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Review on autonomous charger for EV and HEV

Conference Paper · March 2017

DOI: 10.1109/GECS.2017.8066273

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 Review on autonomous charger for EV and HEV
Naoui Mohamed Flah aymen
SPEG Unit SPEG Unit
ENIG, Gabès ENIG, Gabès
mednaouiing@yahoo.com flahaymening@gmail.com
Abstract—
Having robust, autonomous and efficient charging stations in
our homes or outside seems necessary in order to make EVs more
comfortable and encourage cars users to buy this novel
generation of cars. Currently, the real problem is related to two
essentials points, the charging time and the station of recharge
availability. However, finding the best charger mode, that
guarantee the efficiency and the minimum charging time is
related to numerous exigencies. It is expected that the minimum
of recharge time is related to the fixed station of recharge and
this mode is efficient only in fixed cars. However, the real
problem is related to the running cars, where it is unacceptable
that at the middle of travel, the vehicle is stopped and we cannot
found a real station of recharge. Therefore, we try to present all
charging method and modes that guarantee all needs for users
when car is stopped or running.
Keywords—electrical vehicles, HEV, PVEV, WEV, batteries,
chargers station, PV, wirelss, statistics.
I. INTRODUCTION
In the last years, the construction of vehicle was concentrated
on electrical vehicle version. Effectively, the last statistics
about vehicle users, in more than country in America and
Europe proved that those drivers preferred electrical vehicle
version than vehicle based on internal combustion engine [1].
In [2], the authors demonstrated that in 2057 all ordinary
vehicle will be replaced by electrical one.
The researchers was proved the fragility and the variability of
oil prices and the negative effect on environment.
Accompanying to climate change its energy matrix [3],
predicated on fossil fuels [4], makes mass utilization of
electrical mobility, a stylish option because of the
independence on fossil fuels. Electrical vehicle use needs a
special control that supports the mobile system requirements
and the corresponding organization that support energy
supply, especially the recharge stations [5].
The different electrical vehicle architectures presented in the
word [6] are divided into two specific models. The hybrid
electrical vehicles (HEV) and the rest of electrical vehicle
models, where more than model exist [7].
978-1-5090-6287-4/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE
Ben Hamed Mouna Sbita alassaad
SPEG Unit SPEG Unit
ENIG, Gabès ENIG, Gabès
benhamed2209@yahoo.fr Sbita.lassaad@yahoo.fr
The hybrid one is characterized by two types on energy, fuel
and electricity and the other model is totally based on
electrical power source [8]. Each model is characterized by
some advantageous, as the autonomy, price, and weight.
However, the inconvenient can be expressed by, the system
complexity, and the maximum speed touch. Electric vehicles
are rechargeable energy-based and environmentally friendly
but consumes a lot of power every day. As a result, the power
crisis is increasing, forcing it to search for another source of
energy such as solar energy [9].
After a lot of a researchers, it can be remark the main problem
connected to those versions of electric cars is related to the
recharge step. For example, the recharge time, availability of
the system of recharge and losses power quantity in this step
and the system dimension. In this paper, we will summarize
those methods and we will do a comparison phase in order to
find the best model for the best vehicle.
II. CHARGER BY A PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM FOR ELECTRIC
VEHICLE PVEV
The switching inverters are founded in distributed
photovoltaic generation systems to extract the maximum
power and inject this energy into system [10] [11].The
photovoltaic charging system of electric vehicle, as shown in
Fig. 1, Consisting of three main block, photovoltaic solar
panel, MPPT controller and DC-DC converter [12]. The
photovoltaic solar panel converts the solar radiation into direct
current and the MPPT controller, controller the output voltage
of PV and follows the maximum power point [13].Between
the MPPT controller and the batteries, DC-DC converter is
used to adapt the power output to the batteries input voltage
[14].
The DC-DC converters, consists of capacitor, inductors and
requires a P-Channel MOSFET in the power switch. The
control of this converter is assured by the “PWM” signal
generated by the MPPT controller [15] [16].
The PV output voltage can produce the maximum power,
using maximum power point tracking system. Effectively, the
Maximum power varies with solar radiation and the principle
of the MPPT controller, is to following, this searched point
that equivalent to the maximum of power. Fig.1, explain this
phenomenon [17].
Fig. 1. The synoptic diagram of the electric vehicle charging system (EV) is
integrated in a photovoltaic (PV) system.
III. WIRELESS CHARGER FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE WEV
The principle of this system is based on the magnetic coupling
between a transmitter and a receiver [18], this due to the
Wireless power transmission system [19].
Fig. 2. Principle diagram of the Wireless charging system of electric
vehicles
This solution offers the simplicity of use and robustness to
vandalism [20]. The Wireless charging system of electric
vehicles, is shown in Fig. 2. This system is separated into two
main parts: primary installed on the ground and secondary
integrated at the edge of the EV [21].
The primary parts consists of AC / DC converter, DC / AC
converter that increases the frequency and compensation. The
secondary parts consists of compensation and AC / DC
converter.
The charging systems power technology requires high
efficiency and high power density for power conversion. The
use of a resonant converter has become popular in a variety of
power switching applications [22]. Therefore, the system must
operate at a high switching frequency which is imposed by the
AC / DC inverter because this charging system is
characterised by a lot of energy losses during transmission
[23].
The wireless charging system consists globally of two
converters as DC / AC and AC / DC converter [24].
For the DC / AC Conversion, the DC input is obtained from the
source and by filtering through the capacitor. This DC input is
followed by an inverter which operates at a switching
frequency. Thus, this step converts the DC current of the DC
input into a high-frequency alternating current. The output
current of the inverter is the input current of the resonant
primary side at a high frequency emission. In the AC / DC
conversion, the AC output of a resonance inverter is rectified
and filtered [25]. The approximately sinusoidal current is
rectified by a system of Diodes Bridge and filtered by a
capacitor to supply a DC voltage load or the electric vehicle
battery [26].
The Wireless charging system of electric vehicles has various
advantages and disadvantageous as expired in table (1):
TABLE 1. Advantages and inconvenient of wireless
charging [27], [28]
Advantageous Inconvenient
Charging operation Without Lost a of energy
mechanical connection,
Easy to use Sensitive to disturbance
Robust Adverse effects on humans
weather resistant compared Total energy consumed
Autonomy Complexity of the system
Charge time low Unstable charging system
IV. CHARGER IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE HEV
Refers to [29] [30], we can select more than hybrid electrical
vehicle type. The first one is features a gasoline engine
combined with an electric motor [31] . There are two modes
operation of electric motor. Motor mode that assists the motor
during starting and for a fixed low speed zone. However at
high speed zone, the electrical motor will be an electrical
generator and the action step is made by the ICE. Then the
batteries are charging via at the generator mode [32].
The electric motor on hybrid electric vehicle can put energy
into the batteries as well as draw energy from them [33]. In the
deceleration phase, the motor / generator converted the kinetic
energy into electricity to recharge the batteries, thus assuring an
increased motor braking role and relieving the mechanical
brakes [34]. The hybrid electric vehicle has an ICE, which is
also known as a combustion engine, much found on most
vehicles [35]. The system consists of five main parts: the
battery, the electric motor/generator, the internal combustion
engine (ICE) and the power sharing device, is shown in Fig.3.
 V. COMPARISON OF THREE ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING
SYSTEM
The following table (2) summarizes some difference between
the electric vehicle recharging systems.

TABLE 2. Comparison of HEV, PVEV and WEV

Parameters HEV PVEV WEV Ref

Recharge 10h 12h 7h30 --

time
Technology simple simple complicated [40]
Maintenance Medium Easy Difficult [41]
Operating 250V 42V 120V [42]
voltage
Power load 40Kw 15Kw 3.6Kw [43]
Efficiency Better Better Better [44]
Fig. 3. HEV basing on pure electrical charger
ES ES ES
The second hybrid electrical vehicle composes two electrical ES: energy saving, Ref: reference,
motors, an ICE, and a system of batteries [36]. Each electrical The Reliability studies provide a basis for comparing the
motor have a specific power and dimension. different recharging systems for electric vehicles [45]. Those
The main electrical motor have the most important power basis proved that each charging system contains advantages
inside the car, the electrical generator have a dimension and a and inconvenient for example the advantages for PVEV system
power less than the first type and it will be running by the ICE is related to the simple technology, autonomous, use of
when the batteries power touch a specific limit point. renewable energy. The inconvenient is connected to the
Generally, the electrical main motor will move the car at all recharge time limits and especially the solar radiation effect.
condition and having power from the batteries [37]. When For the WEV system advantages is related to the simplicity of
Batteries charge level is under the fixed limit the ICE will be uses, autonomy, and charge time low. However, the
run for a specific speed for given power through the electrical inconvenient is related to the complexity of the system and the
generator [38]. It is possible also to have power when car is total energy consumed. For the HEV system advantages, we
stopped through the Grid to vehicle connection [39]. The can talk about the Possibility to recharge the battery at all the
system consists of five main parts: the battery, the electric time. For the inconvenient, the fuel consumption by the (ICE)
motor, generator, the internal combustion engine (ICE) and the cause an environmental effects [46] [47] .
power sharing device, is shown in Fig. 4. The problem of recharging system related to technology. For
example the WEV this control system is more complicated and
the magnetic field disrupts in transmission of energy. For the
HEV the sensor is more sensitive and the complicated to
control system. For PVEV the control of the DC-DC converters
by MPPT controller need precision [48].
The following diagram represents the statistic of using electric
vehicle according to the recharging system. This statistic shows
that the user’s choice is variable and each system contains
strong and weak points

Fig. 4. HEV basing on hybrid charger

 HEV PVEV WEV
100%
100
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