'''\l\'I

Biomolecules la!r \
G) CARBOHYll
CARBOHYDRATES 'Carbonyl group present Is a~ aldehyde Is conflrm;ls by
HOH
I H H1fr)
the given reaction ---:.i.
OOCl Q Y-
COCH O•A H OH H$0H H
. monosaccharldes: A carbohydrate that cannot be o _,. HO H -Ho
hydrolysed further to give simpler unit of polyhydroxy (~H(?H)4 ~rb (~filMGluconlc acid!
H OH H O H
aldehyde or ketone. Examples: ~ e. fructose, 5
CH201;1 Cl·hOH H H _H H---,..----1
arabinose etc. Acety1eti9n of 9lucos89\ves glucose pentaecetate which CH 20H
;:>" CH 20H 6CH 20H
. Ollgosaccharldes: These carbohydrates yield two to ten confirmi ,resenceof~ e oH qrouefi, tnc..wcli'nca o.}Q-(+)-glucose ~ +)-glucose
IJIOnos&ccharide units on hydrolysis. They a~ r CHO CHO o i..-t iil° ,\
classified as disaccharides, trisaccharides etc. I Acetic I n o. and Ji forms of glucose are called ;gi},mers. Six
(CHOH)4 - - - (CHO - C- CH1)4
I
c;,, ,r
. , o lysaccharldes: They yield a large number of I anhydride Cjl membered cyclic structure of glucose is call pyranose
monosaccharide units on hydrolysis. CH20H CH20 - C - CH, structure '"
Example ~ lluloseetc. Glucose and gluconic acid is oxidised t,.._-
sasa-jcch
_ a_ri_c_a_
cid
"""!
:H 2
~:H•
QOH
by nitric acid. This indicates presence T ~mary -OH 0:H
a monosaccharide contains an aldehyde group, it is ._iro'!e..... 4stt-on'i o·A·
~
CHO COCH COOH
known as an and if contains a keto group, it is OH H OH H
<::ailed ketose (tHOH) Oxidation (tHOH) Oxidation (tHOH)
4 H HO H
I I • I •
(a) Glucose: It is arfaldohexose\ * CH 20H COOH CH20H H OH H OH
Structure of glucose -o QY: t1" o.s e.. ) Saccharic acid \ Gluconlc
@)-D-(+) -Glucopyranose J!;D·{+) -Glucopyranose
r~
acid
Glucose has been assigned the structure
~
1
ischer suggested following configuration of D(+\ (bl Fructos11
CHO
I ~ ructose is a ketohexose
(CHOH)4 on the basis of following evidences: Q;-following structures have been assigned to this molecule
I
C~OH H~
~
Its molecular formula Is found to b4{'C6H 120:)
n prolonged heating with Hl 1 it ~ 'It
H
H
CH 0H
OH
OH
OH
SClC.00
q'l'p :.Rr..J.+t0 4 -
2
suggesting carbons are linked in straight chain.
roup Is confirmed by the followin Cycllc Structure gf Ol11co•
e given observations qpuld not explain chain structure
6
CH20H OH H <... OH H
of glucose D-(-)-tructose G!2:<-)-FructofutanosU)D-}-Fructofurenose
,.CN
u 4 t 1 t ~reactwith NaHSO, or §Ghlfl'sreagent
CH
I 'OH CHO
Nt'10H
CH =N-OH
I ~ cetate of glucose does not react with NH 20H. Tests of Glucose and Fructose
(CHOH)4 (tHOH).. (CHOH)4 ~ lucose 4!)dst In two different crysta)ljDft fQrms a and 1l Both glucose and ,!tyctose reduoe Tollen's reagent end
I I I
f2!!!!_s. Fehling's solution . They are also called reducing suga~.
CH20H CH 20H CH2~H
_j ~
. .
@ ·DISACCHARJDES
joined ,........_ b
__ . . .. )
@ 1n••"'"°'ut,le 11'1 fllf.
VJTAMIHS •re
...v POLYSACCHARIOES s;aQ_e...,_...._.-1n•:vlblrn _,...,.,,.
_....-.,dillrtcfetl an, -,,..u..,r ) an oxJde c 1 -C t.t C. , 111- ••-·· •nd v,,_ ..
'rl!O """,;;'ed.bYl lo. . or walar mo1ecu1etirmlng 8 ~ tarai-(~C~ohfardl) C;t-<~Lb -~A.D,EMKl,J;;@rouP vl(8ml,,.
. suet, a linkage between~ rTIOnONcchar1de ~ ( ~ o f an:h) ater solUbl•.,::C-vfblrnln•. ...
~o,cygenatomlecalled~glycosfdlclln~. myloae I• watar aolubl• component. II la lo;:r' areWBtenolu, a.nc:,.neyDI. . .
u,in,11! @)- ...,,..otVltMftln
cH,OH
.,
H
O.t:f H ·? ,,..o
OH •
1:1
pectin la Wllter con,pooent ltle
chalnpolymerc(a-O-oC u n/lll
Vitamin A
mlnB,(Thl•mlne) B
et1 ber1
,oel9
( I I ) ~ c, - G4 11' () t=a S,C! In B, (RlbaflllVln) _£hel anaefflle
' H laotralpht ~ == m ~lcloV• -
HO
J ' ~, .. laOOlllpoeed IUCON lta temln s,. acid) ScUD!X.
H OH llnkage QH
(lll)Glya)gen ~ ~""'"'-'--- min C (,uc:o,t,IC {In chlk1rw:,>ultS)
f;oiii91 1p-0-1ruct ~~i~;,.
_ _ _ _ bt.tt a4~cir Ml/d •
...-fflacahcf!Qlmal,ia,gi.
'IV'III alrvclin le 1lm118r to •~ n 1111d l e ~ morw
Vltllmln D .2tt.om•JIN;Nt (In clottln.a time
1nc:re@sed ploOQ ·- -
o,
• _ H f(J-h'-4- bra l"IChQ · - --"•--•-.,
•.- ....= ~ r
"°",ed....,..,.
fY<ACfC>!.Q
,l,
11e.n4 1-t~., •
VO
©
4 PROTEJHS
_ @ NUCLEIC ACIDS
- (II) MaltoN u.anqU f-0 I eQ lprotelna-~ota-emlnoacif o Complate hydrol)'lll9 of DNA (or RNA) ytelda • pen10M
8CH,OH
O.

C.TnveiJ.t-
s 1~19
;~ •mlnoeddBwhlch can be
known .. l'IOrl-NHrl1lal amino aclda.
..¥'Thaamlnoedd8whlchCMnOtbeayrlih11fladlnlhebOdy

. . body,
sugar. pho•phorlc acid and nitrogen cont•lnlng
~compound (called t111aes)
o In DNA ,nolac:ule, the •ugar ,nolety I• j J - 0 - 2 ~
and must be obtained lhlough diet-known•~ whenNB In RNAmoleCUfea, It 19 jJ-0-ribolle
amino acids.
Iv-In aqueoua eolullon, the carboxyt group can lolle a proton
and amino group can 8CalJ!!, a pn:,eon, giving rise ID •
~ W OOH
. ' HOH2<=°~ H
. '
o.J1 . [).glucose dlpolar Ion af
known zwl1fer Ion)
H H
H H
H H
H H
- - - ':- ,,nic.aca Q 0 0 2 2
=-~~
Ill (!!!!!dnQ 8UQIC R-CH- ~-OH -R-CH-~-0- OHOH OH H
glwel l!!!_llltlve lffld witt1 TQllen's reapent and Fahllng's ~H2 ~.. (Zwlllar Ion) IJ-[)-ribose p..0-2-deoxyriboee
....
,olulfon
- ( l l l ) L a ~ rnlrrcsuaQ Stn,c:tu,. of Pnllalna o Adenine (A), guanine (G), Cytosfne (C)
8
CH,.OH ~ n s can be cla8slfled Into two types on the basis of
their molecular shape o 8-lnRNA:Adenlne(A),guanlne(G),cytomne(C)and
Hi n,us pn,talna: 0
0 o The potfP9pllde chains run parallel and held IOgelher by
hydrogen and dlsulphldes b o n d s ~ HO-H ...PO : ",. se
2
-0 I
-x--O-HzCWO
s-
e;se
o They 819 Insoluble In waler e.g. keratin. m ~ H H HH HH
olobu,.,.pn,talna: -- - H H
[a-0-galaclose Jc-L ii this case polYpeptide chains RIM amund IP a ., 2' ,,. 2'
ffls~andlllareduclngsugar spherical shape
They 11.re soluble In walere.9. Insulin, globulin
HO OH HO OH
nucleoside n1ari,_....tirf..,