal’s
Here vcom is the specific volume calculated equation of state with a = 0.0687 m6 . kPa/
using the compressibility factor. kg 2 , b = 0.00657 m3 /kg and R = 0.187 kJ/
For Refrigerant R-134 (at 1 MPa and 50°C): kg. K, then the reservoir pressure (in kPa) is
The characteristic gas constant: A. 93.5 B. 94.6
C. 95.7 D. 101.3
- 3 -
[GATE-2020-XE] [GATE-2018-XE]
7. Let Z1 represents the compressibility factor of 11. The value of the compressibility factor at the
air at 2 bar and 600 K, and Z2 represents the critical point evaluated using the van der Waals
compressibility factor of air at 1 bar and 300 K. equation of state is
If air is assumed to be an ideal gas having gas 2 5
A. B.
constant of 0.287 kJ/kg. K, then Z1 /Z2 is 7 8
3 1
_______. C. D.
8 7
[GATE-2020-XE]
[GATE-2018-XE]
8. A gas obeys the van der Waals equation of state
12. A 1 m3 rigid vessel contains air at 200 kPa. A
a
(P + v2 ) (v − b) = RT, where a and b are van
vacuum pump is connected to the vessel in
der Waals constants. The compressibility factor
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order to control the pressure inside. The
Pv
[Z = RT] in the limit of high specific volume volume flow rate of air through the pump is
(b ≪ v) is
1 a
A. 1 + v (b − RT)
1 a
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c 1 a
B. 1 + v (b + RT)
1 a
maintained at a constant value of 0.1 m3 /s. If
the pump operates for 10 seconds and the
temperature of the air is maintained constant
C. 1 − v (b + RT) D. 1 − v (b − RT) during operation, the pressure in the tank in kPa
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[GATE-2019-XE] after 10 seconds (up to 2 decimal places)

9. Methane has compressibility factor value of 0.9 is_______.
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at reduced pressure of 1.0 and reduced [GATE-2017-XE]

temperature of 1.5. For propane, the critical 13. Air contains by volume 79% N2 (molecular
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temperature and pressure are 369.8 K and weight = 28 kg/kmol) and 21% O2 (molecular
̅ = 8.314 kJ/
42.48 bar, respectively. Take R weight = 32 kg/kmol). A stream of air flows at
R
kmol. K. Applying the principle of 32°C, 1 bar, at a rate of 2 m3 /s and is mixed

corresponding states, the molar volume of with another stream of O2 flowing at 0.4 kg/s.
propane (in m3 /kmol) at the same reduced The molecular weight of the mixture (up to 2
pressure and temperature is decimal places) is __________.
A. 0.355 B. 0.526 [GATE-2017-XE]
C. 0.791 D. 0.977 14. The van der Waals equation of state is given as,
a
[GATE-2018-XE] ̅T, where P in bar, v in
(P + v̅2 ) (v̅ − b) = R
10. An ideal gas has a molar mass of 40 kg/kmol.
m3 /kmol and T is in K. For air, the constants,
̅ = 8.314 kJ/kmol-K. At a pressure of 2
Take R 2
m3
bar and a temperature of 300 K, the volume (in a and b, are 1.368 bar. (kmol) and
m3 ) of 1 kg of this gas (up to 2 decimal places) 0.0367 m3 /kmol, respectively. Air is

is _______. contained in a system at 160 K and 0.08 m3 /
- 4 -
kmol. If P1 is the pressure calculated using 18. An ideal gas mixture of oxygen (molecular
ideal gas equation of state and P2 is pressure weight = 32 kg/kmol) and carbon dioxide
calculated using van der Waals equation of (molecular weight = 44 kg/kmol) has a mass
state, then P1 /P2 is equal to composition of 40% and 60% respectively. If
A. 1.78 B. 1.52 the total pressure is 200 kPa, the partial
C. 1.28 D. 1.0 pressure of oxygen (in kPa) is ______
15. The volume and temperature of air (assumed to 19. Temperature of nitrogen in a vessel of volume
be an ideal gas) in a closed vessel is 2.87 m3 2 m3 is 288 K. A U – tube manometer
and 300 K, respectively. The gauge pressure connected by the vessel shows a reading of 70
indicated by a manometer fitted to the wall of cm of mercury (level higher in the end open to
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the vessel is 0.5 bar. If the gas constant of air is atmosphere). The universal gas constant is
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R = 287 J/kg-K and the atmospheric pressure is 8314 J/kmol-K, atmospheric pressure is
1 bar, the mass of air (in kg) in the vessel is 1.01325 bar, acceleration due to gravity is 9.81
A. 1.67 B. 3.33 m/s2 and density of mercury is 13600 kg/m3.
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C. 5.00 D. 6.66 The mass of nitrogen (in kg) in the vessel is
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[GATE-2017-ME] ___________
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16. A rigid vessel of volume 10 m3 is filled with [GATE-2015-ME]

hydrogen at 25°C and 500 kPa. Due to leakage, 20. A mixture of ideal gases has the following
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some gas has escaped from the vessel until the composition by mass
pressure in the vessel drops down to 200 kPa,
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and the corresponding temperature of the gas N2 O2 CO2

inside the vessel is found to be 15°C. The
R
60% 30% 10%

amount of gas leaked (in kg) from the vessel is
________ If the universal gas constant is 8314 J/kmol-K,
[GATE-2016-XE] the characteristic gas constant of the mixture (in
17. Water vapour can be treated as an ideal gas, J/kg-K) is ______
A. for all temperature and pressure [GATE-2015-ME]
B. for sufficiently low pressure, regardless of 21. The Van-der Waals equation of state is
a
its temperature (P + ) (v − b) = RT, where P is pressure,
v2
C. for very high pressure only v is specific volume, T is temperature and R is
D. for sufficiently low temperature, regardless characteristic gas constant. The SI unit of a is
of its pressure A. J/kg-K B. m3/kg
[GATE-2016-XE] C. m5/kg-s2 D. Pa/kg
- 5 -
[GATE-2015-ME] [GATE-2014-XE]
22. In a closed system, the isentropic expansion of 25. The van der Waals constants a and b for CO2
an ideal gas with constant specific heats is are 3.64 L2 bar mol−2 and 0.04 L mol−1,
represented by respectively. The value of R is
0.083 bar dm3 mol−1 K −1. If one mole of CO2
is confined to a volume of 0.15 L at 300 K, then
the pressure (in bar) exerted by the gas, is
______
[GATE-2014-CY]
26. For a pure substance the critical isotherm on the
P − v plane exhibits
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[GATE-2014-CH] A. a maximum B. a minimum
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23. The molecular weight of a mixture is 38.4 C. a point of inflection D. a discontinuity
g/mol. The mixture is composed of methane [GATE-2013-XE]
and carbon-dioxide gases. The atomic weights 27. In the van der Waals equation of state given
c
of the elements C, H, and O are 12, 1, and 16 below:
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gm/mol, respectively. The mole fraction of a
(P + v2 ) (v − b) = RT
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methane (Xmethane ) is ________ and that of

The constant a represents the effect of
carbon-dioxide (Xcarbon−dioxide )is ________
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A. attractive forces between molecules

A. Xmethane = 0.2; Xcarbon−dioxide = 0.8
B. repulsive forces between molecules
B. Xmethane = 0.8; Xcarbon−dioxide = 0.2
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C. deviation from molecules being spherical

C. Xmethane = 0.3; X carbon−dioxide = 0.7
D. finite size of the molecule
D. Xmethane = 0.7; Xcarbon−dioxide = 0.3
R
[GATE-2013-XE]
[GATE-2014-XE]
28. An equation of state is explicit in pressure p and
24. For a gas obeying the equation of state given by
cubic in the specific volume v. At the critical
a
(P + v2 ) v = RT, the values of the critical point C, the isotherm passing through C
specific volume and the critical temperature are satisfies
0.004 m3 /kg and 100°C, respectively. If the ∂P ∂2 P
A. ∂v < 0, ∂v2 = 0
value of the gas constant is 250 J/ (kg. K), then ∂P ∂2 P
4 B. ∂v > 0, ∂v2 < 0
the value of the constant ‘a’ is ______(N. m /
∂P ∂2 P
kg 2 ). Note that the critical point is the point of C. ∂v = 0, ∂v2 > 0
inflection on the critical isotherm. ∂P ∂2 P
D. ∂v = 0, ∂v2 = 0
A. 124.3 B. 0.75
[GATE-2013-CH].
C. 186.58 D. 248.67
- 6 -
29. Consider three identical tanks A, B and C, 33. Parameters a and b in the van der Waals and
shown below. What is the pressure p in tank C? other cubic equations of state represent
A. a-molecular weight, b-molecular polarity
B. a-molecular size, b-molecular attraction
C. a-molecular size, b-molecular speed
A. 1 bar B. 1.5 bar D. a-molecular attraction, b-molecular size
C. 2 bar D. 2.5 bar [GATE-2007-CH]
[GATE-2011-XE] 34. The molar density of water vapour at the
30. One kilomole of hydrogen (M = 2 kg/kmol) normal boiling point of water is 33 mol/m3 .
is mixed with certain number of kilomoles of The compressibility factor under these
argon (M = 40 kg/kmol) such that the mass conditions is close to which one of the
0 e
fraction of argon in the resultant mixture is 0.8. following? (R = 8.314 J/mol − K)
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The number of kilomoles of argon in the A. 0.75 B. 1
mixture is C. 1.25 D. 1.5
[GATE-2006-CH]
c
A. 0.05 B. 0.10
C. 0.15 D. 0.20 35. In van der Waals equation of state, what are the
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[GATE-2011-XE] criteria applied at the critical point to determine
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31. 1 kg of methane is enclosed in a cylinder having the parameters a and b?

∂P ∂2 P
volume 6.4 litres and is maintained at a A. (∂V) = 0; (∂V2 ) = 0
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T T
temperature of 13°C and pressure of
∂V ∂2 V
B. (∂P) = 0; (∂P2 ) = 0
18.56 MPa. If molecular weight of methane is T T
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∂P ∂2 P
16 kg/kmol (for methane, critical pressure= C. (∂V) = 0; (∂T2 ) = 0
V V
4.64 MPa, critical temperature is 191.1 K,
R
∂V ∂2 V
D. (∂T) = 0; (∂T2 ) = 0
universal gas constant is 8.314 kJ/kmol − K), P P
compressibility factor, Z is [GATE-2005-CH]

A. 0.375 B. 0.8 36. Nitrogen at an initial state of 10 bar, 1 m3, and
C. 1.25 D. 2.66 300 K is expanded isothermally to a final
[GATE-2010-XE] volume of 2 m3. The P-v-T relation is
32. The ideal gas law is valid for a
(P + )v = RT, where a > 0. The final
v2
A. inert gases
pressure
B. gases at high pressure and high temperature
A. will be slightly less than 5 bar
C. gases at low pressure and low temperature
B. will be slightly more than 5 bar
D. gases at low pressure and high temperature
C. will be exactly 5 bar
[GATE-2009-XE]
- 7 -
D. cannot be ascertained in the absence of the ∂2 P ∂P

A. ( ) =( ) =0
∂V2 T ∂V T
value of a.
∂2 P ∂P
[GATE-2005-ME] B. (∂V2 ) > 0; (∂V) = 0
T T
37. Which of the following conditions are satisfied ∂2 P ∂P
C. (∂V2 ) < 0; (∂V) = 0
T T
at the critical point by the P-V-T relation of a
∂2 P ∂P
real fluid? D. (∂V2 ) > 0; (∂V) > 0
T T
[GATE-2002-CH]
1.3 Various Processes & Temperature Measurement

1. A new temperature scale (°N) has been off to two decimal places), assuming ideal gas
proposed where the normal freezing and ̅=8.314 J/mol.K)
behavior, is _____Pa. (R
normal boiling points of water are marked as [GATE-2019-ME]
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500°N and 100°N, respectively. If the 5. In a closed piston-cylinder system, methane
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temperature of a system is measured to be 0°N, was observed to obey the following equation of
its temperature according to the Celsius scale state.
(in °C) is _____. ̅T
p(V − nb) = nR
c
[GATE-2020-XE] where b = 0.029 m3 /mol. The temperature
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2. In a polytropic process described by PV n = C, and volume are 500°C and 5 m3 respectively
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if n = 0, the process is called as for 100 moles of methane. At this state of the
A. Isobaric B. isochoric system, the isobaric rate of change of
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C. Isothermal D. isentropic temperature with volume (in °C/m3) is

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[GATE-2020-XE] ________ (rounded off to second decimal

3. One kg of an ideal gas (molecular weight = X) place).
R
occupies a certain volume V at temperature T [GATE-2018-CH]

and pressure p1 . Four kgs of another ideal gas 6. A certain mass of gas at 0°C is expanded to 81
(molecular weight = 2X) is added to the first times its original volume under adiabatic
gas keeping the volume V and temperature T conditions. If ratio of specific heats of the gas,
same as before. The final pressure is γ = 1.25, the final temperature of the gas is
A. 2 P1 B. 3 P1 A. −235°C B. − 182°C
C. 4 P1 D. 5 P1 C. −91°C D. 0°C
4. If one mole of H2 gas occupies a rigid container 7. Consider a piston-cylinder arrangement
with a capacity of 1000 litres and the containing a gas. This system is heated by
temperature is raised from 27°C to 37°C, the placing it on the top of a burner. The system
change in pressure of the contained gas (round undergoes
- 8 -
A. a constant volume process 11. An ideal gas undergoes expansion according to

B. a constant pressure process the process PV 0.5 = constant. The temperature
C. an adiabatic process of the gas during the expansion process
D. an isothermal process A. does not change
[GATE-2012-XE] B. increases
8. The thermometric property x, of a thermometer C. decreases
varies with temperature t, according to the D. changes depending on the initial condition
relation t = ax 2 + b, where t is in °C, x is in cm, [GATE-2009-XE]
and a & b are constants. At ice point (0°C) and 12. Experimental data obtained from a constant-
steam point (100°C), the values of x are 5 cm volume-gas-thermometer is shown in the figure
and 20 cm, respectively. When this below. The value of l in ℃ is
0 e
thermometer is brought in contact with a heated
I1 od
body, the value of x is recorded as 15 cm. The
temperature of the heated body in °C is
A. 83.3 B. 73.3
c
C. 63.3 D. 53.3
EG l
[GATE-2011-XE]
N ra
9. A new linear temperature scale, denoted by °S,

has been developed, where the freezing point of
er
water is 200°S and the boiling point is 400°S. A. 273.15 B. 1.0
On this scale, 500°S corresponds in degree C. – 100 D. −273.15

ef
Celsius to [GATE-2008-XE]
A. 100°C B. 125°C 13. The polytropic index n of an isochoric process

R
C. 150°C D. 300°C is equal to

A. zero B. one
[GATE-2010-CH]
C. minus one D. infinity
10. Air (γ = 1.4) is compressed ideally from an
[GATE-2007-XE]
initial state of 1 bar, 300 K to a final
14. Consider an ideal gas in a frictionless piston
temperature of 600 K. The value of the final
cylinder assembly. The weightless piston is
pressure in bar is
initially loaded with a large number of small
A. 2 B. 3.7
weights. How would you carry out a reversible
C. 7.2 D. 11.3
isothermal expansion process? Assume that a
[GATE-2009-XE]
large number of very small weights, and an
arrangement for reversible heat transfer are
available.
- 9 -
A. without adding or removing weights on the 18. On a p − V diagram of an ideal gas, suppose a
piston, transfer heat to the system reversible adiabatic line intersects a reversible
B. without adding or removing weights on the isothermal line at point A. Then at point A, the
piston, transfer heat from the system ∂P
slope of the reversible adiabatic line (∂V) and
S
C. adding weights on the piston, transfer heat
∂P
the slope of the reversible isothermal line (∂V)
to the system. T
D. removing weights from the piston, transfer are related as

heat to the system. ∂P ∂P
A. (∂V) = (∂V)
S T
[GATE-2007-XE] γ
∂P ∂P
B. (∂V) = [(∂V) ]
15. For the isentropic expansion of an ideal gas S T
from the initial conditions P1 , T1 to the final ∂P ∂P

C. (∂V) = γ (∂V)
0 e
S T
conditions P2 , T2 , which one of the following ∂P 1 ∂P
D. (∂V) = γ (∂V)
I1 od
cP
relations is valid? (γ = c ) S T
v
Cp
γ Where γ = C
P1 T2 γ P1 T γ−1 v
A. (P ) = (T ) B. (P ) = (T1 )
c
2 1 2 2
γ−1 [GATE-2000-CH]
P1 T1 P1 T1 γ
C. ( ) = ( ) D. ( ) = ( )
EG l
P2 T2 P2 T2 19. The definition of 1 K as per the internationally
N ra
accepted temperature scale is

[GATE-2006-CH]
A. 1/100th the difference between normal
16. 1 m3 of an ideal gas at 500 K and 1000 kPa
er
boiling point and normal freezing point of

expands reversibly to 5 times its initial volume
water
ef
in an insulated container. If the specific heat

B. 1/273.15th the normal freezing point of
capacity (at constant pressure) of the gas is 21
water
R
J/mol-K, the final temperature will be

C. 100 times the difference between the triple
A. 35 K B. 174 K
of water and the normal freezing point of
C. 274 K D. 154 K
water
[GATE-2002-CH] D. 1/273.16th of the triple point of water
17. Air enters an adiabatic compressor at 300 K. [GATE-1994-ME]
The exit temperature for a compression ratio of
cp 7
3, assuming air to be an ideal gas (γ = c = 5)
v
and the process to be reversible, is

2 3
A. 300 (37 ) B. 300 (35 )
3 5
C. 300 (37 ) D. 300 (37 )
[GATE-2001-CH]
- 10 -
1. BASIC CONCEPTS - ANSWER KEYS
1. B 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. C 7. A 8. C 9. C 10. A
11. C 12. B 13. B 14. A 15. C
1.2 Compressibility Factor, Ideal Gas Equation, van der Waals Equation
0 e
1. A
22. D
33. D
5. C
23. A
34. B
6. B
I1 od
24. C
35. A
c 8. A
26. C
36. B
9. D
27. A
37. A
11. C
28. C
14. A
29. D
15. C
30. D
17. B
31. B
21. C
32. D
EG l
N ra
2. 159.00 to 162.00 3. 0.300 to 0.330 4. 320.0 to 323.0 7. 1 to 1 10. 0.30 to 0.32

12. 73.5 to 73.8 13. 29.0 to 30.0 16. 2.30 to 2.40 18. 92 to 100 19. 4.4 to 4.6
er
20. 274 to 276 25. 60 to 66

ef
2. A 3. B 6. B 7. B 8. D 9.C 10. D 11. B 12. D 13. D

R
14. D 15. B 16. B 17. A 18. C 19. D
1. 125 to 125 4. 82.14 to 84.14 5. 367 to 369

1. Answer: B ∂M ∂N
| = | (For Exactness).
∂y x ∂x y
Thermodynamic property is an exact
1) dz = xdy + ydx
differential hence it must satisfy test of
dz = ydx + xdy
exactness.
↓ ↓
dz = Mdx + Ndy
M N
- 11 -
∂M
| =1 ∂T ∂(T/P 2 )
∂y x =
∂V ∂P
∂N T(−2) −2T
| =1 ⇒0= ⇒ 3 = 0 → Not possible
∂x y P3 P
2) dz = xdy − ydx ∴ Both ϕ & Ψ are not properties.
dz = −ydx + xdy 5. Answer: D
↓ ↓ Volume is an extensive property.
M N 6. Answer: C
∂M
| = −1 TK = T°C + 273.15
∂y x
TK = 30 + 273.15
∂N
| =1 TK = 303.15 K
∂x y
7. Answer: A
0 e
⇒ xdy − ydx is not exact.
I1 od
2. Answer: D
Pressure is an intensive property while
Enthalpy, Internal Energy & Entropy are
c
extensive properties.
EG l
3. Answer: C
N ra
Temperature, specific gravity and chemical

potential are the intensive properties.
At mechanical equilibrium we should have
er
Volume is an extensive property.

pressure equality & at thermal equilibrium we
4. Answer: B
ef
should have temperature equality.

Given
8. Answer: C
dϕ = f(T)dT + (T/V) dV → (1)
R
dz = Pdv + vdp
dΨ = Tdp + (T/P 2 ) dV → (2)
dz = Mdx + Ndy
Comparing (1) with the equation
∂M ∂N
dz = Mdx + Ndy | = |
∂y x ∂x y
⇒ z = ϕ; M = f(T) N = (T/V) ∂p
| =1
x=T y=V ∂p v
For ′ϕ′ to be a property, ∂v
| =1
T ∂v P
∂(f(T)) ∂ (V)
= 9. Answer: C
∂V ∂T
1 A) Jet engine in flight
⇒ 0 = → practically not possible
V
So ϕ is not a property.
Similarly, for Ψ to be a property,
- 12 -
If ‘B’ is an intensive property, then it is

independent of extent of the system.
B) Water heated in sealed container
13. Answer: B
Isolated system is the system in which neither
mass nor energy interactions can take place.
In Isolated system energy transfer can’t take
place but energy transformation can take place.
C) Internal Energy Extensive Property
Hence in Isolated system chemical reaction can
0 e
D) Specific Entropy Intensive Property take place within the system.
I1 od
10. Answer: A 14. Answer: A
Intensive thermodynamic variables are Heat transfer through negligible temperature
independent of the extent (size) of the system. difference is an externally reversible process.
c
15. Answer: C
⇒ Independent of No. of moles of the
EG l
In Isolated system energy transfer can’t take
N ra
11. Answer: C
place but energy transformation can take place.
Given dZ= XdY + YdX
In this case chemical energy converts into
er
Z is satisfying test of exactness

Internal Energy, leading to increase in
Hence X, Y & Z are exact differentials or
temperature & pressure.
ef
thermodynamic properties.
Energy of minute spark is neglected.
12. Answer: B
R
1.2 Compressibility Factor, Ideal Gas Equation, Van der Waals Equation
1. Answer: A ∴ T = 249.264°C
P = 1500 kPa 2. Answer: 159.00 to 162.00
v̅ = 2.75 m3 /kmol
Z = 0.95
We have
̅T
PV = n. ZR
V
̅T
⇒ P ( ) = Z. R
n
P. v̅ 1500(2.75)
⇒T= =
̅
ZR (0.95)(8.314) V = 1 m3 ;
⇒ T = 522.26 K = 249.264°C P1 = 100 kPa;
- 13 -
T1 = 300 K; 4000
y=
̅
XCO2 = 0.2; 8.314 × 3
y = 160.37 moles
̅ O = 0.8;
X 2
3. Answer: 0.300 to 0.330
PCO2 = 20 kPa; vcom
Z= ⇒ vcom = Z videal
PO2 = 80 kPa; videal
Let 100x be the total no. of moles in the ⇒ vcom − vactual
cylinder, then = Z videal − vactual + videal − videal
nCO2 = 20x = (Zvideal − videal ) + (videal − vact )
nO2 = 80x RT
= (Z − 1) + (videal − vact )
P
y moles of N2 is supplied to the cylinder. 0.0815×323
= (0.84 − 1) + (4.529 × 10−3 )
1000
0 e
= (−0.16)(0.0815)(323) + (4.529 × 10−3 )
I1 od
c = 0.317 × 10−3 m3 /kg
4. Answer: 320.0 to 323.0
a
̅T
(P + 2 ) (v̅ − b) = R
v̅
a
EG l
(P + v̅2 ) (v̅ − b)
N ra
T=
̅
R
P2 = 500 kPa
V 0.1
T2 = 300 K v̅ = = = 10−3 m3 /mol
er
n 100
̅T
PCO2 V = nCO2 R = 1 m3 /kmol
ef
̅T
20 × 103 × 1 = (20x)R (2000 + 939.2)(1 − 0.0905)
T=
1000 8.3145
x= → (1)
̅T
R
R T = 321.5 K
̅T
PV = nR 5. Answer: C
P∝n
P2 n2
=
P1 n1
500 100x + y
=
100 100x
y = 400x → (2)
Substituting eq (1) in eq (2)
400 × 1000
y= m
̅T
R n= ⇒ m = nM
400 × 1000 M
y=
8.314 × 300 mo2 , mn2 , mCH4
- 14 -
m N2 v RT a
Mass Fraction of N2 = Z= [ − 2]
mO2 +mN2 +mCH4
RT (v − b) v
nN 2 M N 2 v a
= Z= −
nO2 MO2 + nN2 MN2 + nCH4 MCH4 (v − b) vRT
0.1 × 28 1 a
= Z= −
0.1 × 32 + 0.1 × 28 + 0.8 × 16 1−v
b vRT
28
= b −1 a
3.2 + 2.8 + 12.8 Z = (1 − ) −
= 0.148 v vRT
(1 − x)−1 = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ⋯
6. Answer: B
a 0 0
(P + 2 ) (v − b) = RT 2 3
v b b b a
a Z = 1 + ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯−
(P + 2 ) (v − b) = RT v v v vRT
0 e
v
4
I1 od
v= = 0.4 m3 /kg b a
10 Z= 1+ −
v vRT
RT a
P= − 2 1 a
v−b v Z = 1 + (b − )
c
v RT
0.0187 × 200 0.0687
P= − 9. Answer: D
0.4 − 0.00657 (0.4)2
EG l
Given
N ra
P = 94.6 kPa
Zmethane = 0.9
7. Answer: 1 to 1
PR = 1 ⇒ P = Pc
er
pV/nT
Z=
̅
R TR = 1.5 ⇒ T = 1.5Tc
̅ = 8.314 kJ/kmol. K
ef
Since the substance is ideal gas in both the R

cases, Z1 = Z2 = 1 For propane
R
Z1 Tc = 369.8 K
⇒ =1
Z2
Pc = 42.48 bar
8. Answer: A
According to principle of corresponding states,
PV/nT Pv
Z= = various gases will have same compressibility
̅
R RT
(b ≪ v factor at same reduced pressure & same
b2 b3 reduced temperature.
, v3 can be neglected)
v2 Pv̅
a Z=
(P + 2 ) (v − b) = RT ̅T
R
v ̅T ̅Tr Tc
ZR ZR
RT a v̅ = =
P= − 2 P Pr Pc
v−b v
0.9 × 80314 × 1.5 × 369.8
Pv v̅ =
Z= 1 × 4248
RT
v̅ = 0.977 m3 /kmol
- 15 -
10. Answer: 0.30 to 0.32 T = constant, P2 =?

Given According to Conservation of mass
M = 40 kg/kmol; dm
ṁi − ṁo = |
dt cv
̅ = 8.314 kJ/kmol − K;
R
dm
P = 2 bar = 200 kPa; | = −ṁ0
dt cv
T = 300 K; d PV PQ
( )=−
PV = mRT dt RT RT
V dP PQ
8.314 =−
⇒ (200)V = 1 × ( ) × 300 RT dt RT
40
dP Q
8.314 × 3 = − dt
⇒V= = 0.311 m3 P V
40 × 2 On integrating both sides
11. Answer: C
0 e
P2 t ′
dP Q
PV/nT pv ∫ = ∫ − dt
P V
I1 od
Z= = P1 0
̅
R RT
P2 Q
and since ‘Z’ is asked at critical point, ln ( ) = − t ′
P1 V
Pc Vc P2
c
Q ′
Zc = = e− V t
R. Tc P1
Q ′
Van der Waals Equation is
EG l
P2 = P1 e−Vt
N ra
a RT a 0.1
(P + ) (v − b) = RT ⇒ P = − P2 = 200 e− 1 ×10
v2 v − b v2
∂2 p
200
er
∂ P2 =
At critical point, ∂vP = 0 & ∂v2 = 0 e
vc 8Pc vc P2 = 73.575 kPa
a = 3Pc vc2 ; b = &R=
ef
3 3Tc 13. Answer: 29.0 to 30.0

a
Pc vc (27b2 ) (3b) 3 Given MN2 = 28 kg/kmol
R
∴ Zc = = =
RTc 8a
R (27Rb) 8 MO2 = 32 kg/kmol
The rate of free stream of air = 2 m3 /s
12. Answer: 73.5 to 73.8
Volume % of N2 = 79;
volume % of O2 = 21
∴ Volume flow rate of N2 = (0.79) × 2
= 1.58 m3 /s
Volume flow rate of O2 = (0.21) × 2
= 0.42 m3 /s
The volume flow rate of fresh stream of O2
ṁRT
V = 1 m3, P1 = 200 kPa ⇒ V̇ =
p
Q = 0.1 m3 /s, t = 10 seconds
- 16 -
((0.4) × (
8.314
) × 305) R = 287 kJ/kg-K;
32
⇒ V̇ = Patm,L = 1 bar;
103
⇒ V̇ = 0.3169 m3 /s m =?
∴ In the final mixture,

1.58
Volume % of N2 =
1.58+0.42+0.3169
= 68.2%
(0.42+0.3169)
Volume % of O2 =
(1.58+0.42+0.3169)
According to Ideal Gas equation
= 31.80%
PV = mRT
∴ Molecular weight of mixture
PV
100 m=
0 e
= 68.2 31.8
RT
( 28 ) + ( 32 ) ∵ Pabs = Pg + Patm,L
= 29.16 kg/kmol
14. Answer: A I1 od
Ideal gas equation is given by
c ∴m=
m=
(Pg + Patm,L )V
RT
(0.5 + 1) × 105 × 2.87
= 5.00 kg
̅T
P1 V = nR 287 × 300
EG l
N ra
̅T 16. Answer: 2.30 to 2.40

P1 v̅ = R
̅T
R 8.314 × 160
P1 = ⇒ P1 =
er
v̅ 0.08
P1 = 16628 kPa → (1)
ef
Van der Waals equation of states given by

a
(P2 + 2 ) (v̅ − b) = R̅T
v̅
R
a ̅T
R
(P2 + 2 ) =
v̅ v̅ − b
̅T
R a
⇒ P2 = − 2 V1 = V = 10 m3 , T1 = 25°C = 298 K
v̅ − b v̅
8.314 × 160 136.8 P1 = 500 kPa, T2 = 15°C = 288 K
P2 = −
0.08 − 0.0367 (0.08)2 P2 = 200 kPa, V2 = V = 10 m3
P2 = 9346.47 kPa → (2) mL = m1 − m2
P1 P1 V1 P2 V2
= 1.78 mL = −
P2 RT1 RT2
P1 P2
15. Answer: C mL = V. R [ − ]
T1 T2
V = 2.87 m3 ; 10 × 2 500 200
mL = [ − ]
T = 300 K; 8.314 298 288
Pg = 0.5 bar; mL = 2.365 kg
- 17 -
17. Answer: B
Water vapour can be treated as ideal gas at
sufficiently low pressures, regardless of its
temperature.
18. Answer: 92 to 100
Given
MO2 = 32 kg/kmol; MCO2 = 44 kg/kmol
xO2 = 0.4; xCO2 = 0.6
Let mass of mixture = 100x
MO2 = 0.4 × 100x = 40x
MCO2 = 0.6 × 100x = 60x
0 e
40x 5x
nO2 = = Since for N2 in given conditions
I1 od
32 4
60x 15x TR > 2.0, we can treat N2 to behave as an Ideal
nCO2 = =
44 11 gas.
c
PO2 = x̅O2 × p According to Ideal Gas equation
5x/4 PV = mRT
EG l
PO2 = × 200
5x/4 + 15x/11
N ra
PV
m=
PO2 = 95.65 kPa RT
∵ P = Patm,L + ρHg gh
er
19. Answer: 4.4 to 4.6

Given Data (Patm,L + ρHg gh)V
∴m=
RT
ef
V = 2 m3 ,
(Patm,L + ρHg gh)V
T = 288 K, =
̅/MN ) T
(R
R
2
h = 70 cm = 0.7 m,
(1.01325 × 105 + 13600 × 9.81 × 0.7)2
R = 8314 J/kmol − K, = 8314
× 288
Patm,L = 1.01325 bar, 25
= 4.55 kg
g = 9.81 m/s2 ,
20. Answer: 274 to 276
ρHg = 13600 kg/m3 ,
Percentage by mass
m =?
N2 O2 CO2
60% 30% 10%
R
R mix =
Mmix
100
Mmix = % of G1 % of G2 % of G3
+ +
M1 M2 M3
- 18 -
100 RvC TC
Mmix = 60 = 30.233 kg/kmol a=
30 10
+ 32 + 44 2
28
250 × 0.004 × 373
8314 a=
R mix = 30.233 = 274.99 J/kg-K 2
N − m4
21. Answer: C a = 186.5
kg 2
[a] = [M −1 L5 T −2 ]
25. Answer: 60 to 66
5 2
MKS unit of a = m /kg − s a = 3.64 L2 bar mol−2
22. Answer: D b = 0.04 L mol−1
For isentropic expansion, ̅ = 0.083 bar dm3 mol−1 k −1
R
γ
PV = constant n = 1 mole
Taking log on both sides V 0.15
V = 0.15 L; T = 300 k; v̅ = = L/mol
ln P + γ ln V = 0 n 1
0 e
a
ln P
(P + ̅T
) (v̅ − b) = R
I1 od
= −γ = negative constant
ln V v̅ 2
̅T
R a
∴ slope of ln P vs ln V is negative constant ⇒P= − 2
v̅ − b v̅
c
23. Answer A 0.083 × 300 3.64
⇒P= −
MCH4 = 16 gm/mol 0.15 − 0.04 (0.15)2
EG l
⇒ P = 64.58 bar
N ra
MCO2 = 44 gm/mol
Mmix = x̅CH4 MCH4 + x̅CO2 MCO2 26. Answer: C
er
Critical isotherm passes through a point of

⇒ 38.4 = x̅CH4 (16) + x̅CO2 (44) → (1)
inflection at the critical point.
We have x̅CH4 + x̅CO2 = 1 → (2)
ef
Solving (1) and (2)

⇒ x̅CH4 = 0.2 and x̅CO2 = 0.8
R
24. Answer: C
∂P
| =0
∂v CP
a
(P + 2 ) v = RT
v
RT a
P= − 2
v v
At critical point,
∂P ∂ RT a
= [ − 2] ∂P ∂2 P
∂v ∂ v v | = 2| =0
∂P RT 2a ∂v T=c ∂v T=c
=− 2 + 3
∂v v v
27. Answer: A
∂P
| =0 a
∂v CP In (P + v2 ) (v − b) = RT
−RTC 2a
+ 3=0
vC2 vC
- 19 -
The term a accounts for intermolecular forces 18.56 × 103 × 6.4 × 10−3
Z= 8.314
= 0.8
of attraction between molecules. 1×( ) × 286
16
28. Answer: D 32. Answer: D
Critical isotherm passes through a point of For Ideal Gas Pr → 0
inflection at the critical point. z=1
Tr ≥ 2
33. Answer: D
Van der Waals equation of state is given by
a
(P + 2 ) (v − b) = RT
v
a → accounts for intermolecular forces of
0 e
attraction between molecules
b → accounts for volume of gas molecules.
∂p
I1 od
c
∂2 p
So at critical point, ∂v| = 0 and ∂v2 | = 0
T T
34. Answer: B
Z=
v̅real gas
v̅ideal gas
=
1
̅
ρ
̅T
R
P
29. Answer: C
EG l
Tboiling = 100°C = 373K;
N ra
Dalton’s law of partial pressure

̅ = 8.314 J/mol − K
R
P = PN2 + PO2
P = 1 atm = 101.325 kPa
er
P= 1+1
1
P = 2 bar 33
∴Z= = 0.990 ≈ 1
ef
8.314×373
30. Answer: D (101.325×103 )
nH2 = 1 kilo mole ∴ Z = 1.0
R
nAr = x kilo moles 35. Answer: A

MH2 = 2 kg/k. mol Critical isotherm passes through a point of
MAr = 40 kg/k. mol inflection at the critical point.
⇒ mH2 = nH2 MH2 = 2 kg ∂p ∂2 p
∴ | = 2| = 0
∂v T ∂v T
⇒ mAr = nAr MAr = 40x
40x 36. Answer: B
Given xAr = 0.8 ⇒ 2+40x = 0.8
P1 = 10 bar,
⇒ 40x = 32x + 1.6 ⇒ 8x = 1.6
V2 = 2 m3 ,
⇒ x = 0.2
V1 = 1 m3 ,
∴ No of kilo moles of Argon = 0.2
T1 = 300 K,
31. Answer: B
P2 =?
PV/nT PV
Z= =
̅
R nR̅T
- 20 -
a P1 am2
(P + ) v = RT P2 = +
v2 2 4
a
(P + 2 ) v = RT P2 > 5 bar
v
a 37. Answer: A
(P1 + 2 ) v1 = RT1 → (1)
v Critical isotherm passes through a point of
a
(P2 + 2 ) v2 = RT2 → (2) inflection at the critical point.
v
From eq (1) & eq (2)
a a
(P1 + 2 ) v1 = (P2 + 2 ) v2
v1 v2
am2 V1 am2 V2
(P1 + ) ( ) = (P2 + )( )
V12 m V22 m
0 e
P1 V12 V12
P2 = + am2 [ 2 − 2 ]
2 2V1 V2
P2 =
P1
2
1 1
+ am2 [ − ]
2 4 I1 od
c ∂p ∂2 p
So at critical point, ∂v| = 0 and ∂v2 | = 0
T T

EG l
N ra
1. Answer: 125 to 125

T°N − I°N T°C − T°C
=
B°N − I°N B°C − I°C
er
T°N − 500 T°C − 0

=
100 − 500 100 − 0
ef
T°N − 500 T°C

=
−400 100
R
T°C = −0.25(T°N − 500)

= −0.25(0 − 500) = 125°C
2. Answer: A
at k = 0 PV k = const 3. Answer: B
⇒ PV 0 = const
⇒ P = const
m1 = 1 kg; m2 = 4 kg
M1 = X; M2 = 2X
V1 = V; V2 = V
T1 = T; T2 = T
- 21 -
Pm = P1 + P2 dT 773 773
⇒ | = =
PV = MRT dV p (5 − 100(0.029)) 5 − 2.9
̅
R = 368.09 K/m3
PV = m ( ) T
M dT
∴ | = 368.09 K/m3
mR̅T dV p
P=
MV 6. Answer: B
̅T1 R
m1 R ̅T1 TV γ−1 = const
P1 = =
M1 V1 XV γ−1 γ−1
T2 V2 = T1 V1
̅ T2
m2 R ̅T
4R
Similarly P2 = = V1 γ−1
M 2 V2 2XV
T2 = ( ) × T1
̅T
2R V2
P2 =
XV 1 1.25−1
T2 = ( ) × 273
0 e
P2 = 2P1 81
⇒ Final pressure = P2 + P1 1
I1 od
T2 = × 273
3
= 2P1 + P1 = 3P1
T2 = 91 K
4. Answer: 82.14 to 84.14
c
T2 = 91 − 273 = −182°C
̅T
PV = nR
7. Answer: B
̅T1
P1 V = nR → (1)
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̅T2 → (2)
P2 V = nR
Equation (2) – Equation (1)
er
̅(T2 − T1 )
(P2 − P1 )V = nR
̅(T2 − T1 )
nR
P2 − P1 =
ef
V
1 × 8.314 × 10
P2 − P1 =
R
1
P2 − P1 = 83.14 Pa
5. Answer: (367 to 369)
̅T
Given equation is p(V − nb) = nR
m3
b = 0.029 ; n = 100;
mol
̅ = 8.314 J/(mol-K);
R Applying force balance on the piston
T = 500°C = 773 K; V = 5 m3 Wpiston

Pg = Patm,L +
A
At constant p,
∵ piston weight, area, atmospheric pressure
dT p
̅dT ⇒ | =
P(dV) = nR are constant
dV p nR̅
̅T ⇒ Pg is constant.
dT nR T
⇒ | = =
̅ V − nb
dV P (V − nb)nR 8. Answer: D
- 22 -
T = ax 2 + b → (1) PV 0.5 = const

At T = 0°C x = 5 cm → (2) PV n = const
At T = 100°C x = 20 cm → (3) n = 0.5
Substituting (2), (3) in (1) TV n−1 = const
⇒ 0 = a(5)2 + b TV 0.5−1 = const
⇒ 100 = a(20)2 + b TV −0.5 = const
100 T
⇒a= = 0.266 = const
375 V 0.5
−20 T = const × V 0.5
⇒b= = −6.66
3
So during expansion V increases and as a result
At T = T ′ x = 15 cm
T increases.
⇒ T ′ = a(15)2 + b = 0.266(15)2 − 6.66
0 e
12. Answer: D
′
⇒ T = 53.3°C
I1 od
TK = T°C + 273.15
9. Answer: C
T°C = TK − 273.15
T°C = 0 − 273.15
c
T°C = −273.15
EG l
13. Answer: D
N ra
PV k = Constant
P1/n V = Constant → (1)
er
For Isochoric process

By temperature scales, we have V = constant
ef
x−0 y − 200 P 0 V = Constant → (2)

⇒ =
100 − 0 400 − 200
From eq (1) & eq (2)
R
x 500 − 200 300

⇒ = ⇒x= = 150 1
100 200 2 ⇒ =0
n
∴ 500°S ⇒ 150°C
⇒n=∞
10. Answer: D
1−γ
14. Answer: D
TP γ = const
1−γ 1−γ
γ γ
T1 P1 = T2 P2
γ γ
T1 1−γ T2 γ−1
P2 = ( ) P1 ⇒ P2 = ( ) p1
T2 T1
1.4
600 0.4
P2 = ( ) ×1
300
P2 = 11.3 bar
11. Answer: B
- 23 -
For carrying out an isothermal process, ‘U’

has to be constant.
By FLT, Q − W = ΔU
⇒Q=W
So, by removing some weights from the
piston, due to imbalance of pressure, the heat
energy supplied to the system comes out as
work by the system.
15. Answer: B
For an isentropic expansion, undergone by
perfect gas
0 e
1−γ
TP γ =C Ti = 300 K
I1 od
1−γ 1−γ Po 7
γ γ = 3; γ =
T1 P1 = T2 P2 Pi 5
γ
P1 T1 γ−1 Assuming the compression to be adiabatic and
c
⇒( )=( )
P2 T2 reversible,
1−γ
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16. Answer: B TP γ =C
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Insulated cylinder ⇒ adiabatic process 1−γ 1−γ

γ γ
For Isentropic expansion undergone by perfect Ti Pi = To Po
er
1−γ
gas Pi γ
To = Ti ( )
⇒ TV γ−1 = Constant Po
ef
−2/5 2
γ−1 γ−1
T2 V2 = T1 V1 1 7/5 1 −7
⇒ To = 300 ( ) = (300) ( )
1 γ−1 3 3
R
T2 = 500 (5) 2
⇒ To = 300 (3)7 K
500
T2 = 18. Answer: C
5γ−1
̅
γR
c̅p =
γ−1
γ. (8.314)
⇒ 21 =
γ−1
⇒ γ = 1.655
500
⇒ T2 =
51.655−1
= 174.23 K
For any process, PV k = Constant
17. Answer: A
−kp
Slope on P-V diagram = V
- 24 -
We have PV n = Constant dp γP
⇒ | = −
dV S V
⇒ d(PV k ) = 0
dp dp
Pk V k−1 dV + V k dP = 0 ∴ | = γ. |
dV S dV T
V k dP = −kPV k−1 dV
19. Answer: D
dp −kP
= TK = T°C + 273.15
dV V
Tt = 0.01°C
For Isothermal process,
dp −P TK = 0.01 + 273.15
k=1⇒ | =
dV T V TK = 273.16
For adiabatic process, k= γ
0 e
I1 od
c
EG l
N ra
er
ef
R
- 25 -
CHAPTER-2
WORK INTERACTIONS
by
NEGI SIR
GATE AIR -1 (XE) 2019 & 2020

BNPM AIR -1
CALLING : 95054 74766

WHATSAPP : 82922 44719
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2 WORK INTERACTIONS
2.1 Displacement Work for Process
1. Air is contained in a frictionless piston – relation pV 2 =constant. The compression
cylinder arrangement as shown in the figure. continues till the volume becomes 2000 cm3 .
The magnitude of the corresponding work
transfer (in kJ) (rounded off to 2 decimal
places) is __________.
[GATE-2020-XE]
4. For a reversible isothermal expansion of one
mole of an ideal gas from state 1 to state 2, the
0 e
magnitude of work done is
I1 od
P
̅T ln ( 1 )
A. R B. P2 V2 − P1 V1
P 2
V
̅ ln ( 1 )
C. R D. 0
c
V 2
The atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa and the [GATE-2018-XE]
EG l
initial pressure of air in the cylinder is 105 kPa. 5. A mass m of a perfect gas at pressure P1 and
N ra
2
The area of piston is 300 cm . Heat is now volume V1 undergoes an isothermal process.
added and the piston moves slowly from its The final pressure is P2 and volume is V2. The
er
initial position unit it reaches the stops. The work done on the system is considered positive.
spring constant of the linear spring is 12.5 If R is the gas constant and T is the temperature,
ef
N/mm. Considering the air inside the cylinder then the work done in the process is
as the system, the work interaction is V P
A. P1 V1 ln V2 B. −P1 V1 ln P1
R
1 2
_________J (round off to the nearest integer)
V p
[GATE-2020-ME] C. RT ln V2 D. −mRT ln p2
1 1
2. One kg of air, initially at a temperature of [GATE-2017-ME]

127℃, expands reversibly at a constant 6. In a polytropic compression process, one kg of
pressure until the volume is doubled. If the gas an ideal gas having a molecular weight of 40
constant of air is 287 J/kg. K, the magnitude of kg/kmol is compressed from 100 kPa, 300 K to
work transfer is _____________kJ (round off 400 kPa, 360 K. The magnitude of the work in
to 2 decimal places). kJ for the process is
[GATE-2020-ME] A. 52.3 B. 62.3
3. A particular gas sample is initially maintained C. 72.3 D. 82.3
at 6000 cm3 and 100 kPa. It is compressed [GATE-2017-XE]
during a quasistatic process following the
- 26 -
7. An ideal gas undergoes a reversible process in mentioned below, maximum displacement

which the pressure varies linearly with volume. work is obtained for
The conditions at the start (subscript 1) and at A. n = −1 B. n = 0
the end (subscript 2) of the process with usual C. n = 1 D. n = 1.4
notation are: P1 = 100 kPa, V1 = 0.2 m3 and [GATE-2015-XE]
P2 = 200 kPa, V2 = 0.1 m3 and the gas constant 11. A gas at a pressure of 500 kPa and volume of
R = 0.275 kJ/kgK. The magnitude of the work 0.75 m3 is contained in a cylinder-piston
required for the process (in kJ) is_______ assembly. When the piston moves slowly in the
[GATE-2016-ME] cylinder, the pressure inside the cylinder varies
8. A piston – cylinder device initially contains 0.4 as V −1.2. If the final volume of gas becomes
m3 of air (to be treated as an ideal gas) at doubled, then the work done by the gas, in kJ,
0 e
100 kPa and 80°C. The air is now isothermally is_____________.
I1 od
compressed to 0.1 m3. The work done during [GATE-2014-PI]
this process is _____kJ. 12. A cylinder contains 5 m3 of an ideal gas at a
(Take the sign convention such that work done pressure of 1 bar. This gas is compressed in a
c
on the system is negative) reversible isothermal process till its pressure
EG l
[GATE-2016-ME] increases to 5 bar. The work in kJ required for
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9. An ideal gas is adiabatically and irreversibly this process is

compressed from 3 bar and 300 K to 6 bar in a A. 804.7 B. 953.2
er
closed system. The work required for the C. 981.7 D. 1012.2

irreversible compression is 1.5 times the work [GATE-2013-ME, PI]
ef
that is required for reversible compression from 13. Helium in a piston−cylinder assembly at 20°C
the same initial temperature and pressure to the
R
and 100 kPa is brought to 400 K in a reversible

same final pressure. The molar heat capacity of polytropic process with exponent n = 1.25.
the gas at constant volume is 30 J mol−1 K −1 Assume helium to be an ideal gas. The
(assumed to be independent of temperature): molecular mass of helium is 4.003 kg/kmol.
̅ is 8.314 J mol−1 K −1 ;
universal gas constant, R The specific work in the process is
ratio of molar heat capacities is 1.277. The approximately
temperature (in K, rounded off to the first A. −800 kJ/kg B. −788 kJ/kg
decimal place) of the gas at the final state in the C. 788 kJ/kg D. −888 kJ/kg
irreversible compression case is ______ [GATE-2012-XE]
[GATE-2016-CH] 14. A mono – atomic ideal gas (γ = 1.67, molecular
10. A gas expands following the relation weight = 40) is compressed adiabatically from
pV n =constant, from the initial state P1 , V1 to 0.1 MPa, 300 K to 0.2 MPa. The universal gas
final volume V2 = 2V1 . For the values of ‘n’
- 27 -
constant is 8.314 kJ – kmol-1 K-1. The work of expansion from initial volume Vi to final
compression of the gas (in kJ kg-1) is volume Vf is
V
A. 29.7 B. 19.9 ̅T ln ( f )
A. R V i
C. 13.3 D. 0
V −b
̅T ln ( f )
B. R
[GATE-2010-ME] V −b i
V −b 1 1
15. A frictionless piston – cylinder device contains ̅T ln ( f ) − a ( − )
C. R V −b i V V f i
a gas initially at 0.8 MPa and 0.015 m3. It V −b 1 1
̅T ln ( f ) + a ( − )
D. R
expands quasistatically at constant temperature V −b i V V f i
to a final volume of 0.030 m3. The work output

[GATE-2008-CH]
(in kJ) during this process will be
19. In a constant temperature process 70 moles of
A. 8.32 B. 12.00
an ideal gas at temperature 354 K attains a final
0 e
C. 554.67 D. 8320.00
volume V2 = 1m3 . Work input during this
I1 od
[GATE-2009-ME]
process is 206 kJ. Initial volume V1 of the gas
16. A certain quantity of gas undergoes the
approximately satisfies the following relation
1.3
polytropic process, PV =constant, from an
c
(e is the base of natural logarithm)
initial state of 1.5 MPa and 0.09 m3 to the final
A. V1 = V2 B. V1 = eV2
EG l
pressure of 7.5 MPa. The work done by the gas
C. ln(V2 ⁄V1 ) = 1 D. V1 = ln(V2 )
N ra
in kJ is
[GATE-2008-XE]
A. −217 B. −200
er
20. One mole of monoatomic ideal gas is reversibly

C. 200 D. 217
and isothermally expanded at 1000 K to twice
[GATE-2009-XE]
ef
its original volume. The work done by the gas

17. A gas expands in a frictionless piston – cylinder
in Joules is
arrangement. The expansion process is very
R
A. 2430 B. 2503
slow, and is resisted by an ambient pressure of
C. 5006 D. 5763
100 kPa. During the expansion process, the
pressure of the system (gas) remains constant [GATE-2008-MT]
̅ T. The work
21. A gas obeys P(V − b) = R
at 300 kPa. The change in volume of the gas is
0.01 m3. The maximum amount of work that obtained from reversible isothermal expansion
could be utilized from the above process is of one mole of this gas from an initial molar
A. 0 kJ B. 1 kJ volume Vi to a final molar volume Vf is

V Vf −b
C. 2 kJ D. 3 kJ ̅T ln ( f )
A. R ̅T ln (
B. R )
V i Vi
[GATE-2008-ME] V V −b
̅T ln ( f )
C. R ̅T ln ( f )
D. R
V −b V −b
18. The work done by one mole of a van der Waal’s i i
fluid undergoing reversible isothermal [GATE-2004-CH]
- 28 -
22. One mole of nitrogen at 8 bar and 600 K is A. 30554 B. 10373

contained in a piston-cylinder arrangement. It C. 4988.4 D. 4364.9
is brought to 1 bar isothermally against a
[GATE-2003-CH]
resisting pressure of 1 bar. The work done (in
joule) by the gas is
2.2 Net Displacement Work for Cyclic Processes

1. An engine operates on the reversible cycle as [GATE-2018-XE]
shown in the figure. The work output from the 3. A closed system undergoes a cyclic process.
engine (in kJ/cycle) is ____ (correct to two For the net work done by the system on the
decimal places). surroundings, which of the following
statements is FALSE:
0 e
A. Network is always zero
I1 od
B. Network is ∮ P dV if the process is
reversible
c
C. Network can be negative
D. Network can be positive
EG l
[GATE-2016-XE]
N ra
4. Consider the cycles given below and state

[GATE -2018-ME]
which one of the following statements is true
er
2. A given mass of a simple compressible

substance undergoes a reversible cycle, as
ef
shown in the P-V diagram. The magnitude of

the net work done during the cycle is 3 kJ. The
R
pressure (in bar) at point C (up to 1 decimal

place) is ______
A. In both (a) and (b) net work done is +12

units.
- 29 -
B. In (b) net work done is more since in (a) no A. 200 kJ B. 1200 kJ

work is produced by the constant volume C. 0 kJ D. 1000 kJ
process. [GATE-2007-XE]
C. Magnitudes of net work produced in both 6. A reversible thermodynamic cycle containing
(a) and (b) are 12 units but their signs are only three processes and producing work is to
opposite. be constructed. The constraints are: (i) there
D. Magnitudes of net work produced in both must be one isothermal process, (ii) there must
(a) and (b) are different. be one isentropic process, (iii) the maximum
[GATE-2008-XE] and minimum cycle pressure and the clearance
5. The net work output for the cycle 1-2-3-4-5-6- volume are fixed, and (iv) Polytropic processes
1 shown in figure is are not allowed. Then the number of possible
0 e
cycles are.
I1 od
A. 1 B. 2
C. 3 D. 4
[GATE-2005-ME]
c
EG l
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er
2. WORK INTERACTIONS – ANSWER KEYS

ef

R
4. A 5. B 6. D 10. A 12. A 13. D 14. A 15. A 16. B 17. C

18. D 19. B 20. D 21. D 22. B
1. 543 to 540 2. 114.6 t0 115.0 3. 1.15 to 1.25

7. 14.75 to 15.25 8. −55.6 to − 55.4 9. 371 to 375.0 11. 240 to 250

3. A 4. C 5. C 6. D
1. 62.00 to 63.00 2. 5.7 to 6.1
- 30 -
SOLUTIONS
1. Answer: 544 (543 to 545) 1 kx
W1−3 = P(Ax) + 2 [P + P + ] (Ax)
A
Patm = 100 kPa 1
W1−3 = P(Ax) + P(Ax) + 2 kx 2
P1 = 105 kPa
1
A = 300 cm2 W1−3 = 2PAx + 2 kx 2
1
k = 12.5 N/mm = 12.5 kN/m W1−3 = x (2PA + 2 kx)
W1−3 = 8 × 10−2 [2 × 105 × 300 × 10−4 +

1
× 12.5 × 8 × 10−2 ]
0 e
2
W1−3 = 0.544 kJ
I1 od
c W1−3 = 544 J
2. Answer: 114.8 (114.6 to 115.0)
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Total process (1-3) can be divided into two
N ra
parts isobaric expansion (1-2) & Polytropic

expansion (2-3)
er
Let P2 = P1 = P
ef
R
m = 1 kg
T1 = 127℃ = 400 K
V2 = 2V1
R = 287 J/kg-K
W1−2 = ?
For Isobaric expansion
P3 can be calculated using Force Balance W1−2 = P(V2 − V1 )
P3 A = P2 A + kx W1−2 = P(2V1 − V1 )
kx
P3 = P2 + W1−2 = PV1
A
P3 = P +
kx W1−2 = mRT1
A
W1−2 = 1 × 287 × 400
W1−3 = W1−2 + W2−3
W1−2 = 114800 J
- 31 -
W1−2 = 114.8 kJ Assumption: Work done on the system is

3. Answer: 1.15 to 1.25 Positive
V1 = 6000 cm3 ⇒ 6 × 10−3 m3 For work done on the system is Negative, we
V2 = 2000 cm3 ⇒ 2 × 10−3 m3 need to introduce Negative sign.
P1 = 100 kPa Hence
PV 2 = C = P1 V12 = P2 V22 P1
Wd = −P1 V1 ln ( )
P2
C
P=
V2 6. Answer: D
1−n
Work interaction W = ∫ p dV TP n = const
V2 V2
C 1−n 1−n
⇒W=∫ dV = C ∫ V −2 dV T1 P1 n = T2 P2 n
V1 V2 V1
1−n 1−n
0 e
V2
−2
−1 V2 ln [T1 P1 n ] = ln [T2 P2 n ]
W = C ∫ V dV = C. [ ]
V V1
I1 od
V1
1−n 1−n
1 1 ln T1 + ( ) ln p1 = ln T2 + ( ) ln P2
⇒ W = −C [ − ] n n
V2 V1
1−n P2 T1
c
1 1 ( ) ln ( ) = ln ( )
W = −P1 V12 [ − ] n P1 T2
V2 V1
1 T
1 − n ln (T2 )
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1
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= −100 × 36 × 10−6 [ = ⇒ n = 1.15

2 × 10−3 n P
ln ( 2 ) P1
1
− ] P1 V1 − P2 V2
er
6 × 10−3 Wd1−2 =
n−1
10 2
⇒ W = −100 × 36 × 10−6 × [ ] ̅(T1 − T2 )
nR
ef
2 3 Wd1−2 =
n−1
⇒ W = −1.2 kJ
(n − 1) is polytropic index
R
⇒Magnitude of work transfer = 1.2 kJ

8.314
1×( ) × (300 − 360)
4. Answer: A 40
Wd1−2 =
1.15 − 1
Work done in Isothermal expansion
⇒ Magnitude of the work for the process
V P
̅T ln ( 2 ) = nR
= nR ̅Tln ( 1 ) = 83.14 kJ
V1 P2
For one mole of ideal gas n = 1 7. Answer: 14.75 to 15.25
P
̅T ln ( 1 )
∴W=R
P2
5. Answer: B
V2 P1
Wd = Cln ( ) = Cln ( )
V1 P2
̅T
Where C can P1 V1 /P2 V2 /mRT/nR
- 32 -
|W 10. Answer: A
d | = Area under the curve projected on
1−2
volume axis.
1
= 2 (200 + 100)(0.1) kJ
= 15 kJ
8. Answer: −𝟓𝟓. 𝟔 𝐭𝐨 − 𝟓𝟓. 𝟒
V1 = 0.4 m3 V2 = 0.1 m3
P1 = 100 kPa
T1 = 80°C
V2
Wd = P1 V1 ln ( )
V1 Maximum area under the curve is when
0 e
0.1 n = −1
Wd = 100 × 103 × 0.4 ln ( )
0.4
I1 od
PV −1 = constant
Wd = −55.451 kJ
P = constant × V
9. Answer: 371.0 to 375.0
P∝V
c
Given
11. Answer: 240 to 250
P1 = 3 bar = 300 kPa; P2 = 6 bar
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P1 = 500 kPa
= 600 kPa
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V1 = 0.75 m3
T1 = 300 K, T2 =?
P ∝ V −1.2 ⇒ P = CV −1.2
er
Process is adiabatic
PV1.2 = C = P1 V11.2 = P2 V21.2
γ = 1.277; c̅v = 30 J/mol. K ;
Work done by the gas
ef
̅ = 8.314 J/mol. K
R
V2 V2 V2
1−γ γ 1−γ γ
C 1
P1 . T1 = P2 . T2 = ∫ pdV = ∫ 1.2
dv = C ∫ 1.2
dV
V V1 V
R
V1 V1
For reversible compression V
1.2
V −0.2 2
1−γ 1−1.277
= 500(0.75) [ ]
P1 γ 300 1.277 −0.2 V
⇒ T2 = T1 ( ) ⇒ T2 = 300 ( ) 1
P2 600
⇒ T2 = 348.67 K 500(0.75)1.2 1 1
= [ 0.2 − ]
For irreversible compression −0.2 1.5 0.750.2
T2 = 242.717 kJ
Wirreversible = 1.5 × c̅v × ( )
T1 rev 12. Answer: A
= 1.5 × 30 × (48.67) J/mol For Internally Reversible Isothermal process
⇒ Wirreversible = 2190.15 J/mol undergone by closed system,
⇒ 30 × (T2 |Actual − T1 ) = 2190.15 P1

Wd = P1 V1 ln ( )
P2
⇒ T2 |actual = 373 K 1
Wd = 105 × 5 ln ( )
5
- 33 -
Wd = −804.7189 kJ 15. Answer: A

Minus sign represents work required by the P1 = 0.8 MPa,
system. V1 = 0.015 m3 ,
13. Answer: D V2 = 0.030 m3 ,
P1 V1 − P2 V2 V2
W= Wd = P1 V1 ln ( )
n−1 V1
mR(T1 − T2 ) 0.030
⇒W= Wd = 0.8 × 106 × 0.015 ln ( )
n−1 0.015
W R(T1 − T2 ) Wd = 1.2 × 104 ln 2 = 8.317 kJ
⇒ =
m n−1
16. Answer: B
W (T1 − T2 ) ̅
R
⇒ = ×( ) PV1.3 = constant
m (n − 1) M
n = 1.3
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8.314(293 − 400)
= P1 V1 − P2 V2
4.003 × 0.25
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Wd1−2 =
n−1
= −888 kJ/kg
P2 V21.3 = p1 V11.3
14. Answer: A
1
c
γ = 1.67, P1 L/1.3 1.5 1.3
V2 = ( ) V1 = ( ) . (0.09)
P2 7.5
M = 40,
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V2 = 0.0261m3
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P1 = 0.1 MPa,
1500 × 0.09 − 7500 × 0.0261
T1 = 300 K, Wd1−2 =
0.3
er
P2 = 0.2 MPa, Wd1−2 = −200 kJ

̅ = 8.314 kJ/kmol-K
R 17. Answer: C
ef
Wd =?
1−γ 1−γ
γ γ
R
T1 P1 = T2 P2
1−γ
P1 γ
T2 = T1 ( )
P2
1−1.67
0.1 1.67
T2 = 300 ( )
0.2
T2 = 396.181 K
mR(T1 − T2 )
Wd =
γ−1
Work done by the system = P(V2 − V1 )
̅/M)(T1 − T2 )
Wd (R
= Work done against ambient pressure =
m γ−1
(8.314/40)(300 − 396.181) Patm,L (V2 − V1 )
=
1.67 − 1 Maximum amount of work that can be utilized
= −29.837 kJ/kg = (P − Patm,L )(V2 − V1 )
- 34 -
= (300 − 100) × 103 (.01) V2 V1

⇒ = e−1 ⇒ V2 = ⇒ V1 = eV2
= 2 kJ V1 e
20. Answer: D
18. Answer: D
For van der Waals fluid n = 1; γ = 1.667 (Monoatomic)
a T = constant = 1000 K
̅T
(P + 2 ) (v̅ − b) = R
v̅ V2 = 2V1
V
Where v̅ = n ̅T. ln ( 2 )
Work done by the gas = W = nR
V
V 1
For 1 mole, v̅ = V
⇒ W = 1 × 8.314 × 103 × ln 2
a
̅T
(P + 2 ) (V − b) = R ⇒ W = 5762.8 Joule
V
̅T
R a ⇒ W ≅ 5763 Joule
P= − 2
V−b V 21. Answer: D
0 e
f
Displacement work Wd = ∫i pdV ̅T
P(V − b) = R
Wd = ∫ (
i
̅T
Rf
V−b V
a
− 2 ) dV
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̅T[ln(V − b)]VVf − a [
Wd = R
c
−1 Vf
]
where V in molar specific volume
Process is isothermal, (T = Constant)
⇒P=
̅T
R
i V Vi V−b
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V ̅T
V R
V −b 1 1 ∴ Work obtained = ∫V f pdv = ∫V f V−b dv
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̅T ln ( f
Wd = R )+a[ − ] i i
Vi − b Vf Vi V
̅T[ln(V −
=R b)]Vfi
19. Answer: B
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Vf − b
n = 70 V2 = 1 m3 ̅T ln (
⇒W=R )
Vi − b
T1 = 354 K W = −206 kJ
ef
22. Answer: B
If ′V1 ′ is initial volume,
Work done in Isothermal Process,
R
For Isothermal Process P

V2
̅T ln ( 1 )
Wd = nR
̅T ln ( )
Work Displacement Wd = nR P2
V 1
−3
8
⇒ −206 = 70 × 10 × (8.314) × 354 × Wd = 1 × 8.314 × 600 ln ( )
1
V
ln (V2 ) Wd = 10373 J
2
V2
⇒ ln ( ) = −1
V1

1. Answer: 62.00 to 63.00
- 35 -
ΣW < 0 → If cycle is power consuming cycle

And ΣW = ∮ PdV
So, the net work (ΣW) need not be zero always.
4. Answer: C
Since Network done is given by area of the
cycle in the P-V diagram,
We get
Net work done in (a)
|ΣW| = Area Enclosed by the cycle 1
= 2 × 8 × 3 = 12 units
1
= 2 × (650 − 400)(2.5 − 2) kJ
Net work done in (b)
= 62.50 kJ 1
= 2 × 6 × 4 = 12 units.
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2. Answer: 5.7 to 6.1
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But since (b) is in Anti-clock sense, net work
done is Negative.
So, Magnitudes of net work is same in (a) and
c
(b) but of opposite signs.
5. Answer: C
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Net work output of the cycle

0 0 0
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W1−2 + W2−3 + W3−4 + W4−5 + W5−6 + W6−1

⇒
(V =WC)
net (V = C) (V = C)
ef
= W2−3 + W4−5 + W6−1

= P2 (V3 − V2 ) + P4 (V5 − V4 ) + P6 (V1 − V6 )
Area of ΔABC = 3 kJ
R
= 300(4 − 2) + 400(3 − 4) + 200(2 − 3)

Area of ΔABD − Area of ΔCBD = 3 kJ
= 600 − 400 − 200 = 0 kJ
1 1
× BD × AD − × BD × CD = 3
2 2 ∴ Net work output of the cycle = 0 kJ
1 6. Answer: D
BD(AD − CD) = 3
2 Power producing cycles are clockwise on
1
× 0.015 × (10 − Pc ) × 102 = 3 P-V diagram.
2
⇒ 0.75 × (10 − Pc ) = 3
Pc = 6 bar
3. Answer: A
For a closed system undergoing a cyclic
process
ΣW > 0 → If cycle is power producing cycle
- 36 -
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c
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ef
R
- 37 -
CHAPTER-3
FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
by
NEGI SIR
GATE AIR -1 (XE) 2019 & 2020

BNPM AIR -1
CALLING : 95054 74766

WHATSAPP : 82922 44719
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3 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
1. Consider one mole of an ideal gas in a closed (in kJ) associated with the process (rounded off
system. It undergoes a change in state from L to 1 decimal place) is ________.
to N through two different non-isothermal [GATE-2020-XE]
processes, as shown in the P-V diagram (where 3. The statement which is NOT a consequence of
P is the pressure and V is the molar volume of the first law of thermodynamics is
the gas). A. Heat is a path function
Process I is carried out in a single step, namely B. Energy is a property of a system
LN, whereas process II is carried out in two C. Energy of an isolated system is not
steps, namely LM and MN. All the steps are conserved
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reversible. D. A perpetual motion machine of the first
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kind is not possible
[GATE-2018-XE]
4. The first law of thermodynamics is also
c
known as conservation of
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A. mass B. momentum
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C. energy D. species
[GATE-2018-AE]
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5. Which of the following statements are TRUE

respect to heat and work?
ef
The net heat flowing into the system for

process I is QI and that for process II is QII . (i) They are boundary phenomena
R
The value of QI − QII (in J) is (ii) They are exact differentials
A. 250 B. 500 (iii) They are path functions.
C. 1000 D. 1500 A. both (i) and (ii)
[GATE-2020-CH] B. both (i) and (iii)

C. both (ii) and (iii)
2. A closed system containing 8 kg of gas
D. only (iii)
undergoes an expansion process following the
[GATE-2016-ME]
relation PV1.2 = constant. The initial and final
6. The first law of thermodynamics can be stated
pressures are 1 MPa and 5 kPa, respectively,
as
3
while the initial volume is 1 m . If the specific
A. dE = δQ − δW
internal energy of the gas decreases by
B. dQ = dE − δW
40 kJ/kg during the process, the heat transfer
C. δW = dQ + dE
- 38 -
D. dW = δQ − δE system). Neglect changes in kinetic and

[GATE-2016-MT] potential energies. Which one of the following
7. The internal energy of an ideal gas follows the correct?
equation U = 3.5 PV + k, where k is a constant. A. Q is path-independent and W is path-
The gas expands from an initial volume of dependent
0.25 m3 to a final volume of 0.86 m3 . If the B. Q is path-dependent and W is path-
initial pressure is 5 Nm−2, the change in independent
internal energy (in Joules) is (given PV1.3 = C. (Q − W) is path-independent
Constant) ________ D. (Q + W) is path-independent
[GATE-2015-CY] [GATE-2013-CH]
8. A system undergoes a change from state 1 to 11. Heat and work are
0 e
state 2. During this process, the change in the A. intensive properties
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internal energy is ΔU. The change in internal B. extensive properties
energy of the system when executing the cycle C. point functions
1-2-1 is equal to D. path functions
c
A. ΔU B. 2ΔU [GATE-2011-ME]
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C. Zero D. −2ΔU 12. The contents of a well-insulated tank are heated
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[GATE-2014-XE] by a resistor of 23 Ω in which 10 A current is

9. A gas in a closed system is compressed flowing. Consider the tank along with its
er
reversibly from an initial volume of contents as a thermodynamic system. The work

0.2 m3 to 0.1 m3 at a constant pressure of 3 done by the system and the heat transfer to the
ef
bar. During this process, there was a heat system are positive. The rates of heat (Q), work
(W) and change in internal energy (∆U) during
R
transfer of 50 kJ from the gas. The change in

internal energy of the gas during this process in the process kW are
kJ is A. Q = 0, W = − 2.3, ∆U = + 2.3
A. 20 B. – 80 B. Q = + 2.3, W = 0, ∆U = + 2.3
C. 80 D. – 20 C. Q = − 2.3, W = 0, ∆U = −2.3
[GATE-2014-XE] D. Q = 0, W = + 2.3, ∆U = − 2.3
10. The thermodynamic state of a closed system [GATE-2011-ME]
containing a pure fluid changes from (T1 , P1 ) to Common Data for Q-13 & Q-14:
5
(T2 , P2 ), where T and p denotes the temperature ̅
An ideal gas with molar heat capacity c̅P = 2 R
and pressure, respectively. Let Q denote the (where, R=8.314 J/mol-K) is compressed
heat absorbed (> 0 if absorbed by the system) adiabatically from 1 bar and 300 K to pressure
and W the work done (> 0 if done by the P2 in closed system. The final temperature after
- 39 -
compression is 600 K and the mechanical X: Intensive property

efficiency of compression is 50%. Y: Extensive property
13. The final pressure P2 (in bar) is A. P, 1, X B. P, 2, X
3 5
C. Q, 1, X D. Q, 2, Y
A. 24 B. 24
3 5 [GATE-2010-XE]
C. 22 D. 22
16. For the two paths as shown in the figure, one
[GATE-2010-CH] reversible and one irreversible, to change the
14. The work required for compression (in kJ/mol) state of the system from a to b.
is
A. 3.74 B. 6.24
C. 7.48 D. 12.48
0 e
[GATE-2010-CH]
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15. Match the items in Group I for their
correctness with the corresponding appropriate
c
terms given in Groups II and III.
Group I
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A. ΔU, Q, W are same
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P: Pressure Q: Heat
B. ΔU is same
Group II
C. Q, W are same
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1: Path dependent quantity

D. ΔU, Q are different
2: Path independent quantity
ef
Group III [GATE-2007-CH]

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17. Match items from groups I, II, II, IV and V

Group II Group III Group IV Group V
Group I
When added to the system, is Differential Function Phenomenon
E – Heat G – Positive I – Exact K – Path M – Transient
F – Work H – Negative J – Inexact L – Point N – Boundary
A. F-G-J-K-M B. E-G-I-K-M
E-G-I-K-N F-H-I-K-N
C. F-H-J-L-N D. E-G-J-K-N
E-H-I-L-M F-H-J-K-M
[GATE-2006-ME]
- 40 -
18. A gas contained in a cylinder is compressed, the changes in internal energy of the gas during the
work required for compression being 5000 kJ. process is
During the process, heat interaction of 2000 kJ A. – 7000 kJ B. − 3000 kJ
causes the surroundings to be heated. The C. + 3000 kJ D. + 7000 kJ
[GATE-2004-ME]
3. FIRST LAW OF HERMODYNAMICS

ANSWER KEYS
0 e
1. B 3. C 4. C 5. B 6. A 8. C 9. D 10. C 11. D
I1 od
12. A 13. D 14. C 15. B 16. B 17. D 18. C
c 2. 2610 to 2614 7. −1.38 to − 1.33
SOLUTIONS
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1. Answer: B Wd1−2 = 2932.4 kJ
N ra
QI = WI + ΔUI → (a) ΔU1−2 = −40 kJ/kg

QII = WII + ΔUII → (b) ΔU1−2 = −40 × 8 =
er
Eq. (a) – Eq. (b) −320 kJ

⇒ QI − QII = WI − WII [∵ ΔUI = ΔUI ] Q1−2 = Wd1−2 + ΔU1−2
ef
1 Q1−2 = 2932.4 − 320

= 1 × [ × (200 − 100)(0.03 − 0.02)]
2
R
Q1−2 = 2612.4 kJ
= 0.5 kJ
3. Answer: C
= 500 J
According to the 1st law of thermodynamics,
2. Answer: 2610 to 2614
Q − W = ΔU
PV1.2 = const
for Isolated system Q = 0; W = 0
P1 V11.2 = P2 V21.2
⇒ Ufinal = Uinitial
P1 1/1.2 So, energy of an isolated system is conserved.
V2 = ( ) V1
P2
So option (C) is wrong.
V2 = 82.7 m3
4. Answer: C
P1 V1 − P2 V2
Wd1−2 = 1st law of Thermodynamics is also known as
n−1
1000 × 1 − 5 × 82.7 law of conservation of energy.
Wd1−2 =
0.2 Ėin + Ėgen = Ėout
- 41 -
5. Answer: B 10. Answer: C

Heat & Work has following characteristics Initial state of system → T1 , P1
1. Both are Path Functions. Final state of system → T2 , P2
2. Both are Energy in Transit. By 1st law of thermodynamics
3. Both are Boundary Phenomenon. Q − W = ΔU
4. Both are Inexact Differential. and since Internal energy is a point function,
6. Answer: A (Q − W) is also a point function
First law of thermodynamics is given by ⇒ (Q − W) is path independent.
δQ − δW = dE 11. Answer: D
⇒ dE = δQ − δW Both Heat Interaction & Work Interaction are
path functions.
7. Answer: −𝟏. 𝟑𝟖 𝐭𝐨 − 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑
0 e
12. Answer: A
Change in internal Energy = U2 − U1 = ΔU
= 3.5 (
P1 V11.3 . V2
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= 3.5 P2 V2 + k − (3.5 P1 V1 + K)
= 3.5 (P2 V2 − P1 V1 )
c
− P1 V1 )
V21.3
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(since P1 V11.3 = P2 V21.3 )
N ra
V10.3
(P )(V )
⇒ ΔU = 3.5 1 1 ( 0.3 − 1)
V2 Q̇ = 0
er
WE = −I 2 Rt
0.25 0.3
⇒ ΔU = (3.5)(5)(0.25) (( ) − 1) WE
0.86
ef
= −I 2 R
t
= −1.355 J
ẆE = −102 × 23
R
∴ ΔU = −1.355 J ẆE = −2.3 kW

8. Answer: C Q̇ = Ẇ E + ΔU̇
If the system executes a cycle, (Initial state is
O = −2.3 + ΔU̇
same as final state),
ΔU̇ = 2.3 kW
⇒ ΔU = 0
Short Cut: Electric Work is done on the
Since U is a point function.
system hence heat interaction must be zero &
9. Answer: D
work Interaction must be negative.
Applying First Law of Thermodynamics
13. Answer: D
Q = W + ΔU ̅ ̅) 5
5R γ − (R γ 5
2 (0.1 c̅p = ;⇒ = R̅⇒ =
−50 = 3 × 10 − 0.2) + ΔU 2 γ−1 2 γ−1 2
−50 = −30 + ΔU γ−1 2
⇒ =
ΔU = −20 kJ γ 5
- 42 -
1 2 = 7.48 kJ/mol
⇒1− =
γ 5 15. Answer: B
5
⇒γ= Pressure → path independent quantity→
3
Intensive property
p1 = 1 bar p2 =?
Heat → Path dependent quantity → Extensive
T1 = 300 K, T2 = 600 K
property
For adiabatic compression
So, P−2 − X , Q − 1 − Y is the correct
Assuming Reversible
γ 5/3 combination.
T1 1−γ 300 (−2/3)
p2 = p1 ( ) = 1 × ( ) 16. Answer: B
T2 600
⇒ p2 = 25/2 bar
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14. Answer: C
Applying 1st law of thermodynamics
Internal Energy is a point function and ΔU
c
0
remains same in a & b.
Q − W = ΔU
17. Answer: D
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(Adiabatic) Heat & Work are transient phenomenon,

Boundary phenomenon, path function &
⇒ −W = ΔU = C̅v (Tf − Ti )
er
Inexact differential.
3
̅ × (300)
⇒ −W = × R Heat supplied to the system is positive while
2
ef
Since mechanical efficiency of compression = work done on the system is negative.
50% 18. Answer: C

R
⇒W actual = 2 × Wideal Q = Wd + ΔU
required
[Simple compressible stationary system]
3
̅ × (300)
=2× ×R ΔU = Q − Wd
2
= (−2000) − (−5000)
̅ = 900(8.314) × 10
= 900R −3
kJ/mol = 3000 kJ
- 43 -
CHAPTER-4
HEAT INTERACTIONS
by
NEGI SIR
GATE AIR -1 (XE) 2019 & 2020

BNPM AIR -1
CALLING : 95054 74766

WHATSAPP : 82922 44719
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4 HEAT
4.1 Isochoric & Isobaric Heat Interaction
1. A mass of 3 kg of argon gas at 3 bar, 27°C is 750 J/kg. K, R = 500 J/kg. K) at 1 bar, 600 K.
contained in a rigid, insulated vessel. Paddle The part (B) is filled with 1 kg of the same ideal
wheel work is done on the gas for 30 minutes gas at 2 bar, 400 K. The piston is now removed.
at the rate of 0.015 kW. Specific heat at In the final state, the pressure (bar, rounded off
constant volume, cv , for Argon is 0.3122 kJ/ to two decimal places) will be _______
kg-K. The final temperature of the gas (rounded [GATE-2019-XE]
off to one decimal place) in kelvin is ________. 5. Air is held inside a non-insulated cylinder using
[GATE-2020-PI] a piston (mass M = 25 kg and area A =
0 e
2. One kg of diatomic gas is heated and its 100 cm2 ) and stoppers (of negligible area), as
I1 od
temperature increases from 100 K to 600 K. shown in the figure. The initial pressure Pi and
The energy added at constant pressure during temperature Ti of air inside the cylinder are 200
kPa and 400°C, respectively. The ambient
c
this process is 500 kJ. The specific heat at
constant volume for the gas is pressure P∞ and temperature T∞ are 100 kPa
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________kJ/kg.K (round off to 2 decimal and 27°C, respectively. The temperature of the
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places). air inside the cylinder (°C) at which the piston

[GATE-2019-AE] will begin to move is ____ (correct to two
er
3. A piston-cylinder system has an initial volume decimal places)

of 0.1 m3 and contains an ideal gas (cv =
ef
0.74 kJ/kg. K , R = 0.288 kJ/kg. K) at 1.5 bar

R
and 298 K. The piston is moved to compress the

gas until the pressure and temperature reach 10
bar and 423 K respectively. During this
process, 20 kJ of work is done on the gas. The
magnitude of heat transfer (kJ) during this
process is
A. 134.8 B. 36.2
C. 8.2 D. 3.8
[GATE-2018-ME]
[GATE-2019-XE]
6. A rigid insulated vessel is divided into two
4. A rigid, adiabatic container has two parts (A)
compartments by a partition. One compartment
and (B) separated by a piston. Initially, part (A)
contains 12 kg of oxygen at 200 kPa and 280
is filled with 1 kg of an ideal gas (cv =
K. The other compartment contains 26 kg of
- 44 -
carbon dioxide at 400 kPa and 360 K. The 10. Consider two systems each containing 20 kg of
specific heats at constant volume in kJ/kg. K for air at the same temperature and pressure. It is
oxygen and carbon dioxide are 0.662 and desired to increase the temperature of the air in
0.653, respectively. The partition is removed both systems by 10°C. One system undergoes a
and the gases are allowed to mix. Considering constant pressure heat addition process and the
both gases are ideal, the final temperature (in other undergoes a constant volume heat
K) of the mixture (up to 1 decimal place) is addition. The difference in the values of heat
_____ transferred to the two systems in kJ is
[GATE-2018-XE] A. 30.5 B. 44.2
7. Air at 150 kPa and 323 K is filled in a rigid C. 57.5 D. 73.2
vessel of 0.05 m3 capacity. For air, assumed as [GATE-2017-XE]
0 e
an ideal gas, specific heat at constant volume is 11. A paddle wheel is installed in a rigid insulated
I1 od
0.7163 kJ/kg. K and the specific gas constant tank containing 10 kg air (cv = 0.718 kJ/
is 0.287 kJ/kg. K. Neglect kinetic and potential kg. K). A torque of 100 N.m is applied on the
energy changes. If 30 kJ of heat is added, the paddle wheel to rotate it at 60 revolutions per
c
final temperature (in K) of air (up to 1 decimal minute for 2 minutes. At the end of the process,
EG l
place) is ________ the increase in temperature of air in °C is
N ra
[GATE-2018-XE] A. 0 B. 5.25
8. The molar heat capacity of a substance is C. 10.50 D. 21.50
er
represented in the temperature range 298 K to [GATE-2017-XE]

400 K by the empirical relation cp,m = 14 + 12. The internal energy of an ideal gas is function
ef
bT JK −1 mol−1 , where b is a constant. The of

A. temperature and pressure
R
molar enthalpy changes when the substance is

heated from 300 K to 350 K is 2 kJ mol−1 . B. volume and pressure
The value of b is _______ JK −2 mol−1 . (Up to C. entropy and pressure
two decimal places) D. temperature only
[GATE-2018-CY] [GATE-2016-ME]
9. The molar specific heat at constant volume of 13. A gas obeying the Clausius equation of state is
an ideal gas is equal to 2.5 times the universal isothermally compressed from 5 MPa to 15
gas constant (8.314 J/mol-K). When the MPa in a closed system at 400 K. The Clausius
RT
temperature increases by 100 K, the change in equation of state is P = v−b(T) where P is the
molar specific enthalpy is _______J/mol. pressure, T is the temperature, v is the molar
[GATE-2017-ME] volume and R is the universal gas constant. The
parameter b in the above equation varies with
- 45 -
temperature as b(T) = b0 + b1 T with b0 = system, the magnitude of total work done (in
4 × 10−5 m3 mol−1 and b1 = 1.35 × kJ) on the system is _________
10−7 m3 mol−1 K −1. The effect of pressure on [GATE-2015-ME]
the molar enthalpy (h) at a constant temperature 17. A well-insulated rigid container of volume 1 m3
∂h ∂v contains 1.0 kg of an ideal gas [cp = 1000
is given by (∂P) = v − T (∂T) . Let hi and hf
T P
J/(kg.K) and cv = 800 J/(kg.K)] at a pressure of
denote the initial and final molar enthalpies,
105 Pa. A stirrer is rotated at constant rpm in the
respectively. The change in the molar enthalpy
container for 1000 rotations and the applied
hf − hi (in J mol−1 , rounded off to the first
torque is 100 N-m. The final temperature of the
decimal place) for this process is _______
gas (in K) is ___________
[GATE-2016-CH]
A. 500.0 B. 773.0
0 e
14. In a reversible, constant-pressure, non-flow
C. 785.4 D. 1285.4
process, heat input is given by
I1 od
[GATE-2015-ME]
A. change in internal energy
18. A pure substance at 8 MPa and 400°C is having
B. change in enthalpy
a specific internal energy of 2864 kJ/kg and a
c
C. change in entropy
specific volume of 0.03432 m3/kg. Its specific
D. work output
EG l
enthalpy (in kJ/kg) is ______.
N ra
[GATE-2016-XE]
[GATE-ME-14:2M]
15. For an ideal gas with constant values of specific
19. A certain amount of an ideal gas is initially at a
er
heats, for calculation of the specific enthalpy.

pressure P1 and temperature T1. First, it
A. it is sufficient to know only the temperature
undergoes a constant pressure process 1– 2
ef
B. both temperature and pressure are required

such that T2 = 3T1/4. Then, it undergoes a
to be known
constant volume process 2 − 3 such that T3 =
R
C. both temperature and volume are required to

T1/2. The ratio of the final volume to the initial
be known.
volume of the ideal gas is.
D. both temperature and mass are required to
A. 0.25 B. 0.75
be known.
C. 1.0 D. 1.5
[GATE-ME-15:1M]
[GATE-2014-ME]
16. Work is done on adiabatic system due to which
20. The specific heat (c̅p ) of pure iron expressed in
its velocity changes from 10 m/s to 20 m/s,
J/(mol. K) as a function of temperature T (in
elevation increases by 20 m and temperature
increases by 1 K. The mass of the system is 10 K) is given as:
kg. cv = 100 J/(kg − K) and gravitational c̅p = 17.49 + 24.77 × 10−3 T
acceleration is 10 m/s2. If there is no change in

any other component of the energy of the
- 46 -
What is the change in the enthalpy of pure iron A. 344.1 B. 306.3

(in J/mol) when it is heated from C. 325.0 D. 346.1
25°C to 700°C?_____________. [GATE-2014-XE]
[GATE-2014-MT] Common Data for 23 & 24:
21. In a closed rigid vessel, air is initially at a A rigid insulated cylinder is divided into two
pressure of 0.3 MPa and volume of 0.1 m3 at chambers A and B by a thin rigid insulating
300 K. A stirrer supplies 100 kJ of work to the barrier as shown in the figure below.
air, while 20 kJ of heat is lost to the atmosphere
across the container walls. After these
processes, the temperature of air changes to
______K.
0 e
I1 od
c Specific Heat Data:
For He
cp = 5181 J/kg. K
EG l
cv = 3102 J/kg. K
N ra
A. 321.9 B. 702.4 For N2

C. 782.4 D. 620.2 cp = 1039 J/kg. K
er
[GATE-2014-XE] cv = 742 J/kg. K

22. A thin insulating membrane separates two
ef
Initially, chamber A contains a mixture of 0.5

tanks initially filled with nitrogen [mean c̅v = kg nitrogen and 0.5 kg helium at 300 K while
21.6 J/(mol. K)]
R
and carbon-dioxide chamber B contains 1 kg of pure nitrogen at 400

[mean c̅v = 11.6 J/(mol. K)] as shown below. K. The pressure in chamber B is twice that in
chamber A. The gases and gas mixtures are
assumed to be ideal
23. What is the ratio of the volumes of chambers A
VA
and B; i.e. , to first decimal place accuracy?
VB
The membrane is ruptured and the gases are _______

allowed to mix to form a homogeneous mixture [GATE-2013-XE]
at equilibrium. During this process there are no 24. If the barrier is removed and the gases are
heat or work interactions between the tank allowed to mix and reach thermodynamic
contents and the surroundings. The final equilibrium, what is the final temperature of the
temperature at the equilibrium state in Kelvin is mixture, to the nearest K? _______
- 47 -
Linked Answer Questions 27. 1 kg of air in an insulated rigid tank of volume
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 25 1 m3 is churned with a friction-less fan (see
& 26: figure below) of 600 W capacity for 10
A piston-cylinder arrangement as shown in the minutes. The fan efficiency is 100% . Treating
figure initially contains air at 150 kPa and air as an ideal gas and neglecting kinetic and
400°C. The arrangement is allowed to cool to potential energy changes, what is the increase
the ambient temperature of 20°C. The of pressure, to the nearest kPa? _________.
characteristic gas constant for air is 0.287 kJ/
kg. K. The cylinder wall has stops of negligible
thickness that can prevent the piston from
0 e
moving down. The stops are 1 m from the inner
I1 od
side of the base surface of the cylinder. At the
initial state, the piston is resting 1 m above the [GATE-2013-XE]
stops.
c
28. The mass, internal energy, pressure, and
volume of a system are 10 kg, 100 kJ, 1 bar, and
EG l
1 m3 , respectively. The value of specific
N ra
enthalpy, in kJ/kg, of the system is

A. 10 B. 20
er
C. 30 D. 40
ef
[GATE-2011-XE]
29. Specific heat at constant pressure (cp ) of
R
helium is 5.19 kJ/kg. K and its molecular mass

is 4 kg/kmol. The specific heat at constant
volume of helium, in kJ/kg.K, is
A. 1.11 B. 2.11
C. 3.11 D. 4.11
25. The final pressure in the cylinder is
[GATE-2011-XE]
A. 130.7 kPa B. 150 kPa
30. An ideal gas is known to obey following
C. 200.7 kPa D. 230.7 kPa
relationships: u = 200 + 0.718 T and
[GATE-2012-XE]
Pv= 0.287(T + 273), where u is specific
26. The specific work done by the air during the
internal energy (kJ/kg), T is temperature (°C),
process is
P is pressure (kPa) and v is specific volume
A. −26.67 kJ/kg B. 26.67 kJ/kg
C. 49.5 kJ/kg D. −96.67 kJ/kg
- 48 -
(m3 /kg). Specific heat (in kJ/kg − K) at by volume of air and 30% by volume of Freon.
constant pressure is Specific heat ratios for Freon and air are 1.1 and
A. 0.287 B. 0.431 1.4 respectively. Molecular mass of Freon is
C. 0.718 D. 1.005 200 g/mole and that of air is 30 g/mole.
[GATE-2010-XE] Temperature of gas is 300 K. If, universal gas
Common Data for Q-31 & Q-32: constant is 8.314 J/mole-K, specific heat ratio
An insulated piston-cylinder assembly having a of the mixture is
paddle wheel, as shown in the below figure, A. 1.16 B. 1.21
contains air (R = 287 J/kg-K, cv = 718 J/kg − C. 1.25 D. 1.31
K) of mass 4 kg. Both piston and paddle wheel [GATE-2010-XE]
can be considered as insulated and massless. Statement for Linked Answer Questions 34
0 e
Temperature and pressure of air inside the and 35:
I1 od
cylinder are 300 K and 100 kPa respectively.
A piston compresses 1 kg of air inside a
Ambient pressure is 100 kPa.
cylinder as shown.
c
EG l
N ra
er
The rate at which the piston does work on the

air is 3000 W. At the same time, heat is being
ef
lost through the walls of the cylinder at a rate

31. If the piston is locked in the fixed position and
of 847.5 W.
the paddle wheel delivers 75 kJ of work, final
R
air temperature is 34. After 10 seconds, the change in specific

A. 300 K B. 318.7 K internal energy of the air is
C. 320.6 K D. 326.1 K A. 21,525 J/kg B. −21,525 J/kg
[GATE-2010-XE] C. 30,000 J/kg D. −8,475 J/kg
32. If the piston is free to slide without any friction [GATE-2009-AE]
when the paddle wheel delivers 75 kJ of work, 35. Given that the specific heats of air at constant
final temperature of air in the cylinder is pressure and volume are cp = 1004.5 J/kg. K
A. 305.2 K B. 309.3 K and cv = 717.5 J/kg. K respectively, the
C. 312.6 K D. 318.7 K corresponding change in the temperature of the
[GATE-2010-XE] air is
33. A mixture of Freon and air is supplied for A. 21.4 K B. −21.4 K
cleaning a chamber. The mixture contains 70%
- 49 -
C. 30 K D. −30 K kPa) and allows the fan to rotate for 4 hours. If

[GATE-2009-AE] the specific heat at constant volume of the room
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 36 air is 0.718 kJ/kg-K and characteristic gas
and 37: constant is 287 J/kg-K, after 4 hours, the person
A tank contains 9 kg of liquid water at an initial will find that the room is
temperature To ℃. A coil removes heat at the A. hotter by approximately 12°C.
rate of Q̇ = k1 T from the tank. A paddle wheel, B. cooler by approximately 10°C.
by constantly stirring, maintains uniform C. at the same temperature.
temperature in the tank. The rate of work input D. hotter by approximately 8°C.
through the paddle wheel is Ẇ = k 2 T. [GATE-2008-XE]
Temperature, T is in degree centigrade and 39. The state of an ideal gas is changed from
0 e
k1 & k 2 are constants. (Note that the rate of (T1 , p1 ) to (T2 , p2 ) in a constant volume
I1 od
change in internal energy inside the tank will be process. To calculate the change in specific
a balance of work and heat transfer rates.) enthalpy, Δh, which of the following
properties/variables are required?
c
36. Temperature of the tank will vary in such a
way that A. cv , p1 , p2 B. cP , T1 , T2
EG l
A. if |k 2 | > |k1 | temperature will decrease C. cP , T1 , T2 , p1 , p2 D. cv , p1 , p2 , T1 , T2
N ra
exponentially [GATE-2007-CH]
B. if |k 2 | > |k1 | temperature will increase 40. The temperature of 54 g of water is raised from
er
exponentially 15°C to 75°C at constant pressure. The change

C. if |k 2 | < |k1 | temperature will increase in the enthalpy of the system (given that
ef
exponentially c̅P of water = 75 JK −1 mol−1 ) is

D. if |k 2 | > |k1 | temperature will decrease
R
A. 4.5 kJ B. 13.5 kJ
linearly C. 9.0 kJ D. 18.0 kJ
[GATE-2008-XE] [GATE-2007-CY]
37. If To = 80℃, |k1 | = 0.1, |k 2 | = 0.01 and Common Data for Q.41 & Q.42:
specific heat of the liquid = 1.0, the temperature A piston-cylinder arrangement contains an
of the tank after 1 minute will be ideal gas mixture of 1 kg Nitrogen (M = 28
A. 43.9℃ B. 38.4℃ kg/kmol, γ = 1.4) and 2 kg of Argon (M = 40
C. 166.6℃ D. 145.7℃ kg/kmol, γ = 1.667), at 100 kPa, 300 K. The
[GATE-2008-XE] gas expands at constant pressure until the
38. A person starts a 60 W table fan in an insulated volume increases by 1 m3 .
room of volume 86.4 m3 . The person expects 41. The initial volume of the gas mixture is
to cool the room from 32℃ (pressure = 100 approximately
- 50 -
A. 2.14 m3 B. 1.07 m3 45. Gauge pressure of air to which the ball must
C. 4.28 m3 D. 3.21 m3 have been originally inflated so that it would be
[GATE-2007-XE] equal 1 bar gauge at the stadium is
42. The heat added is approximately A. 2.23 bar B. 1.94 bar
A. 145.81 kJ B. 97.21 kJ C. 1.07 bar D. 1.00 bar
C. 291.65 kJ D. 218.72 kJ [GATE-2006-ME]
[GATE-2007-XE] Statements for Linked Answer Questions 46
43. One kilogram of a perfect gas at 15oC and 100 & 47:
kPa is heated to 45oC by (i) a constant pressure A frictionless cylinder piston assembly
process and (ii) a constant volume process, cp contains an ideal gas. Initially pressure (p1 ) =
of the gas = 1.042 kJ/kg.K and R = 0.2968 100 kPa, temperature (T1 ) = 500 K and
0 e
kJ/kg.K. Heat added in the constant pressure volume (V1 ) = 700 × 10−6 m3 . This system is
I1 od
(Qp ) and constant volume (Qv ) processes are supplied with 100 J of heat and pressure is
A. QP = 31.26 kJ, Qv = 22.35 kJ maintained constant at 100 kPa. The enthalpy
B. QP = 22.35 kJ, Qv = 31.26 kJ variation is given by h̅ (J/mol)= 30,000 +

c
C. QP = 31.26 kJ, Qv = 31.26 kJ 50T; where, T is the temperature in kelvin and
EG l
D. QP = 22.35 kJ, Qv = 0 kJ the universal gas constant R = 8.314 J/mol −
N ra
[GATE-2007-XE] K.
Common Data for Questions 44 & 45:
er
A football was inflated to a gauge pressure of 1

bar when the ambient temperature was 15°C.
ef
When the game started next day, the air

R
temperature at the stadium was 5°C. Assume

that the volume of the football remains constant 46. The final volume of gas (V2 ) in m3 is
at 2500 cm3. A. 700 × 10−6 B. 866.32 × 10−6
44. The amount of heat lost by the air in the football C. 934.29 × 10−6 D. 1000.23 × 10−6
& the gauge pressure of air in the football at the [GATE-2005-CH]
stadium respectively equal 47. The change in internal energy of the gas in joule
A. 30.6 J, 1.94 bar is
B. 21.8 J, 0.93 bar A. zero B. 100
C. 61.1 J, 1.94 bar C. 23.43 D. 83.37
D. 43.7 J, 0.93 bar [GATE-2005-CH]
[GATE-2006-ME] 48. A car tyre of volume 0.057 m3 is inflated to

300 kPa at 300 K. After the car is driven for ten
hours, the pressure in the tyre increases to 330
- 51 -
kPa. Assume air is an ideal gas and c̅v for air is [GATE-2003-CH]
21 J/mol − K. The change in the internal 52. A rigid vessel, containing three moles of
energy for air in the tyre in J/mol is nitrogen at 30°C, is heated to 250°C. Assume
A. 380 B. 630 the average heat capacities of nitrogen to be
C. 760 D. 880 c̅p = 29.1 J/mol −°C and c̅v = 20.8 J/
[GATE-2004-CH] mol −°C. The heat required, neglecting the
49. A 2 kW, 40 liters water heater is switched on heat capacity of the vessel, is
for 20 minutes. The specific heat c for water is A. 13728 J B. 19206 J
4.2 kJ/kgK. Assuming all the electrical energy C. 4576 J D. 12712 J
has gone into heating the water, increase of the [GATE-2002-CH]
water temperature in degree centigrade is 53. A steel ball of mass 1 kg of specific heat
0 e
A. 2.7 B. 4.0 0.4 kJ/kgK is at a temperature of 60°C. It is
I1 od
C. 14.3 D. 25.25 dropped into 1 kg water at 20°C. The final
[GATE-2003-ME] steady state temperature of water is
50. In Joule’s experiments, an insulated container B. 30°C
c
A. 23.5°C
contains 20 kg of water and is initially at C. 35°C D. 40°C
EG l
25°C. It is stirred by an agitator, which is made [GATE-1999-ME]
N ra
to turn by a slowly falling body weighing 40 kg 54. The specific heats of an ideal gas depend on its
through a height of 4 m. The process is repeated A. Temperature
er
500 times. The acceleration due to gravity is B. Pressure

2
9.8 m/s . Neglecting the heat capacity of C. Volume
ef
agitator, the final temperature of water (in °C) D. Molecular weight and structure
is
R
[GATE-1996-ME]
A. 40.5 B. 34.4 55. A vertical cylinder with a freely floating piston
C. 26.8 D. 25 contains 0.1 kg air at 1.2 bar and a small
[GATE-2003-CH] electrical resistor. The resistor is wired to an
51. Heat capacity of air can be approximately external 12-volt battery. When a current of 1.5
expressed as c̅p = 26.693 + 7.365 × amps is passed through the resistor for 90
10−3 T, where c̅p is in J/mol-K and T is in seconds, the piston sweeps a volume of 0.01
kelvin. The heat given off by 1 mol of air, when m3. Assume (i) piston and the cylinder are
cooled at 1 atmospheric pressure from 500°C to insulated and (ii) air behaves as an ideal gas
−100°C is with cv = 700 J/kgK. The rise in temperature of
A. 10.73 kJ B. 16.15 kJ air in K is_____
C. 18.11 kJ D. 18.33 kJ [GATE-1993-ME]
- 52 -
4.2 Isothermal Heat Interaction, Adiabatic Expansion & Polytropic Heat

interaction
1. During a non-flow thermodynamic process (1- Assuming air to be an ideal gas, the final
2) executed by a perfect gas, the heat diameter of the balloon (in cm) is ________.
interaction is equal to the work interaction [GATE-2016-XE]
(Q1−2 = W1−2 ) when the process is 5. An ideal gas is initially at a pressure of 0.1
A. Isentropic B. Adiabatic MPa and a total volume of 2 m3 . It is first
C. Polytropic D. Isothermal compressed to 1MPa by a reversible adiabatic
[GATE-2019-ME] process and then cooled at constant pressure to
2. One kilogram of air is compressed at constant a final volume of 0.2 m3 . The total work done
0 e
temperature of 150°C until its volume is (in kJ) on the gas for the entire process (up to
halved. Considering
I1 od
gas constant
0.287 kJ/kg-K for air, magnitude of heat
c R=
rejected (in kJ) in the compression process is

one decimal place) is __________
̅ = 8.314 J/mol−K; heat capacity at
Data: R
̅
constant pressure (c̅p ) = 2.5R
________ (round off to 2 decimal places) [GATE-2015-CH]
EG l
N ra
6. A closed system containing an ideal gas

[GATE-2019-PI]
undergoes a cycle as shown in the figure below.
3. One kilomole of an ideal gas at 300 K and 10
er
For the process1-2, which one of the following

bar is reversibly heated in a constant volume
statements is true?
process to 500 K. It is then reversibly and
ef
isothermally expanded to 2 bar. Take c̅v =

̅ = 8.314 kJ/kmol. K.
20.8 kJ/kmol. K and R
R
The total heat supplied (in kJ) to the gas (up to

1 decimal place) is ______
[GATE-2018-XE] 3
A. Heat added= 4 pV
4. Air pressure inside a spherical balloon is
3
B. Heat rejected= 4 pV
proportional to its diameter. The balloon
1
undergoes a reversible, isothermal, non-flow C. Heat added= 2 pV
process. During the process, the balloon 1
D. Heat rejected= 4 pV
maintains its spherical shape, and the air inside
[GATE-2013-XE]
the balloon consumes 2 kJ of heat. Initial air
7. For an ideal gas as a working fluid for a given
pressure inside the balloon was 120 kPa, while
heat input Q, the process that gives the
the initial balloon diameter was 20 cm.
- 53 -
maximum work among the following four 10. 1 mol of methane is contained in a leak proof
process is piston-cylinder assembly at 8 bar and 1000 K.
A. isothermal The gas undergoes isothermal expansion to 4
B. constant volume bar under reversible conditions. Methane can
C. constant pressure be considered as an ideal gas under these
D. isentropic conditions. The value of universal gas constant
[GATE-2013-XE] is 8.314 J/mol-K. The heat transferred (in kJ)
Linked Answer Questions during the process is
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 8 & A. 11.52 B. 5.76
9: C. 4.15 D. 2.38
An ideal gas undergoes a cyclic process [GATE-2011-CH]
0 e
consisting of the following three processes: Statement for Linked Answer Questions 11
I1 od
Process 1-2: & 12:
Compression process with PV = constant An insulated vertical cylinder encloses 0.1 kg
Process 2-3: Constant pressure of argon (Ar) with the help of a frictionless non-
c
Process 3-1: Constant volume; conducting piston as shown in the figure. The
U3 − U1 = 3549 kJ
EG l
mass of the piston is 5 kg and it initially rests
N ra
Changes in kinetic and potential energies are on the bottom of the cylinder. The cylinder is
neglected. connected to a nitrogen (N2 ) tank at 100 bar
er
through a pipeline fitted with a valve. The valve

is opened and nitrogen is slowly admitted into
ef
the cylinder. During this operation, the piston is

lifted through a height of 10 cm by the nitrogen
R
gas. The initial pressure and temperature of

argon gas are 100 kPa and 300 K respectively.
The final temperature of argon is 320 K. For
8. The work done (kJ) during the process 2-3 is argon, cp = 520 J/kg. K and cv = 312 J/kg. K.
A. 1120 B. 1220
C. 1320 D. 1420
[GATE-2011-XE]
9. The heat transferred (kJ) during the process
2-3 is
A. 4269 B. 4469
C. 4569 D. 4669
[GATE-2011-XE]
- 54 -
11. The work done by argon in kJ during the 14. An ideal gas at pressure P0 and temperature T0
process is undergoes a reversible isothermal compression
A. 10 B. 1.041 and attains a pressure P1. The characteristic gas
C. −0.624 D. −1.041 constant is R. Net heat transferred per unit mass
[GATE-2009-XE] during this process is
12. The work done by nitrogen in kJ during the A. zero
process is B. RT0 ln(P1 ⁄P0 )
A. 1.046 B. 0.629 C. −RT0 ln(P1 ⁄P0 )
C. −1.046 D. −10 D.RT0 ln (P0 − P1 )⁄P0
13. An equi-molar mixture of nitrogen (γ = 1.4) 15. The work done in an isentropic process
0 e
and helium (γ = 1.67) is initially at 5 bar and involving ideal gas is equal to
I1 od
300°C. The mixture is expanded adiabatically A. − ∫ VdP
to a pressure of 2 bar. The final temperature of B. Zero
the mixture is P1 V1 −P2 V2
c
C. γ−1
A. 149°C B. 200°C
V
D. RT ln(V2 )
EG l
C. 250°C D. 524°C 1
N ra
4.3 Free Expansion

er
1. A frictionless piston cylinder device contains 1 C. Zero D. ∞

ef
kg of an ideal gas. The gas is compressed [GATE-2014-XE]

according to Pv1.3 = constant (P is pressure and 3. A balloon containing an ideal gas is initially
R
v is mass specific volume), from 100 kPa, 250 kept in an evacuated and insulated room. The
K, till it reaches a temperature of 500 K. The balloon ruptures and the gas fills up the entire
heat transfer from the piston cylinder device to room. Which one of the following statements is
its surroundings is _____________ kJ (round TRUE at the end of above process?
off to two decimal places). A. The internal energy of the gas decreases
The characteristic gas constant is 287 J/(kgK) from its initial value, but the enthalpy
and the ratio of specific heat capacities is 1.4. remains constant
[GATE-2021-XE] B. The internal energy of the gas increases
2. A small container has gas at high pressure. It is from its initial value, but the enthalpy
placed in an evacuated space. If the container is remains constant
punctured, work done by the gas is C. Both internal energy and enthalpy of the gas
A. Positive B. Negative remain constant
- 55 -
D. Both internal energy and enthalpy of the gas

increase
[GATE-2008-ME]
4. The cylinder insulation is now removed and the
piston is pushed back to restore the system to At certain instant of time t, the stopper is
its initial state. If this is to be achieved only by removed and the piston moves out freely to the
doing work on the system (no heat addition, other end. The final temperature is
only heat removal allowed), what is the A. −140°C B. −33°C
minimum work required? C. 33°C D. 100°C
A. 3.4 kJ B. 107 kJ [GATE-2007-CH]
C. 132 kJ D. 240 kJ 6. A perfectly insulated container of volume V is
0 e
[GATE-2007-CH] divided into two equal halves by a partition.
I1 od
5. A perfectly insulated cylinder of volume One side is under vacuum while the other side
0.6 m3 is initially divided into two parts by a has one mole of an ideal gas (with constant heat
thin, frictionless piston, as shown in the figure. capacity) at 298 K. If the partition is broken,
c
The smaller part of volume 0.2 m3 has ideal the final temperature of the gas in the container.
EG l
gas at 6 bar pressure and 100°C. The other part A. will be greater than 298 K
N ra
is evacuated. B. will be 298 K

C. will be less than 298 K
er
D. Cannot be determined
[GATE-2004-CH]
ef
R
4. HEAT-ANSWER KEYS
::: 4.1 Isochoric & Isobaric Heat Interaction:::
3. D 10. C 11. C 12. D 14. B 15. A 17. D 19. B 21. D 22. A
25. A 26. D 28. B 29. C 30. D 31. D 32. D 33. B 34. A 35. C
36. B 37. A 38. A 39. B 40. B 41. A 42. C 43. A 44. D 45. C
46. B 47. D 48. B 49. C 50. B 51. C 52. A 53. A 54. A
1. 327.0 to 331.0 2. 10.70 to 0.72 4. 1.25 to 1.25 5. 145.0 to 150.00

6. 332.5 to 336.5 7. 838.0 to 844.0 8. 0.07 to 0.09 9. 2908 to 2911
13. 399.9 to 400.1 16.4.5 to 4.5 18. 3135 to 3140 20. 22380 to 22480
23. 5.7 to 6.3 24. 325 to 330 27. 140 to 150 55. 6
- 56 -
::: 4.2 Isothermal Heat Interaction, Adiabatic Expansion &

Polytropic Heat interaction:::
1. D 6. B 7. A 8. A 9. D 10. B 11. C 12. B 13. A 14. C
15. A
2. 84.00 to 84.30 3. 12950.0 to 13000.0 4. 28 to 36 5. 740 to 770
::: 4.3 Free Expansion:::
2. C 3. C 4. C 5. D 6. B
0 e
I1 od
1. 56.80 to 62.78
SOLUTIONS
c
4.1 Isochoric & Isobaric Heat Interaction
EG l
= 328.82 K
N ra
1. Answer: 327.0 to 331.0

∴ Tfinal = 328.82 K
er
2. Answer: 0.70 to 0.72

m = 1 kg; γ = 1.4 (diatomic gas)
ef
T1 = 100 K; T2 = 600 K
p = constant, Eadded = 500 kJ
m = 3 kg
R
Eadded = mcp (T2 − T1 )

p1 = 3 bar = 300 kPa
⇒ 500 = 1 × cp × (500) ⇒ cp
T1 = 27°C = 300 K
= 1 kJ/kg − K
Vessel is rigid & insulated cp
Since c = γ
v
V = Constant, Q = 0
cp 1
⇒ cv = = 1.4 = 0.714 kJ/kg − K
γ
0
Q − W = ΔU
∴ cv = 0.714 kJ/kg − K
(Insulated)
3. Answer: D
⇒ −(−15 × 10−3 × 103 × 30 × 60)
= 3 × 0.3122 × 103 × (ΔT)
⇒ ΔT = 28.827°C
∴ Tfinal = 27°C + 28.827°C = 55°C
- 57 -
Vf = VA + VB
(mA + mB )RTf mA RTA mB RTB
= = +
Pf pB PB
2 × 500 1 × 600 1 × 400
= = +
Pf 1 2
1000
Pf =
800
Pf = 1.25 bar
Q = W + ΔU 5. Answer: 145.00 to 150.00
PV = mRT Process is Isochoric Heat Rejection till the
P1 V1 = mRT1 piston will begin to move.
P1 V1 Pressure at which piston will begin to move,
0 e
m=
RT1 Mg
P2 = P∞ +
I1 od
1.5 × 105 × 0.1 A
m= = 0.1747 kg (25 × 10)
288 × 298 P2 = 100 + kPa
10−2
ΔU = mcv (T2 − T1 )
c
P2 = 125 kPa
ΔU = 0.1747 × 0.74 × (423 − 298)
For Isochoric Process undergone by an Ideal
EG l
ΔU = 16.16 kJ
N ra
Gas
Q = −20 + 16.16
P1 P2
Q = −3.84 kJ =
T1 T2
er
4. Answer: 1.25 to 1.25 P2

T2 = T
P1 1
ef
125
T2 = × 673
200
R
Q = W + ΔU T2 = 420.625 K
ΔU = 0 T2 = 147.625°C
ΔUA + ΔUB = 0 6. Answer: 332.5 to 336.5
mA cv,A (Tf − TA ) + mB cv,B (Tf − TB ) = 0 First law of thermodynamics for a process
mA TA + mB TB 0 0
Tf =
mA + mB Q = W + ΔU;
1 × 600 + 1 × 400
Tf =
1+1
ΔU = 0
Tf = 500 K
ΔUo2 + ΔUco2 = 0
Pf Vf = mf RTf
mo2 cvo2 (T − To2 ) + mco2 cv co (T − TCO2 )
mf RTf 2
Pf =
Vf =0
- 58 -
12 × 0.662(T − 280) + 26 Δh̅ = 3.5 × 8.314 × 100 J/mol

× 0.653(T − 360) Δh̅ = 2909.9 J/mol
=0 10. Answer: C
⇒ T = 334.5 K Solution:
7. Answer: 838.0 to 844.0 Q|p − Q|v = γQ|v − Q|v
= (γ − 1)Q|𝐯
= (γ − 1)mcv ΔT
= (1.4 − 1) × 20 × 0.718 × 10
= 57.44 kJ
11. Answer: C
0 e
T2 = T1 +
Q|V
mcv
I1 od
Isochoric Heat addition process
Q|V = mcv (T2 − T1 )
c
EG l
RT1 Q|V Applying 1st law of Thermodynamics for a
T2 = T1 +
N ra
P1 V1 cv process
0.287 × 30 0 0
T2 = 323 (1 + )
er
150 × 0.05 × 0.7163

Q − WPaddle − Wdisp = ΔU
T2 = 840.69 K
ef
8. Answer: 0.07 to 0.09

⇒ −Wpaddle = ΔU
Molar Enthalpy change;
⇒ (100 × 120 × 2π) = 10 × 0.718 × ΔT
R
̅ = ∫350(14 + bT) dT = 2 × 103 J/mol

ΔH 300
b 100 × 60 × 4π
⇒ 14(50) + (3502 − 3002 ) = 2 × 103 ⇒ ΔT = = ΔT
2 10 × 0.718 × 103
b = 10.5°C
⇒ 700 × (650)(50) = 2000
2
b ∴ Increase in temperature = ΔT = 10.5°C
⇒ (325) = 13 ⇒
2 12. Answer: D
26
b = 325 = 0.08 J/k 2 − mol Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas depends on
temperature only.
∴ b = 0.08 J/mol − k 2
13. Answer: 399.9 to 400.1
9. Answer: 2908 to 2911
RT RT
Δh̅ = c̅p ΔT p= ⇒ V = b(T) +
v − b(T) p
Δh̅ = (c̅v + R)ΔT
p1 = 5 MPa = 500 kPa
Δh̅ = 3.5RΔ
̅̅̅̅T
p2 = 15 MPa = 15000 kPa
- 59 -
b(T) = b0 + b1 (400) = constant 1

W = −m [ (c22 − c12 ) + g(z2 − z1 )
T = constant = 400 K 2
Change in molar enthalpy + cv (T2 − T1 )]

∂h 1
= hf − hi = ∫ ( )| . dp W = −10 [ (400 − 100) + 10(20)
∂p T 2
∂v
= ∫ vdp − T. ∫ ( )| . dp + 100(1)]
∂T p
W = −4.5 kJ
RT R
= ∫ ( + b(T)) dp − T. ∫ ( + b1 ) dp 17. Answer: D
p p
Q = WD + ΔU
RT
= ∫ ( + b0 + b1 T) dp
p
RT
0 e
− ∫( + b1 T) dp
p
= ∫ b0 p = b0 (pf − pi )
= 400 J/mol
I1 od
= 4 × 10−5 × (15 − 5) × 106
c
Tθ = mcv (T2 − T1 )
Tθ
EG l
T2 = T1 +
N ra
∴ hf − hi = 400 J/mol mcv

14. Answer: B P1 V1 Tθ
T2 = +
mR mcv
er
Q|p = ΔH
1 P1 V1 Tθ
For a perfect gas Q|p = ΔH = mcp ΔT T2 = [ + ]
m R cv
ef
Q|v = ΔU
1 105 × 1 100 × 1000 × 2π
For a perfect gas Q|v = ΔU = mcv ΔT = [ + ]
1 200 800
R
15. Answer: A 105 π

= [1 + ]
For Perfect Gas 200 2
Δh = cp ΔT = 1285.398 K
Δh = cp (T2 − T1 ) 18. Answer: 3135 to 3140
For calculation of the specific enthalpy of h = u + Pv
perfect gas we should know temperatures h = 2864 + 8 × 103 × 0.03432 kJ/kg
only. h = 3138.56 kJ/kg
16. Answer: 4.5 to 4.5 19. Answer: B
Q = W + ΔE [FLT for a process] 1-2 Isobaric Heat Rejection Process
W = −ΔE 2-3 Isochoric Heat Rejection Process
W = −[ΔKE + ΔPE + ΔU]
- 60 -
T2 = 620.5 K
22. Answer: A
Since there is no heat and work interactions

between contents of tank and it’s
V3 V2
To find =
V1 V1 surroundings, by First Law of
For Isobaric Process undergone by an Ideal gas Thermodynamics.
V1 V2 0 0
=
0 e
T1 T2
Q − W = ΔU
I1 od
V2 T2
= (by taking both N2 and CO2 as system)
V1 T1
⇒ ΔU = 0
V2
= 0.75
c
V1 ⇒ ΔU|N2 + ΔU|CO2 = 0
20. Answer: 22380 to 22480 ⇒ nN2 × c̅V,N2 × (TN2 − Tf )
EG l
c̅p = 17.49 + 24.77 × 10−3 T J/mol. K
N ra
+nCO2 × c̅v,CO2 × (Tf − TCO2 ) = 0

700+273
̅=∫
ΔH (17.49 + 24.77 × 10−3 T)dT ⇒ 0.8 × 21.6 × (350 − T𝑓 )
er
25+273
+0.2 × 11.6 × (Tf − 300) = 0
973
=∫ (17.49 + 24.77 × 10−3 T)dT ⇒ Tf = 344.08 K
ef
298
23. Answer: 5.7 to 6.3
24.77
= 17.49(675) + × 10−3 (9732
2
R
− 2982 )
̅ = 22431.15 J/mol
⇒H
21. Answer: D
0
Q = W + ΔU PB = 2PA
Q = ΔU mB R B TB mA R A TA
=2
mcv ΔT = Q VB VA
mcv (T2 − T1 ) = Q VA 2mA R A TA
=
VB mB R B TB
Q
T2 = T1 + 2mA TA MB
mcv =
mB TB MA
80 × 287 × 300
T2 = 300 +
0.3 × 106 × 0.1 × 0.718
- 61 -
1 V1 T3
MA = x1 x2 P3 = ( ) ( ) P1
+M V3 T1
M1 2
293
1 P3 = (2) ( ) 150
MA = 0.5 0.5 673
+
28 4 P3 = 130.61 kPa
MA = 7.0 kg/kmol 26. Answer: D
VA 2 × 1 × 300 × 28
=
VB 1 × 400 × 7
VA
= 6.0
VB
24. Answer: 325 to 330
Since the cylinder is insulated and rigid,
0 e
ΔU|total = 0
⇒ ΔU|chamber−A + ΔU|chamber−B = 0
I1 od
1 − 2 Isobaric Heat Rejection
= [0.5 × 742 × (Tf − 300)]
2 − 3 Isochoric Heat Rejection
+[0.5 × 3102 × (Tf − 300)]
c
0
+[1 × 742 × (Tf − 400)]
W1−3 = W1−2 + W2−3
=0
EG l
⇒ W1−3 = P(V2 − V1 )
N ra
⇒ 2664Tf − 873400 = 0
⇒ W1−3 = mR(T2 − T1 )
⇒ Tf = 327.85 K T
⇒ W1−3 = mRT1 (T2 − 1)
er
25. Answer: A 1
T2 V2
Solution: ⇒P=C =V
T1
ef
V
⇒ W1−3 = mRT1 (V2 − 1)
1
R
W1−3 V
⇒ = RT1 (V2 − 1)
m 1
1
= 0.287 × 673 (2 − 1)
= −96.57 kJ/kg
27. Answer: 140 to 150
1 − 2 Isobaric Heat Rejection Isochoric heat addition to perfect gas
2 − 3 Isochoric Heat Rejection V(P2 − P1 )

Q=
γ−1
We know that for a given mass of an ideal gas
1(P2 − P1 )
PV 360 =
= constant. 1.4 − 1
T
P2 − P1 = 144 kPa
P1 V1 P3 V3
=
T1 T3 28. Answer: B
H = U + PV
- 62 -
H = 100 + (100 × l) Q
T2 = T1 +
H = 200 kJ mcp
H 200 Q = ΔH
h=m= = 20 kJ/kg
10
Q = mcP (T2 − T1 )
h = 20 kJ/kg
Q
29. Answer: C T2 − T1 =
mcP
cp − cv = R Q
T2 = T1 +
cv = cp − R mcP
̅
R 75 × 103
cv = cp − T2 = 300 +
M 4 × (718 + 287)
8.314 T2 = 318.65 K
= 5.19 −
4 Alternate Method:
0 e
= 3.11 kJ/kg − K For some heat supplied
I1 od
30. Answer: D ΔT|v = γΔT|P
∂h
cp = | (326.1 − 300) = 1.4(T2P − 300)
∂T p
T2P = 318.65 K
c
h = u + pv
33. Answer: B
h = (200 + 0.718T) + 0.287(T + 273)
EG l
1 1 1
N ra
h = 200 + 0.718T + 0.287T + 0.287 × 273 ( ) = x̅1 ( ) + x̅2 ( )

γm − 1 γ1 − 1 γ2 − 1
∂h
cp = ∂T| = 1.005 kJ/kg. K 1 1 1
= 0.3 ( ) + 0.7 ( )
er
p
γm − 1 1.1 − 1 1.4 − 1
31. Answer: D
γm = 1.21
ef
Air → System
34. Answer: A
Isochoric heat addition
R
Q = ΔU
Q = mcv (T2 − 𝑇1 )
Q
T2 − T1 = Ẇ = −3000 W; Q̇ = −847.5 W
mcv
Q For 10 seconds; Q = −8475 J
T2 = T1 +
mcv W = −30000 J
3
75 × 10 By 1st law of thermodynamics,
T2 = 300 +
4 × 718
Q − W = ΔU
T2 = 326.1 K
⇒ −8475 − (−30000) = ΔU
32. Answer: D
⇒ ΔU = 21,525 J/kg
Air → System
35. Answer: C
Isobaric Heat addition
For air; ΔU = mcv ΔT
- 63 -
⇒ 21,525 = 1 × 717.5 × (ΔT) Tf = 43.9°C

⇒ ΔT = 30 K 38. Answer: A
Applying FLT,
∴ Change in temperature of air = ΔT = 30 K
0
36. Answer: B 0
Q − Wele − Wdisp = ΔU
t = 0, T = T0
(Insulated) (Room volume is fixed)
t = 60s, T = Tf
⇒ −(−60 × 4 × 60 × 60)
0
100 × 86.4 × 103
Q̇ = Ẇ + ΔU̇ = × 718 × ΔT
287 (305)
⇒ ΔT = 12.2°C
ΔU̇ = Q̇ ⇒ Room gets hotter approximately by 12°C
0 e
39. Answer: B
I1 od
Perfect gas
Δh1−2 = cp ΔT1−2
Δh1−2 = cp (T2 − T1 )
c
Semi-perfect gas
EG l
2
N ra
Δh1−2 = ∫ cp dT
ΔU̇ = Q̇1 − Q̇2 1
ΔU̇ = k 2 T − k1 T 40. Answer: B

er
ΔU̇ = (k 2 − k1 )T m = 54 g
dU = mcdT T1 = 15°C = 15 + 273 = 288 K
ef
ΔU̇dt = mcdT T2 = 75°C = 75 + 273 = 348 K

c̅p = 75 J mol−1 k −1
R
(k 2 − k1 )Tdt = mcdT
dT (k 2 − k1 ) ∴ ΔH = nc̅p (T2 − T1 )
= dt
T mc 54 54
= × 75 × (348 − 288) = × 75 × 60
On integrating 18 18
2 2 (k
1 2 − k1 ) = 180 × 75 = 13,500 J
∫ dT = ∫ dt
1 T 1 mc = 13.5 kJ
Tf (k 2 − k1 )
ln ( ) = t ∴ ΔH = 13.5 kJ
T0 mc
(k2 −k1 )
t 41. Answer: A
Tf = T0 e mc
37. Answer: A
(0.01−01)
×60
Tf = 80 e 9×1
Tf = 80 e−0.6
- 64 -
Qp − QV = m(cp − cv )ΔT
= mRΔT
= 1 × 0.2968 × (30)
= 8.904 kJ
Qp = 1 × 1.042 × 30
= 31.26 kJ
⇒ QV = 22.35 kJ
PN2 + PAr = Pt 44. Answer: D
mN2 R N2 TN2 mAr R Ar TAr Process is Isochoric Heat Rejection.
+ = Pt
VN2 VAr
For Perfect Gas
̅T1 mAr R
mN2 R ̅T1
+ = P1
0 e
V1 MN2 V1 MAr
I1 od
̅T mN2 mAr
R
( + ) = P1
V1 MN2 MAr
̅T mN2 mAr
R
c
V1 = ( + )
P1 MN2 MAr
8.314 × 300 1 2
EG l
V1 = ( + ) Q = mcv ΔT
N ra
100 28 40
P1 V1
V1 = 2.137 m3 Q= c ΔT
RT1 v
er
42. Answer: C
(Pg1 + Patm,L )V1
Q|P = mcP (T2 − T1 ) Q= cv ΔT
RT1
ef
T2 2.01325 × 105 × 2500 × 10−6 × 718 × (5 − 15)

Q|P = mcP T1 ( − 1) Q=
T1 287 × 288
V2 Q = −43.72 J
R
Q|P = mcP T1 ( − 1)
V1 For Isochoric process undergone by Ideal gas
Alternate method:
cP = x1 cP1 + x2 cP2
1 8.314 × 14 2 8.314 × 1.67
cP = × + ×
3 28 × 0.4 3 40 × 0.67
cP = 0.6917 kJ/(kg-K)
3.137
Q|P = 3 × 0.6917 × 300 ( − 1)
2.137
Q|P = 291.6 kJ P1 P2
=
T1 T2
43. Answer: A
T2
QV = mcV ΔT P2 = P
T1 1
Qp = mcp ΔT
- 65 -
278 ⇒ V2 ≈ 866.32 × 10−6 m3

P2 = × 2.01325 × 105
288 47. Answer: D
P2 = 1.94334 × 105 Pa
Number of moles of gas
P2 = (1.94334 − 1.01325) × 105
P1 V1 100 × 103 × 700 × 10−6
Pg2 = 0.93 bar =n= =
̅T
R 8.314 × 500
45. Answer: C ⇒ n = 0.0168
P1 P2
= Q = W + ΔU
T1 T2
T1 ΔU = Q − W
P1 = P
T2 2 ΔU = Q − p(V2 − V1 )
288 ΔU = 100 − (100 × 103 × (866.32 × 10−6
P1 = × 2.01325 × 105
278 − 700 × 10−6 ))
0 e
P1 = 2.08566 bar
ΔU = 83.37 J
I1 od
Pg1 = 1.07241 bar
48. Answer: B
46. Answer: B
V = 0.057 m3
c
p1 = 300 kPa
T = 300 k
EG l
p2 = 330 kPa
N ra
c̅v = 21 J/mol − k
Heat supplied at constant pressure = change in
er
Δ U/n =?
Enthalpy
For ideal gas
⇒ 100 = n × {(3000 + 50T2 )
ef
U = U(T) only
− (3000 + 50T1 )}
H = H(T) only
P1 V1
R
⇒ 100 = × {50}{T2 − 500} ΔU = nc̅v ΔT1−2

̅T1
R
ΔU/n = c̅v ΔT1−2
100 × 103 × 700 × 10−6
⇒ 100 = T2
8.314 × 500 ΔU/n = c̅v T1 ( − 1)
T1
× 50(T2 − 500)
For isochoric heat addition
⇒ T2 = 618.77 K ⇒ T2 = 618.77 K
p2 p1
Applying ideal gas equation at constant =
T2 T1
pressure T2 p2
=
V1 V2 T2 T1 p1
⇒ = ⇒ V2 = V1 .
T1 T2 T1 p2
ΔU/n = c̅v T1 ( − 1)
618.77 p1
V2 = 700 × 10−6 × ⇒ V2
500 330
−6 = 21 × 300 ( − 1)
= 866.28 × 10 300
Δu̅ = 21 × 300 × 0.1
- 66 -
Δu̅ = 630 J/mol 773

Heat given off by air = ∫173 (26.693 +
49. Answer: C 7.365 × 10−3 T)dT
Q = mcΔT 7.365 × 10−3
Pt = 26.693(600) + (7732
ΔT = 2
mc − 1732 )
2000 × 20 × 60
ΔT = = 18105.98 J= 18.11 kJ
40 × 4.2 × 103
ΔT = 14.286°C ∴ Heat given off = 18.11 kJ
50. Answer: B 52. Answer: A

n = 3; T1 = 30°C = 303 K
T2 = 250°C = 523 K
Vessel is rigid ⇒ V = Constant
0 e
c̅p = 29.1 J/mol − °C ;c̅v = 20.8 J/mol − °C
I1 od
By 1st law of thermodynamics
m = 20 kg 0
T1 = 25°C Q − W = ΔU ⇒ Q = ΔU = nc̅v (T2 − T1 )
c
Change in potential energy of block = Work (Rigid)
EG l
transferred to water by agitator ⇒ Q = 3 × 20.8 × (523 − 303) = 13728 J
N ra
⇒ (40) × (9.81) × 4 × 500 = −W 53. Answer: A

Since container is insulated, by applying 1st law Energy lost by steel ball = Energy gained by
er
of Thermodynamics water
ms cps (Ts − T) = mw cpw (T − Tw )
ef
0
Q − W = ΔU 1 × 0.4(60 − T) = 1 × 4.18(T − 20)
R
⇒ (40) × (9.81) × 4 × 500 24 − 0.4T = 4.18T − 83.6

= (20)(4.18) × 103 × ΔT T = 23.493°C
⇒ ΔT = 9.387 K (or)°C 54. Answer: A
∴ Tfinal − Tinitial = 9.387 K (or) °C Once Ideal Gas is defined, specific heat of the
⇒ Tfinal = 25 + 9.387°C Ideal gas depends on temperature only
= 34.38°C ≈ 34.4°C 55. Answer: 6
∴ Tfinal = 34.4°C Q = WD + ΔU
I2 Rt = P(V2 − V1 ) + mcv ΔT
51. Answer: C
−3
I2 Rt − P(V2 − V1 )
c̅p = 26.693 + 7.365 × 10 TJ/mol − K ΔT =
mcv
n = 1 mol p = 1 atm;
T1 = 500°C = 773 K
T2 = −100°C = 173 K
- 67 -
1.52 (12/1.5)90 − 1.2 × 105 × 0.01

ΔT =
0.1 × 700
ΔT = 6 K
4.2 Isothermal Heat Interaction, Adiabatic Expansion & Polytropic Heat

Interaction
1. Answer: D T1 = 300 K
For Isothermal process undergone by perfect Process is V = constant
gas, change in internal energy is zero T2 = 500 K
0 e
Q1−2 = W1−2 P1 P2 5
= ⇒ P2 = 10 ( ) bar
T1 T2 3
I1 od
2. Answer: 84.00 to 84.300
m = 1 kg Total heat supplied is given by
T = constant = 150°C = 423 K Qt = Q1−2 + Q2−3

c
V1 Finding of Q1−2
V2 = , R = 0.287 kJ/kg − K
2
𝑄1−2 = Δ𝑈
EG l
Applying 1st law of thermodynamics,
N ra
Q1−2 = n. c̅v . ΔT (V = constant)

0
⇒ Q1−2 = 1 × 20.8 × (200)
Q − W = ΔU
er
= 4160 kJ
(T = C)
Finding of Q2−3
v2
⇒ Q = W = mRT ln ( )
ef
v1 Q2−3 = W2−3 (T = Constant)

1 P
= 1 × 0.287 × 423 × ln ( ) ̅T ln ( 2 )
⇒ Q2−3 = nR
R
2 P3
50
∴ Heat rejected in compression process (3)
⇒ Q2−3 = 1 × 8.314 × 500 × ln ( )
2
= 84.15 kJ
3. Answer: 12950.0 to 13000.0 = 8813.93 kJ
∴ Qt = 4160 + 8813.93 kJ
⇒ Qt = 12,974 kJ
4. Answer: 28 to 36
P ∝ D ⇒ P = kD; k is a constant
T = constant, p1 = 120 kPa
D1 = 20 cm = 0.2 m
n = 1 kmol kPa
k = 600
m
- 68 -
Heat consumed by balloon = 2 kJ

Applying 1st law of Thermodynamics
0
Q − W = ΔU
(For ideal gas when T = C)
⇒ W = 2 kJ
V
⇒ ∫V 2 pdV = 2 kJ
1
πD3
Given p = kD and V = P1 = 0.1 MPa = 100 kPa
6
V1 = 2 m3
3D2
⇒ dV = π. dD P2 = 1 MPa = 1000 kPa
6
πD2 V3 = 0.2 m3
0 e
⇒ dV = dD
2 For process 1 − 2:
I1 od
D2 πD2
⇒ ∫D kD. 2 dD = 2 × 103 J 5
1 c̅p = ̅
R
D2 2
πK D4
⇒ . | = 2 × 103 J ̅
c
2 4 γR 5 γ−1 2
D1
⇒ = ̅⇒
R =
π × 600 γ−1 2 γ 5
⇒ × (D42 − 0.24 ) = 2
EG l
8 5
⇒γ=
N ra
16 3
⇒ D42 = (0.2)4 + ( ) p1 1/γ
600π γ γ
⇒ p1 V1 = p2 V2 ⇒ V2 = V1 ( )
er
⇒ D2 = 0.317 m p2
∴ Final diameter of balloon = 31.7 cm 100 3/5

⇒ V2 = 2 ( ) ⇒ V2 = 0.50237 m3
ef
1000
Alternate Method:
p1 V1 − p2 V2
π P1 ∴ W1−2 =
W= × × (D42 − D14 ) γ−1
R
8 D1
100(2) − 1000(0.50237)
0 =
2/3
Q = W + ΔU
= −453.56 kJ
For process 2 − 3:
π 120 4
× (D − 0.24 ) = 2 W2−3 = P2 (V3 − V2 ) = 1000(0.2 − 0.50237)
8 0.2 2
D2 = 31.69 cm = −302.37 kJ
5. Answer: 740 to 770 ∴ Total work done on the gas = W1−2 +

W2−3 = |−453.56 + (−302.37)|
⇒ W1−3 = |−755.93|kJ
∴ Total work done on the gas = 755.93 kJ
6. Answer: B
pV = mRT
- 69 -
p1 V1 = mRT1 Applying 1st law of thermodynamics for the gas

p2 V2 = mRT2 0
mRT1 = mRT2 Q − W = ΔU
T1 = T2 (ΔT = 0 for ideal Gas)
ΔT1−2 = 0 ⇒Q=W
P
For an Ideal gas ̅T. ln ( 1 )
⇒ Q = nR
P2
U = U(T) only
800
ΔU1−2 = 0 = 1 × 8.314 × 1000 × ln ( )
400
Q = Wd + ΔU
⇒ Q = 5.76 × 103 J
Q = Wd
⇒ Q = 5.76 kJ
1 V
Q = − (2p + p) ( ) 11. Answer: C
0 e
2 2
3pV
I1 od
Q=−
4
7. Answer: A
c
Q = W + ΔU
Q = W (for Isothermal)
EG l
N ra
8. Answer: A
For process 1 − 2 , pV = constant
er
P1 V1 = P2 V2
1 × 1.6 = P2 × 0.2
mAr = 0.1 kg; pAr = 100 kPa, TAr = 300 K
ef
P2 = 8 bar
mpiston = 5 kg
Wd2−3 = P2 (V3 − V2 )
Initially the piston is at the bottom of cylinder.
R
= 8 × 102 (1.6 − 0.2)

Given that piston is displaced by
= 1120 kJ
10 cm = 10−1 m = 0.1 m
9. Answer: D
Given that Tfinal of Argon = 320 K
Q2−3 = Wd2−3 + ΔU2−3
cv |argon = 312 J/kg − K
Q2−3 = Wd2−3 + (U3 − U1 ) (since U2 = U1 )
Applying 1st law of Thermodynamics for Ar
Q2−3 = 1120 + 3549
0
= 4669 kJ
⇒ Q − W = ΔU
10. Answer: B
⇒ W = −ΔU =
n = 1 mol T = constant
−(0.1) × 312 × (320 − 300)
P1 = 8 bar = 800 kPa
= −0.1 × 20 × 0.312 kJ
P2 = 4 bar = 400 kPa
= −2 × 0.312 = −0.624 kJ
T1 = 100 K
- 70 -
∴ Work done by Argon = −0.624 kJ = 149°C

12. Answer: B 14. Answer: C
Work done by nitrogen = Workdone on State 0
Argon +Work done for moving the piston (P0 , T0 )
5 × 9.81 × 10−1 T = Constant
= 0.624 + ( )
1000 State 1
= 0.629 kJ (P1 , T1 )
13. Answer: A T0 = T1
For Internal Reversible Adiabatic expansion P0
Q0−1 = c ln ( )
process P1
1−γ P0
TP γ = Constant Q0−1 = mRT0 ln ( )
P1
0 e
1−γ 1−γ
T2 P2 γ
= T1 P1 γ Q0−1 P0
I1 od
= RT0 ln ( )
1−γ
m P1
P1 γ
P1
T2 = ( ) T1 q 0−1 = −RT0 ln ( )
P2 P0
c
Given x̅1 = x̅2 = 0.5 15. Answer: C
1 1 1
EG l
= x̅1 ( ) + x̅2 ( ) P1 V1 − P2 V2
W =
N ra
γm − 1 γ1 − 1 γ2 − 1 d
1−2 γ−1
1 1 1 ̅(T1 − T2 )
mR(T1 − T2 ) nR
= 0.5 ( ) + 0.5 ( ) = =
γm − 1 1.4 − 1 1.67 − 1
er
γ−1 γ−1
γm = γ = 1.5 Perfect gas isentropic process
ef
0.5
−
5 1.5
T2 = ( ) × 573 = 422.19 K
2
R
4.3 Free Expansion

1. Answer 56.80 to 62.78
(γ − n) mR(T1 − T2 )
Q1−2 = ×
(γ − 1) (n − 1)
0.1 1 × 287 × (−250)
Q1−2 = ×
0.4 0.3
287×250
Q1−2 = − J Free expansion
1.2
−287
Q1−2 = kJ
4.8
W=0
Q1−2 = −59.79 kJ
3. Answer: C
⇒ Heat transferred to surroundings = 59.79 kJ
For Free Expansion of an Ideal Gas Inside an
2. Answer: C
Insulated container
- 71 -
ΔU = ΔH = 0 0
0
4. Answer: C Q − W = ΔU
(Free expansion)
(Insulated)
⇒ ΔU = 0 ⇒ ΔT = 0 (For ideal gas)
∴ Tfinal − Tinitial = 0
⇒ Tfinal = Tinitial = 100°C
6. Answer: B
V2 = 0.6 m3 ; T2 = 100°C
V1 = 0.2 m3 ; T1 = 100°C,
p1 = 6 bar = 600 kPa
0 e
Minimum work is required during isothermal
I1 od
Applying 1st law of Thermodynamics,
compression
0 0
V2
∴ Wmin,required = |p1 V1 ln ( )| Q − W = ΔU
V1
c
0.6 (Free expansion) (Insulated)
= |600 × 0.2 × ln ( )|
0.2
EG l
= 131.83 kJ
N ra
⇒ ΔU = 0
5. Answer: D ΔT = 0(for ideal gas)
er
st
Applying 1 law of thermodynamics ⇒ Tfinal = Tinitial = 298 K
ef
R
- 72 -
CHAPTER-5
OPEN SYSTEM ANALYSIS
by
NEGI SIR
GATE AIR -1 (XE) 2019 & 2020

BNPM AIR -1
CALLING : 95054 74766

WHATSAPP : 82922 44719
R
ef
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ef
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5 OPEN SYSTEM ANALYSIS
5.1 Control Volume Work, Nozzle, Diffuser
1. Air having a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s enters a
diffuser at 100 kPa and 30°C, with a velocity of
200 m/s. Exit area of the diffuser is 400 cm2
while the exit temperature of the air is
45°C. The rate of heat loss from the diffuser to
[GATE-2018-ME]
the surrounding is 8 kJ/s. The pressure at the
4. The theoretical maximum velocity (in m/s) of
diffuser exit is _________ kPa (2 decimal
air expanding from a reservoir at 700 K is
places).
0 e
_______ (accurate to two decimal places).
For air, the characteristic gas constant is 287
I1 od
Specific heat of air at constant pressure is 1005
J/(kgK) and specific heat capacity at constant
J/(kg-K)
pressure is 1005 J/(kgK). Assume air to be an
[GATE-2018-AE]
c
ideal gas and the flow in the diffuser is steady.
5. Superheated steam at 2 bar and 300°C, with an
[GATE-2021-XE]
enthalpy of 3072.1 kJ/kg, enters a horizontal
EG l
2. Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) enters an adiabatic rigid
N ra
adiabatic nozzle with negligible velocity and

nozzle steadily at 1 MPa and 500°C with a
leaves at 0.2 bar as saturated vapour with an
mass flow rate of 1.5 kg/s. The inlet area of the
er
enthalpy of 2609.9 kJ/kg. Assuming steady

nozzle is 40 cm2 and the exit velocity is 10
flow and neglecting the potential energy
times of that at the inlet. If CO2 can be
ef
changes, the exit velocity (in m/s) of the steam

considered as an ideal gas with gas constant of
(up to 1 decimal place) is _______.
R
0.19 kJ/kg. K and the ratio of specific heats of

[GATE-2018-XE]
1.29, the exit temperature (in K) (rounded off
6. Steam at an initial enthalpy of 100 kJ/kg and
to 1 decimal place) is _________.
inlet velocity of 100 m/s, enters an insulated
[GATE-2020-XE]
horizontal nozzle. It leaves the nozzle at 200
3. Steam flows through a nozzle at a mass flow
m/s. The exit enthalpy (in kJ/kg) is ________
rate of ṁ = 0.1kg/s with a heat loss of 5 kW.
[GATE-2016-ME]
The enthalpies at inlet and exit are 2500 kJ/kg 7. An equimolar mixture of two ideal gases (A, B)
and 2350 kJ/kg, respectively. Assuming expands isentropically in a nozzle. The gas
negligible velocity at inlet (c1 ≈ 0), the mixture enters the nozzle at 300 kPa, 400 K and
velocity (c2 ) of steam (in m/s) at the nozzle exit exits at 100 kPa. Assuming the mixture to be an
is ___ (correct to two decimal places) ideal gas, the exit temperature of the gas
mixture (in K) is _____
- 73 -
Molar mass cp area is 80 cm2. The specific heat of air cp is

(kg/kmol) (kJ/kg − K) 1008 J/kgK
11. The exit temperature of the air is
Gas A 28.013 1.04
A. 516 K B. 532 K
Gas B 2.016 14.21
C. 484 K D. 468 K
[GATE-2016-XE]
[GATE-2012-ME]
8. An ideal gas expands in an adiabatic
12. The exit area of the nozzle in cm2 is
frictionless nozzle from the inlet conditions of
A. 90.1 B. 56.3
31 bar, 800 K to the ambient pressure of 1 bar
C. 4.4 D. 12.9
at the outlet. The specific heat cp for the gas is
[GATE-2012-ME]
1 kJ/kg K and the specific heat ratio γ = 1.4.
13. A pump handling a liquid raises its pressure
0 e
Neglecting inlet kinetic energy, the velocity of
from 1 bar to 30 bar. Take the density of the
I1 od
the gas (in m/s) at the nozzle exit is
liquid as 990 kg/m3 . The isentropic specific
A. 32 B. 500
work done by the pump in kJ/kg is
C. 707 D. 1000
A. 0.10 B. 0.30
c
[GATE-2015-XE]
C. 2.50 D. 2.93
9. A pump raises pressure of saturated liquid
EG l
[GATE-2011-ME]
N ra
water at 100 kPa (density ρ = 959 kg/m3 ) to

Common Data for Questions 14 &15:
2 MPa. The isentropic efficiency of the pump
The temperature and pressure of air in a large
er
is 0.92. The work done by the pump (in J/kg) is

reservoir are 400 K and 3 bar respectively. A
______.
converging diverging nozzle of exit area 0.005
ef
[GATE-2015-XE]
m2 is fitted to the wall of the reservoir as shown
10. Consider the steady flow of air through an
in the figure. The static pressure of air at the
R
insulated nozzle. The pressure and temperature

exit section for isentropic flow through the
at the inlet are 120 kPa and 320 K, respectively.
nozzle is 50 kPa. The characteristic gas
The outlet pressure is 1 bar. The inlet velocity
constant and the ratio of specific heats of air are
is very small and the air undergoes a reversible
0.287 kJ/kgK and 1.4 respectively
adiabatic process. The outlet velocity, in m/s, is
A. 303.7 B. 180.7
C. 5.7 D. 127.3
[GATE-2014-XE]
Air enters an adiabatic nozzle at 300 kPa, 500
K with a velocity of 10 m/s. It leaves the nozzle
14. The density of air in kg/m3 at the nozzle exit is
at 100 kPa with a velocity of 180 m/s. The inlet
A. 0.560 B. 0.600
- 74 -
C. 0.727 D. 0.800 v = specific volume and P = pressure of the gas.

[GATE-2011-ME] The specific work required to be supplied to the
15. The mass flow rate of air through the nozzle in compressor for this gas compression process is
2 2
kg/s is A. ∫1 Pdv B. ∫1 vdP
A. 1.30 B. 1.77
C. v1(P2 – P1) D. – P2 (v1 – v2)
C. 1.85 D. 2.06
[GATE-2009-ME]
[GATE-2011-ME]
19. In steady state steady flow process taking place
16. Air at 10 bar and 400 K is flowing with a
in a device with a single inlet and a single
velocity of 20 m/s through a pipe of uniform
outlet, the work done per unit mass flow rate is
cross-sectional area of 20 cm2 . The mass flow
outlet
given by w = − ∫inlet vdP, where v is the
rate of air in the pipe is approximately
0 e
A. 0.25 kg/s B. 0.35 kg/s specific volume and P is the pressure. The
I1 od
C. 2.5 kg/s D. 3.5 kg/s expression for w given above
[GATE-2011-XE] A. is valid only if the process is both reversible
17. In a steady state and adiabatic flow of air and adiabatic

c
through a horizontal nozzle, the pressure and B. is valid only if the process is both reversible
and isothermal
EG l
temperature drop from 105 kPa and 300 K to
N ra
100 kPa and 296 K respectively. Air is C. is valid for any reversible process
outlet
considered to be a perfect gas. Take specific D. is incorrect, it must be w = ∫inlet Pdv
er
heat at constant pressure cp = 1005 J/(kg. K), [GATE-2008-ME]

density ρ = 1.15 kg/m3 and ratio of specific 20. Consider a steady, reversible flow process in a
ef
heats γ = 1.4 for air. If the inlet kinetic energy system with one inlet stream and one outlet
stream. Potential and kinetic energy effects are
R
is negligible, then the velocity of air (in m/s) at

the nozzle exit is negligibly small. Given: v = specific volume
A. 85 B. 90 and p = pressure of the system. The net work
C. 93 D. 96 done by the system per unit mass flow rate is
[GATE-2011-PI] A. ∫ pdv B. − ∫ pdv
18. A compressor undergoes a reversible, steady C. ∫ vdp D. − ∫ vdp
flow process. The gas at inlet and outlet of the
[GATE-2008-PI]
compressor is designated as state 1 and state 2
21. Consider steady flow of air (cp = 1005 J/kg. K)
respectively. Potential and kinetic energy
in an adiabatic passage. Air enters the passage
changes are to be ignored. The following
at 100 kPa, 500 K at a velocity of 150 m/s and
notations are used:
exits the passage at 510 K. Assume air to be an
- 75 -
ideal gas and neglect gravitational effects. The 23. For reversible adiabatic compression in a
passage is a steady flow process, the work transfer per unit
A. diffuser, and the velocity at the exit is mass is
approximately 49 m/s A. ∫ Pdv B. ∫ vdP
B. diffuser, and the velocity at the exit is C. ∫ Tds D. ∫ sdT
approximately 79 m/s [GATE-1996-ME]
C. nozzle, and the velocity at the exit is 24. The first law of thermodynamics takes the form
approximately 179 m/s W = −∆H when applied to
D. nozzle, and the velocity at the exit is A. A closed system undergoing a reversible
approximately 249 m/s adiabatic process
[GATE-2007-XE] B. An open system undergoing an adiabatic
0 e
22. Air enters a frictionless adiabatic converging process with negligible changes in kinetic
I1 od
nozzle at 10 bar, 500 K with negligible and potential energies
velocity. The nozzle discharges to a region at 2 C. A closed system undergoing a reversible
bar. If the exit area of the nozzle is 2.5 cm2 , constant volume process
c
find the flow rate of air through the nozzle. D. A closed system undergoing a reversible
EG l
Assume for air cp = 1005 J/kg K and cv = 718 constant pressure process
N ra
J/kg K. [GATE-1993-ME]
[GATE-1997-ME]
er
5.2 Turbine, Compressor, Throttling Devices & Other steady flow Devices
1. An air-conditioning system provides a
ef
continuous flow of air to a room using an intake

R
duct and an exit duct, as shown in the figure.

To maintain quality of the indoor air, the intake
duct supplies a mixture of fresh air with a cold
air steam. The two streams are mixed in an
insulated mixing chamber located upstream of
Assuming the air behaves as an ideal gas with
the intake duct. Cold air enters the mixing
chamber at 5°C, 105 kPa with a volume flow cp = 1.005 kJ/kg. K and R = 0.287 kJ/kg. K,
rate of 1.25 m3 /s during steady state the rate of heat gain by the air from the room is
operation. Fresh air enters a mixing chamber at ____kW
34°C and 105 kPa. The mass flow rate of the (round off to two decimal places)
fresh air is 1.6 times of the cold air stream. Air [GATE-2021-ME]
leaves the room through the exit duct at 24°C 2. Two air streams of mass flow rates ṁ 1 and ṁ2
enter a mixing chamber and exit after perfect
- 76 -
mixing. The corresponding temperatures of the 4. Hot air, assumed as an ideal gas (cp =
inlet streams are T1 and T2 , respectively. Heat 1000 J/kg. K, γ = 1.4) enters a gas turbine at
loss rate from the mixing chamber to the 10 bar, 1000 K and leaves at a pressure of 5 bar.
surrounding is Q̇. Assume that the process is Subsequently it expands in a nozzle to a
steady, specific heat capacity is constant, and pressure of 1 bar. Assume both these processes
air behaves as an ideal gas. Identify the correct to be reversible and adiabatic. If the inlet
expression for the final exit temperature T3 velocity of the air to the nozzle is negligible,
after mixing. The mass specific heat capacity the final velocity (m/s, rounded off to 1 decimal
of the gas at constant volume and constant place) of air at the exit of the nozzle is______
pressure are cv and cp respectively. Neglect the [GATE-2019-XE]
bulk kinetic and potential energies of the 5. A calorically perfect gas (specific heat at
0 e
streams. constant pressure 1000 J/kg-K) enters and
I1 od
ṁ1 T1 +ṁ2 T2 Q̇ leaves a gas turbine with the same velocity. The
A.T3 = +
ṁ1 +ṁ 2 cv (ṁ1 +ṁ 2 )
temperatures of the gas at turbine entry and exit
ṁ1 T1 +ṁ2 T2 Q̇
B. T3 = − are 1100 K and 400 K, respectively. The power
c
ṁ1 +ṁ 2 cv (ṁ1 +ṁ 2 )
ṁ1 T1 +ṁ2 T2 Q̇ produced is 4.6 MW and heat escapes at the

C. T3 = −
ṁ1 +ṁ 2 cp (ṁ1 +ṁ 2 )
EG l
rate of 300 kJ/s through the turbine casing. The
N ra
ṁ1 T1 +ṁ2 T2 Q̇
D. T3 = + mass flow rate of the gas (in kg/s) through the
ṁ1 +ṁ 2 cp (ṁ1 +ṁ 2 )
turbine is
er
[GATE-2021-XE]
A. 6.14 B. 7.00
3. A gas is heated in a duct as it flows over a
C. 7.50 D. 8.00
ef
resistance heater. Consider a 101 kW electric

[GATE-2017-ME]
heating system. The gas enters the heating
6. Two streams of air (cp = 1005 J/kg. K) flow
R
section of the duct at 100 kPa and 27°C with a

through insulated pipes 1 and 2 with the
volume flow rate of 15 m3 /s. If heat is lost
conditions as shown in figure. They mix in an
from the gas in the duct to the surroundings at
insulated pipe-3 and the mixture steadily exits
a rate of 51 kW, the exit temperature of the gas
with a velocity of 100 m/s at 150 kPa.
is (Assume constant pressure, ideal gas,
Neglecting the change in potential energy in all
negligible change in kinetic and potential
the pipes, the exit area of the pipe-3 in m2 (up
energies and constant specific heat;
to 3 decimal places) is ______.
cp = 1 kJ/kg-K; R = 0.5 kJ/kg-K.
A. 32°C B. 37°C
C. 53°C D. 76°C
[GATE-2019-ME]
- 77 -
Assuming no change in kinetic and potential

energy due to throttling, which of the following
is correct:
A. T1 = T2
B. T1 > T2
C. T1 < T2
D. T1 = γ T2 , γ: specific heat ratio
[GATE-2016-XE]
[GATE-2017-XE]
9. Steam enters a turbine at 30 bar, 300°C, (u =
7. A hot ideal gas (cp = 1.2 kJ/(kg. K)) steadily
2750 kJ/kg, h = 2993 kJ/kg) and exits the
flows through a turbine with inlet and exit
turbine as saturated liquid at 15 kPa (u = 225
temperatures of 1500 K and 500 K
0 e
kJ/kg, h = 226 kJ/kg). Heat loss to the
respectively. The minimum mass flow rate (in
I1 od
surrounding is 50 kJ/kg of steam flowing
kg/s) of the hot gas to achieve a power output
through the turbine. Neglecting changes in
of 12 MW is_________
kinetic energy and potential energy, the work
c
[GATE-2016-XE]
output of the turbine (in kJ/kg of steam) is
8. A steadily flowing ideal gas undergoes
EG l
_______
N ra
adiabatic throttling, where

[GATE-2015-ME]
T1 : temperature before throttling
T2 : temperature after throttling
er
10. Specific enthalpy and velocity of steam at inlet and exit of a steam turbine, running under steady state,
ef
are as given below:

Specific enthalpy(kJ/kg) Velocity (m/s)
R
Inlet steam condition 3250 180

Exit steam condition 2360 5
The rate of heat loss from the turbine per kg of steam flow rate is 5 kW. Neglecting changes in potential
energy of steam, the power developed in kW by the steam turbine per kg of steam flow rate, is
A. 901.2 B. 911.2 C. 17072.5 D. 17082.5
[GATE-2013-ME]
11. A well-insulated rigid hot water tank receives
steady flow of water from two sources as
shown in the figure below.
- 78 -
13. In a throttling process, the pressure of an ideal

gas reduces by 50%. If cp and cv are the heat
capacities at constant pressure and constant
cp
volume respectively and γ = c , then the
v
specific volume will change by a factor of

1
A. 2 B. 2γ
γ−1
C. 2 γ D. 0.5
[GATE-2012-CH]
There is no accumulation of water in the tank. 14. The condition of steam at inlet and exit of a
A back-up heater is provided to ensure a perfectly insulated steam turbine running under
0 e
constant outflow temperature of water at 60°C steady-state conditions is as follows:
I1 od
from the tank under steady state. What is the At inlet: specific enthalpy = 3230 kJ/kg;
required capacity of the back-up heater to the velocity = 160 m/s

At exit: specific enthalpy = 2660 kJ/kg;
c
nearest kW? ______
[GATE-2013-XE] velocity = 100 m/s
EG l
12. Specific enthalpy and velocity of steam at inlet Neglecting changes in potential energy, the
N ra
and exit of a steam turbine, running under work done by the steam turbine is
steady state, are as given below: approximately

er
A. 570 kJ/kg B. 578 kJ/kg

Specific
Velocity C. 630 kJ/kg D. 638 kJ/kg
Enthalpy
ef
(m/s)
(kJ/kg) [GATE-2011-XE]
Inlet team
R
3250 180 15.

condition
Exit steam
2360 5
condition
Air (R = 287 J/kg − K, cp = 1005 J/kg − K
The rate of heat loss from the turbine per kg of
steam flow rate is 5 kW. Neglecting changes in and γ = 1.4) flows sequentially through a
potential energy of steam, the power developed compressor, a heater and a turbine as shown in
in kW by the steam turbine per kg of steam the figure. Volume flow rate of air coming out
flow rate, is from the compressor is 2.33 m3 /s when
A. 901.2 B. 911.2 pressure and temperature are 276 kPa and
C. 17072.5 D. 17082.5 43°C respectively. Air is then heated at same

pressure to 430°C in a heater. From heater, air
[GATE-2013-PI]
flows through a turbine which produces 1860
kW of power. Heat loss from turbine to the
- 79 -
surrounding is 90 kW. Air temperature at the 19. An ideal axial compressor is driven by an ideal
turbine exit is turbine across which the total temperature ratio
A. 156.4°C B. 181.6°C is 0.667. If the total temperature at turbine inlet
C. 223.7°C D. 678.4°C is T0 = 1500 K and specific heat of gas cp =
[GATE-2010-XE] 1 kJ/kg/K, the power drawn by the compressor
Common Data for Questions 16 & 17: per unit mass flow rate of air is approximately.
The inlet and the outlet conditions of steam for an A. 300 kW/kg/s B. 1000 kW/kg/s
adiabatic steam turbine are as follows. C. 600 kW/kg/s D. 500 kW/kg/s
[GATE-2009-AE]
20. In a throttling process
0 e
A. temperature always remains unchanged
B. temperature always increases.
I1 od
16. If mass flow rate of steam through the turbine
c
is 20 kg/s, the power output of the turbine in
C. temperature always decreases.
D. temperature may increase, decrease or
remain unchanged.
MW is [GATE-2008-XE]
EG l
N ra
A. 12.157 B. 12.941 21. Air enters the combustor of a gas turbine engine
C. 168.001 D. 168.785 at total temperature of 500 K and leaves the
er
[GATE-2009-ME] combustor at total temperature of 1800 K. If cp

17. Assume the above turbine to be part of a simple remains constant at 1.005 kJ/kgK and heating
ef
Rankine cycle. The density of water at the inlet value of the fuel used is 44 MJ/kg, the fuel to
to the pump is 1000 kg/m3. Ignoring kinetic and air ratio is
R
potential energy effects, the specific work (in A. 0.003 B. 0.012

kJ/kg) supplied to the pump is C. 0.031 D. 0.074
A. 0.293 B. 0.351 [GATE-2008-AE]
C. 2.930 D. 3.3510 22. Steam at 300 kPa and 500℃ (h=3486.0 kJ/kg)
[GATE-2009-ME] enters a steam turbine and exits at atmospheric
18. For an ideal gas undergoing a throttling process pressure and 350℃ (h=3175.8 kJ/kg). Heat
1-2, which of the following relationships losses in the turbine are 50 kW and the mass
holds? flow rate is 0.25 kg/s. Determine the power
P T
A. T1 = T2 B. P1 = T1 output of the turbine if kinetic energy losses are
2 2
γ negligible. _________
P1 T γ−1 P1 T2
C. P = (T1 ) D. P = T
2 2 2 1
[GATE-2001-ME]
[GATE-2009-XE]
23. A small steam whistle (perfectly insulated and
- 80 -
doing no shaft work) causes a drop of 0.8 kJ/kg D. ∆h = 0, ∆S = 0

enthalpy, the kinetic energy of the steam at [GATE-2000-ME]
entry is negligible, the velocity of the steam at 25. A steam turbine receives steam steadily at 10
exit is bar with an enthalpy of 3000 kJ/kg and
A. 4 m/s B. 40 m/s discharges at 1 bar with an enthalpy of 2700
C. 80 m/s D. 120 m/s kJ/kg. The work output is 250 kJ/kg. The
[GATE-2001-ME] changes in kinetic and potential energies are
24. When an ideal gas with constant specific heats negligible the heat transfer from the turbine
is throttled adiabatically, with negligible casing to the surroundings is equal to
changes in kinetic and potential energies. A. 0 kJ/kg B. 50 kJ/kg
A. ∆h = 0, ∆T = 0 C. 150 kJ/kg D. 250 kJ/kg
0 e
B. ∆h > 0, ∆T = 0 [GATE-2000-ME]
I1 od
C. ∆h > 0, ∆S > 0
5.3 Unsteady flow devices

c
1. A rigid insulated tank is initially evacuated. It until the pressure in the tank is 1 MPa.
is connected through a valve to a supply line Subsequently, the valve is closed. Consider air
EG l
that carries air at a constant pressure and to be an ideal gas and neglect bulk kinetic and
N ra
temperature of 250 kPa and 400 𝐾 potential energy. The final temperature of air in
respectively. Now the valve is opened and air the tank is _____ K (1 decimal place).
er
is allowed to flow into the tank until the Specific heat capacity of air at constant
pressure inside the tank reaches to 250 kPa at pressure cp = 1.005 kJ/(kgK) and
ef
which point of the valve is closed. Assume characteristic gas constant for air = 0.287
R
that the air behaves as a perfect gas with kJ/(kgK).

constant properties. [GATE-2021-XE]
(cp = 1.005 kJ/kg. K , cv = 0.718 kJ/kg. K, 3. An insulated, evacuated container is connected
R = 0.287 kJ/kg. K). Final temperature of the to a supply line of an ideal gas at pressure ps ,
air inside the tank is _____K temperature Ts and specific volume vs . The
(round off to the one decimal place). container is filled with the gas until the pressure
[GATE-2021-ME] in the container reaches ps . There is no heat
2. Air at a pressure of 1 MPa and 300 K is flowing transfer between the supply line to the
in a pipe. An insulated evacuated rigid tank is container and kinetic and potential energies are
connected to this pipe through an insulated negligible. If cp and cv are the heat capacities
valve. The volume of the tank is 1 m3 . The at constant pressure and constant volume
valve is opened and the tank is filled with air
- 81 -
cp
respectively and γ = , then the final D. the average of ambient temperature and TL
cv
[GATE-2011-XE]
temperature of the gas in the container is
5. An ideal gas (γ = 1.39) flows in a pipeline at
A. γTs B. Ts
(γ−1)Ts 450°C and 20 bar. A rigid, insulated and
C. (γ − 1)Ts D. γ initially evacuated vessel is connected to the
[GATE-2012-CH] pipeline through a valve. The valve is now
4. An evacuated, rigid, adiabatic tank is filled opened and the gas is allowed to fill the empty
slowly with air from a supply line supplying air vessel. The final temperature of the gas in the
at a constant pressure, pL and temperature TL . vessel is
The temperature of air in the tank at the end of A. 247°C B. 450°C
the filling process will be C. 625°C D. 732°C
0 e
A. greater than TL [GATE-2009-XE]
I1 od
B. equal to TL
C. less than TL
c
EG l
5. OPEN SYSTEM ANALYSIS-ANWER KEYS
N ra
:::5.1 Control volume work, Nozzle, Diffuser :::

er
8. D 10. B 11. C 12. D 13. D 14. C 15. D 16. B 17. B 18. B

ef
19. C 20. D 21. A 23. B 24. B
1. 100.79 to 111.39 2. 590 to 600 3. 445.0 to 450.0 4. 1185.0 to 1186.50

R
5. 961.0 to 962.0 6. 84 to 86 7. 286 to 297 9. 2100 to 2200 22. 0.3359
::: 5.2 Turbine, Compressor, Throttling devices & Other steady flow
devices :::
2. C 3. A 5. B 8. A 10. A 12. A 13. B 14. B 15. A 16. A
17. C 18. A 19. D 20. D 21. C 23. B 24. A 25. B
1. 4.90 to 5.10 4. 770.0 to 785.0 6. 0.026 to 0.030 7. 9.5 to 10.5 9. 2717 to 2717
11. 120 to 130 22. 27.55
::: 5.3 Unsteady flow devices :::

- 82 -
3. A 4. A 5. D
1. 555 to 565 2. 418.0 to 422.0
SOLUTIONS
5.1 Control volume work, Nozzle, Diffuser
1. Answer: 100.79 to 111.39
0 0 0
Q̇ − Ẇ = ΔkĖ + ΔpĖ + ΔḢ
ṁ 2
⇒ (c − c12 ) + ṁcp (T2 − T1 ) = 0
2 2
p1
0 e
Po = ρo RTo ṁ = .A .c
RT1 1 1
ṁ = ρo Ao co
⇒ Po =
ṁRTo
Ao co
⇒ Po = 106.09 kPa
I1 od
c ⇒ 1.5 =
103 × 40 × 10−4
(0.19)(773)
× c1
⇒ c1 = 55.076 m/s ⇒ c2 = 550.76 m/s

c22 − c12
By SFEE ⇒ + cp (Texit − T1 ) = 0
EG l
2
Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ
N ra
(550.76)2 − (55.076)2
Q̇ = ΔKĖ + ΔḢ (For diffuser) ⇒ +
2
er
1 1.29×0.19×103
⇒ −8000 = × 2 × (c02 − 2002 ) + 2 ( ) (Texit − 773) = 0
2 0.29
× 1005(15) ⇒ 150152.983 + 845.17(Texit − 773) = 0

ef
⇒ c0 = 43.01 m/s ⇒ Texit = 773 − 177.66
2 × 287 × (273 + 45) ⇒ Texit = 595.34 K

R
⇒ Po =
0.04 × 43.01 3. Answer: 445.00 to 450.00
= 106.098 kPa ṁ = 0.1 kg/s,
2. Answer: 590 to 600 Q̇ = −5 kW,
hi = 2500 kJ/kg,
ho = 2350 kJ/kg,
ci = 0,
co = ?
R CO2 = 0.19 kJ/kg. K
According to SFEE. for Nozzle
γ = 1.29
Q̇ = ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔẆ
Applying SFEE for Nozzle,
1
Q̇ = ṁ(co2 − ci2 ) + ṁ(ho − hi )
2
- 83 -
1 cp,mixture
ṁ(co2 − ci2 ) = Q̇ − ṁ(ho − hi )
2 (28.013)(1.04) + (2.016)(14.21)
2[Q̇ − ṁ(ho − hi )] =
co2 = (28.013 + 2.016)
ṁ
cp,mixture = 1.924 kJ/kgK
2(−5 × 103 − 0.1(2350 − 2500) × 103 )
co2 =
0.1 Mmixture = x̅1 M1 + x̅2 M2
co2 = 200000 1(28.013) + 1(2.016)
=
co = 200√5 2
= 15.0145 kg/Kmol
co = 200 × 2.236
R
co = 447.2135 m/s cv,mixture = cp,mixture −
Mmixture
4. Answer: 1185.0 to 1186.50
8.314
The theoretical maximum velocity is = 1.924 −
15.0145
0 e
c = √2 × cp × Tabs cv,mixture = 1.370 kJ/kgK
I1 od
cp,mixture 1.924
= √2 × 1005 × 700 = 1186.17 m/s γmixture = = = 1.404
cv,mixture 1.370
∴ cmax = 1186.17 m/s
0.404
T2 P2 1.404
c
5. Answer: 961.0 to 962.0
⇒ =( )
Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔṖE + ΔḢ T1 P1
EG l
1 2 ⇒ T2 = 291.57 K
N ra
(c0 − ci2 ) + (h0 − hi ) = 0

2 8. Answer: D
1 2 Air ⇒ Perfect gas
c + (2609.9 − 3072.1) = 0
er
2000 0 1−γ
c0 = 961.45 m/s Tp γ =C
(1−γ)
ef
1−γ
Superheated Steam → hi , h0 γ γ
Ti pi = T0 po
(not behaving as perfect gas). 1−γ
pi
R
γ
Δh = ho − hi T0 = ( ) Ti
p0
6. Answer: 84 to 86
T0 = 300 K
For Horizontal Insulated Nozzle
By SFEE
1 2
(c − ci2 ) + (ho − hi ) = 0
2 o Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔpĖ + ΔḢ
1 ⇒ Δke + Δh = 0
ho = hi − (co2 − ci2 )
2 1
1 ⇒ (c02 − ci2 ) + cp (T0 − Ti ) = 0
ho = 100 × 103 − (2002 − 1002 ) 2
2 1
ho = 85 kJ/kg ⇒ (c02 − 02 ) + 1000(300 − 800) = 0
2
7. Answer: 286 to 297 ⇒ C0 = 1000 m/s
Finding cp,mixture : 9. Answer: 2100 to 2200
M1 cp,1 + M2 cp,2 = (M1 + M2 )cp,mixture
- 84 -
0
cp = 1005 J/kg-K,
wideal = − ∫ vdp
i For Horizontal Adiabatic Nozzle
wideal = −v(p0 − pi ) 1 2
(c − ci2 ) + cp (To − Ti ) = 0
1 2 o
wideal = − (2 × 106 − 100 × 103 )
959 ci2 − co2
To = Ti +
wideal = −1981.23 J/kg 2cp
wideal (102 − 1802 )
wactual =
ηip To = 500 +
2 × 1005
1981.23 To = 483.93 K
wactual =
0.92
12. Answer: D
wactual = 2153.5 J/kg
ṁi = ṁo
10. Answer: B
ρi Ai ci = ρo Ao co
0 e
ρi Ai ci
I1 od
Ao =
ρo co
(Pi /RTi )Ai ci
Ao =
(Po /RTo )co
c
(Pi To )Ai ci
Ao =
(Po Ti )co
EG l
N ra
For air γ = 1.4; 300 × 103 × 483.93 × 80 × 10

1−γ γ 1−γ γ Ao = cm2
p1 . T1 = p2 . T2 100 × 103 × 500 × 180
er
1−γ Ao = 12.9048 cm2

p1 γ
⇒ T2 = T1 . ( ) 13. Answer: D
p2
ef
0.4 Isentropic specific work

120 −1.4
⇒ T2 = 320 ( ) = 303.757 K wcv = −v(Po − Pi )
100
R
⇒ T2 = 303.757 K 1
wcv = − (Po − Pi )
ρ
Since Cout = √2 × cp × (T1 − T2 ) 1
wcv = − 990 (30 − 1) × 102 kJ/kg
= √2 × 1005 × (320 − 303.757) wcv = −2.929 kJ/kg

⇒ Cout = 180.687 m/s 14. Answer: C
11. Answer: C Ti = 400 K,
Pi = 300 kPa, Pi = 3 bar,
Po = 100 kPa, Ao = 0.005 m2 ,
Ti = 500 K, Isentropic Flow,
co = 180 m/s, Po = 50 kPa,
ci = 10 m/s, r = 0.287 kJ/kg-K,
1−γ
Ai = 80 cm2 , TP γ = const
- 85 -
1−γ 1−γ
γ γ
Ti Pi = To Po
1−γ
Pi γ
To = Ti ( )
Po
1−1.4
3 × 105 1.4
To = 400 ( )
50 × 103 γ = 1.4
To = 239.7347 K c1 ≈ 0
Po By SFEE
ρo =
RTo 0 0 0
50 × 103 Q̇ − Ẇ = ΔK̇E + ΔṖE + ΔḢ
ρo =
287 × 239.735
ρo = 0.7267 kg/m3
0 e
ṁ 2
15. Answer: D ⇒ (c − c12 ) + ṁcp (T2 − T1 ) = 0
2 2
ṁi = ṁo = ṁ
ṁ = ρo Ao co
ṁ = 0.7267 × 0.005 × co
I1 od
c ⇒ c22 = c12 + 2cp (T1 − T2 )
⇒ c2 = √2 × 1005 × (4) = 89.66 m/s

≈ 90 m/s
1
cp (To − Ti ) + (co2 − ci2 ) = 0
EG l
18. Answer: C
2
N ra
o
Rγ 1 w = − ∫i vdP (Int. Rev. Steady flow,
(To − Ti ) + (co2 − ci2 ) = 0
γ−1 2 ΔKĖ ≅ 0, ΔPĖ ≅ 0)
er
co = √2 × 1005(400 − 239.735) 19. Answer: C

co = 567.567 m/s o
w = − ∫i vdP (Int. Rev. Steady flow,
ef
ṁ = 0.7267 × 0.005 × 567.567

ΔKĖ ≅ 0, ΔPĖ ≅ 0)
ṁ = 2.0622 kg/s
R
20. Answer: D
16. Answer: B
For flow process
ṁ = ρAC 0 0
Air → Ideal gas p = ρRT

δq − δw = dke + dPe + dh
p
ṁ = AC (Negligible)
RT
10 × 102 × 20 × 10−4 × 20 ⇒ Tds − δw = dh ⇒ δw = Tds − dh
ṁ =
0.287 × 400 ⇒ δw = −vdp
ṁ ≅ 0.35 kg/s
⇒ w = − ∫ vdp
17. Answer: B
Flow is adiabatic, Q = 0 21. Answer: A
By SFEE
cp = 1005 J/kg − K
Q̇ = ẆCv + ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ
ρ = 1.15 kg/m3
- 86 -
⇒ Δke + Δh = 0 (neglecting Q̇, Ẇcv , ΔpĖ) co = √2 × 1005(500 − 315.69)

1 co = 608.65 m/s
⇒ (c02 − ci2 ) + cp (T0 − Ti ) = 0
2
Po
Air → Perfect gas ρo =
RTo
1
⇒ (c02 − 1502 ) + 1005(510 − 500) = 0 ṁi = ṁo = ṁ
2
Po
C0 = 48.9 m/s ṁ = A c
RTo o o
22. Answer: 0.3359 kg/s
2 × 105 × 2.5 × 10−4 × 608.65
Pi = 10 bar, ṁ =
287 × 315.69
Po = 2 bar, ṁ = 0.3359 kg/s
Ti = 500 K, 23. Answer: B
Ao = 2.5 × 10−4 m2 , o
w = − ∫i vdP (Int. Rev. Steady flow,
0 e
ci ≅ 0 m/s, ΔKĖ ≅ 0, ΔPĖ ≅ 0)
ṁ =?
TP
1−γ
γ
1−γ
γ
= const
1−γ
γ
I1 od
c 24. Answer: B
According to S.F.E.E
Ti Pi = To Po
For a steady flow open system undergoing an
EG l
1−γ
N ra
Pi γ
adiabatic process with Negligible changes in
To = Ti ( )
Po
Kinetic & Potential energy.
1−1.4
er
To = 500(5) 1.4
Q̇ = 0
To = 315.69 K ΔKĖ = 0
ef
1 2 ΔPĖ = 0
(c − ci2 ) + cp (To − Ti ) = 0
2 o
Ẇcv + ΔḢ = 0
R
co = √2cp (Ti − T0 )
Ẇcv = −ΔḢ
5.2 Turbine, Compressor, Throttling devices & other steady flow devices
1. Answer: 4.90 to 5.10 When both the air streams get mixed, the
equilibrium temperature is given by
ṁcold × cp,cold × (Teq − 278)
= ṁfresh × cp,fresh × (307 − Teq )
⇒ (Teq − 278) = 1.6 × (307 − Teq )
Given ⇒ 2.6 Teq = 769.2
Tcold = 5°C; pcold = 105 kPa, V̇ = 1.25 m3 /s ⇒ Teq = 295.84 K = 22.84°C
Tfresh = 34°C; pfresh = 105 kPa; Applying SFEE for the room
ṁfresh = 1.6 ṁcold Q̇ − Ẇ = ΔkĖ + ΔpĖ + ΔḢ
- 87 -
⇒ Q̇ = ṁtotal × cp × (Texit − Teq ) Q̇ = ṁcp (T2 − T1 )

⇒ Q̇ = (2.6)ṁcold × cp × 1.154 P1 V̇1
(101 − 51) × 103 = c (T − T1 )
pcold × V̇cold RT1 p 2
⇒ Q̇ = (2.6) × × cp × 1.154
R × Tcold (Ṗ − Q̇L )RT1
105 × 1.25 T2 = T1 +
⇒ Q̇ = 2.6 × × 1.005 × 1.154 P1 V̇1 cp
0.287 × 278
50 × 103 × 0.5 × 300
T2 = 27 +
⇒ Q̇ = 4.959 kW = 4.96 kW 100 × 15 × 1 × 103
2. Answer: C T2 = 32°C
4. Answer: 770 to 785
0 e
I1 od
c
EG l
N ra

⇒ −Q̇ = (ṁ1 + ṁ2 )cp T3 − ṁ1 cp T1
er
T1
− ṁ2 cp T2 T2 = γ−1
p1 γ
(p )
ṁ1 T1 + ṁ2 T2 Q̇
ef
2
T3 = −
ṁ1 + ṁ 2 cp (ṁ1 + ṁ 2 ) 1000
= 0.4
R
3. Answer: A (2)1.4
T2 = 820.33 K
T2
T3 = γ−1
p2 γ
(p )
3
820.33
T3 = 0.4
PV̇ = ṁRT (5)1.4
P1 V̇1 T3 = 517.94 K
ṁ =
RT1 Applying SFEE for Nozzle;
According to S.F.E.E ΔKE + ΔH = 0
Q̇ + ẆCV + ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ c02
⇒ = (1)(820.33 − 517.94)
2000
∵ ẆCV = 0, ΔKĖ = 0, ΔPĖ = 0
⇒ c0 = 777.66 m/s
∴ Q̇ = ΔḢ
- 88 -
5. Answer: B ⇒ T3 = 370.67 K
cp = 1000 J/kg-K, Applying Ideal gas equation at exit,
ΔKĖ = 0, 8.314
P = ρRT ⇒ 150 = ρ × ( ) × 370.67
28.96
Ti = 1100 K,
⇒ ρ = 1.41 kg/m3
To = 400 K,
ṁ3 = ρAc3
Ẇcv = 4.6 MW,
⇒ 4 = 1.41 × A × 100
Q̇ = −300 kW,
⇒ A = 0.0283 m2
ṁ =?
7. Answer: 9.5 to 10.5
According to S.F.E.E.
∵ Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ
ΔkĖ = 0, ΔPĖ = 0
0 e
∴ Q̇ = Ẇcv + ṁcp (To − Ti )
ṁ =
ṁ =
Q̇ − Ẇcv
cp (To − Ti ) I1 od
c
−300 × 103 − 4600 × 103
1000(400 − 1100)
EG l
−4900 × 103
N ra
ṁ =
−1000 × 700
ṁ = 7 kg/s For the mass flow rate to be minimum, the
er
turbine has to be completely insulated.

6. Answer: 0.026 to 0.030
By mass balance Applying SFEE
ef
ṁ3 = ṁ1 + ṁ2 = 1 + 3 = 4 kg/s W = ṁcp (T1 − T2 )

⇒ (12 × 103 ) = ṁ(1.2)(1500 − 500)
R
Applying SFEE,
0 0 0 12
⇒ ṁ = = 10 kg
1.2
⇒ Q̇ − Ẇ = ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ
∴ Minimum mass flow rate required = 10 kg
8. Answer: A
⇒ ΔKĖ + ΔḢ = 0
Throttling → Fluid→ Small throttling device
1
⇒ {ṁ3 c32 − ṁ1 c12 − ṁ2 c22 } + ṁ3 {h3 } ⇒ Δhi−0 = 0
2
− ṁ1 h1 − ṁ2 h2 = 0 For Ideal gas
1 h = h(T) only
⇒ {4(1002 ) − 1(502 ) − 3(302 )}
2 ⇒ ΔTi−0 = 0
+ 1005{4T3 − 1(300) 9. Answer: 2717 to 2717
− 3(400)} = 0 Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ
17400 + (4 × 1005)T3 − 1507500 = 0 ∴ Δk̇E = 0, ΔPĖ = 0
- 89 -
∴ Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔḢ 0
wcv = q − Δh By SFEE; Q̇ − Ẇ = ΔkĖ + ΔpĖ + ΔḢ
wcv = −50 − (226 − 2993) ⇒ (−5 × 103 × ṁ) − Ẇ
wcv = 2717 kJ/kg ṁ 2
= (C − C12 ) + ṁ(h2 − h1 )
10. Answer: A 2 2
According to S.F.E.E 3
Ẇ C22 − C12
⇒ −5 × 10 − = + (h2 − h1 )
ṁ 2
Ẇ 3)
1802 − 52
Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔḢ [∵ ΔPĖ = 0] ⇒ = −(5 × 10 + ( )
ṁ 2
Ẇcv = Q̇ − ΔKĖ − ΔḢ + (3250 − 2360) × 103
1
Ẇcv = Q̇ − ṁ[2 (co2 − ci2 ) + (ho − hi )] Ẇ
⇒ = −5000 + 16187.5 + 89000
1 ṁ
Ẇcv = −5 × 103 − 1[2 (52 − 1802 ) +
0 e
= 901.187 kJ/kg
I1 od
(2360 − 3250) × 103 ] Ẇ
⇒ = 901.187 kJ/kg
Ẇcv = 901187.5 W ṁ
13. Answer: A
Ẇcv = 901.187 kW
c
For throttling,
11. Answer: 120 to 130
Pi vi = Po vo
EG l
Applying Energy balance,
N ra
Ein = Eoutlet Pi
vo = ( ) vi
Po
(1 × cwater × 353) + (5 × cwater × 323) +
er
vo = 2vi
Q̇H = 6 × cwater × 333
14. Answer: B
⇒ Q̇ H
ef
Applying SFEE for steam turbine

= cwater × (6(333) − 5(323) − 1(353))
0 0
⇒ Q̇ H = 4.18 × (30)
R
Q̇ = ẆCV + ΔKĖ + ΔṖE + ΔḢ

= 125.4 kW
ẆCV = −ΔKĖ − ΔḢ
12. Answer: A
ẇCV = −Δke − Δh
1
ẇCV = − [ (C02 − Ci2 ) + (h0 − hi )]
2
1
ẇCV = − [ (1002 − 1602 )
2000
+ (2660 − 3230)]
= 577.8 kJ/kg
15. Answer: A
Q̇ = −5 kW/kg; ΔPĖ = 0
- 90 -
R = 287 J/kg − K ;cp = 1005 J/kg − K and 1

wcv = − (3 × 106 − 70 × 103 )
1000
γ = 1.4
wcv = −2.930 kJ/kg
Applying SFEE for turbine,
18. Answer: A
0 0
Applying SFEE for throttling process,
Q̇ − Ẇ = ΔKĖ + ΔṖE + ΔḢ
0 0 0 0
δq − δw = dkE + dpE + dh
⇒ −90 − 1860
= ṁ × 1.005 × (Texit − Tinlet )
⇒ dh = 0, Assuming an Ideal gas
Tinlet = 430°C
⇒ cp dT = 0 ⇒ dT = 0
p2 Q̇2
ṁ = ρ2 Q̇2 ⇒ ṁ = So, Temperature remains unchanged.
RT2
0 e
(276)(2.33) 19. Answer: D
⇒ ṁ = = 7.0908 kg/s
I1 od
(0.287)(316)
⇒ −90 − 1860
= 7.0908 × 1.005 × (Texit − 703)
c
⇒ Texit − 703 = −273.636
⇒ Texit = 429.364 K = 156.36°C
EG l
N ra
⇒ Texit = 156.36°C
16. Answer: A
er
T
Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ Given T2 = 0.667
0
Ẇcv = −(ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ) ⇒ T2 = (0.667) × 1500

ef
⇒ T2 = 1000 K
1
Ẇcv = − [ ṁ(co2 − cI2 ) + ṁg(zo − zi ) ∴ Power drawn by compressor = cp (T0 − T2 )
2
R
= 1 × (1500 − 1000) = 500 kW/(kg/s)

+ ṁ(ho − hi )] 20. Answer: D
1 In throttling, Δh = 0
Ẇcv = −20 [ (1002 − 1602 )
2 For ideal gas, dh = cp dT
+ 9.81(6 − 10)
⇒ dT = 0
+ (2600 − 3200) × 103 ] But in case of real gases, Temperature may
Ẇcv = 12156784.8 W increase or decrease.
Ẇcv = 12.156 MW 21. Answer: C
17. Answer: C Since velocity is reducing along the device, it
wcv = −v(Po − Pi ) is a diffuser.
1
wcv = − (Po − Pi )
ρ
- 91 -
1 2
c = (hi − ho )
2 o
co = √2(hi − ho )
co = √2 × 800
For steady state, co = 40 m/s
Ėin = Ėout and neglecting minor energies, 24. Answer: A
⇒ (ṁair × cp × Tin ) For Ideal Gas undergoing throttling process in
+(ṁfuel × Heating value) a small throttling device having negligible
= (ṁair + ṁfuel ) × cp × Tout changes in kinetic & potential energies,
ṁfuel Δh = 0
⇒ cp Tin + × Heating value
ṁair ΔT = 0
0 e
ṁfuel 25. Answer: B
= (1 + ) × cp × Tout
ṁair
⇒ (1.005)(500) + (
= (1 +
ṁfuel
I1 od
ṁfuel
ṁair
c ) × 44 × 103
) × 1.005 × 1800
ṁair
EG l
ṁfuel 13 × 1.005
N ra
⇒ =
ṁair 440 − 18 × 1.005
13.065
= = 0.0309 = 0.031
er
421.91
ṁfuel
∴ = 0.031
ef
ṁair Pi = 10 bar,
22. Answer: 27.55 kW hi = 300 kJ/kg,
R
According to S.F.E.E Po = 1 bar,

Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ ho = 2700 kJ/kg,
Q̇ = Ẇcv + ΔḢ [ΔKĖ ≅ 0, ΔPĖ ≅ 0] wcv = 250 kJ/kg,
Ẇcv = Q̇ − ΔḢ ΔKĖ = ΔPĖ = 0

= −50 − 0.25 (3175.8 − 3486.0) According to S.F.E.E
= 27.55 kW Q̇ = ẆCV + ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ
23. Answer: B q = wcv + Δh
Q̇ = ẆCV + ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ q = 250 + (2700 − 3000)
ΔKĖ + ΔḢ = 0 q = −50 kJ/kg
Δke + Δh = 0
1 2
(c − ci2 ) + (ho − hi ) = 0
2 o
- 92 -
5.3 Unsteady flow devices

1. Answer: 555 to 565 Applying Energy balance for the container
dE
Ėin − Ėout =
dt
⇒ ṁhin = ṁcv Tfinal
⇒ ṁcp × Ts = ṁcv Tfinal ⇒ Tfinal = γTs
4. Answer A
0 e
I1 od
Final temperature of air inside the tank
= γ. Tpipe
1.005
c
=( ) × (400) = 559.8 K
0.718 u2 = hi
EG l
∴ Tfinal = 559.8 K cv T2 = cp TL
N ra
2. Answer: 418.0 to 422.0 T2 = γTL

cp Since γ > 1; T2 > TL
T2 = γTi (γ = c )
er
p −R
5. Answer: D
1.005
T2 = × 300 Gas → Ideal gas
ef
1.005 − 0.287
T2 = 419.9 K T2 = γTi
T2 = 1.39 × 723
R
3. Answer: A
T2 = 1004.97 K
T2 = 731.97°C
- 93 -
CHAPTER- 6
SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
by
NEGI SIR
GATE AIR -1 (XE) 2019 & 2020

BNPM AIR -1
CALLING : 95054 74766

WHATSAPP : 82922 44719
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6 SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
6.1 Heat Engines, Refrigerators & Heat Pumps

1. For a refrigeration cycle, the ratio of actual 4. A reversible heat engine is operating between
COP to the COP of a reversible refrigerator two reservoirs maintained at T1 and T2 , where
operating between the same temperature limits T1 > T2 . Which one of the following is the
is 0.8. The condenser and evaporator most effective option for increasing its thermal
temperatures are 51°C and −30°C, efficiency?
respectively. If the cooling capacity of the plant A. increasing T1 , while keeping T2 constant
is 2.4 kW, then the power input to the B. decreasing T1 , while keeping T2 constant
refrigerator is: C. increasing T2 , while keeping T1 constant
0 e
(COP: Coefficient of Performance) D. decreasing T2 , while keeping T1 constant
I1 od
A. 1.00 kW [GATE-2020-XE]
B. 1.33 kW 5. The relation between the coefficient of
performance of a refrigerator (COP)R and the
c
C. 2.08 kW
D. 1.25 kW coefficient of performance of heat pump
EG l
[GATE-2021-XE] (COP)HP is
N ra
2. A refrigerator working on a reversed Carnot A. (COP)HP = (COP)R + 1

cycle has a Coefficient of Performance (COP) B. (COP)HP = (COP)R − 1
er
of 4. If it works as a heat pump and consumes C. (COP)HP = 1 − (COP)R

work input of 1 kW, the heating effect will be: D. (COP)HP × (COP)R = 1
ef
A. 5 kW [GATE-2020-XE]
R
B. 4 kW 6. A Carnot heat engine receives 600 kJ of heat

C. 1 kW per cycle from a source at 627°C and rejects
D. 6 kW heat to a sink at 27°C. The amount of heat
[GATE-2021-XE] rejected to the sink per cycle (round off to the
3. If a reversed Carnot cycle operates between the nearest integer) in kJ is
temperature limits of 27℃ and −3℃, then the A. 26 B. 200
ratio of the COP of a refrigerator to that of a C. 400 D. 574
heat pump (COP of refrigerator / COP of heat [GATE-2020-PI]
pump) based on the cycle is 7. The figure shows a heat engine (HE) working
____________(round off to 2 decimal places) between two reservoirs. The amount of heat
[GATE-2020-ME] (Q2 ) rejected by the heat engine is drawn by a
heat pump (HP). The heat pump receives the
- 94 -
entire work output (W) of the heat engine. If B. work transfer in all four parts of the cycle
temperatures, T1 > T3 > T2 , then the relation and heat transfer in two parts of the cycle.
between the efficiency (η) of the heat engine C. work transfer in two parts of the cycle and
and the coefficient of performance (COP) of heat transfer in all four parts of the cycle.
the heat pump is D. work transfer in all four parts of the cycle
and heat transfer in all four parts of the cycle.
[GATE-2019-XE]
11. Three Carnot engines E1 , E2 , E3 operate as
shown in the figure (T1 > T2 > T3 ).
0 e
I1 od
c
A. COP = 1 + η B. COP = η−1
EG l
C. COP = η−1 − 1 D. COP = η
N ra
[GATE-2019-ME]
8. A reversible cyclic device absorbs 400 kJ/s heat
er
from a reservoir maintained at 265 K and

ef
rejects heat to another reservoir at 298 K. The

The efficiency of the engine E3 in terms of the
magnitude of the rate of work done (kW) by the
efficiencies η1 and η2 of the engines E1 and E2 ,
R
device is
respectively, is
A. 849.81 B. 449.81
A. η1 + η2
C. 355.70 D. 49.81
B. η1 + η2 − η1 η2
[GATE-2019-XE]
C. 1 − η1 − η2
9. A Carnot engine receives 2000 kJ heat from a
D. 1 − η1 η2
source at 1200 K and rejects 500 kJ heat to sink.
[GATE-2019-PI]
The sink temperature (K) is _______
12. A heat pump is to supply heat at the rate of 10
[GATE-2019-XE]
kW to a building to be maintained at 22°C. The
10. A Carnot cycle implemented using an ideal gas
outside temperature is 2°C. The minimum
in a piston-cylinder system will have
power (in kW) required to run the heat pump is
A. work transfer in two parts of the cycle and
_______ (round off to 2 decimal places)
heat transfer in the other two parts of the cycle.
[GATE-2019-PI]
- 95 -
13. For a refrigerator absorbing heat QL from a cold 17. A refrigerator is used to maintain certain space
region and rejecting heat QH to a hot region, the at 10°C. It pumps 18000 kJ/hour of heat from
coefficient of performance is written as the space to the atmosphere at 30°C. If the
QL QH power input to the refrigerator is 2 kW, the ratio
A. Q B. Q
H −QL H −QL
QH −QL Q
of COP of this refrigerator to that of a Carnot
C. D. Q L
QL H refrigerator (up to 2 decimal places) is
[GATE-2018-XE] _______.
14. An air-conditioner maintains the room [GATE-2017-XE]
temperature at 27°C while the outside 18. A reversible Carnot engine is operated between
temperature is 47°C. The heat conducted temperatures T1 and (T2 > T1 ) with a photon
through the walls of the room from outside to gas as the working substance. The efficiency of
0 e
inside due to temperature difference is the engine is
I1 od
7000 W. The minimum work done by the 3T T
A. 1 − 4T1 B. 1 − T1
2 2
compressor of the air-conditioner per unit time
T 3/4 T 4/3
is ________W. C. 1 − (T1 ) D. 1 − (T1 )
c
2 2
[GATE-2018-PH] [GATE-2017-PH]
EG l
15. A heat pump absorbs 10 kW of heat from 19. The COP of a Carnot heat pump operating
N ra
outside environment at 250 K while absorbing between 6°C and 37°C is _______
15 kW of work. It delivers the heat to a room [GATE-2016-ME]
er
that must be kept warm at 300 K. The 20. The heat removal rate from a refrigerated space
coefficient of Performance (COP) of the heat and the power input to the compressor are 7.2
ef
pump is________ kW and 1.8 kW, respectively. The coefficient

[GATE-2017-ME] of performance (COP) of the refrigerator is
R
16. A heat engine receives Q1 kJ of heat from a hot _________.

reservoir and rejects Q2 kJ of heat to a cold [GATE-2016-ME]
reservoir. The work delivered by the heat 21. A house-hold refrigerator operates under
engine is entirely supplied to a heat pump, steady state condition between an evaporator
which receives Q3 kJ of heat from another temperature of 263 K and a condenser
reservoir and rejects Q4 kJ of heat to the same temperature of 323 K. The heat load to the
cold reservoir. If the efficiency of the heat refrigerator is 3 kW. The actual COP of the
engine is 0.4 and COP of the heat pump is 4.0, refrigerator is half of that of a Carnot
the value of (Q2 + Q4 )⁄Q1 (up to 1 decimal refrigerator operating between the same
place) is ________________. condenser and evaporator temperatures. The
[GATE-2017-XE] power required (in kW) to run the refrigerator
is __________
- 96 -
[GATE-2016-XE] CE – 1 and CE – 2, all the heat rejected by CE

22. Consider the following statements related to the – 1 to reservoir B is used by CE – 2. For one
second law of thermodynamics: cycle of operation, if the net Q absorbed by CE
P. A cyclic heat engine cannot produce net – 1 from reservoir A is 150 MJ, the net heat
work by exchanging heat only with one rejected to reservoir C by CE – 2 (in MJ) is
reservoir. _____.
Q. The efficiency of a reversible heat engine is [GATE-2015-ME]
dependent on the nature and amount of working 25. A cycle 1-2-3-1 is proposed with the following
substance undergoing the cycle. process:
R. It is impossible to have a cyclic device which 1-2: Constant pressure expansion
will produce no effect other than the transfer of 2-3: Reversible adiabatic expansion,
0 e
heat from a cold body to a hot body. 3-1: Irreversible adiabatic compression.
I1 od
S. It is impossible to have heat engines Which one of the following statements is
operating between a heat source and sink to TRUE?
have a lower efficiency than that of a reversible A. The net work of the cycle is zero because
c
heat engine operating between the same source there is no heat transfer.
EG l
and sink. B. The cycle is feasible and can deliver net
N ra
For which of the following options, BOTH the positive work

statements are inconsistent with the second law C. The cycle is impossible according to
er
of thermodynamics: Kelvin-Planck statement.

A. P and R B. P and Q D. The cycle is impossible in accordance with
ef
C. R and S D. Q and S First Law of Thermodynamics.

R
23. The thermal efficiency of a Carnot engine is 26. The coefficient of performance (COP) of a
0.5. If the temperature of the cold reservoir is reversible refrigerator operating between two
300 K, then the temperature of the hot reservoir thermal reservoirs is 4.0. The efficiency (in
is: percentage) of a reversible heat engine
A. 600 K B. 1200 K operating between the same temperature limits
C. 900 K D. 450 K is ______
24. A Carnot engine (CE - 1) works between two
temperature reservoirs A and B, where TA =
900 K and TB = 500 K. A second Carnot engine
(CE - 2) works between temperature reservoirs
B and C, where TC = 300 K. In each cycle of
- 97 -
27. from a reservoir at 1750 K and rejects heat to

another reservoir at temperature T. Engine B
receives an amount of energy same as that
rejected by Engine A from the reservoir at
temperature T. Engine B then rejects heat to
another reservoir at 320 K. If the thermal
efficiencies of both the engines are the same,
then the temperature T is approximately
For the above Carnot cycle undergone by an
A. 848 K B. 748 K
ideal gas, identify the processes in which the
C. 648 K D. 548 K
change in internal energy is NON-ZERO
[GATE-2012-XE]
0 e
A. I and II B. II and IV
32. If QL represents the magnitude of heat transfer
C. II and III D. I and IV
I1 od
from a low temperature reservoir to a cyclic
[GATE-2015-CY]
device and QH represents the magnitude of heat
28. A reversed Carnot cycle refrigerator maintains
transfer from a cyclic device to a high
c
a temperature of −5°C. The ambient air
temperature reservoir, then for the same QL and
temperature is 35°C. The heat gained by the
EG l
QH , the coefficient performance of refrigerator
N ra
refrigerator at a continuous rate is 2.5 kJ/s. The

(COPR ) and the coefficient performance of a
power (in watt) required to pump this heat out
heat pump (COPHP ) can be related as
er
continuously is __________
A. COPR = 1 − COPHP
[GATE-2014-ME]
B. COPHP = COPR + 1
ef
29. The efficiency of a reversible engine operating

C. COPR . COPHP = 1
between two temperatures is 40%. The COP of
D. COPHP = COPR − 1
R
a reversible refrigerator operating between the

[GATE-2012-XE]
same temperatures is
33. A heat pump extracts heat at the rate of 100 kW
A. 1.5 B. 2.5
from a low temperature reservoir and delivers
C. 0.4 D. 3.5
heat at the rate of 160 kW to a high temperature
[GATE-2014-XE]
reservoir. The COP of the heat pump is
30. A Carnot engine operates at 55% efficiency. If
A. 1.60 B. 1.67
the temperature of reject steam is 105°C, then
C. 2.60 D. 2.67
the absolute temperature of input steam is
[GATE-2011-XE]
______K.
34. The thermal efficiency of a reversible heat
[GATE-2014-CY]
engine operating between two thermal
31. Consider two Carnot heat engines A and B
reservoirs is ηmax . The coefficient of
operating in series. Engine A receives heat
- 98 -
performance of a reversible refrigeration cycle a set of independent isothermal heat reservoirs

operating between the same two reservoirs is at 17°C and 75°C. The rate (in kW) at which
1 1 the heat pump delivers heat to its high
A. (η )−1 B. (η )+1
max max
1 1
temperature sink is
C. (η ) D. 1 − (η )
max max A. 50 B. 250
[GATE-2011-XE] C. 300 D. 360
35. A heat pump, which operates in a cycle, [GATE-2009-ME]
extracts heat energy from the cold reservoir and 38. A Carnot refrigerator operating between −1°C
supplies the same amount of energy to the hot and 33°C has a cooling capacity of 1.6 kW. The
reservoir. Which of the following statements power consumed by the refrigerator is
holds for this process? A. 160 W B. 178 W
0 e
A. This process violates both the first and the C. 200 W D. 1.8 kW
I1 od
second law [GATE-2009-XE]
B. This process violates the first law but not 39. A heat engine E1 operates between an infinite
the second law reservoir at 800°C and a body B. The
c
C. This process violates the second law but not temperature of the body B remains constant at
EG l
the first law 550°C. Heat transferred to the engine E1 is 900
N ra
D. This process does not violate both first and kJ and the work output is 200 kJ. Another
second law engine E2 operates between the body B and the
er
[GATE-2010-XE] atmosphere at 27°C. Heat rejected to the

36. A heat pump is operating between −23°C and atmosphere is 350 kJ. The thermal efficiency
ef
27°C. The compressor power input to the heat of the engine E2 is

pump is 2 kW. The heating COP (coefficient of
R
A. 0.39 B. 0.5
performance) of the heat pump is 75% of the C. 0.61 D. 0.635
COP of a Carnot heat pump operating between [GATE-2009-XE]
the same temperatures. The heating power 40. For a Carnot refrigerator operating between
output (in kW) of the heat pump is 40°C and 25°C, the coefficient of performance
A. 0.3 B. 7.5 is
C. 9.0 D. 12.0 A. 1 B. 1.67
[GATE-2010-PI] C. 19.88 D. 39.74
37. An irreversible heat engine extracts heat from a
high temperature source at a rate of 100 kW and [GATE-2008-CH]
rejects heat to a sink at a rate of 50 kW. The 41. A reversible heat engine in a satellite operates
entire work output of the heat engine is used to between a hot reservoir at temperature T1 and a
drive a reversible heat pump operating between radiating panel at temperature T2 . Radiation
- 99 -
from the panel is proportional to the area A and 44. A Carnot engine having efficiency η = 0.5
T 4 . The constant of proportionality is the drives a Carnot refrigerator with COP = 4. The
Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ. The ratio of the energy absorbed by the refrigerator from the
work output W to the temperature difference cold body for each kJ of energy absorbed from
(T1 − T2 ) is the source by the Carnot engine is
A. σAT B. σAT 2 A. 2 kJ B. 2.4 kJ
C. σAT23 D. σAT24 C. 3 kJ D. 4 kJ
42. A reversible engine operates between 45. The COP of a Carnot heat pump operating
temperature T1 = 1000 K and T2 = 400 K. between −3°C and 27°C is
The engine drives a refrigerator which operates A. 10 B. 0.1
0 e
between T2 = 400 K and T3 = 200 K. The C. 9.0 D. 1.0
I1 od
energy transfer to the engine is 2000 kJ and the [GATE-2008-XE]
net work output of the combined engine and 46. A refrigerator, operating in a room at a
refrigerator is 300 kJ. The energy transferred to temperature of 29.5°C, maintains the
c
the refrigerant is refrigerated space at 2°C. The maximum
EG l
A. 9 kJ B. 90 kJ possible COP of the refrigerator is
N ra
C. 900 kJ D. 9000 kJ A. 1.0 B. 7.0

[GATE-2008-XE] C. 10.0 D. 11.0
er
43. It is proposed that the solar energy be used to [GATE-2008-PI]

heat a large collector plate. The energy in turn 47. A heat transformer is device that transfers a part
ef
be transferred as heat to a fluid within a heat of the heat, supplied to it at an intermediate

temperature, to a high temperature reservoir
R
engine, and the engine would reject energy as

heat to the atmosphere. Experiments indicate while rejecting the remaining part to a low
that 0.5 kW/m2 of energy can be collected at temperature heat sink. In such a heat
the operating temperature of the plate and the transformer, 100 kJ of heat is supplied at 350
maximum efficiency of the engine is 0.2. The K. The maximum amount of heat in kJ that can
minimum collector area that would be required be transferred to 400 K, when the rest is
for a plant to produce 1 kW of useful shaft rejected to a heat sink at 300 K is
power is A. 12.50 B. 14.29
A. 1 m2 B. 10 m2 C. 33.33 D. 57.14
C. 100 m2 D. 1000 m2 [GATE-2007-ME]
[GATE-2008-XE] 48. A heat pump working on the Carnot cycle

maintains the inside temperature of a house at
22°C by supplying 450 kJs −1 of heat. If the
- 100 -
outside temperature is 0°C, the heat taken, in low temperature reservoir by the refrigerator
kJs −1, from the outside air is approximately for each kJ of energy absorbed from high
A. 487 B. 470 temperature source by the engine is.
C. 467 D. 417 A. 0.14 kJ B. 0.71 kJ
[GATE-2007-PH] C. 3.5 kJ D. 7.1 kJ
49. A heat engine operates at 75% of the maximum [GATE-2004-ME]
possible efficiency. The ratio of the heat source 53. A solar collector receiving solar radiation at the
temperature (in kelvin) to the heat sink rate of 0.6 kW/m2 transforms it to the internal
temperature (in kelvin) is 5/3. The fraction of energy of a fluid at an overall efficiency of
the heat supplied that is converted to work is 50%. The fluid heated to 350 K is used to run a
A. 0.2 B. 0.3 heat engine which rejects heat at 315 K. If the
0 e
C. 0.4 D. 0.6 heat engine is to deliver 2.5 kW power, the
I1 od
[GATE-2006-CH] minimum area of the solar collector required
50. Which one of the following statements is true? would be
A. Heat can be fully converted into work A. 83.33 m2 B. 16.66 m2
c
B. Work cannot be fully converted into heat C. 39.68 m2 D. 79.36 m2
EG l
C. The efficiency of heat engine increases as [GATE-2004-ME]
N ra
the temperature of the heat source is 54. An industrial heat pump operates between the
increased while keeping the temperature of temperatures of 27°C and −13°C. The rates of
er
the heat sink fixed. heat addition and heat rejection are 750 W and
D. A cyclic process can be devised whose sole 1000 W, respectively. The COP for the heat
ef
effect is to transfer heat from a lower pump is

temperature to higher temperature. A. 7.5 B. 6.5
R
[GATE-2005-CH] C. 4.0 D. 3.0

51. A Carnot heat engine cycle is working with an [GATE-2003-ME]
ideal gas. The work performed by the gas 55. A heat engine produces power of 100,000 kW.
during the adiabatic expansion and The heat engine operates between 800 K and
compression steps W1 and W2 respectively, are 300 K. It has a thermal efficiency equal to 50%
related as of that of Carnot engine for the same
A. |W1 | > |W2 | B. |W1 | < |W2 | temperatures. The rate at which heat is
C. W1 = W2 D. W1 = −W2 absorbed from the hot reservoir is
[GATE-2005-CH] A. 100,000 kW B. 160,000 kW
52. A heat engine having an efficiency of 70% is C. 200,000 kW D. 320,000 kW
used to drive a refrigerator having a coefficient [GATE-2003-CH]
of performance of 5. The energy absorbed from
- 101 -
56. The thermal efficiency of reversible heat 60. A solar energy-based heat engine which
engine operating between two given thermal receives 80 kJ of heat at 100°C and rejects 70
reservoirs is 0.4. The device is used either as a kJ of heat to the ambient at 30°C is to be
refrigerator or as a heat pump between the same designed. The thermal efficiency of the heat
reservoirs. Then the coefficient of performance engine is
as a refrigerator (COP)R and the coefficient of A. 70% B. 18.8%
performance as a heat pump (COP)HP are C. 12.5% D. Indeterminate
[GATE-1996-ME]
A. (COP)R = (COP)HP = 0.6
61. Consider a refrigerator and a heat pump
B. (COP)R = 2.5; (COP)HP = 1.5 working on the reversed Carnot cycle between
the same temperature limits. Which of the
C. (COP)R = 1.5; (COP)HP = 2.5
0 e
following is correct?
D. (COP)R = (COP)HP = 2.5
I1 od
A. COP of refrigerator = COP of heat pump
[GATE-2000-CH] B. COP of refrigerator = COP of heat pump + 1

C. COP of refrigerator = COP of heat pump – 1
57. A Carnot cycle is having an efficiency of 0.75.
c
D. COP of refrigerator = Inverse of the COP of heat
If the temperature of the high temperature
pump
EG l
reservoir is 727°C. What is the temperature of
N ra
[GATE-1995-ME]
low temperature reservoir?
62. Any thermodynamic cycle operating between
A. 23°C B. – 23°C
er
two temperature limits is reversible if the

C. 0°C D. 250°C
product of the efficiency when operating as a
[GATE-2001-ME]
ef
heat engine and the COP when operating as a

58. A cycle heat engine does 50 kJ of work per
refrigerator is equal to
R
cycle. If the efficiency of the heat engine is

A. < 1 B. > 1
75%. The heat rejected per cycle is
C. = 1 D. None of these
2 1
A. 16 3 kJ B. 333 kJ
[GATE-1994-ME]
1 2
C. 372kJ D. 663 kJ 63. A condenser of a refrigeration system rejects
[GATE-2001-ME] heat at a rate of 120 kW, while its compressor
59. For two cycles coupled in series, the topping consumes a power of 30 kW. The coefficient of
cycle has an efficiency of 30% and the performance of the system would be
1
bottoming cycle has an efficiency of 20%. The A. B. 4
4
overall combined cycle efficiency is 1
C. D. 3
A. 50% B. 44% 3
C. 38% D. 55% [GATE-1992-ME]

[GATE-1996-ME]
- 102 -
6.2 Clausius Inequality

1. A reversible engine receives 75 kJ/s of energy 4. A reversible cycle receives 40 kJ of heat from
from a reservoir at 750 K and does 12 kJ/s of one heat source at a temperature of 127°C and
work. The heat is rejected to two reservoirs at 37 kJ from another heat source 97°C. The heat
650 K and 550 K. The rate of heat rejection (in rejected (in kJ) to the sink at 47°C is ______
kJ/s) to the reservoir at 650 K is [GATE-2016-ME]
A. 11 B. 31 5. Which one of the following pairs of equations
C. 41 D. 52 describes an irreversible heat engine?
[GATE-2018-XE] δQ
A. ∮ δQ > 0 and ∮ <0
T
2. A thermal cycle receives 2000 kJ of heat from δQ
0 e
B. ∮ δQ < 0 and ∮ <0
a heat source at 1000 K. It rejects 300 kJ of heat T
I1 od
δQ
to a heat sink at 300 K and also rejects 250 kJ C. ∮ δQ > 0 and ∮ >0
T
of heat to another heat sink at 200 K during the δQ
D. ∮ δQ < 0 and ∮ >0
T
cycle. The cycle is
c
[GATE-2014-ME]
A. reversible B. irreversible
6. A reversible heat engine receives 2 kJ of heat
EG l
C. impossible D. work absorbing
N ra
from a reservoir at 1000 K and a certain amount

[GATE-2017-XE]
of heat from a reservoir at 800 K. It rejects 1 kJ
3. A reversible heat engine (E) operating in a
er
of heat to a reservoir at 400 K. The network

cycle interacts with three reservoirs 1, 2 and 3
output (in kJ) of the cycle is
maintained at temperatures T1 = 500 K, T2 =
ef
A. 0.8 B. 1.0
400 K and T3 = 300 K, respectively. The
C. 1.4 D. 2.0
R
engine receives 10 kJ of heat from reservoir 1

[GATE-2014-ME]
and rejects 3 kJ to reservoir 3. The network
7. A reversible heat engine (E) operates using
output, Wnet (in kJ) from the engine is
three thermal reservoirs with temperatures as
____________.
shown in the following figure. If Q1 = Q2 , the
efficiency of the engine is ______
[GATE-2017-PI]
- 103 -
A. 0.25 B. 0.125
C. 0.625 D. 0.75
[GATE-2014-XE]
8. A thermodynamic cycle operates between one
source at a temperature of 600 K, another
source at a temperature of 300 K and a sink at
The cyclic device can be
a temperature T as shown in the figure below
A. a reversible heat engine
B. a reversible heat pump or a reversible
refrigerator
C. an irreversible heat engine
0 e
D. an irreversible heat pump or an irreversible
refrigerator
I1 od
c 11. A heat engine
[GATE-2008-ME]
operates between three
reservoirs: R1 at 550 K, R 2 at 450 K and R 3 at
If the First and Second laws of thermodynamics 350 K. For every cycle, the engine accepts 100
EG l
N ra
are not violated, what should be the value of T kJ from R1 and rejects 60 kJ into R 2 and 30 kJ
in K? _______ into R 3 . The engine efficiency is
er
[GATE-2013-XE] A. 0.10 B. 0.20

9. Clausius inequality is written as C. 0.30 D. can not be defined
ef
A. ∮ δQ > 0 B. ∮ δQ < 0 [GATE-2008-XE]

δQ δQ
C. ∮ ≤0 D. ∮ >0 Common Data for Questions 12 & 13:
T T
R
[GATE-2012-XE] A reversible heat engine receives heat inputs of
10. A cyclic device operates between three thermal 300 kJ and 200 kJ from two thermal reservoirs
reservoirs, as shown in the figure. Heat is at 1000 K and 800 K, respectively. The engine
transferred to/from the cycle device. It is rejects heat Q to a reservoir at 300 K.
assumed that heat transfer between each 12. The value of Q is
thermal reservoir and the cyclic device takes A. 65 kJ B. 165 kJ
place across negligible temperature difference. C. 100 kJ D. 265 kJ
Interactions between the cyclic device and the [GATE-2007-XE]
respective thermal reservoirs that are shown in 13. The work delivered by the engine is
the figure are in the form of heat transfer. A. 35 kJ B. 135 kJ

C. 235 kJ D. 335 kJ
[GATE-2007-XE]
- 104 -
14. In the case of a refrigeration system undergoing temperature systems. The thermal efficiency of
δQ the heat engine is _____
an irreversible cycle, ∮ T is
(< 0 or = 0 or > 0) _______

[GATE-1995-ME]
15. When a system executes an irreversible cycle
δQ
A. ∮ T < 0 B. ∮ dS > 0
δQ δQ
C. ∮ T = 0 D. ∮ > 0
T
[GATE-1994-ME]
[GATE-1993-ME]
16. Figure below shows a reversible heat engine ER
having heat interactions with three constant
0 e
6. SECOND LAW OF HERMODYNAMICS
I1 od
c
EG l
N ra
ANSWER KEYS
er
::: 6.1 Heat Engines, Refrigerators & Heat Pumps :::

ef
1. A 2. A 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. D 10. B 11. B 13. A

18. B 22. D 23. A 25. C 27. B 29. A 31. B 32. B 33. D 34. A
R
35. C 36. C 37. C 38. C 39. B 40. C 41. C 42. C 43. B 44. A
45. A 46. C 47. D 48. D 49. B 50. C 51. D 52. C 53. A 54. C
55. D 56. C 57. B 58. A 59. B 60. C 61. C 62. A 63. D
3. 0.89 to 0.91 9. 300 to 300 12. 0.67 to 0.69 14. 466 to 467 15. 1.60 to 1.70
16. 2.2 to 2.2 17. 0.17 to 0.18 19. 9.8 to 10.2 20. 3.9 to 4.1 21. 1.34 to 1.40
24. 50 to 50 26. 19.5 to 20.5 28. 370 to 375 30. 830 to 850
:::6.2 Clausius Inequality :::

1. D 2. B 5. A 6. C 7. C 9. C 10. A 11. A 12. B 13. D
15. A
- 105 -
3. 3 to 3 4. 63 to 65 8. 399 to 401 14. <0 16. 0.6
SOLUTIONS
6.1 Heat Engines, Refrigerators & Heat Pumps
1. Answer: A TH
COPHP =
COPAIR = 0.8 COPRR TH − TL
COPAR COPR TL
⇒ = 0.8 =
COPRR COPHP TH
COPR 270
TH = 51°C =
COPHP 300
TL = −30°C
COPR
Q̇L = 2.4 kW = 0.9
COPHP
0 e
Ẇ =? 4. Answer: D
Q̇L
I1 od
TL TH = 1000 K, TL = 600 K
= 0.8 ( )
Ẇ TH − TL 1000 − 600
ηRHE =
Q̇ L (TH − TL ) 1000
Ẇ =
c
0.8TL ηRHE = 0.4
2.4 × 81 = 40%
Ẇ = = 1 kW
EG l
0.8 × 243
N ra
Increasing TH by 200 K keeping TL same

2. Answer: A
TH = 1200K, TL = 600 K
COPRR = 4
er
1200 − 600
Ẇ = 1 kW ηRHE =
1200
Q̇H =? ηRHE = 0.5
ef
COPRHP = COPRR + 1 = 50%

R
COPRHP = 4 + 1 Decreasing TL by 200 K and keeping TH same

COPRHP = 5 TH = 1000 K, TL = 400 K
Q̇H 1000 − 400
COPRHP = ηRHE =
Ẇ 1000
Q̇H = COPRHP Ẇ ηRHE = 0.6
Q̇H = 5 × 1 = 60%
Increasing TH & keeping TL same
Q̇H = 5 kW
3. Answer: 0.9
TH = 27℃ = 300 K
TL = −3℃ = 270 K
TL
COPR =
TH − TL
- 106 -
Slope is constant, independent of TL

d TL
| (ηRHE )| = 2
dTH TH
d 1 TH
| (ηRHE )| = = 2
dTL TH TH
(decreasing TL keeping TH same)
5. Answer: A
TL
ηRHE = 1 −
TH
d d TL
(ηRHE ) = (1 − )
0 e
dTH dTH TH
I1 od
d 1
⇒ O − TL ( )
dTH TH
d TL QL
(ηRHE ) = 2 (COP)Ref = → (a)
c
dTH TH QH − QL
*Slope is positive QH
(COP)HP = → (b)
EG l
QH − QL
*As TH Increases, slope decreases
N ra
⇒ (COP)HP = (COP)Ref + 1
Decreasing TL & keeping TH same
6. Answer: B
er
ef
R
QL = QH − W ⇒ QH − ηQH
TL 300
ηRHE = 1 − ⇒ QL = (1 − η). QH = ( ) × 600
TH 900
d d TL ⇒ QL = 200 kJ
(ηRHE ) = (1 − )
dTL dTL TH 7. Answer: B
1 d W
⇒0− (T ) ηHE =
TH dTL L Q1
d 1 W
=− ηHE = → (1)
dTL (ηRHE ) TH Q2 +W
Slope is negative
- 107 -
Q3
COPHP =
W
Q2 +W
COPHP = → (2)
W
From Equation (1) & Equation (2)

COPHP = η−1
HE
8. Answer: D
Heat interactions ⇒ 1 − 2 & 3 − 4

Work Interactions ⇒ 1 − 2, 2 − 3, 3 − 4 &
4−1
1 − 2 Rev. Isothermal Heat addition process
0 e
2 − 3 Rev. Adiabatic Expansion process
I1 od
c 3 − 4 Rev. Isothermal Heat rejection process
4 − 1 Rev. Adiabatic Compression process
11. Answer: B
Q̇H Q̇L Ẇ Since the three engines are Carnot engines.
= =
EG l
TH TL TH − TL
T2 T3 T3
N ra
(TH − TL )Q̇L η1 = 1 − ; η2 = 1 − ; η3 = 1 −
T1 T2 T1
Ẇ =
TL T2 T3
er
⇒ = (1 − η1 ); = 1 − η2 ; η3
(298 − 265) × 400 T1 T2
Ẇ =
265 T3 T2
ef
=1−( × )
Ẇ = 49.81 kW T2 T1
9. Answer: 300 to 300 ⇒ η3 = 1 − ((1 − η2 )(1 − η1 ))
R
Carnot Engine → RHE ⇒ η3 = 1 − (1 − η1 − η2 + η1 η2 )

QH QL ⇒ η3 = η1 + η2 − η1 η2
=
TH TL
12. Answer: 0.67 to 0.69
2000 500
⇒ =
1200 TL
⇒ TL = 300 K
10. Answer: B
- 108 -
For the power to be minimum, heat pump has Q̇W

COPHP =
to be reversible Ẇ
10 295 200 Q̇ + Ẇ
⇒ = ⇒ Win = = 0.677 kW COPHP =
Win 20 295 Ẇ
13. Answer: A 10 + 15
COPHP =
15
QL
COPR = COPHP = 1.667
QH − QL
QH 16. Answer: 2.2 to 2.2
COPHp =
QH − QL
14. Answer: 466 to 467
0 e
I1 od
c
EG l
N ra
The minimum work for the compressor is W

ηHE = ⇒ W = ηHE Q1
possible when the air conditioner is reversible Q1
er
7000 27 + 273 W = 0.4Q1

=
Ẇmin 20 W = 0.04 Q1
ef
7000 × 20 W = Q1 − Q 2
⇒ Ẇmin =
300
R
Q 2 = Q1 − W
1400
⇒ Ẇ = = 466.66 W Q2 = Q1 − 0.4Q1
3
∴ Ẇmin = 466.66 W Q2 = 0.6 Q1
15. Answer: 1.60 to 1.70 Q4
COP =
W
Q4 = COP × W
Q4 = 4 × 0.4Q1
Q4 = 1.6 Q1
Q2 + Q4 0.6Q1 + 1.6Q1
=
Q1 Q1
= 2.2
17. Answer: 0.17 to 0.18
- 109 -
18000 TL 263
Q̇L = = 5 kW COPCR = =
3600 TH − TL 323 − 263
TL = 10°C = 283 K COPCR = 4.382
TH = 30°C = 303 K 4.382
COPAR = = 2.191
Ẇ = 2 kW 2
5 Q̇L
(COP)RR COPAR =
= 2
283
Ẇ
(COP)CR
20 3
Ẇ =
5 20 50 2.191
= × = = 0.176
2 283 283 Ẇ = 1.368 KW
18. Answer: B 22. Answer: D
As per second law of thermodynamics, the
0 e
efficiency of a reversible heat engine depends
I1 od
only on the operating temperatures but not on
the nature of working substance.
For any given heat engine, ηHE ≤ ηRHE
c
(Carnot’s theorem). So, statements Q and S are
EG l
inconsistent with second law of
N ra
thermodynamics.
T1
ηcarnot = 1 − T and it is independent of the 23. Answer: A
2
er
working substance. TL
ηRHE = 1 −
TH
19. Answer: 9.8 to 10.2
ef
300
Carnot Heat pump is Reversible heat pump. 0.5 = 1 −
TH
TH
R
COPRHP = TH = 600 K
TH − TL
24. Answer: 50 to 50
(37 + 273)
COPRHP =
37 − 6
310
COPRHP =
31
COPRHP = 10
20. Answer: 3.9 to 4.1
Q̇L
COPR =
Ẇ
7.2
COPR =
1.8
COPR = 4
21. Answer:1.34 to 1.40
- 110 -
According to Thermodynamic Temperature Q̇L TL

COPRR = =
Scale Ẇ TH − TL
QA QB QC 2.5 × 103 × (40)
= = Ẇ =
TA TB TC 268
150 QC Ẇ = 373.13 W
=
900 300 29. Answer: A
QC = 50 MJ ηRHE = 0.4
25. Answer: C 1
COPRHP =
ηRHE
1
COPRR = −1
ηRHE
1
COPRR = −1
0 e
ηRHE
I1 od
1
26. Answer: 19.5 to 20.5 COPRR = −1
0.4
1 COPRR = 1.5
COPRHP =
c
ηRHE
30. Answer: 830 to 850
1
COPRR = −1
EG l
ηRHE
N ra
ηRHE = 0.2 = 20%

27. Answer: B
er
For an ideal gas, internal energy depends only

on temperature,
ef
So, ΔU ≠ 0 ⇒ ΔT ≠ 0 ⇒ Process should not

be Isothermal ηcarnot = 55%
R
105 + 273
So, II, IV are the process in which ΔU ≠ 0 ⇒ 0.55 = 1 −
TH + 273
28. Answer: 370 to 375 373
⇒ 0.45 =
For Reversible Refrigerator TH + 273
378
⇒ TH = − 273 ⇒ TH = 840 K
0.45
31. Answer: B
- 111 -
TH − TL
ηRHE =
TH
TH
COPRHP =
TH − TL
TL
COPRR =
TH − TL
1
⇒ COPRR = −1
ηRHE
35. Answer: C
0 e
ηA = 1 −
1750
I1 od
320
ηB = 1 −
T
T = √1750 × 320
c
T = 748 K
According to FLT for a cycle
32. Answer: B
EG l
ΣQ = ΣW
N ra
QH
COPHP = ΣQ = Q − Q = 0
QH − QL
QL ΣW = 0
er
COPR =
QH − QL 36. Answer: C
COPHP = COPR + 1
ef
33. Answer: D
R
(COP)HP = 0.75 × (COP) carnot

heat pump
Q̇ H 300
⇒ = 0.75 × ( )
Q̇H Q̇ H Ẇ 50
(COP)HP = = 3 300
Ẇ Q̇ H − Q̇L ⇒ Q̇ H = × × 2 = 9 kW
4 50
160 160
⇒ (COP)HP = = = 2.667 37. Answer: C
(160 − 100) 60
34. Answer: A
- 112 -
According to Thermodynamic Temperature

Scale
Q̇H Q̇L
=
TH TL
Q̇H Q̇H − Ẇ
=
0 e
TH TL
I1 od
Q̇H Q̇ H − 50
=
348 290 350
Q̇H = 300 kW ηE2 = 1 −
700
c
38. Answer: C = 1 − 0.5
= 0.5
EG l
N ra
40. Answer: C
TL
(COP)RRef =
er
TH − TL
25 + 273
=
15
ef
= 19.867
∴ (COP)RRef = 19.88
R
Q̇ L 272 41. Answer: C

⇒ =
Ẇ 34
1.6 272
⇒ =
Ẇ 34
1.6 × 34
⇒ Ẇ =
272
⇒ Ẇ = 0.2 kW ⇒ Ẇ = 200 W
Power consumed = 200 W
39. Answer: B
Q̇H Q̇L
=
TH TL
Q̇H − Q̇L Ẇ σAT24
= = = σAT23
TH − TL T1 − T2 T2
- 113 -
42. Answer: C
QL
400 COPCR =
WRE = (1 − ) × 2000 0.5
1000
QL = 4 × 0.5
6
= 10 × 2000 = 1200 kJ QL = 2 kJ
0 e
Wnet = WRE − WRef 45. Answer: A
I1 od
⇒ 300 = 1200 − Wref Carnot Heat Pump ⇒ Reversible Heat Pump
⇒ Wref = 900 kJ TH
COPRHP =
43. Answer: B TH − TL
c
300 300
= = = 10
27 − (−3) 30
EG l
N ra
= 10
46. Answer: C
er
ef
R
For a given area of collector plate, ‘A’.

Given maximum efficiency of the engine = For COP to be maximum, Refrigerator has to
0.2 be reversible
W TL
⇒ 0.2 = (COP)max =
0.5A TH − TL
W 1 100 275
⇒A= = = ⇒ (COP)max = = 10
0.5 × (0.2) 0.5 × 0.2 10 27.5
= 10 m2 ∴ (COP)max = 10
∴ Minimum collector area required = 10 m2 47. Answer: D
44. Answer: A
- 114 -
Since Heat pump is Reversible,

22 + 273 Q̇H
(COP)RHP = =
22 Q̇H − Q̇ L
295 450
⇒ =
22 450 − Q̇L
⇒ (295 − 22)450 = 295 (Q̇L )
⇒ Q̇ L = 416.44 = 417 kW
∴ Q̇L = 417 kJ/s
49. Answer: B
For maximum amount of heat to be transferred
Given ηHE = (0.75)ηMax
to TH , heat transformer must operate in Tsink
⇒ ηHE = (0.75) (1 − T )
0 e
reversible cycle. source
δQ Tsource 5
For Reversible cycle ∮ =0 =
I1 od
T Tsink 3
QM QH QL
− − =0 W 3
TM TH TL ⇒ = (0.75) (1 − )
QH 5
c
QM QH QM − QH
− − =0 W
TM TH TL ⇒ = 0.3 ⇒ W = 0.3QH
QH
EG l
100 QH 100 − QH
N ra
− −( )=0 50. Answer: C

350 400 300
Heat cannot be completely converted to work
100 QH 100 − QH
− − =0
er
7 8 6 (So heat is a low-grade energy)

2400 − 21QH − 28(100 − QH ) Work is a high-grade energy
=0
ef
168 Tsink
η= 1−
7QH − 400 = 0 Tsource
⇒ η ↑ when Tsource ↑ keeping Tsink fixed
R
400
QH =
7 51. Answer: A
QH = 57.14 kJ System is Ideal gas;
48. Answer: D
During Isothermal Heat additions and

Rejections
- 115 -
Since ΣQ = ΣW for cycle

0 0
Q1−2 + Q2−3 + Q3−4 + Q4−1
= W1−2 + W2−3 + W3−4 + W4−1

⇒ W1−2 + W3−4 = 0
⇒ |W1−2 | = |W3−4 |
⇒ W1−2 = −W3−4
52. Answer: C
0 e
I1 od
For Reversible Heat Engine, Thermal
efficiency is maximum, hence for a given work
output RHE requires minimum heat input.
c
For minimum Heat input, minimum area of the
solar collector will be required.
EG l
N ra
For RHE
W Q̇H Q̇L
ηHE = = (Thermodynamic Temperature Scale)
1 TH TL
er
W Q̇H Q̇H − Ẇ
0.7 = =
1 TH TL
ef
W = 0.7 kJ For maintaining temperature of fluid at

Q
R
COPR = 350 K
W
Q̇H = Q̇
Q
5= Q̇ Q̇ − Ẇ
0.7
=
Q = 3.5 kJ TH TL
53. Answer: A 0.5q̇ A 0.5qȦ − Ẇ

=
TH TL
0.3A 0.3A − 2.5
=
350 315
25 250
A= =
0.3 3
A = 83.33 m2
54. Answer: C
- 116 -
Q̇H TL = −23°C
COPHP =
Q̇H − Q̇L 58. Answer: A
1000 W
COPHP = ηHE =
1000 − 750 QH
COPHP = 4 W
ηHE =
55. Answer: D W + QL
50
0.75 =
50 + QL
0.75 QL = 0.25 × 50
50
QL =
3
2
QL = 16 3 kJ
0 e
59. Answer: B
ηHE =
1
× ηRHE
I1 od
c ηo = η1 + η2 − η1 η2
ηo = 0.3 + 0.2 − 0.3 × 0.2
ηo = 0.44
2 ηo = 44 %
EG l
5
10 1 300 60. Answer: C
N ra
⇒ = × (1 − )
Q̇H 2 800 QH − QL
5 ηHE = × 100
10 × 2 × 800 QH
= Q̇H
er
⇒
500 80 − 70
ηHE = × 100
⇒ Q̇ H = 320,000 kW 80
ef
56. Answer: C ηHE = 12.5 %

ηRHE = 0.4 61. Answer: C
R
1 10 COPHP = COPR + 1
⇒ (COP)HP = = = 2.5
0.4 4 COPR = COPHP − 1
⇒ (COP)HP = 2.5 62. Answer: A
Since (COP)HP = (COP)Ref + 1 TH − TL TL
ηRHE × COPRR = ×
⇒ (COP)Ref = 2.5 − 1 = 1.5 TH TH − TL
∴ (COP)Ref = 1.5 TL
ηRHE × COPRR =
57. Answer: B TH
TH − TL ηRHE × COPRR < 1

ηRHE =
TH 63. Answer: D
TL Q̇L
0.75 = 1 − COPR =
1000 Ẇ
TL = (1 − 0.75) × 1000 Q̇H − Ẇ
COPR =
TL = 250 K Ẇ
- 117 -
120 − 30 COPR = 3
COPR =
30
6.2 Clasius Inequality

1. Answer: D δQ
= −0.25 (Irreversible cycle)(since ∮
T
< 0)
3. Answer: 3 to 3
Assuming Q2 is heat received by the Reversible
heat engine from 400 K. For reversible heat
Q
engine, ∮ T = 0
0 e
∮
75
−
δQ
T
Q2
=0
−
Q3
750 650 550
=0
I1 od
c
55Q2 + 65Q3 = 3575 → (a)
EG l
10 Q2 3
N ra
Q1 − Q 2 − Q 3 = W ⇒ + − =0
500 400 300
Q2 + Q3 = 63 → (b) Q2
⇒2+ − 1 = 0 = Q2 = −4 kJ
er
Solving (a) & (b) 4
So, actually heat is rejected by engine to the

⇒ Q2 = 52 kJ/s = 52 kW
ef
400 K reservoir
2. Answer: B
Since Wnet = 10 + Q2 − 3
R
= 10 − 4 − 3 = 3 kJ
∴ Wnet = 3 kJ
4. Answer: 63 to 65
Clausius inequality
δQ
⇒∮ ≤0
T
δQ 2000 300 250
∮ = − −
T 1000 300 250
For Reversible cycle
- 118 -
QH QM QL δQ
+ − =0 ∮ =0
TH TM TL T
40 37 QL Q1 Q2 Q3
+ − =0 + − =0
400 370 320 1200 600 300
QL ΣQ = ΣW
0.2 − =0
320 Q1 + Q 2 − Q 3 = W
QL = 64 kJ
Q3 = 2Q1 − W
5. Answer: A Q1 Q1 2Q1 − W
+ − =0
For heat Engine ∮ δQ > 0 1200 600 300
For Irreversible cycle ∮
δQ
<0 Q1 + 2Q1 − 4(2Q1 − W)
T =0
1200
Hence option A is the correct option
3Q1 − 8Q1 + 4W = 0
6. Answer: C
0 e
4W = 5Q1
W 5
I1 od
=
Q1 4
W
= 1.25
c
Q1
1.25
ηRHE =
EG l
2
N ra
ηRHE = 0.625
8. Answer: 399 to 401
er
δQ
For Reversible Cycle ∮ =0
T
ef
QH QM QL
+ − =0
TH TM TL
R
2000 QM 1000
+ − =0
1000 800 400
QM = 400 J
ΣQ = ΣW
W = QH + QM − QL
W = 2 + 0.4 − 1 By 1st law of Thermodynamics,
W = 1.4 kJ Ein = Eout
7. Answer: C ⇒ 1 + 1 = Eout
W ⇒ Q = 2 kJ
ηRHE =
Q1 + Q 2 For the cycle to be Reversible
W δQ
ηRHE = ∮ =0
2Q1 T
- 119 -
1 1 2
⇒ + − =0
600 300 T
2 1 3
⇒ = ( ) ⇒ T = 400 K
T 300 2
9. Answer: C
Clausius inequality is given by
δQ
∮ ≤0
T
< 0 → For Irreversible cycle
δQ
= 0 → For Reversible cycle RHE ⇒ ∮ =0
T
10. Answer: A
300 200 Q
ΣQ = ΣW ( )+( )−( )=0
1000 800 300
0 e
ΣW = 100 + 50 − 60 Q
0.3 + 0.25 − =0
I1 od
ΣW = 90 kJ 300
Q = 165 kJ
Heat Engine
δQ 100 50 60 13. Answer: D
c
∮ = + −
T 1000 500 300 For a cycle,
=0 ΣW = ΣQ
EG l
N ra
Reversible Cycle ⇒ W = 300 + 200 − 165

11. Answer: A ⇒ W = 335 kJ
er
14. Answer: <0

For Irreversible Cycle
ef
δQ
∮ <0
T
R
15. Answer: A
For Irreversible cycle
δQ
∮ <0
W 100 − (30 + 60) 10 T
η= = = = 0.1
Qs 100 100 16. Answer: 0.6
12. Answer: B
δQ
For Reversible cycle ∮ =0
T
- 120 -
Q1 Q 2 Q 3 W = Q1 + Q 2 − Q 3
+ − =0
T1 T2 T3 W = 100 + 50 − 60
100 50 Q3
+ − =0 W = 90 kJ
1000 500 300
W 90
Q3 = 60 kJ ηTh = =
Q1 + Q2 100 + 50
For cycle ΣQ = ΣW
ηTh = 0.6
0 e
I1 od
c
EG l
N ra
er
ef
R
- 121 -
CHAPTER-7
ENTROPY
by
NEGI SIR
GATE AIR -1 (XE) 2019 & 2020

BNPM AIR -1
CALLING : 95054 74766

WHATSAPP : 82922 44719
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7 ENTROPY
7.1 Entropy Calculations for Constant Temperature Heat Interactions
1. Consider the following statements for an ideal D. less entropy to the sink than that
gas undergoing a reversible non-flow process: corresponding to a reversible cycle
P. If the process is adiabatic, the change in [GATE-2015-XE]
enthalpy of the gas is necessarily zero. 4. One mole of a substance is heated from 300 K to
Q. If the process is adiabatic, the change in 400 K at constant pressure. The cp of the
entropy of the gas is necessarily zero. substance is given by, cP (JK −1 mol−1 ) = 5 +
R. If the process is isothermal, the change in 0.1 T. The change in entropy, in JK −1 mol−1 , of
enthalpy of the gas is necessarily zero. the substance is ______
0 e
S. If the process is isothermal, the change in [GATE-2015-CY]
I1 od
entropy of the gas is necessarily zero. 5. A closed system contains 10 kg of saturated
Which one of the following options is valid? liquid ammonia at 10°C. Heat addition required
c
A. Only P is correct to convert the entire liquid into saturated
B. Only S is correct vapour at a constant pressure is 16.2 MJ. If the
EG l
C. Only Q and R are correct entropy of the saturated liquid is 0.88 kJ/kg.K,
N ra
D. Only P and S are correct the entropy (in kJ/kg.K) of saturated vapour is
[GATE-2018-XE] ________
er
2. For irreversible heat transfer from a hot body to [GATE-2014-ME]

a cold body, if Δ denotes the property change of 6. An amount of 100 kW of heat is transferred
ef
both hot and cold bodies (i.e. difference through a wall in steady state. One side of the
wall is maintained at 127°C and the other side
R
between its final and initial values), then

A. ΔS = 0 B. ΔU > 0 at 27°C. The entropy generated (in W/K) due to
C. ΔS < 0 D. ΔS > 0 the heat transfer through the wall is ________
[GATE-2016-XE] [GATE-2014-ME]
3. As per Clausius inequality, a system operating 7. Entropy is a
on an irreversible cycle transfer A. Path function
A. more entropy to the sink than what it B. Point function
receives from the source C. Property independent function
B. as much entropy to the sink as it receives D. Neither path nor point function
from the source [GATE-2014-XE]
C. less entropy to the sink than what it receives 8. A Carnot cycle operates on a working substance
from the source between two reservoirs at temperatures T1 and
- 122 -
T2 , with T1 > T2 . During each cycle, an amount [GATE-2010-ME]

of heat Q1 is extracted from the reservoir at T1 11. Among W (work), Q (heat), U (internal energy)
and an amount Q2 is delivered to the reservoir and S (entropy)
at T2 . Which of the following statements is A. W and U are path functions but Q and S
INCORRECT? are state functions
A. work done in one cycle is Q1 − Q2 B. W and S are path functions but Q and U
Q1 Q2 are state functions
B. =
T1 T2
C. S and U are path functions but Q and W
C. entropy of the hotter reservoir decreases
are state functions
D. entropy of the universe (consisting of the
D. W and Q are path functions but U and S
working substance and the two reservoirs)
are state functions.
increases
0 e
[GATE-2010-CY]
[GATE-2011-PH]
I1 od
12. The molar entropy of crystalline CO at absolute
9. Consider the following two processes: zero is
I. A heat source at 1200 K loses 2500 kJ of A. Zero B. −R ln 2
C. R ln 2 D. 2R ln 2
c
heat to a sink at 800 K
[GATE-2010-CY]
II. A heat source at 800 K loses 2000 kJ of heat
EG l
13. If a closed system is undergoing an irreversible
N ra
to a sink at 500 K
process, the entropy of the system
Which of the following statements is true?
A. must increase
er
A. Process I is more irreversible than process

B. always remains constant
II
C. must decrease
ef
B. Process II is more irreversible than

D. can increase, decrease or remain constant
process I
[GATE-2009-ME]
R
C. Irreversibility associated in both the

14. The change in entropy of the system
processes are equal
undergoing a cyclic irreversible process is
D. Both the processes are reversible
A. greater than zero
[GATE-2010-ME]
B. less than zero
10. One kilogram of water at room temperature is
C. equal to zero
brought into contact with a high temperature
D. equal to the ΔSsurrounding
thermal reservoir. The entropy change of the
universe is [GATE-2007-CH]
A. equal to entropy change of the reservoir 15. Steady heat transfer takes place through a plane
B. Equal to entropy change of water wall in the outward direction at the rate of 1500
C. equal to zero W. The inner surface temperature of the wall is
D. always positive
- 123 -
27°C. The entropy generation is 0.25 W/K. The 2. Path function

outer-surface temperature of the wall is A. a-2, b-1, c-1, d-1 B. a-2, b-1, c-2, d-2
A. 207°C B. 51°C C. a-2, b-2, c-1, d-1 D. a-2, b-1, c-2, d-1
C. 7.2°C D. 12.7°C [GATE-2006-CH]
[GATE-2007-XE] 17. A system undergoes a state change from 1 to 2.
16. Match the following According to the second law of
Group I thermodynamics, for the process to be feasible,
a. Heat the entropy change, S2 – S1 of the system
b. Internal energy A. is positive or zero
c. Work B. is negative or zero
d. Entropy C. is zero
0 e
Group II D. can be positive, negative or zero
I1 od
1. State function [GATE-1997-ME]
c
7.2 Entropy Calculations of a Perfect Gas
1. One kg of air in a closed system undergoes an heats of 1.4. The change in specific entropy of
EG l
irreversible process from an initial state of air (in kJ/kg. K) during this process will be
N ra
p1 = 1 bar (absolute) and T1 = 27℃, to a final A. 1.104 B. 0.740

state of p2 = 3 bar (absolute) and T2 = 127℃. C. 0.788 D. 0.529
er
If the gas constant of air is 287 J/kg.K and the

[GATE-2020-XE]
ratio of the specific heats γ = 1.4, then the
ef
3. When three moles of helium is mixed with one

change in the specific entropy (in J/kg.K) of the
mole of neon at constant temperature and
R
air in the process is

pressure (25°C, 1 atm), the entropy of mixing
A. −26.3
(in JK −1 , rounded off to two decimal places) is
B. indeterminate, as the process is irreversible
_____
C. 172.0
D. 28.4 [GATE-2020-CY]
[GATE-2020-ME] 4. Air of mas 1 kg, initially at 300 K and 10 bar,
2. Air at a pressure of 86 kPa and specific volume is allowed to expand isothermally till it reaches
of 1 m3 /kg is heated at constant pressure till it a pressure of 1 bar. Assuming air as an ideal gas
reaches 627°C. Air is assumed to be an ideal with gas constant of 0.287 kJ/kg-K, the change
gas with constant specific heats. It has the gas in entropy of air (in kJ/kg-K, round off to two
constant of 0.287 kJ/kg. K and ratio of specific decimal places) is _____________.
[GATE-2019-ME]
- 124 -
5. Consider a rigid, perfectly insulated, container the following represents the change of entropy
partitioned into two unequal parts by a thin (Δs) from state 1 to 2?
membrane (see figure). One part contains one T P
A. Δs = cp ln (T2 ) − R ln (P2 )
1 1
mole of an ideal gas at pressure Pi and
T2 V2
B. Δs = cv ln (T ) − cp ln (V )
temperature Ti while the other part is 1 1
T P
evacuated. The membrane ruptures, the gas C. Δs = cp ln (T2 ) − cv ln (P2 )
1 1
fills the entire volume and the equilibrium T2 V1
D. Δs = cv ln (T ) + R ln (V )
pressure is Pf = Pi /4. If c̅p (molar specific heat 1 2
[GATE-2018-ME]
capacity at constant pressure), c̅v (molar
8. An ideal gas undergoes a process from state 1
specific heat capacity at constant volume) and
(T1 = 300 K, P1 = 100 kPa) to state 2
R (universal gas constant) have the same units
0 e
(T2 = 600 K, P2 = 500 kPa). The specific
as molar entropy, the change in molar entropy
I1 od
heats of the ideal gas are: cp = 1 kJ/kg-K and.
(Sf − Si ) is
cv = 0.7 kJ/kg-K. The change in specific
entropy of the ideal gas from state 1 to state 2
c
(in kJ/kg-K) is ____ (correct to two decimal
EG l
places).
N ra
[GATE-2018-ME]
9. One kmol of an ideal gas
A. cp ln 2 + R ln 4 B. −cv ln 2 + R ln 4
er
(cp = 21 kJ/kmol − K) undergoes a constant

C. R ln 4 D. cp ln 2
pressure process from 300 K to 500 K. The
ef
[GATE-2019-CH]
molar entropy of the gas at 300 K is 150
6. In a reversible process, an ideal gas (cp =
kJ/kmol.K. The molar entropy (in kJ/kmol. K)
R
1.04 kJ/kg. K, R = 0.297 kJ/kg. K) at 293 K,

at 500 K (up to 1 decimal place) is ________.
is compressed in a cylinder from 100 kPa to
[GATE-2018-XE]
500 kPa. During this compression process, the
10. One kg of air (that can be considered a
relation between pressure and volume is
calorically perfect gas with characteristic gas
expressed as, PV1.3 =constant.
constant R = 287 J/kg − K and specific heat
In the following options, mark the closest value
ratio γ = 1.4) undergoes a constant-volume
for the entropy change per kilogram (J/kg. K).
process from an initial static pressure of 1 bar
A. −91 B. 91
to a final static pressure of 4 bar. The increase
C. −864 D. 864
in entropy (in J/kg-K) of air is ________.
[GATE-2019-XE]
[GATE-2018-PI]
7. For an ideal gas with constant properties
11. Two moles of an ideal gas X and two moles of
undergoing a quasi-static process, which one of
an ideal gas Y, initially at the same temperature
- 125 -
and pressure, are mixed under isothermal- Q. Work done by the gas is zero.
isobaric condition. The entropy change on R. Entropy of the gas remains constant.
mixing is _______ JK −1 . (Up to one decimal S. Entropy of the gas decreases.
place. Use R = 8.31 JK −1 mol−1 ) Among the above statements, the correct ones
[GATE-2018-CY] are
12. On kg of an ideal gas (gas constant R = 287 A. P and R only.
J/kg-K) undergoes an irreversible process from B. P, Q and R only.
state-1 (1 bar, 300 K) to state- 2 (2 bar, 300 K). C. Q and R only.
The change in specific entropy (s2 – s1 )of the D. P, Q and S only
gas (in J/kg-K) in the process is __________ [GATE-2016-PI]
[GATE-2017-ME] 16. One kg of air (R = 287 J/kg-K) undergoes an
0 e
13. One kg of an ideal gas (gas constant, R = 400 irreversible process between equilibrium state
I1 od
J/kg.K; specific heat at constant volume, 1 (20°C, 0.9 m3) and equilibrium state 2 (20°C,
cv = 1000 J/kg-K) at 1 bar, and 300 K is 0.6 m3). The change in entropy s2 – s1 (in J/kg-
contained in a sealed rigid cylinder. During an K) is ________
c
adiabatic process, 100 kJ of work is done on the [GATE-2015-ME]
EG l
system by a stirrer. The increase in entropy of 17. One kmol of hydrogen (molecular weight = 2
N ra
the system is ______J/K. kg/kmol, specific heat ratio γ = 1.4) at 1 bar,

[GATE-2017-ME] 300 K mixes with one kmol of nitrogen
er
14. An ideal gas having a mass of 0.5 kg is initially (molecular weight = 28 kg/kmol, specific heat
at 300 kPa, 80°C and occupies a volume of ratio γ = 1.4) at 1 bar, 300 K in an adiabatic
ef
0.14 m3 . The gas undergoes an adiabatic vessel. The final mixture is also at 1 bar, 300
process, where 50 kJ of work is transferred to K. The entropy change (in kJ/K) for the process
R
the gas. The pressure and volume at the final is

state are 300 kPa and 0.20 m3 . The change in A. −5.76 B. zero
the entropy of the gas in J/K is C. 5.76 D. 11.53
A. 160.3 B. 175.3 [GATE-2015-XE]
C. 190.3 D. 195.3 18. Two moles of air at 1 atm, 21.1°C goes through
[GATE-2017-XE] an adiabatic device and separates into a hot
15. An ideal gas of mass m is contained in a rigid stream of 0.4 moles at 1 atm, 176.3°C and a
tank of volume V at a pressure p. During a cold stream of 1.6 moles at 1 atm, −17.7°C,
reversible process its pressure reduces to p1 . without any external work. It can be concluded
Following statements are made regarding the that
process. A. the total entropy change is zero
P. Heat is transferred from the gas.
- 126 -
B. the total entropy change for the process is 23. For the process 1 Ar (300 K, 1 bar) →
positive 1 Ar (200 K, 10 bar). Assuming ideal gas
C. the device violates Second Law of behavior, the change in molar entropy is
Thermodynamics A. −27.57 JK −1 mol−1
D. the device violates First Law of B. +27.57 JK −1 mol−1
Thermodynamics C. −24.20 JK −1 mol−1
[GATE-2015-XE] D. +24.20 JK −1 mol−1
19. For a reversible isothermal expansion of an [GATE-2011-CY]
ideal gas from a state 1 to a state 2, 24. An insulated rigid container having 1 m3
A. s1 = s2 B. s1 > s2 volume has two compartments having equal
C. s1 < s2 D. h1 > h2 volume separated by a thin membrane. Half of
0 e
[GATE-2013-XE] the container is filled with helium (r =
I1 od
20. An ideal gas of mass m and temperature T1 2.08 kJ/kg − K, cp = 5.19 kJ/kg − K and
undergoes a reversible isothermal process from cv = 3.11 kJ/kg − K), while the remaining
an initial pressure P1 to final pressure P2. The
c
half is empty. Suddenly the membrane ruptures
heat loss during the process is Q. The entropy and helium fill the whole volume of the
EG l
changes ∆S of the gas is container. Temperature and pressure of helium
N ra
P2 P1
A. mRln(P ) B. mRln(P ) before rupture are 500°C and 0.1 MPa
1 2
respectively. The change in the entropy of
er
P Q
C. mRln (P2 ) − T D. zero
1 1
helium is
[GATE-2012-ME/PI]
A. 0.019 kJ/K B. 0.045 kJ/K
ef
21. 32 kg of oxygen is mixed with 28 kg of nitrogen

C. 0.112 kJ/K D. 0.675 kJ/K
at the same temperature. The gases are at the
R
[GATE-2010-XE]
same pressure of 103 kPa before and after
25. The change in entropy when two moles of
̅ is the universal gas constant in
mixing. If R
Argon gas are heated at constant volume from
kJ/kmol.K, the change in entropy of the
300 K to 500 K is
mixture is
A. −12.74 JK −1 mole−1
̅
A. 1.38R ̅
B. 0.69R
B. −6.37 JK −1 mole−1
̅
C. R ̅
D. 0.34R
C. 6.37 JK −1 mole−1
[GATE-2012-XE]
D. 12.74 JK −1 mole−1
22. One mole of element P is mixed one mole of
[GATE-2010-CY]
element Q. The entropy of mixing at 0 K is
26. Atmospheric air (R = 287 J/kg − K; γ = 1.4)
A. 0 B. −R ln 0.5
at 1 bar and 25°C is compressed adiabatically
C. infinity D. −R ln 2
[GATE-2011-MT]
- 127 -
to 2 bar and 105°C, which of the following [GATE-ME-07:1M]

statements is correct? 30. The entropy of mixing of 10 moles of helium
A. The process is possible but irreversible. and 10 moles of oxygen at constant
B. The process is possible and reversible. temperature and pressure, assuming both to be
C. The process is impossible. ideal gases, is
D. The process is possible and it is isentropic A. 115.3 JK −1 B. 5.8 JK −1
[GATE-2009-XE] C. 382.9 JK −1 D. 230.6 JK −1
27. 2 moles of oxygen are mixed adiabatically with [GATE-2007-CY]
another 2 moles of oxygen in a mixing 31. Considering the relationship TdS = dU + pdV
chamber, so that the final total pressure and between the entropy (S), internal energy (U),
temperature of the mixtures become same as pressure (p), temperature (T) and volume (V),
0 e
those of the individual constituents at their which of the following statements is correct?
I1 od
initial states. The universal gas constant is A. It is applicable only for a reversible process
given as R. The change in entropy due to B. For an irreversible process, TdS>dU + pdV
mixing, per mole of oxygen, is given by C. It is valid only for an ideal gas
c
A. – R ln 2 B. 0 D. It is equivalent to 1st law, for a reversible
EG l
C. R ln 2 D. R ln 4 process
N ra
[GATE-2008-ME] [GATE-2003-ME]
28. The approximate entropy change (in kJ/K), Common Data for Questions 32 & 33:
er
when 10 kg of an ideal gas having specific heat Nitrogen gas (molecular weight 28) is enclosed
5R in a cylinder by a piston, at the initial condition
at constant volume cv = (given, R=287 J/ kg
ef
2
of 2 bar, 298 K and 1 m3. In a particular
K) is taken from an initial state of 100 kPa and
process, the gas slowly expands under
R
300 K to the final state of 200 kPa and 500 K,

isothermal condition, until the volume becomes
is
2 m3. Heat exchanges occurs with the
A. 9.1 B. 3.14
atmosphere at 298 K during this process
C. 91.0 D. 0.314
32. The work interaction for the Nitrogen gas is
[GATE-2008-XE]
A. 200 kJ B. 138.6 kJ
29. Which of the following relationships is valid
C. 2 kJ D. − 200 kJ
only for reversible processes undergone by a
[GATE-2003-ME]
closed system of simple compressible
33. The entropy changes for the Universe during
substance (neglect changes in kinetic and
the process in kJ/K is
potential energy)?
A. 0.4652 B. 0.0067
A. δQ = dU + δW B. TdS = dU + PdV
C. 0 D. – 0.6711
C. TdS = dU + δW D. δQ = dU + PdV
[GATE-2003-ME]
- 128 -
34. A certain mass of a pure substance undergoes the same pressure and temperature. The
an irreversible process from stage 1 to state 2, membrane is ruptured and the two gases are
the path of the process being a straight line on allowed to mix.
the T-s diagram. Calculate heat transfer & work Assume that the gases behave as ideal gases.
done. T1 = 330 K, T2 = 440 K; U1 = 170 kJ, Calculate the increase in entropy of the contents
U2 = 190 kJ; H1 =220 kJ, H2 = 247 kJ; of the cylinder. Universal gas constant equal to
S1 = 0.23 kJ/K, S2 = 0.3 kJ/K where T, U, H 8314.3 J/kmol K.
and S represent temperature, internal energy, [GATE-1993-ME]
enthalpy and entropy respectively. 36. Which among the following relations is/are
[GATE-2000-ME] valid only for reversible process undergone by
35. A rigid insulated cylinder has two a pure substance?
0 e
compartments separated by a thin membrane. A. δQ = dU + δW B.TdS = dU + δW
I1 od
While one compartment contains one kmol C. TdS = dU + PdV D. δQ = PdV + dU
nitrogen at a certain pressure and temperature, [GATE-1993-ME]
the other contains one kmol carbon dioxide at
c
7.3 Entropy Calculation of Incompressible Substances
EG l
N ra
1. For an ideal gas, a constant pressure line and a

constant volume line intersect at a point, in the
er
Temperature (T) versus specific entropy (s)

diagram. cp is the specific heat at constant
ef
pressure and cv is the specific heat at constant

volume. The ratio of the slope of the constant
R
pressure and constant volume lines at the point

of intersection is
cp −cv cp −cv
The “T-s diagram” for a thermodynamic
A. B.
cv cp process is shown in the figure. The heat
cp cv transferred (kJ/kg) during the reversible
C. D.
cv cp
process 1-3 is ______
2. 3. In a thermally insulated container, 0.01 kg of
ice at 273 K is mixed with 0.1 kg of water at
300 K. Neglecting the specific heat of the
container, the change in the entropy of the
system in J/K on attaining thermal equilibrium
- 129 -
(rounded off to two decimal places) is C. 168.3 D. 172.3

________ [GATE-2017-XE]
(Specific heat of water is 4.2 kJ/kg − K and 7. A block of ice of mass 2 kg at 0°C is dropped
the latent heat of ice is 335 kJ/kg). into an insulated vessel containing 10 kg of
[GATE-2019-PH] liquid water at 25°C . The latent heat of melting
4. A 1 mol piece of copper at 400 K is brought in of ice is 330 kJ/kg and specific heat of water is
contact with another 1 mol piece of copper at 4.2 kJ/kg.K. The change in the entropy of the
300 K, and allowed to reach thermal universe in kJ/K (up to 3 decimal places) is
equilibrium. The entropy change for this _____
process is ______ (in JK −1 to three decimal [GATE-2017-XE]
places). 8. A 40 kg metal block (cp = 0.5 kJ/kg. K) at
0 e
[GATE-2018-MT] T = 450°C is quenched in 150 kg oil (cp =
I1 od
5. Water is heated at atmospheric pressure from 2.5 kJ/kg. K) at T = 25°C. If the combined
40°C to 80°C using two different processes. In (metal block and oil) system is fully isolated
process-I, the heating is done by source at
c
from its surroundings, then the net change in
80°C. In process-II, the water is first heated the entropy (in kJ/K) of the combined system is
EG l
from 40°C to 60°C by a source at 60°C and ________.
N ra
then from 60°C to 80°C by another source of [GATE-2016-XE]

80°C. Identify correct statement. 9. A 100 Ω electrical resistor is heated steadily by
er
A. Enthalpy change of water in process-I is passing a current of 20 A. If heating is

greater than the enthalpy changes in performed in the ambient at 30°C, the rate of
ef
process-II increase in entropy of the universe in kW/K is

R
B. Enthalpy change of water in process-II is ______

greater than the enthalpy changes in [GATE-2015-XE]
process-I 10. Two identical metal blocks L and M (specific
C. Process-I is closer to reversibility heat = 0.4 kJ/kg-K), each having a mass of 5
D. Process-II is closer to reversibility kg, are initially at 313 K. A reversible
[GATE-2017-CH] refrigerator extracts heat from block L and
6. A pure substance (cv = 0.733 kJ/kg. K) under rejects heat to block M until the temperature of
goes a reversible process in which its block L reaches 293 K. The final temperature
temperature increases linearly from 40°C to (in K) of block M is _______.
85°C and its specific entropy increases by 600 [GATE-2014-ME]
J/kg.K. The work done by the system in kJ/kg 11. A metal block of mass 25 kg at 300 K is
is immersed in an infinitely large liquid nitrogen
A. 160.2 B. 164.3
- 130 -
bath maintained at 77 K. The system A. increases the entropy of the fuel air mixture
comprising of the block and liquid nitrogen but decreases the entropy of the spark plug
attains thermal equilibrium. The average B. decreases the entropy of the fuel air mixture
specific heat of the metal is 0.45 kJ/(kg. K). but increases the entropy of the spark plug
The entropy generated during the process is C. decreases the entropy of the fuel air mixture
_____ kJ/K. and of the spark plug
A. 17.28 B. 32.5 D. increases the entropy of the fuel air mixture
C. 48.8 D. −47.8 and of the spark plug
12. If 2 kg mass of water, with a specific heat of 16. An ideal gas undergoes a cyclic process as
4.18 kJ/kg − K, is heated from 20°C to 40°C in shown in p-V diagram below:
0 e
an open container, then the change in entropy
I1 od
of water, in kJ/K, is ______.
[GATE-2014-PI]
13. Which of the following processes, shown in the
c
figure below, represents the throttling of an
EG l
ideal gas? The same cycle, represented in T-S diagram is
N ra
er
ef
R
A. 1 to 2 B. 1 to 3
C. 1 to 4 D. 1 to 5
[GATE-2013-XE]
14. On a ln p vs h coordinate system, where ln p is
[GATE-2011-XE]
the y − coordinate and h is the x coordinate, the
Common data for Q.17-Q.18:
slope of a constant entropy line is
In a process industry, two different streams of
A. 1/v B. v
water (to be considered incompressible) are
C. p/v D. 1/(pv)
available at 10°C and 90°C as shown in the
[GATE-2013-XE]
figure. Mass flow rates of both the streams are
15. The fuel air mixture in a petrol engine is ignited
1 kg/s. Rather than wasting these resources, it
with a spark plug at the end of compression
is desired to connect a reversible Carnot engine
stroke. This process
- 131 -
that will continuously extract heat from the hot

stream and supply part of it to the cold stream
such that the exit temperature of both the
streams Tf is identical. Heat capacity of water
is 4.18 kJ/kg.K.
20. The above cycle is represented on T – s plane

by
0 e
17. Value of Tf is
I1 od
c
EG l
A. 130°C B. 42.5°C
N ra
C. 47.5°C D. 50°C
[GATE-2010-XE]
er
18. Work output Ẇ is

[GATE-2007-ME]
A. 20.8 kW B. 42.5 kW
ef
21. If the specific heats of the working fluid are

C. 63 kW D. 167 kW
constant and the value of specific heat ratio is
R
[GATE-2010-XE] 1.4, the thermal efficiency (%) of the cycle is

A. 21 B. 40.9
19. On a T-s diagram, the slope of the constant
C. 42.6 D. 59.7
volume line for an ideal gas is
[GATE-2007-ME]
A. less than that of constant pressure line
22. Which of the following represents the Carnot
B. more than that of constant pressure line
cycle (ideal engine)?
C. less than that of constant enthalpy line
D. equal to that of constant enthalpy line
[GATE-2009-XE]
A thermodynamic cycle with an ideal gas as
working fluid is shown below
- 132 -
initially at 25°C is contained in a perfectly

insulated tank. The metallic block is brought
into contact with water. Both of them come to
equilibrium. Specific heat of block material is
0.4 kJ/kg − K. Ignoring the effect of
[GATE-2007-CH]
expansion and contraction, and also the heat
23. Consider an isentropic process undergone by an
capacity of tank, the total entropy change in
incompressible liquid. The change in
kJ/K is
temperature experienced by the liquid is ∆T =
A. −1.87 B. zero
T2 − T1 . Which one of the following is correct?
C. 1.26 D. 3.91
A. ∆T = 0
B. ∆T > 0
0 e
[GATE-2003-CH]
C. ∆T < 0 26. An iron cube at a temperature of 400°C is
consideration I1 od
D. ∆T depends on the liquid under
c
[GATE-2007-XE]
dropped into an insulated bath containing 10 kg
water at 25℃. The water finally reaches a
temperature of 50°C at steady state. Given that
24. The following four figures have been drawn to the specific heat of water is equal to 4186
EG l
N ra
represent a fictitious thermodynamic cycle, on J/kgK, find the entropy changes for the iron
the P – v and T –s planes cube and the water. Is the process irreversible?
er
If so, why?
[GATE-1996-ME]
ef
27. A 1500 W electrical heater is used for 1hr to

heat 20 kg of water (cp = 4186 J/kgK) in an
R
insulated bucket, from a temperature of 30°C to

80°C. If the heater temperature is only
infinitesimally larger than the water
temperature during the process, the change in
entropy for the heater is ________ J/K and for
water _______J/K
According to the first law of thermodynamics,
[GATE-1994-ME]
equal areas are enclosed by
28. The slopes of constant volume and constant
A. Figures 1 and 2 B. Figures 1 and 3
pressure lines in the T – s diagram
C. Figures 1 and 4 D. Figures 2 and 3
are______and________ respectively.
[GATE-2005-ME]
[GATE-1994-ME]
25. A solid metallic block weighing 5 kg has an
initial temperature of 500°C; 40 kg of water
- 133 -
7.4 Entropy Calculations for Open Systems

1. An adiabatic vortex tube, shown in figure given B. Entropy gained by cold stream is equal to
below is supplied with 5 kg/s of air (inlet 1) at entropy lost by hot stream.
500 kPa and 300 K. Two separate streams of C. Entropy gained by cold stream is less than
air are leaving the device from outlets 2 and 3. entropy lost by hot stream
Hot air leaves the device at rate of 3 kg/s from D. Entropy gained by cold stream is zero
outlet 2 at 100 kPa and 340 K, while 2 kg/s of
[GATE-2012-CH]
cold air stream is leaving the device from outlet
3 at 100 kPa and 240 K.
In an experimental set – up, air flows between
0 e
two stations P and Q adiabatically. The
I1 od
direction of flow depends on the pressure and
temperature conditions maintained at P and Q.
The conditions at station P are 150 kPa & 350
c
K. The temperature at station Q is 300 K. The
EG l
Consider constant specific heat of air is following are the properties and relations
N ra
1005 J/kg. K and gas constant is 287 J/kg. K. pertaining to air:
there is no work transfer across the boundary of Specific heat at constant pressure,
er
this device. The rate of entropy generation is cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK;
____kW/K(round off to one decimal place). Specific Heat at constant volume,

ef
[GATE-2021-ME] cv = 0.718 kJ/kgK;

R
2. In a parallel flow heat exchanger, operating Characteristic gas constant

under steady state, hot liquid enters at a R = 0.287 kJ/kgK;
temperature Th,in and leaves at a temperature Enthalpy, h = cp T. Internal energy, u =cv T.
Th,out . Cold liquid enters at a temperature Tc,in 3. If the air has to flow from station P to station Q,
and leaves at a temperature Tc,out . Neglect any the maximum possible value of pressure in kPa
heat loss from the heat exchanger to the at station Q is close to
surrounding. If Th,in ≫ Tc,in , then for a given A. 50 B. 87
time interval, which one of the following C. 128 D. 150
statements is true? [GATE-2011-ME]
A. Entropy gained by cold stream is greater 4. If the pressure at station Q is 50 kPa, the change
than entropy lost by hot stream in entropy (sQ − sp ) in kJ/kgK is

A. – 0.155 B. 0
- 134 -
C. 0.160 D. 0.355 D. ΔH = 0 and ΔS ≠ 0

[GATE-2011-ME] [GATE-2001-CH]
5. High pressure stream is expanded adiabatically 6. One kilomole of an ideal gas is throttled from
and reversibly through a well-insulated turbine, an initial pressure of 0.5 MPa to 0.1 MPa. The
which produces some shaft work. If the initial temperature is 300 K. The entropy
enthalpy change and entropy change across the change of the universe is
turbine are represented by ΔH and ΔS, A. 13.38 kJ/K B. 4014.3 kJ/K
respectively, for this process C. 0.0446 kJ/K D. 0.0446 kJ/K
A. ΔH = 0 and ΔS = 0 [GATE-1995-ME]
B. ΔH ≠ 0 and ΔS = 0
C. ΔH ≠ 0 and ΔS ≠ 0
0 e
I1 od
c
7. ENTROPY-ANSWER KEYS
EG l
N ra
7.1 Entropy Calculations for Const. Temperature Heat Interactions

er
1. C 2. D 3. A 7. B 8. D 9. B 10. D 11. D 12. A 13. D

14. C 15. D 16. D 17. D
ef
R
4. 11.3 to 11.5 5. 6.4 to 6.7 6. 80 to 85

1. A 2. A 5. C 6. A 7. A 14. A 15. D 17. D 18. C 19. C
20. B 21. A 22. B 23. A 24. B 25. C 26. A 27. B 28. B 29. C&D
30. B 31. D 32. B 33. C 36. B&D
3. 18.60 to 18.80 4. 0.64 to 0.68 8. 0.20 to 0.22 9. 160.0 to 161.0

10. 990 to 1000 11. 22.0 to 24.0 12. −201 to − 197 13. 285 to 289
16. −117 to − 115 34. 26.95 & 6. 95 35. 11.5256
- 135 -
1. D 5. D 6. C 11. A 13. A 14. D 15. D 16. B 17. C 18. A

19. B 20. C 21. A 22. C 23. A 24. A 25. C
2. 255 to 255 3. 1.02 to 1.047 4. 0.450 to 0.480 7. 0.140 to 0.150 8. 9.7 to 9.9
9. 0.130 to 0.135 10. 333 to 335 12. 0.54 to 0.56 26. −2194.94 & 3372.19
27. 3708.41 & 12786.99 28. T/cv and T/cp

2. A 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. A
1. 2.1 to 2.3
SOLUTIONS
0 e
I1 od
7.1 Entropy Calculations for Const. Temperature Heat Interactions
1. Answer: C δQ
∮ <0
The process is reversible non-flow process T
c
Qsource Qsink
For Reversible non flow process ⇒ − <0
Tsource Tsink
EG l
0
N ra
⇒ Δs|source < Δs|sink

δQ
Δs = ∫ (Adiabatic)
T
er
4. Answer: 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑 𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓

0
400 (5
For Ideal gas; ΔH = mcp ΔT + 0.1T)dT
Δs|substance = ∫
ef
300 T
⇒ ΔH = 0 (for Isothermal) 400
= 5 ln ( ) + 0.1(100)
2. Answer: D 300
R
4
= 10 + 5. ln (3) = 11.438 J/mol. K
∴ Δs|substance = 11.438 J/mol − K

5. Answer: 6.4 to 6.7
hfg
T1 > T2 sfg =
Tsat
0 Hfg /m
sg − sf =
ΔSsys = St,sys + Sg,sys Tsat
Hfg /m
sg = sf +
ΔSsys = Sg,sys Tsat
16.2×103
ΔSsys = +X sg = 0.88 + kJ/kg-K
10×283
3. Answer: A sg = 6.6044 kJ/kg.K

By clasius inequality for an irreversible cycle,
- 136 -
6. Answer: 80 to 85
1 1
Ṡgen,sys = Q̇ [ − ]
TL TH
1 1
Ṡgen,sys = 100 × 103 [ − ]
300 400
Ṡgen,sys = 83.33 W/K
7. Answer: B
Entropy is a point function
8. Answer: D
1 1
Sgen = Q [ − ]
TL TH
0 e
1 1
= 2500 [ − ]
800 1200
I1 od
c = 1.0416 kJ/K
Process-II
EG l
N ra
W = Q1 − Q 2
er
δQ
For Reversible cycle, ∮ =0
T
ef
Q1 Q 2
⇒ =
T1 T2
R
0
−Q1 Q2
ΔS = + + Ṡgen = 0
T1 T2
(Reversible)
9. Answer: B
1 1
Process-I Sgen = Q [ − ]
TL TH
1 1
= 2000 [ − ]
500 800
= 1.50 kJ/K
Since Entropy generation is more in Process-II,
hence it is more Irreversible as compared to
Process-I.
10. Answer: D
- 137 -
Entropy on universe during an actual process

(Irreversible Process) always increases. In
limiting case for an ideal process (Reversible
process) entropy of universe remains constant.
In another wards entropy of universe can never
decrease.
This is known as Increase of Entropy principle.
11. Answer: D
Heat, Work are path function,
Entropy, Internal energy are point functions Steady state HT
12. Answer: A Q̇ Q̇
Ṡg,Wall = −
0 e
As per 3rd law of thermodynamics, the molar TL TH
I1 od
entropy of a crystalline substance at Tabs = 0 1 1
Ṡg,wall = Q̇ [ − ]
TL TH
is 0
1 Ṡg,wall 1
13. Answer: D = +
c
TL Q̇ TH
Entropy of a closed system can increase,
1 0.25 1
= +
EG l
decrease or remains constant, depending upon
T1 1500 300
N ra
the process (Internally Reversible/Internally

TL = 285.7 K
Irreversible) and type of heat interaction (heat
TL = 12.7°C
er
addition / heat rejection/adiabatic process).

16. Answer: D
14. Answer: C
Heat → Path Function
ef
For a cyclic process,

Internal energy → Point Function
Change is property = 0
R
Work → Path function

⇒ Δs = 0 irrespective of process
Entropy → Point function
15. Answer: D
17. Answer: D
decrease or remains constant, depending upon
the process (Internally Reversible/Internally
Irreversible) and type of heat interaction (heat
addition / heat rejection/adiabatic process).

1. Answer: A P1 = 1 bar
m = 1 kg T1 = 27℃ = 300 K
- 138 -
P2 = 3 bar 4. Answer: 0.64 to 0.68

T2 = 127℃ = 400 K T2 P2
Δs1−2 = cp ln ( ) − R ln ( )
T1 P1
R = 287 J/kg-K
1
γ = 1.4 = −0.287 ln (10) = 0.6608 kJ/kg-K
T2 P2 5. Answer: C
Δs1−2 = cp ln ( ) − R ln ( )
T1 P1
pf = pi /4
Rγ T2 P2
Δs1−2 = ln ( ) − R ln ( ) ΔU = 0, Tf = Ti
γ−1 T1 P1
Change in molar entropy
γ T2 P2
Δs1−2 =R [ ln ( ) − ln ( )] T2 p
γ−1 T1 P1 ̅ ln ( 2 )]
= [c̅p ln ( ) − R
T1 p1
1.4 400 3
Δs1−2 = 287 [ ln ( ) − ln ( )] pi
0.4 300 1
̅ ln (
= −R 4
)
0 e
Δs1−2 = −26.325 J/kg-K pi
I1 od
2. Answer: A ̅ ln 4
=R
For Perfect Gas ∴ ΔS̅ = R
̅ ln 4
T2 P2
c
Δs1−2 = cP ln ( ) − R ln ( ) 6. Answer: A
T1 P1
T2 p2
v2 P2 Δs1−2 = cp ln ( ) − R ln ( )
T1 p1
EG l
Δs1−2 = cP ln ( ) + cν ln ( )
v1 P1
N ra
PV1.3 = Const
cP = 1.005 kJ/kg − K
n = 1.3
er
Pv = mRT 1−n
TP n = const
Pv = RT
1−n 1−n
ef
RT T2 P2 n = T1 P1 n
v2 =
P2 1−n
P1 n
R
3
v2 = 3.003 m /kg T2 = T1 ( )
P2
3
Δs1−2 = 1.005 ln ( ) n−1
1 P2 n
T2 = T1 ( )
Δs1−2 = 1.104 kJ/kg − K P1
3. Answer: 18.60 to 18.80 T2 = 424.784K
̅ [X
ΔS|mixing = −R ̅ He . ln(X
̅ He ) 424.784 500
Δs1−2 = 1.04 ln ( ) − 0.297 ln ( )
293 100
̅ Ne . ln(X
+X ̅ Ne )] × ntotal
Δs1−2 = −91.73 kJ/kg − K
3 3 1 1
= −8.314 [ . ln ( ) + . ln ( )] × 4 7. Answer: A
4 4 4 4
−8.314 For perfect gas following relations are valid
= [3 ln(0.75) + ln(0.25)] × 4
4 T2 V2
Δs1−2 = cv ln ( ) + R ln ( )
= 18.701 J/K T1 V1
∴ ΔS|mixing = 18.701 J/K T2 P2
Δs1−2 = cp ln ( ) − R ln ( )
T1 P1
- 139 -
V2 P2 = 23.05 J/k
Δs1−2 = cp ln ( ) + cv ln ( )
V1 P1 ∴ Entropy change for mixing = 23.05 J/k
8. Answer: 0.20 to 0.22
12. Answer: −𝟐𝟎𝟏 𝐭𝐨 − 𝟏𝟗𝟕
T2 P2
Δs1−2 = cp ln ( ) − R ln ( ) Since Entropy is a point function hence entropy
T1 P1
change between two given states is always
600 500
Δs1−2 = 1 ln ( ) − 0.3 ln ( ) same whether the path is Internally Reversible
300 100
Δs1−2 = 0.2103 kJ/kg-K or Internally Irreversible.
9. Answer: 160.0 to 161.0 T2 P2

Δs1−2 = [cp ln ( ) − R ln ( )]
T1 P1
n = 1 kmol T1 = 300 K
2
cp = 21 kJ/kmol − K T2 = 500 K Δs1−2 = −287 ln ( )
1
P = const Δs1−2 = −198.93 J/kg-K
0 e
T2 500 13. Answer: 𝟐𝟖𝟓 𝐭𝐨 𝟐𝟖𝟗
Δs̅ = [cp × ln ( )] = 21 × ln ( )
I1 od
T1 300
Q = W + ΔU
⇒ s̅ 2 − s̅1 = 10.727 kJ/kmol. K
0 = −100 × 103 + 1 × 1000 (T2 − 300)
⇒ s̅ 2 = 10.727 + 150
c
T2 = 400 K
⇒ s̅ 2 = 160.727 kJ/kmol − K
EG l
10. Answer: 990 to 1000
N ra
m = 1 kg; R = 287 J/kg − K γ = 1.4,

V = const
er
p1 = 1 bar = 100 kPa

p2 = 4 bar = 400 kPa
ef
Change in Entropy 0
p V
R
S2 − S1 = m [cv ln (p2 ) + cp ln (V2 )]

1 1
T2 V2
p2 ΔS1−2 = m [cv ln ( ) + R ln ( ) ]
⇒ S2 − S1 = mcv ln ( ) T1 V1
p1
400
R p2 ΔS1−2 = 1 × 1000 × ln ( )
⇒m× × ln ( ) 300
γ−1 p1
ΔS1−2 = 287.68 J/K
287
⇒ s2 − s1 = 1 × × ln(4) 14. Answer: 160.0 to 161.0
0.4
= 994.66 J/kg − K m = 0.5 kg Q=0
11. Answer: 22.0 to 24.0 P1 = 300 kPa W = −50 kJ
The entropy change for mixing T1 = 80°C = 353 K P2 = 300 kPa
= −ntot R u Σx̅i ln(xi ) V1 = 0.14 m3 V2 = 0.20 m3
1 1 By Ideal gas equation,
= −4 × (8.314) × [2 × × ln ( )]
2 2
- 140 -
P1 V1 P2 V2 300 × 0.14 300 × 0.20 T1 v1

= ⇒ = Δs = cv ln ( ) + Rln ( )
T1 T2 353 T2 T v
20 Δs = −ive
T2 = 353 ( ) = 504.286 K
14 16. Answer: −𝟏𝟕𝟕 𝐭𝐨 − 𝟏𝟏𝟓
P1 V1 T2 V2
R= ΔS1−2 = m [cv ln ( ) + R ln ( )]
mT1 T1 V1
(300)(0.14) 0.6
⇒R= ΔS1−2 = 1 [287 ln ( )]
(0.5)(353) 0.9
⇒ R = 0.238 kJ/kg − K Δs1−2 = −116.368 J/kg-K
st
By 1 law of thermodynamics, 17. Answer: C
0 ̅ Σx̅i ln(x̅i )
Entropy change for mixing = R.
Q − W = ΔU 1 1
̅ ( × ln(0.5) + × ln(0.5))
= −R
0 e
(Adiabatic) 2 2
I1 od
⇒ 50 = 0.5 × cv × (504.286 − 353) = −8.314 × ln(0.5) = 5.76 kJ/k
⇒ cv = 0.661 kJ/kg − K ∴ Entropy change for mixing = 5.76 kJ/k

T2 v2 18. Answer: C
c
∴ ΔS = m [cv ln ( ) + R ln ( )]
T1 v1
504.286
EG l
= 0.5 [0.661 × ln ( )
N ra
353
0.20
+ 0.238 ln ( )]
0.14
er
= 0.1603 kJ/K = 160.3 J/K

∴ ΔS = 160.3 J/K 176.3+273
ef
Δs̅ f = 0.4 [cp ln ( )] +

21+273
15. Answer: D
273−17.7
Mass of the gas = m 1.6 cp ln [ 273+21 ]
R
Tank is rigid (V = Constant) = cp [−0.056] < 0

Initial pressure = p
0
Final pressure = p1 Δs̅ f = st,Q + sgen,cv
(p > p1 ) ⇒ T > T1 at constant volume (Which is not possible)
st
Applying 1 law of Thermodynamics So, the device violets 2nd law of
0 thermodynamics.
Q − W = mcv (T1 − T) sgen = −ve
0
= −ive (since T > T1 ) 19. Answer: C
(Rigid) Reversible Isothermal Expansion
∴ ′Q′ is Negative ⇒ Heat is rejected by the ↓ ↓
system T2 = T1 V2 > V1
- 141 -
0 10 1.667 200
̅] [− ln (
= 1[R )+ × ln ( )]
T2 V2 1 0.667 300
Δs1−2 = cv ln ( ) + R ln ( )
T1 V1 = −27.568 J/mol − K
V2
Δs1−2 = R ln ( ) s2 > s1 ∴ ΔS|Ar = −27.57 JK − mol−1
V1
24. Answer: B
20. Answer: B
T2 P2
ΔS1−2 = m [cp ln ( ) − R ln ( )]
T1 P1
For Isothermal Process T1 = T2
P1
ΔS1−2 = mR ln ( )
P2 For free expansion, W = 0
21. Answer: D Container is insulated, Q = 0
0 e
By 1st law of Thermodynamics, ΔU = 0
I1 od
c ⇒ T1 = T2
Applying Ideal gas equation for Helium,
V1
P1 V1 = P2 V2 ⇒ P2 = P1 ( )
V2
After mixing;
EG l
V1
⇒ P2 = (0.1) × 103 × ( )
N ra
Pmixture = P 2V1
Tmixture = T ⇒ P2 = 0.05 MPa
er
PO2 = P/2 Given R = 2.08 kJ/kg − K;

PN2 = P/2 cp = 5.19 kJ/kg − K;
ef
P/2 P/2 cv = 3.11 kJ/kg − K

̅ ln (
ΔS = [−n̅1 R ̅ ln (
)] + [−n̅2 R )]
P P V2 p2
R
1 1 ∴ ΔS|He = m [cp ln ( ) + cv ln ( )]
= −R̅ ln ( ) − R̅ ln ( ) V1 p1
2 2 P1 V1 V2 p2
= 1.38R̅ = [cp ln ( ) + cv ln ( )]
RT1 V1 p1
22. Answer: B 0.1×103 ×0.5
⇒ ΔS|He = (2.08)×(773) × [5.19 ln(2) +
x̅P = 0.5; x̅Q = 0.5
1
̅[x̅P . ln x̅P + x̅Q . ln x̅Q ] 3.11 ln (2)]
⇒ ΔS|mixing = −R
̅[0.5. ln(0.5) × 2]
Δs|mixing = −R ⇒ ΔS|He = 0.045 kJ/K
̅ ln(0.5) 25. Answer: C

= −R
nAr = 2 ; V = Constant
23. Answer: A
T1 = 300 K, T2 = 500 K
P ̅
γR T2 P T
̅ ln ( 2 ) +
ΔS|Ar = n [−R . ln ( )] Δs|Ar = [−R̅ ln ( 2 ) + c̅p ln ( 2 ) ]
p1 γ−1 T1 P1 T1
- 142 -
T2 1.667(8.314) T2 p2
= [−8.314 × ln ( ) + Δs1−2 = cp ln ( ) − R ln ( )
T1 0.667 T1 p1
T2 500 200
× ln ( )] Δs1−2 = 1004.5 ln ( ) − 287 ln ( )
T1 300 100
300 1.667 × (1) Δs1−2 = 314.19 J/kg − K
= 8.314 [ln ( )+
500 0.667
= 0.314 kJ/kg − K
500
× ln ( )] ΔS1−2 = mΔs1−2 = 0.314 × 10
300
=
12.734
J/K. mole = 6.367 J/K − mole = 3.14 kJ/K
2
29. Answer: C & D
∴ Δs̅ |Ar = 6.367 J/k − mole
δQ = TdS & δW = PdV can be applied only
26. Answer: A
for Internally Reversible process undergone
T2 p2
Δs1−2 = cp ln ( ) − R ln ( )
0 e
by closed system.
T1 p1
30. Answer: B
I1 od
378 2
Δs1−2 = 1005 ln ( ) − 287 ( ) nHe = 10; nO2 = 10
298 1
Δs1−2 = 40.055 J/kg − K pHe = PO2 , THe = TO2
c
(a) Δsuni > 0 (Possible, Int. Irreversible) 10 1 10 1
∴ ΔS|mixing = { ̅ + ( ) ln ( ) R
ln ( ) R ̅}
(b) Δsuni = 0(Possible, Int. Reversible) 20 2 20 2
EG l
̅ ln 2 = 8.314 × ln 2 = 5.763 J/k
=R
N ra
(c) Δsuni < 0 (impossible)

Δssur = 0 (Adiabatic Process) ∴ ΔS|mixing ≅ 5.8 J/k
er
Δsuni = Δssys + Δssur

31. Answer: D
= +ive + O For Internally Reversible Process
ef
= +ive δQ = TdS
27. Answer: B δWd = PdV
R
Entropy is produced when any of these factors Hence TdS = dU + PdV is equivalent to First
is present during a mixing process. law of Thermodynamics for Internally
A. the gases are initially at different Reversible process.
temperatures. 32. Answer: B
B. The gases are initially at different pressures. Nitrogen Gas (Molecular weight 28)
C. The gases are distinguishable from each P1 = 2 bar, T1 = 298 K, V1 = 1 m3
other. Isothermal condition T1 = T2 = 298 K,
If two gases are same & initially at same
V2 = 2 m3 , T0 = 298 K
temperature and pressure, then entropy change
is zero since we can’t distinguish between the
gases.
28. Answer: B
- 143 -
Isothermal work Interaction 1

Q1−2 = (T1 + T2 )(S2 − S1 )
V2 V2 2
W = c ln ( ) = P1 V1 ln ( ) 1
V1 V1 Q1−2 = (330 + 440)(0.30 − 0.23)
2
W = P1 V1 ln 2
0 e
Q1−2 = 26.95 kJ
W = 2 × 105 × 1 × ln 2
I1 od
Q1−2 = W1−2 + ΔU1−2
W = 1.38628 × 105 J
26.95 = W1−2 + (190 − 170)
W = 138.628 kJ
W1−2 = 6.95 kJ
c
33. Answer: C
35. Answer: 11.5256 kJ/K
Since the process is totally Reversible
EG l
Let Final pressure of N2 & CO2 are P1 & P2
N ra
ΔSuni = 0
respectively.
Mathematical Proof:
er
T2 V2
ΔSsys = m [cv ln ( ) + R ln ( )]
T1 V1
ΔSsys = mR ln 2
ef
V2
−Q1−2 −mRT ln (V1 )
R
ΔSsurr = =
T0 T0
ΔSsurr = −mR ln 2
ΔSuni = ΔSsys + ΔSsurr
P1 = x1 P, P2 = x2 P
ΔSuni = mR ln 2 − mR ln 2
n1 1
ΔSuni = 0 x1 = =
n1 + n2 2
34. Answer: 26.95 kJ & 6.95 kJ n2 1
x2 = =
Assuming Irreversible process is Internally n1 + n2 2
reversible & externally Irreversible. P P
P1 = , P2 =
2 2
On T-S diagram, area under the curve projected
ΔSsys = ΔS1 + ΔS2
on entropy axis gives the magnitude of Heat
P1 P2
Interaction. ΔSsys = −m1 R1 ln ( ) − m2 R 2 ln ( )
P P
- 144 -
P P ΔSsys = 11.5256 kJ/K

̅ ln ( 1 ) − n2 R ln ( 2 )
ΔSsys = −n1 R
P P
36. Answer: B & D
P P
̅ [n1 ln ( 1 ) + n2 ln ( 2 )]
ΔSsys = −R δQ = TdS & δW = PdV can be applied only
P P
1 1 for Internally Reversible Process.
ΔSsys = −8.314 [1 ln ( ) + 1 ln ( )]
2 2

1. Answer: D
dT T
| = → (a)
ds v cv
dT T
| = → (b)
ds p cp
0 e
eq b ÷ eq a
I1 od
dT
| T/cp
ds p
= The final equilibrium temperature is obtained by
dT
| T/cv
ds v the equation
c
dT (0.01) × 335 + (0.01)(4.2)(T − 273)
|
ds p cv = 0.1 × (4.2)(300 − T)
EG l
=
N ra
dT
| cp ⇒ 3.35 + (4.2)(0.11) T = 137.466
ds v
⇒ T = 290.294 K
er
2. Answer: 255 to 255 ΔS|system = ΔS|ice + ΔS|water

335 × 103 × 0.01
= + 0.01 × 4.2 × 103
ef
273
290.294
× ln ( ) + 0.1 × 4.2
300
R
× 103
= (0.01227 + 0.00258 − 0.01381) × 103
= 0.00104 × 103 J/K
⇒ ΔS|system = 1.04 J/K
q1−3 = q1−2 + q 2−3 4. Answer: 0.450 to 0.480
q1−3 = 255 kJ/kg n1 c̅1 (T1 − T) = n2 c̅2 (T − T2 )
3. Answer: C n1 = n2 = 1
c̅1 = c̅2 = c̅copper
T1 − T = T − T2
T1 + T2
T=
2
T = 350 K
- 145 -
T T 20 20 40
ΔS = n1 c̅1 ln ( ) + n2 c̅2 ln ( ) = mc { + − }
T1 T2 333 353 353
350 350 20 20
= (1)c̅c [ln ( ) + ln ( )] = mc { − }
400 300 333 353
= 22.57[0.0206] 40
= mc { }>0
(333)(353)
= 0.465 J/K
⇒ ΔS|univ,I > ΔS|univ,II
5. Answer: D
⇒ Process II is more Reversible
Case-1: Water is directly heated to 40°C to
6. Answer: C
80°C by a heat source at 80°C
Given cv = 0.733 kJ/kg − K
Heat transferred to the water
Process is reversible ⇒ Sgen = 0
= mc × (80 − 40) = mc(40)units
Given Δs = 600 J/kg − K
0 e
Entropy change of water
80 + 273 353 Temperature increases linearly from 40°C to
I1 od
= mc ln ( ) = mc ln ( )
40 + 273 313 85°C
mc(40)
Entropy change of source = − Since process is Reversible,
353
c
∴ ΔS|univ,I = ΔS|water + ΔS|source q = ∫ T . ds
353 40
1
EG l
= mc ln ( ) − mc ( ) − − − (1)
313 353 ⇒q= × (0.6)(313 + 358)
N ra
2
Case-2:
q = 201.3 kJ/kg
Water is heated from 40°C to 60°C by a source
er
Δu̅ per kg= cv × (358 − 313) =

at 60°C and heated from 60°C to 80°C by a
(0.733)(45) = 32.985 kJ/kg
source at 80°C.
ef
∴ w = q − Δu = 201.3 − 32.985 =
Entropy change of water
168.315 kJ/kg
R
60 + 273 80 + 273
= mc ln ( ) + mc ln ( ) ∴ w = 168.315 kJ/kg
40 + 273 60 + 273
353 7. Answer: 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟔 𝐤J/𝐊
= mc ln ( )
313 Applying Energy balance for ice-water
Entropy change of sources interaction
−mc(20) −mc(20) ⇒ 2 × (330) + 2 × (4.2) × (x − 273)
= +( )
60 + 273 80 + 273 = 10 × 4.2 × (298 − x)
20 20
= −mc { + } ⇒ 330 + 4.2x − 1146.6 = 6258 − 21x
333 353
⇒ 25.2x = 7074.6 ⇒ x = 280.74 K =
∴ ΔS|univ,II = ΔS|water + ΔS|source
7.73°C
353 20 20
= mc ln ( ) − mc { + } ΔS|univ = ΔS|system + ΔS|
313 333 353 surroundings
(Insulated vessel)
⇒ ΔS|univ,I − ΔS|univ,II
= ΔS|ice + ΔS|water
- 146 -
2×330 280.74
= + [2 × 4.2 × ln ( )] +
273 273
280.74
[10 × 4.2 × ln ( )]
298
⇒ ΔS|univ = 2.4176 + 0.2348 + (−2.5059)

⇒ ΔS|univ = 0.146 kJ/K
8. Answer: 9.7 to 9.9
The final temperature of equilibrium is
obtained from
40 × (0.5) × (450 − T)
= 150 × (2.5)(T − 25)
⇒ 8(450) + 25(150) = 158 T
0 e
For Reversible Refrigerator
⇒ T = 46.51°C
ΔSuni = 0, ΔSsys = 0
I1 od
319.52
∴ Δs|system = 40 × (0.5) × ln ( )+
723 Hence ΔSsurr = 0
319.52
[150 × 2.5 × ln ( )] ΔSM + ΔSL = 0
298
c
⇒ Δs|system = 9.81 kJ/K TMf TLf
mc ln ( ) + mc ln ( ) = 0
TMi TLi
EG l
9. Answer: 0.130 to 0.135
TMf TLf
N ra
ln ( )=0
TMi TLi
TMi TLi 313 × 313
er
TMf = = = 334.36 K
TLf 293
11. Answer: A
ef
mmetal = 25 kg, Tmetal = 300 K

TN2 = 77 K
R
Q̇ I2 R ΔS|univ = Sg, uni = ΔS|metal block + ΔS|N2

ΔṠsys = =
T Tabs 37
= 25 × 0.45 × ln ( )
(400)(100) 300
⇒ ΔṠsys =
303 25 × 0.45 × (300 − 77)
+
W kW 77
⇒ ΔṠsys = 132.013 = 0.132
K K = 17.28 kJ/k
10. Answer: 333 to 338 ∴ Sg,uni = 17.28 kJ/k
mM = mL = m = 5 kg 12. Answer: 0.54 to 0.56
cM = cL = c = 0.4 kJ/kg-K Mass of water = 2 kg
TMi = TLi = 313 K c = 4.18 kJ/kg − K
TLf = 293 K T1 = 20°C = 293 K
T2 = 40°C = 313 K
- 147 -
T2
ΔS|incompressible = mc ln ( )
substance T1
313
= 2 × 4.18 × ln ( )
293
= 0.55 kJ/K
∴ ΔS = 0.55 kJ/K
13. Answer: A
Small throttling device Given heat engine is reversible,
Δhi−0 = 0 ⇒ ΔS|Engine = 0
ΔTi−0 = 0 ⇒ T0 = Ti Tf Tf
ṁH c. dT ṁc c. dT
14. Answer: A ⇒∫ +∫ =0
363 T 283 T
0 e
Slope on ln p Vs h curve is T T
⇒ ln T|363
f
+ ln T|283
f
=0
I1 od
d(ln p) 1 dp
= . → (1) Tf Tf
dh p dh ⇒ ln ( )( ) = 0 ⇒ Tf2 = 363(283)
363 283
By Tds equation, we have ⇒ Tf = 320.514 K = 47.51°C
c
0
18. Answer: A
Tds = dh − Vdp
EG l
Ẇ = q̇ H − q̇ c
N ra
(Isentropic)
= ṁH × c × (90 − Tf ) − ṁc × c × (Tf − 10)
dp 1
⇒ dh = Vdp ⇒ = ⇒ Ẇ = 4.18(100 − 2(47.51)) = 20.81 kW
er
dh V
d(ln p) 1 1 1 ∴ Workoutput Ẇ = 20.81 kW
∴ = × =
dh p V pV
ef
19. Answer: B
15. Answer: D dT T
| =
ds v=c cv
R
16. Answer: B
None of the processes in the given cycle is dT T
| =
ds p=c cp
either isothermal or adiabatic. So, there should
cp > cv ; cp − cv = R
not be any straight line in T-S diagram.
20. Answer: C
1-2 Isobaric Heat Rejection
2-3 Isochoric Heat Addition
3-1 Adiabatic expansion
Shortcut
17. Answer: C Cycles which are clockwise on P-V diagram,

they are clockwise on T-S diagram also.
Isobaric & Isochoric processes are curves on
T-S diagram.
- 148 -
Int. Rev. Adiabatic process is vertical on T-S 1.4 × 100(1 − 2.691)

ηTh = 1 + = 0.21086
diagram. 1(400 − 100)
21. Answer: A ηTh = 21.086%

22. Answer: C
The correct plot of carnot cycle is
0 e
P1 = P2 = P = 100 kPa
V2 = V3 = V = 1 m3
ηth =
ΣW ΣQ
QS
=
QS
I1 od
c 23. Answer: A
For incompressible substance,
T2
ΔS = mc ln( ) = 0 (for isentropic)
T1
Q1−2 + Q2−3 + Q3−1
ηth =
EG l
Q2−3 T2
⇒ = 1 ⇒ T2 = T1
N ra
Isobaric Heat Rejection (Q1−2 ) T1

γ ⇒ ΔT = 0
Q1−2 = (P V − P1 V1 )
er
γ−1 2 2 24. Answer: A

γ Cycles which are clockwise on P-V diagram,
Q1−2 = P(V2 − V1 )
ef
γ−1
they are clockwise on T-S diagram also.
Finding of V1
25. Answer: C
R
γ γ
P3 V3 = P1 V1
1
P3 γ 1
V1 = V3 ( ) = 1(4)1.4 = 2.691 m3
P1
Isochoric heat addition (Q2−3 )
1
Q2−3 = (P V − P2 V2 )
γ−1 3 3
V Heat lost by block = Heat gained by water
Q2−3 = (P − P2 )
γ−1 3 ⇒ 5 × 0.4 × (500 − Tf )
γ 2V = 40 × 4.18 × (Tf − 25)
[γ−1 P(V2 − V1 ) + γ−1 (P3 − P2 )]
ηTh = V ⇒ 1000 − 2. Tf = 167.2 Tf − 4180
(P3 − P2 )
γ−1
⇒ 169.2 Tf = 5180 ⇒ Tf = 30.614°C
γP(V2 − V1 )
ηTh = 1+ ΔS|total = ΔS|block + ΔS|water
V2 (P3 − P2 )
- 149 -
30.614 + 273 Hence process is Irreversible Process

= 5 × (0.4) ln ( )
773 27. Answer: 3708.41 & 12786.99
30.614 + 273
+ 40(4.18) ln ( )
298
= −1.869 + 3.1205
= 1.251 kJ/kg − K
∴ Δs|total = 1.251 kJ/kg − K
26. Answer: −2194.94 J/K & 3372.19 J/K, YES
Energy lost by Iron cube = Energy gained by
water.
0 e
Electrical Energy supplied = Increase in Energy
I1 od
of the
Electrical Heater + Increase in Energy of the
water
c
1500 × 3600 = (mc)H (80 − 30)
(mc)I (400 − 50) = (10 × 4186)(50 − 25)
EG l
+ (20 × 4186)(80 − 30)
(mc)I = 2990 J/K
N ra
(mc)H = 24280 J/K

323
ΔSI = (mc)I ln ( ) T2
673 ΔSH = (mc)H ln ( )
er
323 T1
ΔSI = 2990 ln ( ) 353
673
ΔSH = 24280 ln ( )
ef
ΔSI = −2194.94 J/K 303

323 ΔSH = 3708.41 J/K
ΔSw = (mc)w ln (
R
) T2
298
ΔSW = (mc)W ln ( )
323 T1
ΔSw = 41860 ln ( )
298 353
ΔSW = 20 × 4186 ln ( )
ΔSw = 3372.19 J/K 303
ΔSsys = ΔSI + ΔSw ΔSW = 12786.99 J/K
28. Answer: 𝐓/𝐜𝐯 & 𝐓/𝐜𝐩
ΔSsys = −2194.94 + 3372.19
On T-s diagram, internally Reversible
ΔSsys = 1177.25 J/K
Isochoric & Isobaric processes have +ve
ΔSsys = Strans + Sgen,sys
slopes.
Sgen,sys = 1177.25 J/K
On T-s diagram, slope of internally Reversible
Sgen,uni = Sgen,sys + Sgen,surr
Isochoric Process (T/cv ) is more than the slope
Sgen,uni = 1177.25 J/K
of Internally reversible Isobaric process
Sgen,uni > 0
- 150 -
(T/cp ).
On T-s diagram both internally reversible
Isochoric & Isobaric processes are curves.

1. Answer: 2.1 to 2.3 ΔScold + ΔShot > 0
⇒ ΔScold > −ΔShot
It implies that Entropy gained by cold stream is
greater than entropy lost by hot stream.
3. Answer: B
0 e
dS
( )
dt C.V.
dS
I1 od
= Ṡi + Ṡgen − Ṡe
c
∵( ) = 0 (Steady State)
dt C.V.
EG l
N ra
Ṡgen = Ṡe − Ṡi

= ṁ2 s2 + ṁ 3 s3 + ṁ1 s1
er
↓ ↓ ↓
3 2 5
ef
= 3(s2 − s1 ) + 2(s3 − s1 )
For Adiabatic Steady Flow
= 3 × 0.587 + 2(0.237)
R
ΔṠ = Ṡ
= 2.235 kW/K ≃ 2.2 kW/K i−o
gen,CV
2. Answer: A As entropy generation can’t be negative,

entropy of fluid can never decrease for
Adiabatic steady flow. Hence Pressure at Q
can’t be P1 .
For Int. rev. flow maximum value of pressure
will occur at Q.
For Int. Rev. Adiabatic Flow
The process heat transfer through finite 1−γ
TP γ = Const.
temperature difference is irreversible;
1−γ 1−γ
Sg,uni > 0 TP PP γ
= TQ PQγ
ΔSuniverse > 0
- 151 -
Since Ẇ ≠ 0 ⇒ ΔḢ ≠ 0 ⇒ ΔH ≠ 0
γ
TP 1−γ
PQ = PP ( )
TQ 0
1.4 δQ̇
350 1−1.4 We have ΔṠ = ∫ + Ṡgen ⇒ ΔS = 0
T
PQ = 150 ( )
300
(Adiabatic) (Reversible)
PQ = 87.45 kPa
4. Answer: C ∴ ΔH ≠ 0; ΔS = 0
TQ PQ
ΔsP−Q = cp ln ( ) − R ln ( ) 6. Answer: A
TP PP
ΔṠCV = Ṡtrans,ṁ + Ṡtrans,Q + Ṡgen,CV
300 50
ΔsP−Q = 1.005 ln ( ) − 0.287 ln ( ) For Adiabatic Steady Flow
350 150
ΔsP−Q = 0.16038 kJ/kg-K Sgen,CV = ΔSi−o
To Po
0 e
5. Answer: B
Sgen,CV = ṁ [cp ln ( ) − R ln ( ) ]
Ti Pi
I1 od
Applying SFEE,
0 0 0 0 Po
Sgen,CV = −mR ln ( )
Pi
Q̇ − Ẇ = ΔkĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ Po
c
Sgen,CV = −nR ln ( )
Pi
⇒ Ẇ = −ΔḢ 0.1
EG l
Sgen,CV = −1 × 8.314 ln ( )
N ra
0.5
Sgen,CV = 13.38 kJ/K
er
ef
R
- 152 -
CHAPTER-8
EXERGY
by
NEGI SIR
GATE AIR -1 (XE) 2019 & 2020

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CALLING : 95054 74766

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8 EXERGY
8.1 Exergy Calculations for Heat Interactions
1. A system with rigid walls is initially at a environment is 27°C. The maximum useful
temperature of T1 . It is used as the heat source work (in kJ) that can be obtained from the heat
for a heat engine, which rejects heat to a source is __________
reservoir maintained at T0 (T0 < T1 ). The [GATE-2014-ME]
specific heats of the system are constant. If the 5. Irreversibility of a given process in a system is
temperature of the system finally reduces to T0 , equal to
then the maximum work recoverable from the A. product of temperature of the surroundings
heat engine per unit mass of the system is and net change in entropy in the universe
0 e
T and it represents loss in total work available
A. cv [(T1 − T0 ) − T0 ln (T1 )]
I1 od
0
from the system.
B. cv (T1 − T0 )
B. product of temperature of the surroundings
T
C. cv T0 ln (T1 )
c
0 and net change in entropy in the universe
T21 and it represents gain in total work
D. cv T
0
EG l
available from the system.
N ra
[GATE-2020-XE]
C. product of temperature of the system and
2. The rate of heat received by a heat engine from
net change in entropy in the universe and it
er
a source at 900 K is 600 kJ/s. The engine

represents loss in total work available from
rejects heat to the sink of 300 K. The heat
the system.
ef
engine produces a power of 200 kW. The

irreversibility rate (in kW) of the process is
R
D. product of temperature of the system and

_______.
net change in entropy in the system and it
[GATE-2020-XE]
represents loss in total work available from
3. One side of a wall is maintained at 400 K and
the system.
the other at 300 K. The rate of heat transfer
[GATE-2008-XE]
through the wall is 1000 W and the surrounding
6. An engine reversibly receives 1200 J of heat at
temperature is 25°C. Assuming no generation
900 K. After rejecting heat to the ambient at
of heat within the wall, the irreversibility (in
300 K, it develops 600 J of work. The
W) due to heat transfer through the wall is
irreversibility in joules is equal to
_______
A. 600 B. 400
[GATE-2015-ME]
C. 200 D. zero
4. A source at a temperature of 500 K provides
[GATE-2009-XE]
1000 kJ of heat. The temperature of
- 153 -
7. A steel billet of 2000 kg mass is to be cooled [GATE-2004-CH]

from 1250 K to 450 K. The heat released during 9. A large furnace can supply heat at a
this process is to be used as a source of energy. temperature of 1200 K at a steady rate of 3200
The ambient temperature is 303 K and specific kW. The ambient temperature is 27°C. The
heat of steel is 0.5 kJ/kg K. The available availability of this energy is
energy of this billet is A. 0 kW B. 800 kW
A. 490.44 MJ B. 30.95 MJ C. 1200 kW D. 2400 kW
C. 10.35 MJ D. 0.10 MJ [GATE-2007-XE]
[GATE-2004-ME] 10. A heat reservoir at 900 K is brought into contact
8. A cyclic engine exchanges heat with two with the ambient at 300 K for a short time.
reservoirs maintained at 100°C and 300°C During this period 9000 kJ of heat is lost by the
0 e
respectively. The maximum work (in joule) heat reservoir. The total loss in availability due
I1 od
that can be obtained from 1000 J of heat to this process is
extracted from the hot reservoir is A. 18000 kJ B. 9000 kJ
A. 349 B. 651 C. 6000 kJ D. None of these
c
C. 667 D. 1000 [GATE-1995-ME]
EG l
N ra
8.2 Exergy Calculation for Closed & Open Systems

er
3
1. A 0.8 m insulated rigid tank contains 1.5 kg of electric heater is 2.50 kW. There is no other
an ideal gas at 100 kPa. Electric work is done work or heat interaction between the system
ef
on the system until the pressure in the tank rises and the surroundings. Assuming an ambient
to 135 kPa. The loss in availability (exergy) temperature of 300 K, the irreversibility rate of
R
associated with the process is _______ kJ (2 the system is ______kW (round of to two
decimal places). For the ideal gas, the decimal places).
characteristic gas constant is 188.9 J/(kgK) and [GATE-2019-ME]
the specific heat capacity of constant volume is 3. Air enters a pipe at 1 bar and flows isothermally
680 J/(kgK). The temperature of the dead state at the rate of 1 kg/s. Due to pipe friction, the
is 298 K. pressure drop between two sections of the pipe
[GATE-2021-XE] is 7% of the pressure at inlet section. For
2. Water flowing at the rate of 1 kg/s through a ambient temperature, T0 = 300 K, the rate of
system is heated using an electric heater such irreversibility (in W) between the two sections
that the specific enthalpy of the water increases is_____.
by 2.50 kJ/kg and the specific entropy increases [GATE-2015-XE]
by 0.007 kJ/kg.K. The power input to the
- 154 -
4. An ideal gas of 1 kg mass enclosed inside a C. depends on the conditions of both the
rigid vessel at the initial temperature 1200 K is system and environment
employed as a heat source. The specific heat cv D. depends neither on the conditions of the
of the gas is 718 J/kg K. The maximum work in system nor the environment
kJ that can be developed by operating a heat [GATE-2012-XE]
engine between the ideal gas and the ambient at 8. Availability per unit mass associated with air
300 K is (R = 287 J/kg. K, cp = 1005 J/kg. K and γ =
A. 646.2 B. 484.7 1.4) flowing from a reservoir at 10 atm and
C. 387.7 D. 347.6 25°C when atmosphere is at 1 atm and 25°C is
[GATE-2015-XE] (Neglect changes in the potential and the
5. The maximum theoretical work obtainable, kinetic energies)
0 e
when a system interacts to equilibrium with a A. 98.4 kJ/kg B. 196.9 kJ/kg
I1 od
reference environment, it is called C. 492.3 kJ/kg D. 689.14 kJ/kg
A. Entropy B. Enthalpy [GATE-2010-XE]
C. Exergy D. Rothalpy 9. Two kg of air at 500 kPa and 370 K expands
c
[GATE-2014-ME] adiabatically in a closed system until its volume
EG l
6. The pressure, temperature and velocity of air is doubled and its pressure and temperature
N ra
flowing in pipe are 5 bar, 500 K and 50 m/s, become equal to that of the surroundings,
respectively. The specific heats of air at a which is at 100 kPa and 300 K. If for air, cv =
er
constant pressure and at constant volume are 0.7 kJ/kg K and the characteristic gas constant
1.005 kJ/kgK and 0.718 kJ/kgK, respectively. R = 0.287 kJ/kg K, the maximum useful work
ef
Neglect potential energy. If the pressure and for this process is approximately given by
temperature of the surroundings are 1 bar and
R
A. 105 kJ B. 205 kJ
300 K, respectively, the available energy in C. 305 kJ D. 405 kJ
kJ/kg of the air stream is [GATE-2008-XE]
A. 170 B. 187 10. Availability of a system at any given state is
C. 191 D. 213 A. a property of the system
[GATE-2013-ME] B. the maximum work obtainable as the
7. The exergy (or availability) of a system at a system goes to dead state
specified state C. the total energy of the system
A. depends on the conditions of the system D. the maximum useful obtainable as the
alone system goes to dead state
B. depends on the conditions of the [GATE-2000-ME]
environment alone 11. At a place where the surroundings are at 1 bar,
27℃, a closed rigid thermally insulated tank
- 155 -
contains 2 kg air at 2 bar, 27℃. This air is then find the final temperature and the increase in
churned for a while, by a paddle wheel availability of air. Assume for air
connected to an external motor. If it is given cv = 0.718 kJ/kg-K.
that the irreversibility of the process is 100 kJ, [GATE-1997-ME]
8. EXERGY – ANSWER KEYS

0 e
1. A 5. A 6. C 7. A 8. A 9. D 10. C
I1 od
2. 198 to 202 3. 247 to 249 4. 399 to 401
8.2 Exergy Calculations for Closed & Open Systems

4. D 5. C 6. B 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. D
c
EG l
1. 86.66 to 95.78 2. 2.05 to 2.15 3. 6235 to 6245 11. 378.38 & 12.558
N ra
SOLUTIONS
er

1. Answer: A T1
= cv [(T1 − T0 ) − T0 ln ( )]
ef
T0
2. Answer: 198 to 202
R
AE = IR
AE = T0 (ΔSsys + ΔSsur )
T V
AE = T0 [m {Cv ln (T0 ) + R ln (V2 )} +
1 1
mCv (T1 −T0 )

] WIR < WR
T0
AE T0 Reversible → WR
⇒ = T0 cv ln ( ) + cv (T1 − T0 )
m T1
- 156 -
Irreversible → WIR Loss of total work available.

IR = WR − WIR 6. Answer: C
İR = ẆR = ẆIR IR = WR − Wact
TH − TL IR = AE − Wact
⇒ ẆR = ( ) Q̇H
TH 300
AE = (1 − ) × 1200
ẆR TH − TL 900
⇒η= =
QH TH 600 × 1200
AE =
TH − TL 900
⇒ ẆR = ( ) Q̇H AE = 800 kJ
TH
900 − 300 IR = 800 − 600
⇒ ẆR = ( ) × 600
900 IR = 200 kJ
600
⇒ ẆR = × 600 7. Answer: A
0 e
900
⇒ ẆR = 400 kW
⇒ İR = ẆR − ẆIR
⇒ İR = 400 − 200
İR = 200 kW
I1 od
c
EG l
3. Answer: 247 to 249
IR = AE − Wact
N ra
1 1
Ṡgen,sys = Q̇ [ − ] IR = AE [∵ Wact = 0]
TL TH
AE = TO [ΔSsys + ΔSsurr ]
er
1 1
Ṡgen,sys = 1000 [ − ]
300 400 T2 mc(T2 − T1 )
AE = TO [mc ln ( ) + ]
Ṡgen,sys = 0.8333 W/K T1 TO
ef
450
IṘ = To Ṡgen,sys AE = 303 × 2000 × 0.5 [ln (1250) +
R
IṘ = 298 × 0.8333 (1250−450)

] kJ
303
IṘ = 248.333 W
= 490.439 MJ
4. Answer: 399 to 401
8. Answer: A
TH − TO
AE = ( ) QH
TH
500 − 300
AE = ( ) 1000
500
AE = 400 kJ
5. Answer: A
IR = T0 Sg,uni
IR = T0 ΔSuni
IR = T0 (ΔSsys + ΔSsurr )
- 157 -
373 T0
Wmax = 1000(1 − ) Ẇmax = AĖ = (1 − ) Q̇
573 TH
Wmax = 349.04 J 300
⇒ AĖ = (1 − ) × 3200 = 2400 kW
9. Answer: D 1200
10. Answer: C
Decrease in available Energy (ΔAE)
ΔAE = AE1 − AE2
TH − TO
ΔAE = ( ) QH − 0
TH
900 − 300
ΔAE = ( ) × 9000
900
ΔAE = 6000 kJ
0 e
Ẇmax T0
ηRHE = =1−
I1 od
Q̇ TH
8.2 Exergy Calculations for Closed & Open Systems

1. Answer: 86.66 to 95.78 IṘ = To Ṡgen,cv
c
IR = To Sg,uni IṘ = 300(0.007)
EG l
IR = To ΔSuni IṘ = 2.1 kW
N ra
P2 3. Answer: 6235 to 6245

IR = To m [cv ln ( ) ]
P1
er
= 298 × 1.5 × 680 ln(1.35)

= 91.22 kJ
ef
2. Ans 2.05 to 2.15

IṘ = To Ṡgen,uni
R
Ṡgen,uni = Ṡgen,sys + Ṡgen,surr IṘ = To ṡ g,uni

Ṡgen,uni = Ṡgen,sys [∵ Ṡgen,surr = 0] IṘ = To ṡ g,sys
For open system IṘ = To Δṡ E
ΔṠcv = Ṡtrans,ṁ + Ṡtrans,Q̇ + Ṡgen,cv T0 p0
IṘ = ṁTo [cp ln ( ) − R ln ( )]
Ṡgen,cv = −Ṡtrans,ṁ Ti pi
p0
Ṡgen,cv = ΔṠi−o IṘ = −ṁRTo ln ( )
pi
Ṡgen,cv = ṁΔsi−o 0.93
= −(1)(0.287)(300) × ln ( )
Ṡgen,cv = ṁΔsi−o 1
= 6.24 kW
Ṡgen,cv = 1 × 0.007 kW/K
= 6240 W
Ṡgen,cv = 0.007 kW/K
4. Answer: D
- 158 -
1
av = cp (Ti − Td ) + ci2 = To (si − sd )
2
1 T
av = cp (Ti − Td ) + 2 ci2 − T0 [cp ln (T i ) −
d
p
R ln (p i ) ]
d
1
av = 1005(500 − 300) + 2 × 502 −
500 5
300 [1005 ln (300) − 287 ln (1)]
av = 186808.67 J/kg
av = 186.808 kJ/kg
7. Answer: C
Vessel is Rigid.
To Availability is an extensive property which
dWmax = (1 − )Q
0 e
T depends on both System and Environment.
I1 od
To
To 8. Answer: B
⇒ Wmax = ∫ (1 − ) × (−mcv dT)
Ti T Open System
(since Ideal gas undergoing constant volume avi = Ψi − Ψd
c
process) C2
Where Ψ = + gz + h − T0 s
2
T
EG l
⇒ Wmax = −mcv [T − To ln T]|Toi C2 C2
N ra
avi = ( 2i + gzi + hi − T0 si ) − ( 2d + gzd +

To
⇒ Wmax = −mcv [(To − Ti ) − To ln ( )]
Ti hd − T0 sd )
er
⇒ Wmax = −1 × 718 avi = (hi − hd ) − T0 (si − sd )

× [(300 − 1200) − 300 T
avi = cp (Ti − Td ) − T0 [cp ln (T i ) −
ef
d
300 p
× ln ( )] R ln (p i )]
R
1200 d
⇒ Wmax = −1 × 718 × [−900 + 300 ln 4] pi

avi = T0 R ln ( ) [Given Ti = Td ]
p0
⇒ Wmax = 347592.2 J
10
⇒ Wmax = 347.6 kJ ⇒ aVi = 298 × 0.287 × ln ( )
1
5. Answer: C = 196.93 kJ/kg
Exergy is the maximum possible useful work 9. Answer: B
obtainable from the system. m = 2 kg;
6. Answer: B P1 = 500 kPa P2 = 100 kPa
av = Ψi − Ψd R = 0.287 kJ/kg − K
c2i c2d
av = (hi + + gzi − To si ) − (hd + + T1 = 370 K T2 = 300 K
2 2
gzd − To sd ) cv = 0.7 kJ/kg − K

1
av = (hi − hd ) + 2 (ci2 − cd2 ) − To (si − sd ) ϕ = E + P0 V + T0 S
- 159 -
ϕ = U + P0 V − T0 S T2 v2
IR = TO [m {cv ln ( ) + rln ( )}]
ϕ1 = U1 + P0 V1 − T0 S1 T1 v1
T2
ϕ0 = U0 + P0 V0 − T0 S0 IR = TO mcv ln ( )
T1
Av1 = ϕ1 − ϕ0 IR
mcvT
= (U1 − U0 ) + P0 (V1 − V0 ) − T0 (S1 − S0 ) T2 = T1 e o
100×103
= 2[28.428 + 300[0.2423]] = 204.2 kJ T2 = 300 e2×718×300
10. Answer: D T2 = 378.38 K
Availability is the maximum possible useful ΔAv1−2 = ϕ2 − ϕ1
work that can be produced in a process when = (E2 + po V2 − To S2 ) − (E1 + po V1 − To S1 )
system comes in equilibrium with environment. = (E2 − E1 ) + po (V2 − V1 ) − To (S2 − S1 )
When the system is in equilibrium and at rest = (U2 − U1 ) − To (S2 − S1 )
0 e
relative to environment then system is said to T2
I1 od
ΔAv1−2 = mcv (T2 − T1 ) − To mcv ln ( )
be in dead state T1
11. Answer: 378.38 K & 12.558 kJ T2
ΔAv1−2 = mcv [(T2 − T1 ) − T0 ln ( )]
T1
c
ΔAv1−2 = 2 × 718 [(378.38 − 300)
EG l
378.38
N ra
− 300 ln ( )]
300
ΔAv1−2 = 12557.88 J
er
ΔAv1−2 = 12.558 kJ
IR = TO Sgen,uni
ef
IR = TO ΔSuni
R
IR = TO (ΔSsys + ΔSsurr )
Assuming Paddle wheel is rotating at steady
state.
ΔSsurr = 0
- 160 -
CHAPTER-9
THERMODYNAMIC
RELATIONS
by
NEGI SIR
GATE AIR -1 (XE) 2019 & 2020

BNPM AIR -1
CALLING : 95054 74766

WHATSAPP : 82922 44719
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9 THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONS
9.1 Maxwell Equations
1. The fundamental thermodynamic relation for a 4. The differential of the Gibbs function (g) for a
rubber band is given by dU = TdS + τdL, simple compressible system can be represented
where T is the absolute temperature, S is the as dg = vdP − sdT. Using the appropriate
entropy, τ is the tension in the rubber band, and Maxwell relation derived from the above
L is the length of the rubber band. Which one ∂s
equation, the quantity, [− (∂p) ] for an ideal
T
of the following relations is CORRECT:
∂U
gas is
A. τ = ( ∂S )
L R R
A. B.
T P
0 e
∂T ∂τ
B. (∂L) = (∂S)
S L P T
C. D.
I1 od
∂T ∂τ R R
C. (∂S ) = (∂L)
L S [GATE-2019-XE]
∂U
D. T = ( ∂S ) 5. Given the thermodynamic functional relations:
c
τ
[GATE-2021-ME] p = p(v, T) and T = T(p, v), the term

∂p ∂v
EG l
2. If v is the mass specific volume, | × ∂T| is equal to
N ra
∂v T P
s is the mass specific entropy, −1 −1
∂T ∂T
A. − (∂p| ) B. (∂p| )
P is the pressure, v v
er
T is the temperature, ∂T
C. (∂p| ) D. 1
∂s v
then using Maxwell relations, (∂P) =
ef
T [GATE-2017-XE]
∂v ∂v
A. (∂T) B. (∂T)
R
s P
∂v ∂v 6. Consider an ideal gas of volume V at
C.− ( ) D.− ( )
∂T P ∂T s
temperature T and pressure P. If the entropy of
[GATE-2021-XE] ∂P
the gas is S, the partial derivative ( ∂S) is equal
3. For a simple compressible system, v, s, p and T V
to
are specific volume, specific entropy, pressure
∂T ∂T
and temperature, respectively. As per A. (∂P) B. (∂V)
S P
∂v
Maxwell’s relations, ( ∂s ) is equal to C. − (∂V)
∂T ∂T
D. (∂S)
p S P
∂T ∂T
A. (∂p) B. − ( ∂v)
s p [GATE-2017-CY]
∂s ∂p 7. The Maxwell relation that results from the
C. (∂T) D. (∂v)
p T
expression for the Helmholtz free energy
[GATE-2019-ME]
A = U − TS, is:
- 161 -
∂T ∂P ∂P v ∂P
A. | =− | A. | = B. | =v
∂v s ∂s v ∂T s s ∂T s
∂v ∂P ∂v ∂s
∂T ∂v C. | = − ∂T| D. ∂T| = − ∂P|
B. | = | ∂s T s P T
∂P s ∂s P
[GATE-2013-XE]
∂P ∂s
C. | = | 11. G = U + PV − TS
∂T v ∂v T
∂v ∂s Then which one of the following is

D. | =− |
∂T P ∂P T CORRECT?
[GATE-2016-XE] ∂V ∂S
A. (∂T) = (∂P)
P T
8. Three identical closed systems of a pure gas are
∂V ∂S
taken from an initial temperature and pressure B. (∂T) = − (∂P)
P T
(T1 , P1 ) to a final state (T2 , P2 ), each by a ∂V

C. (∂T) = ( ∂S )
∂P
P T
0 e
different path. Which of the following is
∂V ∂P
D. (∂T) = − (∂S)
I1 od
always true for the three systems? (Δ represents P T
the change between the initial and final states:

[GATE-2011-MT]
U, S, G, Q and W are internal energy, entropy,
c
∂G
12. (∂p) =
Gibbs free energy, heat added and work done T
A. V B. S
EG l
respectively).
C. −S D. −V
N ra
A. ΔU, ΔS, Q are same

[GATE-2011-CY]
B. W, ΔU, ΔG are same
er
∂P
C. ΔS, W, Q are same 13. (∂T) is equal to
V
D. ΔG, ΔU, ΔS are same ∂S ∂S
A. (∂V) B. − (∂V)
ef
P P
[GATE-2015-CH] ∂S ∂S
C. (∂V) D. − (∂V)
R
T T
9. Which ONE of the following is CORRECT for
[GATE-2010-XE]
an ideal gas in a closed system?
∂U
14. Which of the following partial derivative is
̅ (∂U)
A. (∂V) V = nR
S ∂S V ∂S
equal to (∂P)
∂H ∂H T
̅( )
B. − ( ∂P ) P = nR
S ∂S P ∂V ∂S
A. − (∂T) B. (∂V)
∂U ∂H P T
̅( )
C. (∂P ) V = nR
S ∂S P ∂V ∂S
C. (∂T) D. − (∂V)
∂H ∂U S T
̅( )
D. ( ∂P ) P = nR
S ∂S V [GATE-2010-MT]
15. Which among the following sets of Maxwell
[GATE-2014-CH]
relations is correct? (U – internal energy, H-
10. Starting from the definition of Gibbs free
enthalpy, A-Helmholtz free energy and G-
energy function g = h − Ts, the Maxwell
Gibbs free energy)
relation that can be derived is
- 162 -
∂U
A. T = ( ) and P = ( )
∂U 19. The free energy change (ΔG) of 1 mole of an
∂V S ∂S V
ideal gas that is compressed isothermally from
∂H ∂H
B. V = ( ∂P ) and T = ( ∂S )
S P 1 atm to 2 atm is
∂G ∂G
C. P = − (∂V) and V = (∂P) A. RTln 2 B. −2RT
T S
∂A ∂A
C. −RTln 2 D. 2RT
D. P = − ( ∂S ) and S = − (∂P)
T V
[GATE-2009-CY]
[GATE-2010-PH] 20. Which one of the following relations is wrong
16. For an ideal gas ∂T ∂p
∂P ∂T ∂V A. ( ∂v) = ( ∂s )
A. (∂T) (∂V) (∂P) = 0 s v
v P T
∂T ∂v
∂P ∂T
B. (∂T) (∂V) (∂P) = −1
∂V B. (∂p) = ( ∂s )
s p
v P T
∂P ∂T ∂V ∂p ∂s
0 e
C. (∂T) (∂V) (∂P) = +1 C. (∂T) = (∂v)
v P T v T
∂P ∂T ∂V
I1 od
D. (∂T) (∂V) (∂P) = +2 ∂s ∂v
v P T D. (∂p) = − (∂T)
T p
[GATE-2010-CY]
[GATE-2008-XE]
17. An ideal gas at temperature T1 and pressure P1
c
21. For a pure substance, the Maxwell’s relation
is compressed isothermally to pressure P2 (>
obtained from the fundamental property
P1 ) in a closed system. Which one of the
EG l
N ra
relation
following is true for internal energy (U) and
dU = TdS − pdV is
Gibbs free energy (G) of the gas at the two
er
∂T ∂p ∂p ∂S
states? A. (∂V) = − (∂S ) B. (∂T) = (∂V)
S V V T
A. U1 = U2 , G1 > G2 ∂T ∂V
C. (∂p) = ( ∂S )
∂V
D. (∂T) = − (∂p)
∂S
ef
S p p T
B. U1 = U2 , G1 < G2
C. U1 > U2 , G1 = G2
R
[GATE-2007-CH]
D. U1 < U2 , G1 = G2 22. For a system containing an ideal gas, the
[GATE-2009-CH] difference between Gibbs function and
18. Gibbs free energies of a system in states 1 and Helmholtz function
2 are denoted by G1 and G2 respectively. The A. depends on pressure only
system will go spontaneously from state 1 to B. depends on temperature only
state 2, if and only if C. depends on both pressure and temperature
A. G1 − G2 > 0 D. is independent of both pressure and
B. G1 − G2 < 0 temperature
C. G1 − G2 = 0 [GATE-2007-XE]
D. G1 < 0 and G2 < 0 23. The Maxwell relation derived from the
differential expression for the Helmholtz free
[GATE-2009-MT]
energy (dA) is
- 163 -
∂T ∂P ∂S ∂P
A. ( ) = − ( ) D. ( ) = + ( )
∂V S ∂S V ∂V T ∂T V
∂S ∂V [GATE-2001-CH]
B. (∂P) = − (∂T)
T P
∂V ∂T
C. ( ∂S ) = − (∂P)
P S
9.2 Volume Expansivity, Isothermal Compressibility

1. Consider the thermodynamic relation. molar gibbs free energy of the liquid, rounded
∂cp ∂2 v to nearest integer is _____J/mol.
( ) = −T ( ) . For a certain gas, if the
∂P T ∂T2 P
[GATE-2017-CH]
1
isobaric thermal expansion coefficient. α = T
4. The values of density and isentropic
0 e
(where T is the temperature measured in K), compressibility of water at certain pressure and
∂cp
temperature are given as 1000 kg/m3 and
I1 od
then the value of ( ∂P ) is.
T
40 × 10−10 Pa−1, respectively. The speed at
A. 0 B. 1
v which sound travels in water under these
c
C. 2 D. T
conditions in m/s is equal to ______
[GATE-2019-XE]
[GATE-2017-XE]
EG l
2. A rigid container is completely filled with a
N ra
5. If v, u, s and g represent respectively the molar

liquid having a constant isothermal
volume, molar internal energy, molar entropy
compressibility of 1.09 × 10−4 bar −1 and a
er
and molar Gibbs free energy, then match the

constant coefficient of volume expansion of
entries in the left and right columns below and
1.12 × 10−3 K −1 . The liquid is initially at 300
ef
choose the correct option.

K and 1 bar. Heat is supplied to the liquid to
∂u Temperature
−( )
R
raise its temperature to 350 K. Assuming that P) I)

∂v s
no phase change occurs, the final pressure (in ∂g
Q) ( ) II) Pressure
bar) of the liquid (up to 1 decimal place) is ∂P T
_____ ∂g V
R) −( ) III)
[GATE-2018-XE] ∂T P
3. The pressure of liquid is increased ∂u S

S) ( ) IV)
∂s v
isothermally. The molar volume of liquid
decrease from 50.45 × 10−6 m3 /mol to 48 ×
10−6 m3 /mol during the process. The
A. P-II, Q-III, R-IV, S-I
isothermal compressibility of the liquid is
B. P-II, Q-IV, R-III, S-I
10−9 Pa−1 which can be assumed to be
C. P-I, Q-IV, R-II, S-III
independent of pressure. The change in the
D. P-III, Q-II, R-IV, S-I
- 164 -
[GATE-2015-CH] 1 ∂V
A. − ( )
P ∂P T
6. Differential change in specific enthalpy of a
1 ∂V
B. P (∂P)
superheated vapor for which ideal gas T
1 ∂V
approximation does not hold, is given by the C. − V (∂P)
T
expression 1 ∂V
D. V (∂P)
A. dh = cp dT T
∂h [GATE-2013-MT]
B. dh = cp dT + ∂v| dv
T 11. In each of the following choices, there are two
∂h
C. dh = cp dT + | dp expressions given. Select the choice that gives,
∂p T
∂h first, the defining expression of volume

D. dh = cv dT + ∂p| dp
T expansivity and second, the expression of
0 e
[GATE-2015-XE] volume expansivity for ideal gases
7. Which one of the following defines the
I1 od
1 ∂v 1 1 ∂v 1
absolute temperature of a system? A. v (∂T) , B. v (∂P) ,
P T T T
∂U ∂A
A. ( ∂S ) B. ( ∂S ) 1 ∂v 1 1 ∂v 1
V V C. − v (∂P) , D. v (∂T) ,
T P P P
∂H ∂G
c
C. ( ∂S ) D. ( ∂S )
V V [GATE-2012-XE]
[GATE-2015-CY] 12. The isothermal compressibility, K of an ideal
EG l
N ra
8. For a superheated vapor that cannot be

gas at temperature T0 and volume V0 , is given
approximated as an ideal gas, the expression
by
er
determining a small change in the specific 1 ∂V 1 ∂V

A. − V | B. V |
internal energy is 0 ∂P T0 0 ∂P T0
∂P ∂P
ef
∂u C. −V0 ∂V| D. V0 ∂V|

A. du = cp dT + ∂v| dv T0 T0
T
∂u [GATE-2012-PH]
B. du = cp dT + ∂P| dP
R
T
13. If a gas obeys the equation of state p(V ̅−
∂u
C. du = cv dT + ∂v| dv nb) = nR̅T, the ratio (c̅p − c̅v )/(c̅p − c̅v )
T ideal
is
D. du = cv dT
A. > 1 B. < 1
[GATE-2014-XE] C. 1 D. (1 − b)
9. The isothermal compressibility of a liquid is [GATE-CY-2008]
5 × 10−6 /kPa. If it is compressed at constant 14. The speed of sound in Neon gas at a
temperature from 5000 to 10000 kPa, what is temperature of 500 K is (gas constant of Neon
the ratio of final volume to initial volume, to is 0.4210 kJ/kgK)?
second decimal place accuracy? _______ A. 492 m/s B. 460 m/s
[GATE-2013-XE] C. 592 m/s D. 543 m/s
10. Isothermal compressibility of a material is [GATE-2002-ME]
given by 15. For an ideal gas, the expression

- 165 -
ds ds [GATE-1997-ME]
[T ( ) − T ( ) ] is always equal to
dT p dT v
Cp
A. Zero B. C
v
C. R D. RT
9. THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONS-
ANSWER KEYS
0 e
I1 od
1. B 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. C 8. D 9. D 10. D
11. B 12. A 13. C 14. A 15. B 16. B 17. B 18. A 19. A 20. A
21. A 22. B 23. D
c
EG l
N ra
1. A 5. A 6. C 7. A 8. C 10. C 11. A 12. A 13. C 14. C

15. C
er
2. 513.0 to 517.0 3. 2440 to 2460 4. 499 to 501 9. 0.97 to 0.98

ef

1. Answer: B
R
dZ = Mdx + Ndy for Z to be a Thermodynamic

property
∂M ∂N
=
∂y ∂x ∂v ∂T
| = |
Given dU = Tds + τdL ∂s p ∂p s
∂T ∂τ 4. Answer: B
⇒( ) =( )
∂L s ∂s L dg = vdp − sdT
2. Answer: C ∂v ∂(−s)
| = |
∂s ∂v ∂T p ∂p T
| =− |
∂P T ∂T P ∂v ∂s
| =− |
3. Answer: A ∂T p ∂p T
According to Maxwell’s relation pV = mRT
- 166 -
V ∂(−S) ∂(−P)
p ( ) = RT | = |
m ∂V T ∂T V
pv = RT ∂S ∂P
RT ⇒ | = |
∂V T ∂T V
v=
P
8. Answer: D
∂v ∂ RT
| = ( )| Since U, S, G are point functions. ΔU, ΔS, ΔG
∂T p ∂T P P
will be same for all the systems irrespective of
R
= the path followed.
P
5. Answer: A 9. Answer: D
P = P(v, T) and T = T(P, v) We have
Cyclic Relation TdS = dU + PdV
0 e
z = z(x, y) and y = y(x, z) ⇒ dU = TdS − PdV
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂U
I1 od
| | | = −1 P=− | − − − (1)
∂y z ∂z x ∂x y ∂V S
P = P(v, T) ∂U
T= | − − − −(2)
c
∂S V
∂P ∂v ∂T
| | | = −1 We have
∂v T ∂T P ∂P v
EG l
∂P ∂v ∂p TdS = dH − VdP
N ra
⇒ | . | =− |
∂v T ∂T p ∂T v ⇒ dH = TdS + VdP
−1 ∂H
∂T
er
= − (( )| ) V= | − − − −(3)
∂p v ∂P S
∂H
ef
6. Answer: C T= | − − − (4)
∂S P
We have
̅T
PV = nR
R
TdS = dU + PdV
∂H ∂U
⇒ dU = TdS − PdV P( ̅( )
) = nR
∂P S ∂S V
∂T − ∂P
⇒ | = | 10. Answer: D
∂V S ∂S V
g = h − Ts
∂P ∂T
⇒ ( )| = − ( )| dg = dh − d(Ts)
∂S V ∂V S
7. Answer: C dg = dh − Tds − sdT
A = U − TS dg = dh − (dh − vdp) − sdT
dA = dU − d(TS) dg = −sdT + vdp
dA = dU − TdS − SdT dB = Mdx + Ndy

∂M ∂N
dA = dU − (dU + PdV) − SdT | = | (For exactness)
∂y x ∂x y
dA = −PdV − SdT
dg = −sdT + vdp
dA = −SdT − PdV
- 167 -
∂(−s) ∂v − ∂V ∂S
| = | ⇒ | = |
∂p T ∂T p ∂T P ∂p T
∂s ∂v 15. Answer: B
− | = |
∂p T ∂T p Given U → internal energy, H → enthalpy
11. Answer: B A → Helmholtz free energy→ A = U − TS
Given G = U + PV − TS G→ Gibbs free energy
⇒ dG = dU + PdV + VdP − TdS − SdT ⇒ G = H − TS
⇒ dG = Vdp − SdT A) TdS = dU + pdV
∂V − ∂S ⇒ dU = TdS − pdV
⇒ | = | (For Exactness)
∂T P ∂P T
(comparing with dz = Mdx + Ndy)
12. Answer: A ∂U ∂U
T= | ; p = − ∂V|
∂S
0 e
G = H − TS ⇒ dG = dH − TdS − SdT V S
⇒ dG = VdP − SdT B) TdS = dH − Vdp ⇒ dH = TdS + Vdp
⇒V=
S=
− ∂G
∂G
|
| and
∂p T I1 od
c ⇒T=
∂H
| ;V =
∂S p
∂H
|
∂p S
C) G = H − TS ⇒ dG = dH − TdS − SdT
∂T P ⇒ dG = Vdp − SdT
EG l
∂G ∂G ∂G
N ra
∴V=( ) ⇒V= | ;S = − |
∂p T ∂p T ∂T S
13. Answer: C D) A = U − TS ⇒ dA = dU − TdS − SdT
er
⇒ dA = −pdV − SdT
− ∂A − ∂A
ef
p= | ;S = |
∂V T ∂T V
16. Answer: B
R
For an Ideal gas,

∂v ∂s
| =− | RT
∂T p ∂p T PV = RT ⇒ P =
V
∂T ∂v
| = | ⇒ P = f(T, V)
∂p s ∂s p
∂P ∂T ∂V
∂p ∂s ⇒ | . | . | = −1
| = | ∂T V ∂V P ∂P T
∂T v ∂v T
17. Answer: B
∂T ∂p
| =− | Initial temperature, Pressure = T1 , P1
∂v s ∂s v
Compression is Isothermal (T = constant).
14. Answer: A
For Ideal gas, U = U(T).
By Maxwell Relations,
∂V − ∂S ⇒ U2 = U1 when T = constant.
| = |
∂T p ∂p T G = H − TS
- 168 -
⇒ dG = dH − d(TS) ∴ ΔG = RT ln 2
= dH − (TdS + SdT) 20. Answer: A
T p
v s
0
⇒ dG = VdP − SdT
∂T ∂p
| =− |
(Isothermal) ∂v s ∂s v
c
⇒ ΔG = ∫ VdP = ∫ dP 21. Answer: A
P
dU = TdS − pdV
P2
= c ln ( ) ∂T − ∂p
P1 ⇒ | = | for exactness
∂V S ∂S V
P2 > P1
∂T ∂p
⇒ ΔG > 0 ⇒( )| = − ( )
0 e
∂V S ∂S V
⇒ G2 > G1
I1 od
22. Answer: B
18. Answer: A
F = U − TS
System will go spontaneously from higher
G = H − TS
c
energy state to lower energy state
G − F = (H − TS) − (U − TS)
i.e., in the direction of ΔG < 0
G−F=H−U
EG l
⇒ G2 − G1 < 0
N ra
= U + PV − U = PV
⇒ G1 − G2 > 0
= mRT
er
19. Answer: A
23. Answer: D
dG = −SdT + vdP
A = U − TS
ef
dG = vdP
⇒ dA = dU − TdS − SdT
P2
δG1−2 = c ln ( ) ⇒ dA = −PdV − SdT (∵ TdS = dU + PdV)
R
P1
P
− ∂P − ∂S
̅T ln ( 2 )
ΔG1−2 = nR ⇒ | = |
P 1 ∂T V ∂V T
2 ∂P ∂S
̅ u ln ( )] = R
⇒ ΔG = −T [−1 × R ̅T ln 2 ⇒( ) =( )
1 ∂T V ∂V T

1. Answer: A ∂v v R
⇒( )| = αv = = (for ideal gas)
∂cp ∂2 v ∂T P T P
( ) = −T. ( 2 )
∂p T ∂T p ∂cp ∂ R
⇒( )| = −T. ( ( ))|
∂p T ∂T P
1 p
α=
T = −T(0) = 0
(where α is isobaric thermal expansion
coefficient)
- 169 -
∂cp −(48 − 50.45) × 10−6

∴ ( )| = 0 =
∂p T 10−9
2. Answer: 513.0 to 517.0 = 2450 J/Mol
Container is Rigid, so volume is constant 4. Answer: 499 to 501
−1 ∂v Speed of sound wave under isentropic

kT = . ( )| = 1.09 × 10−4 bar −1
V ∂P T conditions is
1 ∂v
β = 1.12 × 10−3 k −1 = . ( )| 1 1
v ∂T p C=√ =√ 3
ρk s 10 × 40 × 10−10
T1 = 300 k; P1 = 1 bar
1
T2 = 350 k; P2 =? (no phase change) = × 103 = 500 m/s
2
1 Δv
= 1.12 × 10−3 = . 5. Answer: A
v1 50
0 e
We have g = h − Ts
Δv
⇒ = 50 × 1.12 × 10−3 = 0.056
I1 od
⇒ dg = dh − Tds − sdT
v1
Δv ⇒ dg = vdP − sdT
∴ ( ) = 0.056
v1 ∂g
⇒v= | → (1)
c
1 ∂P T
∴ 1.09 × 10−4 = −0.056 ×
ΔP ∂g
EG l
−s = |
0.056 × 104 ∂T P
N ra
ΔP = − = 513.761 bar
1.09 − ∂g
⇒s=( )| → (2)
⇒ P2 − P1 = 513.761 bar ∂T P
er
⇒ P2 = 514.761 bar (since P1 = 1 bar. ) Similarly, du = Tds − Pdv

∂u ∂u
ef
3. Answer: 2440 to 2460 ⇒ T = ( )| and P = − ( )|

∂s v ∂v s
g̅ = h̅ − Ts̅
6. Answer: C
R
⇒ dg̅ = dh̅ − Tds̅ − s̅ dT

h = h(T, p)
0
∂h ∂h
⇒ dg̅ = v̅dp − s̅ dT dh = | dT + | dp
∂T p ∂p T
∂h
Isothermal compressibility, dh = cp dT + | dp
∂p T
̅
−1 ∂v
KT = ( ) u = u(T, v)
̅
v ∂P T
1Δv̅ ∂u ∂u
⇒ KT = − du = | dT + | dv
v1 ΔP ∂T v ∂v T
∂u
= 10−9 Pa−1 du = cv dT + | dv
∂v T
∂v̅
dg̅ = v̅dP = − 7. Answer: A
10−9
−Δv̅ We have Tds = du + Pdv
⇒ Δg̅ = v̅ΔP = −9
10
- 170 -
⇒ du = Tds − Pdv ∂V ∂ mRT

| = ( )|
∂u − ∂u ∂T p ∂T p p
⇒T= | and P = |
∂s V ∂v S ∂V mR
| =
∂u ∂T p p
∴T= |
∂s V 1 mR mR 1
β= = =
8. Answer: C V p mRT T
u = u(T, v) 12. Answer: A
∂u ∂u Isothermal compressibility
⇒ du = | dT + ( )| dv
∂T v ∂v T −1 ∂V
K= . |
∂u V0 ∂p T
⇒ du = cv dT + ( )| dv 0
∂v T
Where V0 is the volume and T0 is the
9. Answer: 0.97 to 0.98
0 e
temperature of the gas respectively.
1 ∂V
KT = − | 13. Answer: C
I1 od
V ∂p T
Tv̅β2
1 (V2 − V1 ) c̅P − c̅v =
KT = − KT
V1 (p2 − p1 )
c
̅T
P(V − nb) = nR
(V2 − V1 )
⇒− = K T (p2 − p1 ) 1 dV
V1 β= |
EG l
V dT P
V2
N ra
(− + 1) = K T (p2 − p1 ) 1 d nR̅T
V1 β= [ + nb]|
V2 V dT P P
er
= 1 − K T (p2 − p1 )
V1 ̅
nR
β=
= 1 − 5 × 10−6 × 5000 PV
ef
V2 1 dV
= 0.975 KT = − |
V1 V dP T
R
1 d nR̅T
10. Answer: C KT = − [ + nb]|
V dP P T
Isothermal compressibility
−1 ∂V ̅T
nR
KT = . ( )| KT =
V ∂P T P2V
n2 R
̅2
11. Answer: A Tv̅ P2 V2
c̅P − c̅v = ̅T
nR
Volume expansivity
P2 V
1 ∂V
β= | ̅
c̅P − c̅v = R
V ∂T p
14. Answer: C
Ideal gas pV = mRT
c = √γrT
mRT
V=
p Neon is Mono atomic gas hence
γ = 1.67
- 171 -
cp cv
c = √1.67 × 421 × 500 = T( ) − T( )
T T
c = 592.90 m/s
= cp − cv
15. Answer: C
=r
ds ds
[T ( ) − T ( ) ]
dT p dT v
0 e
I1 od
c
EG l
N ra
er
ef
R
- 172 -
CHAPTER-10
PROPERTIES OF PURE
SUBSTANCES
by
NEGI SIR
GATE AIR -1 (XE) 2019 & 2020

BNPM AIR -1
CALLING : 95054 74766

WHATSAPP : 82922 44719
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EG l
C
I1 o
0 de
R
ef
er
N ra
EG l
C
I1 o
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R
ef
er
N ra
EG l
C
I1 o
0 de
R
ef
er
N ra
EG l
C
I1 o
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R
ef
er
N ra
EG l
C
I1 o
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R
ef
er
N ra
EG l
C
I1 o
0 de
R
ef
er
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EG l
C
I1 o
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R
ef
er
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EG l
C
I1 o
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R
ef
er
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EG l
C
I1 o
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R
ef
er
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EG l
C
I1 o
0 de
R
ef
er
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EG l
C
I1 o
0 de
R
ef
er
N ra
EG l
C
I1 o
0 de
R
ef
er
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EG l
C
I1 o
0 de
R
ef
er
N ra
EG l
C
I1 o
0 de
R
ef
er
N ra
EG l
C
I1 o
0 de
R
ef
er
N ra
EG l
C
I1 o
0 de
R
ef
er
N ra
EG l
C
I1 o
0 de
R
ef
er
N ra
EG l
C
I1 o
0 de
R
ef
er
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EG l
C
I1 o
0 de
R
ef
er
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EG l
C
I1 o
0 de
R
ef
er
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EG l
C
I1 o
0 de
10 PURE SUBSTANCES
10.1 Dryness Fraction
1. In the vicinity of the triple point, the equation
of liquid-vapour boundary in the P-T phase
diagram for ammonia is ln P = 24.38 − 3063/
T, where P is pressure (in Pa) and T is
temperature (in K). Similarly, the solid-vapour
boundary is given by ln P = 27.92 − 3754/T. A. 3 B. 2
The temperature at the triple point is _____K C. 4 D. 1
(round off to one decimal phase). [GATE-2021-XE]
0 e
[GATE-2021-ME] 4. A rigid tank contains 1.0 kg of pure water
I1 od
2. A rigid tank of volume 50 m3 contains a pure consisting of liquid and vapour phases in
substance as a saturated liquid vapour mixture equilibrium at 10 bar. If the liquid and vapour
phase each occupies one half of the volume of
c
at 400 kPa. Of the total mass of the mixture,
20% mass is liquid and 80% mass is vapour. the tank, then the net enthalpy of the contents
EG l
Properties at 400 kPa are: Saturation of the tank is ______ kJ (1 decimal place).
N ra
temperature, Tsat = 143.61°C; Specific For saturated liquid and vapour at 10 bar, the
volume of saturated liquid, vf = thermodynamic data table provides the

er
0.001084 m3 /kg; Specific volume of following values:
saturated vapour, vg = 0.46242 m3 /kg. The vf = 1.127 × 10−3 m3 /kg , vg = 194.3 ×

ef
total mass of liquid vapour mixture in the tank 10−3 m3 /kg,

hf = 762.6 kJ/kg , hg = 2776.2 kJ/kg.
R
is ______kg (round off to the nearest integer).

3. Four different Entropy (S) - Temperature (T) 5. A closed system consists of a solution of liquid
diagrams, representing liquid to vapour phase water and ethanol in equilibrium with its
transition process of a pure substance in a vapours.Using the Gibbs phase rule, the degree
closed system under constant pressure are of freedom of the system is :
shown. The diagram, which correctly A. 3 B. 0
represents the process, is: C. 1 D. 2
[GATE-2021-XE]
6. Two identical pressure cookers, Cooker A and
Cooker B, each having a total internal capacity
of 6 litres are available. Cooker A is filled with
- 173 -
2 litres of liquid water at 110°C and Cooker B

is filled with 4 litres of liquid water at 110°C.
The remaining space in both the cookers is
filled with saturated water vapour in
equilibrium with the liquid water. If g
represents the specific Gibbs free energy, and
subscripts v and l represent the saturated
vapour and the saturated liquid phases,
respectively. Which of the following
The vessel in this stage is then kept inside an
expressions is correct?
isothermal oven which is having an atmosphere
0 e
of hot air maintained at 80℃. The vessel
exchanges heat with the oven atmosphere and
A. g v,A < g l,B

I1 od
c attains a new thermal equilibrium (Stage #2). If
the Valve A is now opened inside the oven,
what will happen immediately after opening the
B. g v,A > g l,B valve?
EG l
N ra
C. g l,B = 2 g l,A A. Water vapor inside the vessel will come

D.g v,A = g l,B out of the Valve A
er
[GATE-2021-XE] B. Hot air will go inside the vessel through

7. The liquid phase of a pure substance is termed Valve A
ef
as ____________, if its temperature is lower C. All the vapor inside the vessel will
than the saturation temperature corresponding immediately condense
R
to its pressure P. D. Nothing will happen – the vessel will

A. Sub-cooled liquid continue to remain in equilibrium
B. Metastable liquid [GATE-2020-ME]
C. Super-heated liquid 9. If L1 , L2 and L3 are the latent heats of
D. Flashing liquid vaporization at the critical temperature of
[GATE-2021-XE] nitrogen, water and ammonia, respectively,
8. A closed vessel contains pure water, in then which one of the following is true?
thermal equilibrium with its vapour at 25℃ A. L1 > L2 > L3
(Stage #1), as shown. B. L1 > L2 and L2 = L3

C. L1 < L2 < L3
D. L1 = L2 = L3
[GATE-2020-XE]
- 174 -
10. Consider a vessel containing steam at 180°C. rate of entropy generation (kJ/s. K rounded off
The initial steam quality is 0.5 and the initial to three decimal places) during the throttling
volume of the vessel is 1 m3 . The vessel loses process is______.
heat at a constant rate q̇ under isobaric The thermodynamic property data for
conditions so that the quality of steam reduces superheated steam at 70 bar and 450°C:
to 0.1 after 10 hours. The thermodynamic h = 3288.3 kJ/kg, s = 6.6353 kJ/kg. K
properties of water at 180°C are (subscript g: The thermodynamic property data for
vapor phase; subscript f: liquid phase): superheated steam at 30 bar are given in the
Specific Volume: vg = 0.19405 m3 /kg, following table.
vf = 0.001127 m3 /kg;
Specific internal energy: ug = 2583.7 kJ/kg, T (°C) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/kg. K)
0 e
uf = 762.08 kJ/kg; 400 3231.7 6.9235
I1 od
Specific enthalpy: hg = 2778.2 kJ/kg, 450 3344.9 7.0856
hf = 763.21 kJ/kg. [GATE-2019-XE]

13. A closed vessel contains a pure substance with
c
The rate of heat loss q̇ (in kJ/hour) is
0.1 m3 of saturated liquid and 0.9 m3 of
___________ (rounded off to the nearest
EG l
saturated vapor. The specific volume of the
integer).
N ra
[GATE-2019-CH] liquid and vapor phases are 0.000843 m3 ⁄kg

and 0.02671 m3 ⁄kg respectively. The
er
11. For a single component system, vapor

(subscript g) and liquid (subscript f) coexist in percentage of vapor in the mixture on mass
basis (rounded off to two decimal places) is
ef
mechanical, thermal and phase equilibrium

when _________.
R
A. ug = uf (equality of specific internal [GATE-2019-XE]

energy) 14. The “degrees of freedom” for a pure substance
B. hg = hf (equality of specific enthalpy) at its triple point is
C. sg = sf (equality of specific entropy) A. 3 B. 2
D. g g = g f (equality of specific Gibbs free C. 1 D. 0
energy)
[GATE-2019-XE]
[GATE-2019-CH]
15. A thermodynamic process for a substance is
12. In a steady flow process, superheated steam at
represented as a constant pressure process on a
70 bar and 450°C, is throttled to 30 bar in an
P-V diagram, and a constant temperature
insulated valve, at a rate of 2 kg/s. The changes
process on a T-V diagram. Which of the
in the kinetic energy and potential energy
following statements is TRUE?
during the process are assumed to be zero. The
A. The substance is an ideal gas.
- 175 -
B. The substance is a van der Waals gas. 19. The incorrect statement about the
C. The substance undergoes a phase change. characteristics of critical point of a pure
D. Such a process is not possible. substance is that
A. there is no constant temperature
[GATE-2019-XE]
vaporization process
16. A tank of volume 0.05 m3 contains a mixture of
B. It has point of inflection with zero slope
saturated water and saturated steam at 200°C.
C. the ice directly converts from solid phase to
The mass of the liquid present is 8 kg. The
vapor phase
entropy (in kJ/kg-K) of the mixture is ___
D. saturated liquid and saturated vapor states
(correct to two decimal places)
are identical
Property data for saturated steam and water are:
[GATE-2016-ME]
At 200°C, psat = 1.5538 MPa
0 e
20. Volumetric analysis of a hydrocarbon
vf = 0.001157 m3 /kg, vg = 0.12736 m3 /kg
I1 od
combustion product shows 8% CO2 , 15%
sfg = 4.1014 kJ/kg-K , sf = 2.3309 kJ/kg-K
H2 O (vapour), 5.5% O2 and 71.5% N2 . The
[GATE-2018-ME]
combustion product flows steadily through a
c
17. Which one of the following statements is
heat exchanger at 200 kPa pressure. Assume
correct for a superheated vapour?
EG l
each component in the mixture to be an ideal
N ra
A. Its pressure is less than the saturation

gas. In order to avoid the condensation of H2 O
pressure at a given temperature
in the heat exchanger, the minimum allowable
er
B. Its temperature is less than the saturation

temperature (in °C) is ______
temperature at a given pressure.
Saturated H2 O Table:
ef
C. Its volume is less than the volume of the

P(kPa) 10 20 30 40 50
saturated vapour at a given temperature.
T (°C) 45.83
R
60.09 69.12 75.82 81.35

D. Its enthalpy is less than the enthalpy of the
[GATE-2016-XE]
saturated vapour at a given pressure
21. A rigid container of volume 0.5 m3 contains 1.0
[GATE-2018-ME]
kg of water at 120°C (vf = 0.00106 m3 /kg,
18. Saturated liquid water is slowly heated at a
vg = 0.8908 m3 /kg).
constant pressure of 200 kPa to a final state
The state of water is
where its quality reaches 0.65. For water at 200
A. compressed liquid
kPa: Tsat = 120.23o C, hf = 504.68 kJ/kg, hg =
B. saturated liquid
2706.60 kJ/kg. The change in the specific
C. a mixture of saturated liquid and saturated
entropy in kJ/kg-K is
vapor
A. 3.04 B. 3.24
D. superheated vapor
C. 3.44 D. 3.64
[GATE-2015-ME]
[GATE-2017-XE]
- 176 -
22. One kg of saturated liquid-vapor mixture of C. beyond which solid sublimates directly to
water at 150 kPa (uf = 467 kJ/kg, vf = the vapor state
0.001053 m3 /kg; ug = 2520 kJ/kg and vg = D. beyond which the distinction between liquid
1.159 m3 /kg) with quality of 0.7 is enclosed in and vapor phases disappears
a piston cylinder assembly. Heat is added at [GATE-2015-XE]
constant pressure to this system while a paddle 24. 1.5 kg of water is in saturated liquid state at 2
wheel transfers a work of 50 kJ. The mixture bar (vf = 0.001601m3 /kg,
eventually attains saturated vapor state. The uf = 504.0 kJ/kg, hf = 505 kJ/kg). Heat is
amount of heat added to the mixture (in kJ) is added in a constant pressure process till the
_______. temperature of water reaches 400°C
[GATE-2015-XE] (v = 1.5493 m3 /kg , u = 2967.0 kJ/kg
0 e
23. The critical point of a substance corresponds to h = 3277.0 kJ/kg). The heat added (in kJ) in
I1 od
the state the process is ____________.
A. at which the solid, liquid and vapor phases [GATE-2014-ME]
are in equilibrium
c
B. beyond which liquid will require very large
EG l
amount of heat to become vapor
N ra
25. Steam is isentropically expanded in a turbine from 80 bar to 7 bar. At the inlet of the turbine (state 1)
h1 is 3246 kJ m,/kg and s1 is 6.52 kJ/(kg. K).
er
Pressure = 7 bar
hf (kJ/kg) hg (kJ/kg) sf [kJ/(kg. K)] sg [kJ/(kg. K)]
ef
697 2763 2.0 6.7

R
The enthalpy of the steam exiting the turbine (state 2) in kJ/kg is

A. 2683.87 B. 2657.17 C. 1986.87 D. 3354.17
[GATE-2014-XE]
26. The specific volume of steam after expansion 27. If the temperature of saturated water is
in a turbine is 12 m3 /kg. At this pressure the increased infinitesimally at constant entropy,
saturated liquid and saturated vapour specific the resulting state of water will be
volumes are 0.001 and 15.25 m3 /kg A. liquid
respectively. What is the dryness fraction to B. liquid-vapour coexistence
second decimal place accuracy? ________ C. saturated vapour
[GATE-2013-XE] D. solid
[GATE-2012-CH]
- 177 -
28. In a saturated liquid-vapour mixture, the vapour mixture at 150 kPa and 300 K. At the
property quality, x is defined as exit condition the enthalpy of the saturated
mvapour mvapour
A. x = m B. x = liquid is 500 kJ/kg and the enthalpy of the
liquid +mvapour mliquid
mliquid m
saturated vapour is 2500 kJ/kg. The percentage
C. x = m D. x = m liquid
liquid +mvapour vapour of the original liquid, which vaporize is
[GATE-2012-XE] A. 87.5% B. 67%
29. For a pure substance, at the triple point C. 12.5% D. 10%
A. only solid and liquid phase co-exist in [GATE-2010-CH]
equilibrium 33. Saturated liquid water at 0.4 MPa and
B. only liquid and vapour phases co-exist in 1000 kg/hr of steam at of 0.4 MPa and 300°C
equilibrium enter steadily into an insulated mixing
0 e
C. only solid and vapour phases co-exist in chamber. At 0.4 MPa, the enthalpy of saturated
I1 od
equilibrium liquid and saturated vapour are 604.73 and
D. solid, liquid and vapour phases co-exist in 2738.53 kJ/kg respectively; also, the enthalpy
equilibrium of superheated steam at 300°C is 3066.75
c
[GATE-2012-XE] kJ/kg. The quality of the water-vapour mixture
m3
EG l
30. At a certain pressure, the specific volumes ( kg ) exiting the chamber is 0.9. The mass flow rate
N ra
of saturated liquid water in kg/hr is

of saturated liquid, saturated vapor, and wet
A. 182 B. 282
steam are 1.1565 × 10−3 , 0.1274, and 0.1,
er
C. 382 D. 1000
respectively. The quality of wet steam is
[GATE-2009-XE]
ef
A. 0.805 B. 0.783
34. A pressure cooker contains saturated water-
C. 0.776 D. 0.673
vapour mixture at 100°C with volume of
R
[GATE-2011-XE]
vapour being eight times that of the volume of
31. On the pressure-temperature diagram for a one-
liquid. The specific volume of saturated liquid
component system, the point where the solid-
and saturated vapour at 100°C are, vf =
liquid and the liquid-gas curves intersect is
0.001044m3 /kg and vg = 1.6729 m3 /kg,
A. triple point
B. critical point respectively. The quality of the mixture is
C. melting point A. 0.005 B. 0.125
D. boiling point C. 0.889 D. 0.995
[GATE-2011-CY] [GATE-2009-XE]
32. A saturated liquid at 1500 kPa and 500 K, with

an enthalpy of 750 kJ/kg is throttled to a liquid-
- 178 -
Common Data for Q.35-Q.36:

Saturated water vapour enters an adiabatic turbine at 0.8 MPa and leaves at 0.1 MPa. The mass flow
rate of water vapour is 25 kg/s. Use the following data table to answer the questions 35 and 36.
Pressure Specific enthalpy Specific entropy

Temperature(°C)
(MPa) hf (kJ/kg) hg (kJ/kg) sf (kJ/kg. K) sg (kJ/kg. K)
0.8 170.43 722.11 2769.10 2.0462 6.6628
0.1 99.63 417.46 2675.50 1.3026 7.3594
35. The quality of steam at the exit of the turbine after an isentropic expansion is
A. 0.47 B. 0.72 C. 0.88 D. 0.94
[GATE-2009-XE]
0 e
36. If the steam leaves the turbine as saturated vapour, the power produced by the turbine in kW is
A. 1640 B. 2030 C. 2340 D. 8830
I1 od
Common Data for Q.37 & Q.38:
c [GATE-2009-XE]
Steam at 0.6181 MPa and 160℃ (saturated) enters a steady flow device with a velocity of 50 m/s and
enthalpy 2756.7 kJ/kg. It leaves at a pressure of 0.15 MPa with a velocity of 600 m/s and enthalpy he
EG l
The device is perfectly insulated and does not do any work on the surroundings. Neither does it receive
N ra
any work input. Use the following data table:

er
Specific enthalpy Specific Entropy

Pressure Temperature
ef
P (bar) (°C) hf hg sf sg
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg. K) (kJ/kg. K)
1.5 111.37 467.13 2693.4 1.4336 7.2234
R
37. The quality of the steam at the outlet of the device is

A. 0.548 B. 0.648 C. 0.748 D. 0.948
[GATE-2008-XE]
38. The above-mentioned device is a
A. turbine B. compressor C. nozzle D. diffuser
[GATE-2008-XE]
39. 2 kg of steam in a piston-cylinder device at 400 saturated. What is the work W, required for the
kPa and 175°C undergoes a mechanically process.
reversible, isothermal compression to a final Data
pressure such that the steam becomes just T = 175°C, p = 400 kPa, v = 0.503 m3 /kg,
- 179 -
u = 2606 kJ/kg, s = 7.055 kJ/kg − K C. 334 kJ D. 388 kJ

T = 175°C, saturated vapour
[GATE-2007-CH]
v = 0.216 m3 /kg,
u = 2579 kJ/kg, s = 6.622 kJ/kg − K
A. zero B. 230 kJ
Statement for Linked answer Questions: Q-40 & Q-41:
A rigid tank contains a mixture of 0.2 kg of saturated water vapour and 2 kg of air (M=29 kg/kmol) at
a temperature of 50°C.
For water (saturated)
p Tsat vf vg sf sg
0 e
3 3
(kPa) (°C) (m /kg) (m /kg) (kJ/kg.K) (kJ/kg. K)
12.349
50
50
I1 od
81.33
c 0.001012
0.001030
12.0318
3.24034
0.7038
1.0910
8.0763
7.5939
40. The volume of the mixture is approximately

EG l
N ra
A. 1.42 m3 B. 2.41 m3 C. 4.12 m3 D. 0.412 m3

[GATE-2007-XE]
er
41. The pressure of the tank is approximately

A. 89.4 kPa B. 98.4 kPa C. 48.9 kPa D. 148.9 kPa
ef
[GATE-2007-XE]
42. Steam enters an adiabatic turbine steadily at 450oC and 4.0 MPa and leaves at 50 kPa. The minimum
R
possible dryness fraction of the steam at the turbine exit is approximately

p Tsat vf vg sf sg
(kPa) (°C) (m3 /kg) 3
(m /kg) (kJ/kg.K) (kJ/kg. K)
50 81.33 0.001030 3.24034 1.0910 7.5939

1000 179.91 0.001127 0.19444 2.1386 6.5864
For water (superheated)
P T v u h sg
(°C) 3
(kPa) (m /kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg. K)
- 180 -
1000 400 0.3066 2957.3 3263.9 7.4651

4000 450 0.08003 3010.13 3330.23 6.9362
A. 85 % B. 90 % C 95 % D. 97 %
[GATE-2007-XE]
43. Two systems A and B, possessing the same internal energy, contain saturated liquid-vapour mixture
of water at 1 MPa. The maximum value of the ratio of their masses is
P(kPa) Tsat (°C) vf (m3 /kg) vg (m3 /kg) uf (kJ/kg) ug (kJ/kg)
50 81.33 0.001030 3.24034 340.42 2483.85
1000 179.91 0.001127 0.19444 761.67 2583.64
A. 1.4 B. 2.4 C. 3.4 D. 4.4
0 e
[GATE-2007-XE]
correct?
I1 od
44. Which one of the following equations is
c Group I
P. Critical point
Group II
1. Quality = 1.0
A. v = (1 − x)vf + xvg Q. Dry saturated vapour 2. vf = vg
EG l
N ra
B. v = vf + vg R. Superheated vapour 3. T > Tsat

C. v = xvf + (1 − x)vg 4. T < Tsat
er
D. v = x(vf + vg ) [GATE-2007-XE] A. P-1,Q-2,R-3 B. P-1,Q-3,R-2

C. P-2,Q-1,R-3 D. P-2,Q-1,R-4
45. Match items in Group I with those in Group II
ef
[GATE-2007-XE]
R
Common Data for Q-46 & Q-47:

The following table of properties was printed out for saturated liquid and saturated vapour of ammonia.
The titles for only the first two columns are available. All that we know is that the other columns
(columns 3 to 8) contain data on specific properties, namely, internal energy (kJ/kg), enthalpy (kJ/kg)
and entropy (kJ/kg.K).
𝐓(°𝐂) P(kPa)
-20 190.2 88.76 0.3657 89.05 5.6155 1299.5 1418.0
0 429.6 179.69 0.7114 180.36 5.3309 1318.0 1442.2
20 857.5 272.89 1.0408 274.30 5.0860 1332.2 1460.2
40 1554.9 272.89 1.3574 371.43 4.8662 1341.0 1470.2
46. The specific enthalpy data are in columns A. 3 and 7 B. 3 and 8

- 181 -
C. 5 and 7 D. 5 and 8 Entropy of saturated liquid 1.3069 kJ/kg-K

[GATE-2005-ME] The maximum power output (in kW) will be
47. When saturated liquid at 40°C is throttled to A. 644.0 B. 767.9
−20°C, the quality at exit will be C. 871.3 D. 3024.8
A. 0.0189 B. 0.212 [GATE-2003-CH]
C. 0.231 D. 0.788 49. Steam undergoes isentropic expansion in a
[GATE-2005-ME] turbine from 5000 kPa and 400°C (entropy =
48. A steam turbine operates with a superheated 6.65 kJ/kg-K) to 150 kPa (entropy of saturated
steam flowing at 1 kg/s. This steam is supplied liquid = 1.4336 kJ/kg-K), entropy of saturated
at 441 bar and 500°C, and discharges at vapour = 7.2234 kJ/kg-K). The exit condition
1.01325 bar and 100°C. of steam is
0 e
Data: At 41 bar, 500°C; A. superheated vapour
I1 od
Enthalpy 3443.9 kJ/kg B. partially condensed vapour with quality of
Entropy 7.0785 kJ/kg-K. 0.9
At 41 bar, 251.8°C; C. saturated vapour
c
Enthalpy of saturated steam 2799.9 kJ/kg D. partially condensed vapour with quality of
EG l
Entropy of saturated steam 6.0583 kJ/kg-K 0.1
N ra
At 1.01325 bar, 100°C [GATE-2002-CH]

Enthalpy of saturated vapour 2676 kJ/kg
er
Enthalpy of saturated liquid 419.1 kJ/kg

Entropy of saturated vapour 7.3554 kJ/kg-K
ef
50. An adiabatic steam turbine receives dry saturated steam at 1.0 MN/m2 discharges it 0.1 MN/m2. The
steam flow rate is 3 kg/s and the moisture at exit in negligible. If the ambient temperature is 300 K,
R
determine the rate of entropy production and the lost power.

Steam Properties:
P 𝐓 𝐡𝐟 𝐡𝐠 𝐬𝐟 𝐬𝐠
MN/𝐦𝟐 °𝐂 kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K kJ/kg.K
10 179.9 762.8 2778.1 2.139 6.586
0.1 99.6 417.5 2675.5 1.303 7.359
51. During the phase change of a pure substance: 52. A vessel of volume 1.0 m3 contains a mixture
A. dG = 0 B. dP = 0 of liquid water and steam in equilibrium at 1.0
C. dH = 0 D. dU = 0 bar. Given that 90% of the volume is occupied
[GATE-1993-ME] by the steam, the dryness fraction of the
- 182 -
mixture is ________. Assume at 1.0 bar, vf = A. 0 B. 1

0.001 m3/kg and vg = 1.7 m3/kg C. 2 D. 3
[GATE-1993-ME] [GATE-1993-ME]
53. At the triple point of a pure substance, the
number of degrees of freedom is
10.2 Various Property Diagrams

1. If β is the coefficient of thermal expansion,
h is the mass specific enthalpy, v is the mass specific volume,
s is the mass specific entropy, k is the isothermal compressibility,
P is the pressure, ∂h
then the partial derivative ( ∂s ) =
p
T is the temperature,
0 e
1 vβ
cv is the mass specific heat at constant A.(T − β) B. T (1 − kc )
v
I1 od
volume, 1 cp
C. T D. (T − ) ( )
β cv
cp is the mass specific heat at constant
[GATE-2021-XE]
c
pressure,
2. A rigid closed vessel is initially filled with 2 kg of water which is a mixture of saturated liquid and
EG l
N ra
saturated vapor states at 2 bar. The vessel is placed in an oven which heats the mixture to the critical
state. Using the saturated and critical property values from the table given below, the heat transferred
er
from the oven to the vessel is ____kJ.

Pressure = 2 bar
ef
vf (m3 /kg) vg (m3 /kg) uf (kJ/kg) ug (kJ/kg)

0.0010605 0.8857 504.49 2529.5
R
Critical pressure
vc (m3 /kg) uc (kJ/kg)
0.003155 2029.6
A. 3035.8 B. 3040.6 C. 3036.2 D. 3044.9

[GATE-2014-XE]
3. The enthalpy of fusion of ice at 273 K is 4. The slope of Mollier diagram at constant
6.01 kJ mol−1 and the enthalpy of vaporization pressure indicates
of water at 273 K is 44.83 kJ mol−1 . The A. enthalpy B. entropy
enthalpy of sublimation (in kJ mol−1 ) of ice at C. internal energy D. temperature
273 K, is _____ [GATE-2012-XE]
[GATE-2014-CY]
- 183 -
5. A rigid spherical vessel contains 1 kg of wet steam of quality x at pressure P1. This is shown by point
A on the T − v diagram. Heat is transferred to the vessel to form superheated steam at pressure P2 and
temperature T2 as shown by point B.
0 e
I1 od
Specific enthalpy and specific internal energy corresponding to the saturated vapour at pressure P1 and
c
P2 as well as points A and B are given by
Saturated liquid Saturated Vapor
EG l
Property Point A Point B
Pressure P1 Pressure P2 Pressure P1 Pressure P2
N ra
Specific
Enthalpy hf1 hf2 hg1 hg2 hA hB
er
(kJ/kg)
Specific
internal
uf1 uf2 ug1 ug2 uA uB
ef
energy
(kJ/kg)
Heat transferred to the steam is
R
A. hB − hA B. hB − hf1 C. uB − uA D. uB − uf1
[GATE-2010-XE]
6. The net entropy generation (considering the C. 8.5 D.10
system & thermal reservoir) during the process [GATE-2008-ME]
in J/K is close to Common Data for Questions Q – 8 & Q – 9:
A. 7.5 B. 7.7 In the figure shown, the system is a pure
C. 8.5 D. 10 substance kept in a piston – cylinder
[GATE-2008-ME] arrangement. The system is initially a two-
7. The net entropy generation (considering the phase mixture containing 1 kg of liquid and
system only) during the process in J/K is close 0.03 kg of vapour at a pressure of 100 kPa.
to Initially, the piston rests on a set of stops, as
A. 7.5 B. 7.7 shown in the figure. A pressure of 200 kPa is
- 184 -
required to exactly balance the weight of the C. a liquid + vapour mixture will be left in the
piston and the outside atmospheric pressure. system
Heat transfer takes place into the system until D. the mixture will exit at a dry saturated
its volume increases by 50%. Heat transfer to vapour state
the system occurs in such a manner that the [GATE-2008-ME]
piston, when allowed to move, does so in a very 9. The work done by the system during the
slow (quasistatic/quasi - equilibrium) process. process is
The thermal reservoir from which heat is A. 0.1 kJ B. 0.2 kJ
transferred to the system has a temperature of C. 0.3 kJ D. 0.4 kJ
400°C. Average temperature of the system [GATE-2008-ME]
boundary can be taken as 175°C. The heat 10. Steam of quality 0.98 is present in two separate
0 e
transfer to the system is 1 kJ, during which its containers A and B at 300 kPa and 200 kPa,
I1 od
entropy increases by 10 J/K. Specific volumes respectively. Specific volumes of steam in
of liquid (vf) and vapour (vg) phases, as well as containers, A and B initially are vA1 and vB1 ,
values of saturation temperatures, are given in respectively. Steam condenses at a constant
c
the table below pressure in such a way that the final quality of
EG l
steam in both the containers is 0.01 and specific
N ra
volumes of steam in containers A and B are vA2

amd vB2 , respectively. Which one of the
er
following statements is true?

A. vA1 > vB1 & vA2 > vB2
ef
B. vA1 < vB1 & vA2 < vB2

C. vA1 > vB1 & vA2 < vB2
R
D. vA1 < vB1 & vA2 > vB2

Saturation [GATE-2008-XE]
Pressure 𝐯𝐟 𝐯𝐠
temp. 11. The densities of water and ice at 0oC are 1000
(kPa) (𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠) (𝐦𝟑 /𝐤𝐠)
Tsat (℃) kg/m3 , and 900 kg/m3 , respectively. If ice at
100 100 0.001 0.1 0oC is allowed to melt into water at the same
200 200 0.0015 0.002 temperature, then
8. At the end of the process, which one of the A. work is done by ice on the surrounding
following situations will be true? atmosphere
A. superheated vapour will be left in the B. work is done by the atmosphere on ice.
system C. there is no work interaction.
B. no vapour will be left in the system D. nothing can be said about the work
interaction.
- 185 -
[GATE-2008-XE] and steam at 0.1 MPa. The mass of the mixture

12. At constant temperature, pressure of an is 10 kg. The tank is now slowly heated. The
incompressible fluid is changed from 400 kPa liquid level inside the tank
to 4 MPa. Which of the following set of A. will rise
thermodynamic properties remain unchanged B. will fall
during the process. C. will remain constant
(u is specific internal energy, v is specific D. may rise or fall depending on the amount of
volume, h is specific enthalpy and s is specific heat transferred
entropy) [GATE-2007-ME]
A. u,v,h B. u,s,h 14. The specific gravity of ice at 0oC is
C. u,v,s D. v,s,h A. greater than unity
0 e
[GATE-2008-XE] B. less than unity
I1 od
13. Water has a critical specific volume of C. equal to unity
0.003155 m3/kg. A closed and rigid steel tank D. cannot say; insufficient information
of volume 0.025 m3 contains a mixture of water [GATE-2007-XE]
c
15. A rigid vessel contains saturated liquid-vapour mixture of water at 10 MPa. On being heated, the
EG l
mixture reaches the critical point. The initial quality of the mixture is approximately
N ra

er
p Tsat vf vg sf sg
(kPa) (°C) (m3 /kg) (m3 /kg) (kJ/kg.K) (kJ/kg. K)
ef
1000 311.06 0.001452 0.01802 3.3596 5.6141

R
22090 374.14 0.003155 0.003155 4.4298 4.4298
A. 1 % B. 5 % C. 10 % D. 15 %
[GATE-2007-XE]
16. Given below is an extract from steam tables.
Temp PSat Specific Volume (m3 /kg) Enthalpy (kJ/kg
(°C) (bar) Saturated liquid Saturated vapour Saturated liquid Saturated vapour
45 0.9593 0.001010 15.26 188.45 2397.8

342.24 150 0.001658 0.010337 1610.5 261.5
Specific enthalpy of water in kJ/kg at 150 bar and 45°C is
A. 203.60 B. 200.53 C. 196.38 D. 188.45
- 186 -
[GATE-2006-ME]
Common Data for Q-17 & Q-18: ∂T ∂V

B. (∂P) = − ( ∂S )
S P
1 kg of saturated steam at 100°C and 1.01325
∂P ∂S
C. (∂T) = − (∂V)
bar is contained in a rigid walled vessel. It has V T
a volume 1.673 m3 . It cools to 98°C, the ∂V

D. (∂T) = − (∂P)
∂S
P T
saturation pressure is 0.943 bar; 1 kg of water
[GATE-2002-CH]
vapour under these conditions has a volume of
20. When wet steam flows through a throttle valve
1.789 m3 .
and remains wet at exit
17. The amount of water vapour condensed (in kg)
A. Its temperature and quality increase
is
B. Its temperature decreases but quality
0 e
A. zero B. 0.065
increases
I1 od
C. 0.1 D. 1.0
C. Its temperature increases but quality
[GATE-2003-CH]
decreases
18. The latent heat of condensation (kJ/kg) under
c
D. Its temperature and quality decrease
these conditions is
[GATE-1996-ME]
EG l
A. 40732 B. 2676 21. Constant pressure lines in the superheated
N ra
C. 2263 D. 540 region of the Mollier diagram will have

[GATE-2003-CH] A. A positive slope
er
19. Which of the following identities can be most B. A negative slope

easily used to verify steam table data for
ef
C. slope
superheated steam? D. Both positive & negative slope
∂T ∂P
A. (∂V) = − ( ∂S)
R
[GATE-1995-ME]
S V
10.3 Clausius-Clapeyron Equation & Joule Thomson Coefficient

1. The saturation pressure Psat of a pure liquid is Note: Subscripts f and g refer to saturated
represented by an equation of the form: In liquid and saturated vapour phases,
Psat = A − (B/T), respectively, and vfg is the specific volume
Where, A and B are constants, and T is the difference between the saturated vapour and
absolute temperature. For this substance, the saturated liquid phases.
which of the following expression for specific BP2sat
A. sfg = vfg T2
entropy difference between the saturated
BPsat
B. sfg = vfg
vapour and the saturated liquid phase (sfg ) is T2
BPsat
correct? C. sfg = vfg T3
- 187 -
BP3 sat aP2

D. sfg = vfg (Pv̅ − b) = RT + ,
T2 T
[GATE-2021-XE] where v̅ is molar volume, and a, b are constants

2. For a real gas passing through an insulated with values a = 10−5 J. K/Pa2 . kmol and b =
throttling valve, the outer temperature of the 8 × 10−2 m3 ⁄kmol. Take cp = 30 kJ/kmol.K.
gas ___________ with respect to the inlet At 10 bar and 500 K, the value of the Joule-
temperature. Thomson coefficient (in K/Pa) is
A. is always lower A. −2 × 10−6 B. −4 × 10−6
B. is always higher C. 2 × 10−6 D. 4 × 10−6
C. is always same [GATE-2018-XE]
D. may be higher, lower or same 7. The vapour pressure of a liquid at 8℃ is 2.7
0 e
[GATE-2021-XE] kPa. Its enthalpy of vaporization is constant and
3. For an Ideal gas, the value of the Joule- equal to 42700 kJ/kmol. Take R = 8.314
Thomson coefficient is
A. positive
B. negative
I1 od
c kJ/kmol.K. The temperature (in ℃) at a vapour
pressure of 13.5 kPa is
A. 58.7 B. 51.4
C. zero C. 44.3 D. 35.2
EG l
N ra
D. indeterminate [GATE-2018-XE]
[GATE-2020-ME] 8. The enthalpy of vaporization of liquid at its
er
4. Saturation pressure of water at 5°C is boiling point (Tb = 200 K) is 15.3 kJmol−1 . If
0.8725 kPa. If the latent heat of vaporization is the molar volumes of the liquid and the vapour
ef
2489.1 kJ/kg and gas constant is 0.4615 kJ/ at 200 K are 110 and 12000 cm3 mol−1
kg. K, then the saturation pressure at 10°C(in respectively, then the slope
dP
of the liquid-
R
dT
kPa) (rounded off to 2 decimal places) is
vapour boundary is ____kPaK −1 . (Up to two
________.
decimal places. Note: 1 Pa = 1 Jm−3 )
[GATE-2020-XE]
[GATE-2018-CY]
5. The sublimation pressure of water vapor at 233
9. The values of specific volume of H2 O at 100oC
K is 13 Pa. Assume the water vapor to behave
for saturated liquid and saturated vapor states
as an ideal gas (R = 0.46 kJ/kg. K), and the
are 0.001044 m3 /kg and 1.673 m3 /kg,
latent heat of sublimation is 2840 kJ/kg. The
respectively. The slope of saturation pressure
sublimation pressure of water vapor at 213 K.
versus temperature curve. i.e. (dP/dT)sat is
(rounded off to 2 decimal places), is
3570 Pa/K. The change in enthalpy in kJ/kg
___________Pa.
between the two saturation states is
[GATE-2019-XE]
__________.
6. A gas obeys the following equation of state:
[GATE-2017-XE]
- 188 -
10. For water at 25°C, dps /dTs = 0.189 kPa/K (ps 15. The equation of state for a certain gas is given
RT C
is the saturation pressure in kPa and Ts is the by v= − T12 + C2 , where C1 is
P
saturation temperature in K) and the specific
50,000(K 2 . m3 )/kg and C2 is 0.8 m3 /kg. The
volume of dry saturated vapour is 43.38 m3/kg. ∂h ∂v
relation | =v−T | is known for the
Assume that the specific volume of liquid is ∂P T ∂T P
negligible in comparison with that of vapour. gas. The inversion temperature, given by the
∂h
Using the Clausius – Clapeyron equation, an condition, [∂P| = 0] is _______K.
T
estimate of the enthalpy of evaporation of water A. 500.0 B. 433.0
at 25°C (in kJ/kg) is ________. C. 353.6 D. 250.0
11. For phase change from solid (sol) to liquid (liq) Common Data Questions
0 e
state, if the slope of the solid-liquid coexistence Common Data for Questions 16 & 17:
I1 od
line in the P-T diagram is negative, then: The vapour pressure of liquid ammonia (in
A. vliq < vsol B. vliq > vsol atmosphere) in the vicinity of the triple point
C. sliq < ssol D. hliq < hsol
c
can be expressed as
[GATE-2016-XE] 3063
ln p + = 15.16
EG l
12. The boiling point of water changes from T
N ra
Where temperature T is expressed in K.

99.62°C to 105.99°C when the system pressure
In a similar manner, the vapour pressure of
is changed from 1 bar to 1.25 bar. The boiling
er
solid ammonia can be expressed as

point value (in °C) corresponding to a pressure
3754
of 1.5 bar is _________ ln p +
= 18.7
ef
T
[GATE-2015-XE]
Take the molecular mass of ammonia to be 17
R
13. For a real gas undergoing volume expansion

kg/kmol.
1 ∂v
through a porous plug with α = v ∂T| , the 16. The temperature and pressure at the triple point
p
Joule-Thomson cooling effect is observed if are
A. 0 < αT < 1 B. αT = 1 A. 295.2 K, 0.69 atm
C. αT > 1 D. αT = 0 B. 295.2 K, 0.59 atm
[GATE-2015-XE] C. 195.2 K, 0.69 atm
14. At a saturation temperature Tsat , the difference D. 195.2 K, 0.59 atm
between the entropy of saturated vapor and [GATE-2012-XE]

17. The latent heat of vaporization is
entropy of saturated liquid can be expressed as
A. 1298 kJ/kg B. 1398 kJ/kg
A. (hf − hg )/Tsat B. (hg − hf )/Tsat
C. 1498 kJ/kg D. 1698 kJ/kg
C. (ug − uf )/Tsat D. (uf − ug )/Tsat
[GATE-2012-XE]
[GATE-2014-XE]
- 189 -
18. Joule-Thomson coefficient for a gas, μj 22. Carbon tetrachloride boils at 76℃ at 101 kPa.
obeying the relation p(v − b) = RT is The latent heat of vaporization of carbon
cp b tetrachloride is 195 kJ/kg and for this, the
A. μj = B. μj = c
b p
characteristic gas constant is 0.055 kJ/kg K.
b cp
C. μj = − c D. μj = − The boiling point of carbon tetrachloride at 202
p b
[GATE-2012-XE] kPa is
19. Given for water, A. 274.54 K B. 374.54 K
at 190°C, saturation pressure = 12.54 bar C. 474.54 K D. 574.54 K
at 210°C, saturation pressure= 19.06 bar [GATE-2008-XE]
dP
at 200°C, specific volume of saturated liquid= 23. For a refrigerant, the slope (dT) of the
sat
1.1565 × 10−3 m3 /kg saturation curve on a P-T diagram is a function
0 e
at 200°C, specific volume of saturated vapor= of the temperature, the enthalpy of vaporization
I1 od
3
0.1274 m /kg and the difference between specific volumes of
Using Clapeyron equation, the enthalpy of the saturated liquid and saturated vapor. If at 20
vaporization (kJ/kg) of water at 200°C is
c
dP
℃, for the refrigerant, (dT) = 17.69 kPa/K.
approximately sat
vf = 0.0008157 m3 ⁄kg and

EG l
A. 1857 B. 1924
N ra
C. 1947 D. 2025 vg = 0.0358 m3 ⁄kg, the enthalpy
[GATE-2011-XE] vaporization in kJ/kg at 20o C is approximately

er
20. Which one of the following expressions A. 12.38 B. 273.77

represents the Joule-Thomson coefficient? C. 353.8 D. 181.5
ef
∂T ∂T [GATE-2008-XE]
A. (∂P) B. (∂v )
h h
24. Which combination of the following statements
R
∂p ∂s
C. (∂h) D. (∂T) is correct?
s p
[GATE-2011-XE] P: A gas cools upon expansion only when its
21. The saturation pressures of water at 100°C and Joule – Thomson coefficient is positive in
105°C are respectively 101.3 kPa and the temperature range of expansion.
120.8 kPa. Taking the molecular weight of Q: For a system undergoing a process, its
water as 18, the latent heat of water in kJ/kg at entropy remains constant only when the
102.5°C is approximately equal to process is reversible.
A. 2290 B. 1250 R: The work done by a closed system in an
C. 820 D. 330 adiabatic process is a point function.
[GATE-2009-XE] S: A liquid expands upon freezing when the

slope of its fusion curve on pressure.
Temperature diagram is negative
- 190 -
A. R and S B. P and Q 100°C, the latent heats of vaporization of these

C. P, R and S D. P, Q and R compounds are 40.63 kJ/mol for water and
[GATE-ME-07:2M] 31.55 kJ/mol for methyl cyclohexane. The
25. In the following T-p diagram, an inversion vapour pressure of water at 150°C is 4.69 atm.
curve is shown. Which one of the following is At 150°C, the vapour pressure of methyl
correct? cyclohexane would be expected to be
A. significantly less than 4.69 atm
B. nearly equal to 4.69 atm
C. significantly more than 4.69 atm
D. indeterminate due to a lack of data
[GATE-2001-CH]
0 e
28. In the vicinity of the triple point, the vapor
I1 od
pressures of liquid and solid ammonia are
A. Region 1: Cooling, Region 2: Cooling respectively given by

ln P = 15.16 – 3063/T and
c
B. Region 1: Heating, Region 2: Cooling
C. Region 1: Cooling, Region 2: Heating ln P = 18.70 – 3754/T
EG l
D. Region 1: Heating, Region 2: Heating Where P is in atmospheric and T is in Kelvin.
N ra
[GATE-2007-XE] the triple point temperature is ______.
26. The vapour pressure p (in mm of Hg) of a solid, [GATE-1993-ME]

er
at temperature T, is expressed by ln p = 23 − 29. The relationship (∂T/∂P)h = 0 holds good for

A. An ideal gas at any state
3863/T and that of its liquid phase by ln p =
ef
B. Any real gas at any state

19 − 3063/T. The triple point (in Kelvin) of
C. Any gas at its critical state
R
the material is
D. Any gas at its inversion point
A. 185 B. 190
[GATE-1993-ME]
C. 195 D. 200
[GATE-PH-2007]
27. At 100°C water and methyl cyclohexane both
have vapour pressures of 1.0 atm. Also, at
- 191 -
10. PURE SUBSTANCES-ANSWER KEYS

ANSWER KEY
:::10.1 Dryness Fraction:::

3. D 5. D 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. D 11. D 14. D 15. C 17. A
18. D 19. C 21. C 23. D 25. A 27. A 28. A 29. D 30. B 31. A
32. C 33. B 34. A 35. C 36. C 37. D 38. C 39. C 40. B 41. A
42. B 43. C 44. A 45. C 46. D 47. B 48. C 49. D 51. A&D 53. A
0 e
1. 195.1 to 195.3 2. 134 to 136 4. 773.0 to 775.0 10. 810.0 to 840.0
I1 od
12. 0.700 to 0.750 13. 22.00 to 22.30 16. 2.45 to 2.55 20. 67 to 71 22. 617 to 619
24. 4155 to 4160 26. 0.78 to 0.8 50.695.7 52. 0.005266
::: 10.2 Various Property Diagrams :::

c
1. C 2. B 4. D 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. D 11. A
EG l
12. C 13. A 14. B 15. C 16. A 17. B 18. C 19. B 20. B 21. A
N ra
3. 50 to 52
er

1. B 2. D 3. C 6. B 7. D 11. A 13. C 14. B 15. B 16. D
ef
17. C 18. C 19. C 20. A 21. A 22. D 23. D 24. C 25. C 26. D
27. A 29. D
R
4. 1.20 to 1.26 5. 1.05 to 1.15 8. 6.2 to 6.60 9. 2225 to 2230

10. 2400 to 2500 12. 111 to 113 28. 195 to 197
SOLUTIONS
10.1 Dryness Fraction
1. Answer: 195.1 to 195.3 3754 − 3063
⇒T= = 195.197 K
In the vicinity of the triple point, the pressure is (27.92 − 24.38)
same in all the phases ≃ 195.2 K
3063 3754 2. Answer: 134 to 136

⇒ 24.38 − = 27.92 −
T T Given V = 50 m3
3754 − 3063 Total mass M=
V
⇒ = 27.92 − 24.38 v
T
- 192 -
v = vf + x. (vg − vf ) 6. Answer: D
Mvap g l,A = g V,A
x= = 0.8
Mtot
g l,B = g v,B
⇒ v = 0.001084 + 0.8(0.46242 − 0.001084)
∴ g V,A = g l,B
= 0.370153 m3 /kg
50 7. Answer: A
∴M= = 135.07 kg
0.370153 At a given pressure
3. Answer: D Tact < Tsat
Subcooled Liquid
8. Answer: B
9. Answer: D
0 e
4. Answer: 773.0 to 775.0
h = hf + xhfg
I1 od
c
mv
x=
EG l
ml + mv
N ra
vf
x= [VL = VV ]
vf + vg
er
mv
x=
ml + mv Latent Heat of Vaporization at critical point is
ef
Vv /vg zero
x=
VL /vf + VV /vg L1 = L2 = L3 = 0
R
1/vg 10. Answer: 810.00 to 840.00

x=
1/vf + 1/vg Heat lost = change in Enthalpy = h1 − h2
vf
x= ⇒ h1 − h2 = (0.5 × 2778.2) + (0.5 ×
vf + vg
763.21) − (0.1 × 2778.2) − (0.9 × 76.21)
1.127
x= ⇒ h1 − h2 = 805.996 kJ/kg
1.127 + 194.3
x = 0.00576 V = m(Vg + Vf )
h = 762.6 + 0.00576 (2776.2 − 762.6) 1
⇒m=
h = 774.2 kJ/kg 0.5(Vg + Vf )
5. Answer: D = 10.247 kg
F= C−P+2 10.2471 kg
∴ Q = h1 − h2 = 805.996 ×
10 hr
F= 2−2+2
= 825.918 kJ/hr
F=2
- 193 -
m(h1 −h2 ) vliq 0.1

∴ Q̇ = = 825.92 kJ/hr mliq = = = 118.624 kg
t
vlq 0.000843
11. Answer: D
Vvap 0.9
For thermodynamic equilibrium, mvap = = = 33.695 kg
vvap 0.02671
ΔG = 0 ⇒ Δg = 0
∴ % of vapor in mixture on mass basis =
⇒ gf = gg 33.695×100
= 22.12%
33.695+118.624
12. Answer: 0.700 to 0.750
14. Answer: D
p1 = 70 bar = 700 kPa
By Gibbs phase rule.
p2 = 30 bar = 3000 kPa
No. of degree of freedom ‘F’ is given by
T1 = 450°C
F= C−P+2
Valve is insulated Q̇ = 0
For a pure substance,
ṁ = 2 kg/s ΔK̇E = 0, ΔPĖ = 0
0 e
F = 1 − 3 + 2 (At triple point, no of phase = 3)
I1 od
Applying SFEE for valve
⇒F=0
0 0 0 0
15. Answer: C
Q̇ − Ẇ = ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ
For a pure substance, the pressure and
c
temperature remain constant during phase
⇒ h2 = h1
EG l
change. So, for a substance undergoing phase
N ra
⇒ h@30 bar = h1 = 3288.3 kJ/kg

change, we can represent the constant pressure
⇒ T is in between 450°C & 400°C
and constant temperature curve on P-V and T-
er
By interpolation, we can find s2

V diagram
3288.3 − 3231.7 s2 − 6.9235
⇒ = 16. Answer: 2.45 to 2.55
ef
3344.9 − 3231.7 7.0856 − 6.9235

V
⇒ s2 = 7.0045 kJ/kg − K vf = mL ⇒ VL = mL vf
L
R
For Irreversible process VL = 8 × 0.001157

δQ VL = 0.009256 m3
ΔS = ∫ + Sgen
T
V = VL + Vv ⇒ Vv = V − VL
(Insulated)
Vv = 0.05 − 0.009256
⇒ Sgen = (s2 − s1 )ṁ =
m3
(7.0045 − 6.6353) × 2 Vv = 0.040744
kg
⇒ Sgen = 0.738 kW/K Vv Vv
vg = mv =
13. Answer: 22.00 to 22.30 mv vg
vliq = 0.1 m3 ; Vvap = 0.9 m3 0.040744

mv =
0.12736
m3
vl = 0.000843 ;v = 0.02671 m3 /kg mv = 0.319912 kg
kg vap
mv
x=
mL + mv
- 194 -
0.319912 20. Answer: 67 to 71

x=
8 + 0.319912 Volumetric Analysis is given as
x = 0.03845
8% CO2 , 15% H2 O (Vapour),
s = sf + xsfg
5.5% O2 , 71.5% N2
s = 2.3309 + 0.03845 × 4.1014 P = 200 kPa
s = 2.4886 kJ/kg-K Using Dalton’s law of partial pressure,
17. Answer: A 15
p H2 O = × 200 = 30 kPa
Superheated region is the region in which 100
actual pressure is less than the corresponding At 30 kPa, Tsat = 69.12°C
saturation pressure at a particular temperature. So, min temperature to be maintained to avoid
18. Answer: D condensation of H2 O is 69.12°C
0 e
Δs = sf − si 21. Answer: C
V
I1 od
= si + x(sfg ) − si v=
m
hfg
= x. sfg = (0.65) ( ) 0.5
Tsat v=
1
c
2706.6 − 504.68 m3
= 0.65 ( ) v = 0.5
12023 + 273 kg
EG l
= 3.639 kJ/kg − K
N ra
vf < v < vg
∴ Δs = 3.64 kJ/kg − K
Hence the state is wet vapour (a mixture of
er
19. Answer: C
saturated liquid & saturated vapour).
Critical point is defined as the state at which
22. Answer: 617 to 619
ef
saturated liquid & saturated vapour states are

m = 1 kg
Identical.
Heat added at constant pressure is
R
At critical point, specific latent heat of

Q = H2 − H1
vaporization is zero.
⇒ Q = (U2 − U1 ) + P(V2 − V1 ) − 50
At critical point, critical Isotherm exhibits a
⇒ Q = (2520 − (467 + (0.7)(2520 −
horizontal inflection.
∂p ∂2 p 467))) + 150 (1.159 − (0.001053 +
| = 0, | =0
∂v cp ∂v 2 cp
0.7(1.159 − 0.001053))) − 50
When the heat is extracted by solid phase at
⇒ Q = 618.00 kJ
constant pressure which is less than the triple
23. Answer: D
pressure, then solid directly sublimates
The critical point is the point beyond which the
(evaporates) without undergoing melting.
distraction between liquid and vapour phase
Ex. Sublimation of solid CO2 at atmospheric
disappears
pressure.
- 195 -
24. Answer: 4155 to 4160

Heat supplied at constant pressure is equal to State−1 → Saturated liquid
the enthalpy change. State −2 → liquid
q|p = Δh Temperature increased at constant entropy
0 e
q|p = (3277 − 505) kJ/kg 28. Answer: A
mvapour
I1 od
q|p = 2772 kJ/kg x= = Dryness fraction
mvapour + mliquid
Q|p = 1.5 × 2772
29. Answer: D
Q|p = 4158 kJ
c
For a pure substance, at triple point all the three
25. Answer: A phases coexist together.
EG l
s1 = s2 So solid, liquid, gaseous phases coexist
N ra
⇒ 6.52 = 2.0 + x(6.7 − 2.0) together in equilibrium

4.52
er
⇒x= = 0.9617 30. Answer: B

4.7
v = vf + x(vg − vf )
∴ h2 = 697 + (0.9617)(2763 − 697)
ef
⇒ 0.1 = 1.1565 × 10−3

⇒ h2 = 2683.87 kJ/kg
+ x(0.1274 − 1.1565 × 10−3 )
26. Answer: 0.78 to 0.8
R
⇒ x = 0.7829 ⇒ x = 0.783
v = 12 m3 /kg
∴ Quality of wet steam = 0.783
vliq = 0.001 m3 /kg
31. Answer: A
vvap = 15.25 m3 /kg
Triple-point on P-T diagram is the point where
v = vliq + x. (vvap − vliq )
the solid-liquid and the liquid-gas curves
⇒ 12 = 0.001 + x(15.25 − 0.001)
intersect
⇒ x = 0.7868 = 0.79
32. Answer: C
27. Answer: A
- 196 -
Mixture is saturated water vapour

Vvap = 8 × Vliquid
⇒ mvap . vvap = 8 × mliq × vliquid
⇒ mvap . (1.6729) = 8 × mliq × (0.001044)
mvap mliq
⇒ = 0.00499 ⇒ = 200.3
mliq mvap
mliq + mvap
h1 = 750 kJ/kg ⇒ = 201.3
mvap
During throttling, Enthalpy remains constant mvap
⇒ = 0.005 ⇒ x = 0.005
⇒ h1 = h2 mliq + mvap
⇒ 750 = 500 + x. (2500 − 500) 35. Answer: C
0 e
⇒ 250 = x(2000) ⇒ x = 0.125
I1 od
⇒ Percentage of liquid that vaporized
= 12.5%
c
33. Answer: B
EG l
N ra
er
Since the chamber is insulated, For isentropic expansion

ef
0 0 0 0 s1 = s2
Q̇ − Ẇ = ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ
R
⇒ 6.6628 = 1.3026 + x(7.3594 − 1.3026)

⇒ Hin = Hout ⇒ x = 0.8849 ⇒ x = 0.885
⇒ ṁwater (604.73) + ṁvap (3066.75) 36. Answer: C
= (ṁwater + ṁvap ) × hout If steam leaves, the turbine as saturated vapour,
⇒ ṁwater (604.73) + (103 )(3066.75) then h2 = 2675.50 kJ/kg
= (ṁwater + 1000) × hout ∴ Power produced = ṁ(h1 − h2 )
hout = 604.73 + (0.9)(2738.53 − 604.73) = 25(2769.10 − 2675.50)
hout = 2525.15 kJ/kg = 2340 kW
⇒ ṁwater (2525.15 − 604.73) ∴ Power produced by the turbine = 2340 kW
= 103 × (3066.75 − 2525.15) 37. Answer: D
⇒ ṁwater = 282.02 kg/hr

34. Answer: A
- 197 -
⇒ W = [448(6.622 − 7.055)
− (2579 − 2606)] × 2
⇒ W = −333.968 kJ
∴ Work required for compression = 333.96 kJ
40. Answer: B
Applying steady flow energy equation
Rigid tank; V = constant.
Q̇ − Ẇ = ΔKĖ + ΔPĖ + ΔḢ
mvap = 0.2 kg;
c22 − c12
⇒ + (h2 − h1 ) = 0 kg
2 mair = 2kg (M = 29 )
kmol
6002 − 502
⇒ + (h2 − 2756.7) = 0 T = 50°C
2
⇒ h2 = 2577.95 kJ/kg Given that water vapour is saturated
0 e
h2 = hf @ 1.5 bar + x. hfg @1.5 bar Vvap = mvap × vg |
50°C
I1 od
⇒ 2577.95 = 467.13 + x(2693.4 − 467.13) = (0.2) × (12.0318)
⇒ x = 0.9481 = 2.406 m3
c
38. Answer: C 41. Answer: A
The device shows a significant increase in Ptank = Pair + Pvapour
EG l
velocity at the expense of enthalpy. So it is a mRT
N ra
= + Pvapour |
nozzle. V 50°C
8.314
39. Answer: C (2) ( ) (323)
er
29
= + 12.349
msteam = 2 kg 2.406
= 76.963 + 12.349
p1 = 400 kPa
ef
= 89.312 kPa
T1 = 175°C = 448 K
42. Answer: B
R
Final condition of steam is just saturated

Dryness fraction at turbine exit is minimum
By 1st law of Thermodynamics
when the expansion is isentropic.
∴ s1 = s2
⇒ s| 450°C = s|50 kPa
4.0 MPa
⇒ 6.9362 = 1.0910 + x(7.5939 − 1.0910)

⇒ x = 0.8988 = 89.88% ≈ 90%
43. Answer: C
δQ − δW = dU
⇒ δW = Tds − dU
⇒ W = m × [T(s2 − s1 ) − (v2 − v1 )]
- 198 -
For saturated liquid specific volume is

negligible, hence specific enthalpy is slightly
greater than specific internal energy.
In general, at saturated vapour state properties
will be having higher values as compared to
saturated liquid.
With above logics
Column-3 contains data on specific internal
energy of saturated liquid.
Systems A & B both are at 1 MPa.
Column-4 contains data on specific entropy of
Maximum value of ratio of masses is possible
saturated liquid.
0 e
when one system is at saturated water condition
Column-5 contains data on specific enthalpy of
I1 od
and another system is at saturated vapour
saturated liquid.
condition
Column-6 contains data on specific entropy of
UA = UB
saturated vapour.
c
mA uA = mB uB Column-7 contains data on specific internal
mA uf |1 MPa = mB ug |
EG l
1 MPa energy of saturated vapour.
N ra
mA (761.67) = mB (2583.64) Column-8 contains data on specific enthalpy of

mA saturated vapour.
= 3.4
er
mB
Hence specific enthalpy data are in column 5
44. Answer: A
and 8
ef
v = vf + x. (vg − vf )
47. Answer: B
⇒ v = (1 − x)vf + x. vg hf(40°C) = 371.43 kJ/kg
R
45. Answer: C hf(−20°C) = 89.05 kJ/kg

At critical point, saturated liquid and saturated
hg(−20°C) = 1418.0 kJ/kg
vapour states are identical
For Throttling Process
⇒ vf = vg
hi = ho
At dry saturated vapour,
371.43 = 89.05 + x(1418 − 89.05)
x = 1.0 (dryness fraction) for superheated
x = 0.21248
state, T > Tsat
48. Answer: C
46. Answer: D
h = u + Pv
Hence specific enthalpy is always greater than
specific internal energy.
- 199 -
50. Answer: 2.319 W/K & 695.7 W

Ṡgen,cv = ΔṠi−o
Ṡgen,cv = ṁ(so − si )
Ṡgen,cv = 3 (7.359 − 6.586)
Ṡgen,cv = 2.319 W/K
IṘ = To Ṡgen,uni
IṘ = To Ṡgen,cv [∵ Ṡgen,sum = 0]
IṘ = 300 × 2.319
For power output to be maximum, expansion
IṘ = 695.7 W
has to be isentropic
51. Answer: A & B
s1 = s2
0 e
During phase change temperature & pressure
⇒ 7.0785 = 1.3069 + x(7.3554 − 1.3069)
I1 od
remains constant hence
⇒ x = 0.9542
dT = 0 & dP = 0
∴ h2 = 419.1 + (0.9542)(2676 − 419.1)
G = H − TS
c
⇒ h2 = 2572.679 kJ/kg
dG = dH − TdS − SdT
∴ Ẇmax = −ṁ(h2 − h1 )
EG l
dG = dH − (dH − VdP) − SdT
= −1 × (2572.679 − 3443.9)
N ra
dG = −SdT + VdP
= 871.28 kW
For phase change
∴ Ẇmax = 871.28 kW
er
dG = −S × 0 + V × 0
49. Answer: B
dG = 0
ef
Expansion is isentropic
52. Answer: 0.005266
0.1 × 1.0
R
mL = = 100 kg
0.001
0.9 × 1.0
mv = = 0.529411 kg
1.7
mv
x=
mL + mv
0.529411
x=
100 + 0.529411
x = 0.005266
s1 = s2
53. Answer: A
⇒ 6.65 = 1.4336 + x. (7.2234 − 1.4336)
F= C−P+2
⇒ x = 0.9
Where C is number of components &
∴ The exit state is partially condensed vapour
P is number of phases.
with quality of 0.9
F= 1−3+2
- 200 -
F=0
10.2 Various Property Diagrams

1. Answer: C ∂h
Slope = ( ∂s )|
p
∂h
| =T By T − ds equation, we have
∂s P
2. Answer: B Tds = dh − vdp
dh
⇒( )| = T = Temperature
ds p
5. Answer: A
Heat transferred to steam is hB − hA
p1 = 2 bar 6. Answer: C
p2 = Pcr
0 e
In this question pure substance & thermal
Since total volume is constant,
I1 od
reservoir will be the system.
Heating is done at constant volume Entropy change = Entropy Transfer +Entropy
⇒ mliq (0.0010605) + (2 − mliq )(0.8857) Generation
c
= (0.003155) × 2 ΔS = Strans + Sgen
2(0.8857 − 0.003155) ΔSpure + ΔS Thermal = Sgen
EG l
⇒ mliq = sub Reservoir
0.8857 − 0.0010605
N ra
1000
= 1.995 kg Sgen = 10 + (− )
400 + 273
∴ x = 0.0023
er
Sgen = 8.5141 J/K

∴ Uinitial = 2(504.49
7. Answer: B
ef
+ 0.0023(2529.5 − 504.49))
= 1018.56 kJ
R
Ufinal = 2 × 2029.6 = 4059.2 kJ

∴ Heat added = Ufinal − Uinitial = 3040.64 kJ
∴ Heat added = 3040.6 kJ
3. Answer: 50 to 52
Hsublimation = Hfusion + Hvapourisation
⇒ Hsublimation = 6.01 + 44.83
Kindly note process is not Isothermal Process,
= 50.84 kJ/mol
In order to calculate Entropy transfer easily.
∴ Hsublimation = 50.84 kJ/mol
Average temperature of 175°C is given.
4. Answer: D
∂h
For closed system
Slope on mollier diagram= ( ∂s )
Entropy change = Entropy transfer + Entropy
At constant pressure, Generation
- 201 -
Q
ΔS = + Sgen
T
1000
10 = + Sgen
175 + 273
Sgen = 7.767 J/K
8. Answer: A
Initial Dryness Fraction
0.03
x1 =
1 + 0.03
For isochoric heat addition work done by the
x1 = 0.029126
system is zero hence work done by the system
Initial Specific volume
is equal to Isobaric work.
v1 = [vf + x1 vfg ]
100 kPa W = p(V2 − V1 ) (Quasi – static Isobaric
0 e
v1 = 0.001 + 0.029126(0.1 − 0.001) process closed system]
I1 od
−3 3
v1 = 3.8835 × 10 m /kg W = 200 × 103 [6 × 10−3 − 4 × 10−3 ]
Initial Volume W = 0.4 kJ
c
V1 = mv1 10. Answer: D
−3 3
V1 = 1.03 × 3.8835 × 10 m
EG l
V1 = 4 × 10−3 m3
N ra
Final Volume
V2 = 1.5 V1
er
V2 = 6 × 10−3 m3
ef
Final specific volume

V2 6 × 10−3
v2 = = = 0.005825 m3 /kg
R
m 1.03 11. Answer: A

v2 > [vg ] During the phase change from ice to water,
200 kPa
Hence at the end of process superheated vapour vf increases, so, it can be said that work is done
will be left in system. by the ice on its surroundings
9. Answer: D 12. Answer: C
The complete heat transfer takes place in two T = C; Fluid is incompressible (ρ = constant)
phase P1 = 400 kPa; P2 = 4000 kPa
a) Isochoric heat addition process where 1
v= = constant;
pressure increases from 100 kPa to 200 kPa (at ρ
this pressure piston will start lifting)
0
0
b) Isobaric heat addition process where volume
ΔU = mcΔT ⇒ ΔU = 0 ⇒ U = constant
increases from 4 × 10−3 m3 to 6 × 10−3 m3
- 202 -
T2 Specific volume of total mass remains constant

Δs = mcln ( ) = 0
T1 ⇒ v1 = v2
⇒ s = constant ⇒ x. vg + (1 − x)vf = v2
13. Answer: A ⇒ x(0.01802) + (1 − x) × 0.001452
If the specific volume of wet vapour (saturated = 0.003155
Liquid – saturated vapour mixture) is ⇒ x = 0.1027 ⇒ Quality of steam
a) Less than critical specific volume then = 10.2%
isochoric heat addition leads to the decrease in 16. Answer: A
dryness fraction. In Subcooled Region
b) More than critical specific volume then v(T,P) ≅ v_(T, Psat )
isochoric heat addition leads to the increase in v(T,P) ≅ vf(T)
0 e
dryness fraction.
I1 od
V
v=
m
0.025
v=
c
10
v = 0.0025 m3 /kg
EG l
v < vc , hence isochoric heat addition leads to
N ra
the decrease in dryness fraction & increase in

er
liquid level.
14. Answer: B
ρice Similarly, sT,P ≅ sf(T)
ef
< 1; As known to us, Ice floats on water.

ρH2 O uT,P ≅ uf(T)
⇒ Specific gravity <1 But h(T,P) ≠ hf(T) [∵ h = u + Pv]
R
15. Answer: C To find hT,P we follow this procedure

h(T,P) = u(T,P) + Pv(T,P)
h(T,P) = uf(T) + Pvf(T)
In subcooled region-specific volume, specific
internal energy & specific entropy varies
negligibly with pressure.
Subcooled region is the region in which actual
pressure is more than the corresponding
saturation pressure at a particular temperature.
At 45°C corresponding saturation pressure is
- 203 -
0.9593 bar hence 45°C, 150 bar represents ⇒ 1.673 = ml (0.001) + (1 − ml )(1.789)
subcooled liquid state. 1.673 − 1.789
⇒ = ml
At 45°C, 0.9593 bar 0.001 − 1.789
⇒ ml = 0.0648 kg
hf = uf + Pvf
ml = 0.065 kg
uf = hf − Pvf
18. Answer: C
uf = 188.45 − 95.93 × 0.001010
dP hfg
uf = 188.353 kJ/kg | =
dT sat Tsat . vfg
At 45°C, 150 bar
(0.943 − 1.01325) × 100
h45°C,150 bar ⇒
−2
= uf(45°C) + 150 × 102 vf(45°C) hfg
=
h45°C,150 bar 372 × (1.731)
0 e
⇒ hfg = 2263 k𝐽/𝑘𝑔
= 188.353 + 150 × 102 × 0.001010
I1 od
h45°C,150 bar = 203.5 kJ/kg 19. Answer: B
17. Answer: B 20. Answer: B

c
Flow of wet steam through throttle valve can be
assumed as throttling process
EG l
Δh = 0
N ra
hi = ho
From Mollier diagram it is clear that during
er
m = 1 kg; T1 = 100°C; p1 = 1.01325 bar

throttling temperature decreases and dryness
3
V = 1.673 m fraction increases.
ef
21. Answer: A
T2 = 98°C; p2 = 0.943 bar
R
Mollier diagram was named after Richard

Mollier, it is specific enthalpy – specific
entropy (h – s) diagram.
∂h
| =T
∂s p
Absolute temperature is always positive, hence
constant pressure lines on Mollier diagram will
For total mass v1 = v2 always have positive slope.
V1 = V2

1. Answer: B dP 1 hfg
| =
dT Sat TSat vfg
- 204 -
dP 5. Answer: 1.05 to 1.15

sfg = vfg × |
dT Sat Applying clausius Clapeyron equation
B p2 hfg 1 1
ln Psat = A − ln ( )= [ − ]
T p1 R T1 T2
1 B
dP = + 2 dT p2 2840 1 1
Psat sat T ⇒ ln ( )= [ − ]
13 0.46 233 213
dP BPsat p2
| = 2 = 0.083 ⇒ p2 = 1.07 Pa
dT Sat T 13
dP BPsat 6. Answer: B
sfg = vfg × | = vfg × 2
dT Sat T aP 2
P(v̅ − b) = RT +
2. Answer: D T
In throttling, Δh = 0 RT aP
⇒ v̅ − b = +
P T
0 e
For ideal gas, dh = cp dT
RT aP
⇒ v̅ = b + +
I1 od
⇒ dT = 0 P T
But incase of real gases, Temperature may ∂v̅ R aP
⇒ | = −
increase or decrease. ∂T P P T
c
3. Answer: C 1 ∂v̅ 1 R aP
⇒α= . | = ( − 2)
∂v v̅ ∂T P v P T
EG l
T | −v
∂T p v̅
N ra
μ= μJT = (αT − 1)
cp cp
For an ideal gas 1
er
(v̅αT − v̅)
Pv = rT cp
∂v r 1 RT aP RT aP
ef
| = ( − − (b + + ))
∂T p P cp P T P T
rT 1 2ap
R
−v = (− − b)
P
μ= cp T
cP
v−v 1 −2 × 10−5 × 10 × 105
μ= ∴ μJT = [
cp 30 × 103 500
μ=0
− 8 × 10−2 ]
4. Answer: 1.20 to 1.26
P2 hfg 1 1 1
ln ( ) = [ − ] = [−4 × 106 − 2 − 8 × 10−2 ]
P1 R T1 T2 30 × 103
P2 2489.1 1 1 = −4 × 10−6 k/Pa

ln ( )= [ − ]
0.8725 0.4615 278 283 7. Answer: D
P2 p2 hfg 1 1
ln ( ) = 0.3427 ln ( )= [ − ]
0.8725 p1 ̅ T1 T2
R
P2 = 0.8725 × e0.3427 13.5 −42700 1 1
⇒ ln ( )= [ − ]
P2 = 1.228 kPa = 1.23 kPa 2.5 8.314 T2 273 + 8
- 205 -
⇒ T2 = 308.13K ∂T v
μJT = ( )| = (αT − 1)
⇒ T2 = 35.13°C ∂p h cp
8. Answer: 6.20 to 6.60 For Joule-Thomson effect to be valid

v
By Clausius Equation (αT − 1) > 0
cp
dp hfg
| = ⇒ αT − 1 > 0
dT sat Tsat (v̅g − v̅f )
⇒ αT > 1
15.3
=
(200)(12000 − 110) × 10−6 14. Answer: B
dp By T-ds Equation,
⇒ | = 6.433 kPaK −1
dT sat Tds = dh − vdp
9. Answer: 2225 to 2230 During phase change, p = constant
vliq = 0.001044 m3 /kg
0 e
⇒ dp = 0
3
vvap = 1.673 m /kg; Tsat = 100°C = 373 K ⇒ Tds = dh
By clapeyron equation
dp
| =
hfg
dT sat Tsat . vfg
I1 od
c ⇒ ds =
=
dh
T
hg − hf
⇒ sg − sf −
hfg
Tsat
hfg Tsat
EG l
⇒ 3570 =
(373)(1.673 − 0.001044) 15. Answer: B
N ra
hfg = 2226.393 kJ/kg RT C1

V= − 2 + C2 ; C1
P T
er
10. Answer: 2400 to 2500

= 50,000 (k 2 . m3 )/kg
According to Clausius – Clapeyron equation.
C2 = 0.8 m3 /kg
1 hfg
ef
dp
| = ∂h ∂V
dT sat Tsat vg | = V − T. |
∂p T ∂T P
R
dp
hfg = Tsat vg | ∂h
dT sat At inversion temperature, dp| = 0
T
hfg = 298 × 43.38 × 0.189 ∂V
⇒ V − T. | =0
hfg = 2443.248 kJ/kg ∂T P
11. Answer: A ∂v RT C1
⇒ V = T. ( )| ⇒ − 2 + C2
∂T P P T
12. Answer: 111 to 113
R 2C1
By linear Interpolation = T[ + 3 ]
P T
1.5 − 1.25 T − 105.99 RT C1 RT 2c1
= ⇒ − 2 + C2 = + 2
1.25 − 1 105.99 − 99.62 P T P T
⇒ T = (105.99 − 99.62) + 105.99
3C1 3C1
⇒ T = 112.36°C ⇒ 2
= C2 ⇒ T = √
T C2
13. Answer: C
- 206 -
v
3 × 50,000 μJT = (αT − 1)
⇒T=√ ⇒ T = 433.01 K cp
0.8
v 1 RT
= [ . ( ) − 1]
16. Answer: D cp v p
At triple point, all three phases co-exist 1 RT RT
= [ −b− ]
together. cp p p
3063 3754 −b
⇒ 15.16 − = 18.7 − =
T T cp
3754 − 3063 −b
⇒ =T ∴ μJT =
18.7 − 15.16 cp
⇒ T = 195.197 K
19. Answer: C
3063
⇒ ln p = 15.16 − By Clapeyron equation
195.197
0 e
dp hfg
⇒ p = 0.587 atm | =
I1 od
dT sat Tsat . vfg
⇒ p = 0.59 atm
(19.06 − 12.54) × 100
17. Answer: C ⇒
20
c
For liquid ammonia hfg
3063 =
(473)(0.1274 − 0.0011565)
ln p + = 15.16
EG l
T
⇒ hfg = 1946.65 kJ/kg
N ra
1 3063
⇒ dp − 2 dT = 0 ∴ Enthalpy of vaporization
p T
er
dp p(3063) = 1947 kJ/kg

⇒ =
dT T2 20. Answer: A
ef
hfg 8.314 Joule-Thomson coefficient is

⇒ 3063 = ⇒ hfg = 3063 × ( )
R 17 ∂T
⇒ hfg = 1497.98 kJ/kg μJT = ( )|
R
∂p h=constant
18. Answer: C 21. Answer: A
∂T dp hfg hfg p
μJT = ( )| | = =
∂p h dT sat Tsat . vfg Tsat . RTsat
We have dp hfg
⇒ | = p. 2
p(v − b) = RT dT sat R. Tsat
RT 120.8 − 101.3
v=b+ ⇒
p 5
1 ∂v (111.05)hfg
∴α= . ( )| = 8.314
v ∂T p ( ) × (102.5 + 273)2
18
1 R
⇒α= ( ) ⇒ hfg = 2287.19 kJ/kg
v p
22. Answer: B
- 207 -
dp hfg . p
| = 2
dt sat Tsat . R
p2 T2 h
1 fg 1
⇒∫ dp = ∫ . 2 . dT
p1 p T1 R Tsat
p2 hfg −1 1
⇒ ln ( ) = [ + ]
p1 R T2 T1
202 195 1 1
⇒ ln ( )= [ − ]
101 0.055 76 + 273 T2
⇒ T2 = 374.55 K
23. Answer: D
In region − 2, μJT < 0
dp hfg
| = ∂T
dT sat TSat (vg − vf ) ⇒ | <0
0 e
∂p h
hfg
⇒ 17.69 = ⇒ ∂T > 0 for ∂p < 0
I1 od
293(0.0358 − 0.0008157)
⇒ Fluid gets warmer.
⇒ hfg = 181.33 kJ/kg
In region – 1; μJT > 0
c
24. Answer: C
∂T
The temperature behavior of Real Fluid during ⇒ | >0
∂p h
EG l
a throttling process is given by Joule Thomson
N ra
⇒ ∂T < 0 for ∂p < 0

Coefficient (μ). If μ is positive then
So, Fluid gets cooled.
temperature decreases.
er
26. Answer: D
At triple point, solid and liquid phases coexist
decrease or remains constant for a reversible
ef
together. So, they are at same P, T

process, depending upon the type of heat
3863 3063 800
⇒ 23 − = 19 − ⇒ =4
R
interaction (heat addition/heat

T T T
rejection/adiabatic process) ⇒ T = 200 K
The work done by a closed system in an 27. Answer: A
adiabatic process is equal to the change in 28. Answer: 195.197
energy, hence a point function. At triple phase state, all phases will have same
For water (expands on freezing) the slope of pressure
Fusion curve on P-T diagram is negative. 3063 3754
15.16 − = 18.70 −
25. Answer: C Tt Tt
3754 − 3063
= 18.70 − 15.16
Tt
3754 − 3063
Tt =
18.70 − 15.6
Tt = 195.197 K
- 208 -
29. Answer: A & D a) Any gas at Inversion State,

∂T b) Ideal gas at any State.
μ = ∂p| is zero under following two
h
conditions.
0 e
I1 od
c
EG l
N ra
er
ef
R
- 209 -

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BASIC

GATE AIR -1 (XE) 2019 & 2020

CALLING : 95054 74766

GATE AIR -1 (XE) 2019 & 2020

CALLING : 95054 74766

(P) temperature (Q) specific gravity

The option which lists ALL the intensive

L-Water being heated in a sealed container B. remains unchanged

system. transfer tends to zero

11. Three thermodynamic quantities X, Y and Z constant temperature

implies, a constant temperature

D. Increase in temperature and pressure but [GATE-1993-ME]

of N2 gas that has entered the cylinder is [GATE-2021-XE]

[GATE-2019-XE] after 10 seconds (up to 2 decimal places)

at reduced pressure of 1.0 and reduced [GATE-2017-XE]

kmol. K. Applying the principle of 32°C, 1 bar, at a rate of 2 m3 /s and is mixed

m3 ) of 1 kg of this gas (up to 2 decimal places) 0.0367 m3 /kmol, respectively. Air is

16. A rigid vessel of volume 10 m3 is filled with [GATE-2015-ME]

and the corresponding temperature of the gas N2 O2 CO2

60% 30% 10%

[GATE-2016-XE] the characteristic gas constant of the mixture (in

17. Water vapour can be treated as an ideal gas, J/kg-K) is ______

A. for all temperature and pressure [GATE-2015-ME]

methane (Xmethane ) is ________ and that of

A. attractive forces between molecules

C. deviation from molecules being spherical

31. 1 kg of methane is enclosed in a cylinder having the parameters a and b?

compressibility factor, Z is [GATE-2005-CH]

D. cannot be ascertained in the absence of the ∂2 P ∂P

1.3 Various Processes & Temperature Measurement

C. Isothermal D. isentropic temperature with volume (in °C/m3) is

[GATE-2020-XE] ________ (rounded off to second decimal

occupies a certain volume V at temperature T [GATE-2018-CH]

A. a constant volume process 11. An ideal gas undergoes expansion according to

9. A new linear temperature scale, denoted by °S,

water is 200°S and the boiling point is 400°S. A. 273.15 B. 1.0

On this scale, 500°S corresponds in degree C. – 100 D. −273.15

A. 100°C B. 125°C 13. The polytropic index n of an isochoric process

C. 150°C D. 300°C is equal to

D. removing weights from the piston, transfer are related as

from the initial conditions P1 , T1 to the final ∂P ∂P

accepted temperature scale is

boiling point and normal freezing point of

in an insulated container. If the specific heat

J/mol-K, the final temperature will be

and the process to be reversible, is

1. BASIC CONCEPTS - ANSWER KEYS

1.1 System, Property, Internally Reversible Process

2. 159.00 to 162.00 3. 0.300 to 0.330 4. 320.0 to 323.0 7. 1 to 1 10. 0.30 to 0.32

20. 274 to 276 25. 60 to 66

1.3 Various Processes & Temperature Measurement

2. A 3. B 6. B 7. B 8. D 9.C 10. D 11. B 12. D 13. D

14. D 15. B 16. B 17. A 18. C 19. D

1. 125 to 125 4. 82.14 to 84.14 5. 367 to 369

1.1 System, Property, Internally Reversible Process

Temperature, specific gravity and chemical

Volume is an extensive property.

should have temperature equality.

If ‘B’ is an intensive property, then it is

Z is satisfying test of exactness

Since the substance is ideal gas in both the R

10. Answer: 0.30 to 0.32 T = constant, P2 =?

3 3Tc 13. Answer: 29.0 to 30.0

∴ In the final mixture,