Contents

I Corrrnnkfion gestures& comparisons BodyTolk for specific exPress an emailto a

(pp.s-ao) emotions -ing/(to) (multiple choice) information preference friend
body language infinitive (pp.6-4 for gist give reasons describinga
TheUniversol for detail festivalyou
charactertraits clausesof ask for opinion/
Longuoge
of attended
musidplacesof reason/ for opinion agree/disagree
Music a paragraph
entertainment purpose/ ask for advice/
cause& effect (tex completion) about qualities
feelings& give advice
(pp.l0-l l) a driver should
moods direct/ complain,
Soyou thinkyou have
indirect apologise
friendship ore o good informal/semi-
questions
ways to look driver? ask about/ formal/formal
(multiple expressfeelings letters/emails
ways to talk
matching) invite/accept
phrasalverbs
(p p .la -|5 ) refuse invitations
the senses
Part | (p. 18) Part | (p.20)
languages,
Part2 (p. 19) Part 2 (p.20)
dialects&
Part3 (p. 19) P art 3 (p.21)
accents
Part4 (p. 19) P art 4 (p.2l )

Cufture Clip - CockneyRhymingSlong(p. 38)

(p.39)
Curricular Cut: Biology - AnimolTolk
Progress Check | (p.a0)
Challenges animalgroups tense TheSerengetr for gist exPress a summary of a
(pp. a l-70) animalsounds revision (multiple choice) for specific dissatisfaction text

ways to speak collective @p.a2-a3) information give& reactto a letter to a pen

nouns ln the shadow for detail news friend telling
disasters
conditionals Vesuvius him your news
makespeculations
idioms (text completion)
wishes expresswants/ a diary entry
feelings a6-47)
@.p. about a
unreal past intentions
phrasalverbs Doil if you disasteryou
linkers expressopinion
extreme dore! experienced
time adverbs (multiple useof the senses
sPorts stories
adjectives/ matching)
descriptionsof
adverbs (pp.so-sl)
Parts1,2(p.5a) Parts1,2(p.56) objects,people,
Pars 3,4 (p.55) Parts3,4 (p.57) places
- Surviving
Culture Cf ip - TheNovojoLonguage Agoinsttfte Odds(p. 68)
on SolidGround(p.69)
Curricular Cufi Science - Stonding
Progress Check 2 (p.70)
Rights crime clausesof Cought in the oa for gist Srvean eye- a formal leffer
(pp.7l-100) technology concesston (multiplechoice) for detail witness account of complaint
modals (pp.72-73) buy things a diary entry
education for specific
intensifying Snopshots ofthe information narrate essays
social/world
adjectives world experiences
issues a presentation
(text completion)
welfare passive contrast ideas on an
(pp.76-77)
work causative expressfeelings organisation
Strugglingin
festivals linkers Society follow'a discourse

orSanrsauons (multiple use quotations

matching) Parts 1,2 (p.84) Parts1,2 (p.86)
phrasalverbs
(pp. 80-8 | ) Parts3,4 (p.85) Paru 3,4 (p.87)
idioms
(p.98)
Culture Cfip - A Cousefor Celebrotion
Curricular Cut: Citizenship - Unicef(p.99)
Progress Check 3 (p. 100)
 9rruival evolution Inverston Lonesome for gist make & respond a summary of
Op. l0l-126) conservation emphatic George for opinion to suggestions a text
structures (multiple choice) expressprobability a short
heredity for detail
(pp.102-103) advantages/ paragraph
sPace modal verbs for specific
Willwe oll hove disadvantages stating your
GM foods so - neither/ information
to leavehome? decideon opinionon
nor
food/drink (text completion) GM food
food/drink
linkers (p p .106-107)
deserts rePorts
exPress
GM foods agreement/ proposals
(multiple disagreement an article on
matching)
approve of an idea globalwarming
(p p .l l 0-l l l )
make decisions

Partl(p.l14) Paru 1,2 (p. I 16)

Pars 2, 3,4 Parts3,4 (p. I 14
(p.I ls)
Gufture Clip - TheMillennium Seedfunk (p.l24l
Green lssues- Deserts (p. 125)
ProgressCheck a @.126)
Spoilt for teenate relatives - Firstdoys for specific exPress a diary entry
Choice problems relative (multiple choice) information anno;rance/ describing
Op. 127-ls4) weather clauses (pp.128-l2e) for gist symPatfD/ your first day
travel the definite To the endsof for detail make deductions at school
the Eorth make suggestions/ a short
shopping
quantifiers (toct completion) accept/reject paragraphon
money (pp. 1 3 2 -1 3 3 ) credit cards
linkers reach a decision
phrasalverbs Shopping hob:tts articles
compliment/thank
idioms (multiple reviews
matching) give alternatives
(p p .136-137) make assumptions

Partsl,2 Parts 1,2 (p. la2)

(p.lao) Parts3,a (p. la3)
Pars3,4
(p.lal)
Cufture Clip - London:A
Shopper's (p. 152)
Porodise
Curricular Cufl Science- Clouds
(p. 153)
ProgressCheck 5 (p. lsa)
Grznrmar Reference(pp.155-l7l)
lnr-rican English- British English Guide (p.l72l
rrpendix l/ll (pp.173-183)
Frrfier Practice (pp.l8a-199)
:r:3ularVerbs (p.200)

3
Publishedby Express Publishing

Liberty House, New Greenham Park, Newbury,

Berkshire RG l9 6HW
T el. : ( 0044 ) 1 6 3 58 1 7 3 5 3
F ax : ( 0044 ) 1 6 3 58 1 7 4 6 3
e-mail: inquiries@expresspublishing.co.uk
http://www.expresspu blishin g.co.uk

@VirginiaEvans- JennyDooley,2008

@ ExpressPublishing,2008
Designand lllustration

Colour Illustrations:Victor,
Stone

MusicArrangements
byTaz@ ExpressPublishing,2008

Firstpublished
2008
Secondimpression2008

Madein EU

All rightsreserved.No part of this publicationmay be reproduced,stored in a retrievalsystem,or transmittedin

anyform, or by any means,electronic,photocopying, or otherwise,without the prior written permissionof the
oublishers.

This book is not meantto be changedin anyway.

lsBN 978-| -84862-270-8

Authors' Acknowledgements
We would like to thank all rhe saff ar ExpressPublishing
who havecontributedtheir skillsto producingthis
book.Thanksfor their suppon and patienceare due in particularto: MeganLawton(Editorin Chief);Mary Swan
and SeanTodd (senior editors):MichaelSadlerand SteveMiller (editorialassistants);RichardWhite (senior I
procucrioncontroller):the Expressdesignteam;Sweetspot(recordingproducers);and Kevin Harris,Kimberly
StevenGibbsand ChristineLittle.Wewould also liketo thankthose institutionsand teacherswho piloted
Ba<er-.
rhe manuscripc,
and whose commentsand feedbackwere invaluable
in the productionof the book.

The publishersalsowishto thankthe followingfor their kindpermission

to usecopyrightmaterial:
Module 5 Spoilt
photogropher
for Choice: lnterview:Wildlife FronsLantingby JamesOwen @TelegraphGroup Limited(200l) on p. | 33
I

Photograph Acknowledgements
Module I Communication: O everemcollection/www.iml.gr on p. 6; Module 2 Challenges: A free running
on p. 50;Module 3 Rights: CCTVcomero@ lmageSource/www.iml.gr
@ agefotostockiwwwiml.gr on p.72:Module 4
on p. 102.Module 5 Spoilt for Choice: Wonted@ everettcollection/www.iml.gr
Survival:@ afp/www.iml.gr on p. 148:
O redferns/www.iml.gr
Coldploy on p. | 50;O everemcollection/wwwiml.gr
on p. l5l;A Bricklone @ IMAGO/www.iml.gr
andComdenMorket(pic c) Westrich/laif/www.iml.gr
on p. 152.

I
Every effort has been made to trace all the copyright holders. lf any have been inadvertently
overlooked,the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
 Module I
E U n i ts1 -1

Oommunication
Look at Module I . react
' Describe
thepictures. . compare pictures
' Which units are the pictures from?What is . structure discourse
eachunit about?
Practise ...
. comPansons
Find the page numbers for . -ing/(-to) infinitive
' a PoPSrouP E . clausesof reason/purpose/cause
& effect
' a famousltalianactor E . phrasalverbs
. a loke E
' a musicfestival n Write/Give...
. a presentationof gesturesused in your country
to expressfeelings
Usten, read and talk about ... . an informal email describinga festivalyou
' bodylanguage
attended
. mus t c
. a short paragraphabout qualitiesdrivers should
' characteradjectives
have
. ranguages
. informal/semi-formal/formalletcers/emails
' ways animalscommunicate

' askabout/express
feelings Culture Clip: CockneyRhymingSlang
' expresspreferences
. makedecisions Curricular Cut (Biology):AnimalT:"
 Lead-in

special about the character?

Read the title of the text.

can this character be related
to the text? Read through to
find out.

Reading - Part1
byMarkEvans
t
) Read the article. For questions
l-8, choose the answer (A, B,
C or D) which you think fits However, thisis not,ascommonly thought, thesuresignof a lie,
best according to the text. but the reflexive movements we makewhenwe are tryingto
remember something. Because of this,glancingawayis notas
Youwillprobably laughwhenltellyouthatmyinterest inbody easyto interpretasyoumightbelieve. A goodliarisnotsearching
languagewas sparkedby a favouriteprofessorof mine at his memory forthe truth, so he can quite easilylookyoustraight in
university.Hementioned 'Pinocchio Syndrome'to meonewintry theeyesashespeaks to maketheliemoreconvincing. Here'sa
morning afterclaiming thatI alwaysrubbedmynosewhengiving tip,though. Watch the pupil of the eye; does it change size? lf it
excuses for beinglateto hislectures. Apparently, whensomeone getsbigger,thisis probably aninvoluntary signthatsomething is
tellsa lie,theperson's bloodrushesto thenoseandtheextra being hidden.
bloodmakesit itchy.Soif youthinksomeone is notbeingentirely Bodylanguage is something thatthe majorityof us cannot
honestwth you,perhapslikemy professor youshouldwatchto control; it's what escapes when we're concentratingon
seeif theyscratchtheirnose!Thislittleexample of non-verbal something else.I mightthinkI'm creating a goodimpression
communication inspired meto become a bodylanguage expert. because myvoiceis strongand steady and my speechis clear,
Now,I earn my livingby trainingpeoplein non-verbal butthesweatpouringofi myforehead andmyconstantly moving
communication. Knowing whensomeone is lyingand knowing feetsayotherwise.
howto convince people you'retellingthe trutharetwoofthemost Business clientsareconstantly in needof myservices andltry
important skillsyou'lleverlearn.Forexample, lawyers buildtheir to improve theirconfidence inthemselves byteaching themabout
reputation ontheirdeductive when
skills cross-examining in court, body language. I give advice about handshakes, which should
whilepoliticians needto relyontheirpowersof persuasion to gain alwaysbefirmandsteady, andI teachtheimportance of personal
support. space, explaining that people who live inwarm climates standa lot
I havededicated mylifeto studying thewaysthehumanbody closerto oneanotherthan people in coolerclimates. Theymay
givesmorereliableinformation thanthe wordswe speak.The seem likeminor matters, but these codes of behaviour can bethe
wordssayonethingbutthebodymaysaysomething completely keyto making or breaking a business deal.
different.Thisis thetheoryof bodylanguage andmostof usare My working life gives me a great deal of satisfaction. I feelthat
familiarwiththebasics.Weknowthatcrossed armscanbeseen l'm providing a publicservice, butit is a service thathashadits
as eitherdefensiveor aggressive, but what about facial downside. Whenever I meet someone new and I tellthemwhatI
expressions, gestures, oosture, andtheintonation andrhythmof dofora living, theyimmediately puttheirguardupandthey're no
ourspeech? Allof thesespeakvolumes andcanbeunderstood if longer relaxed. They quite literallyfreeze in the attempt to hide all
youonlyknowhowto makesenseof thesigns. thesignalsthattheyassumeI'mreading. lt makeslifedifficultat
Takethe eyes,for example. lf I told you a lie, you would times, but I consider it a small price to pay for a job I enjoyso
probably expectmeto lookawayratherthanlookyoufullin the much.
face.

6 | tooule r
 Iuttiple Choice
s"
:e-adthetextquicklyto getan ideaof whatit is about.Readthequestion
stem,thenfindthepartof thetext
a-ch thequestionrefersto.Gothroughthechoicesandchoosetheonethatfitsbest.Theinformation might
:e reohrased.

The writer originally became interested in To have a positive effect on

body language because someone, you should try to avoid
A of a commentsomeonemadeto him. A makinganyfacialexpressions.
B he wantedto know why peopletell lies. B havinganyinvoluntaryreactions.
C he wanredro learnmore about'Pinocchio C givingthe impression
of not caring.
Syndrome'. D movingyour legsabouttoo much.
D his professorrecommended
the subjectto him.
What is the most important thing
According to the writer, non-verbal for businessmento learn?
communication is important because A the lawsof a particularcouncry
A it helpslawyersto be more skilful. B the correct way to behave
B politicians
needto know when peopleare lying. of beingpolite
C the necessity
C it canhelpmakepeoplebelieve
whatyoutell them. D the skillof appearing
confident
D it providesa uniqueway of earningone'sliving.
Why do people react in a negative
What does the writer assume about his way when they meet the writer?
readers? A They think he is too self-confident.
A Theyare ableto changetheir intonation. B They assumethat he is alwayslying.
B Theyneedto developgood posture. C They haveheardabout him
C Theyuseonlywordsto communicate. previously.
D They know something
aboutthe subject. D They believehe is studyingthem.

According to the write6 it is not easy to What do we learn about the

recognise when someone is lying because writer from the passage?
A they havean honestlook on their face. A He makesa lot of moneyfrom hisjob.
B they movetheir eyesvery rapidly. B He travelsthe world givingadvice.
C listenersreadtheir body language
incorrectly. C He is dedicatedto his work.
D listenersdo not look into their eyes. D He trains body language
experts.

Hatch the words/phrases in bold from the text to their & Writing
Speaking
definitions: A
Ir fttl )t,rl Listen and
read the text. How does the
.Then, explain the writer feel towards his job? Give
underlined words/phrases. reauionsbased on the text.
Fill in: Would you ever choose to do
. Make sentences based on the this kind of job?Why/Why not?
text, using the phmses.
t PrcjeczY{hat gestures do people
6 .... ... arms
in your country use to show anger;
:ommunication 7 .... ....expressions ioy, worry, rcgrct, annoyance and
..... exPert I .... .. speech other emotions? Collect as much
a rePutation inforrnation a$ you can and
9 .... matters
prcparc a presentation for tlrc
I of persuasion l0 ........ deal class.Use photogrzphs to ilh.rstrate
confidence yourwork

I
 Vocabularyl 0n
raised
eyebrows
& Grammar hips wide
0pen

I- Use the phrases to 0pen

describe the cartoon
drawings. Hov do
you think each
penson is feeling?

e.g. Benhoshr:shandson hrps.His foceis redond ... Many people move to big cities hopingto make a
better income/earning/\rage/living for themselves.
I cant makeany sense/logidrcason/explanation
2 Use the verbs in the box to complete the
sentences below.
of this letter - the handwritingis so bad!
The little girl was so curious/fascinated/
. clenched. bowed . wrinkled . squinted interested/attracted by the story that she
. shrugged. snapped. shook . drummed askedher mother to read it again.
. scratched . licked Peterturned/benUnodded/lowered his headin
understanding the problem.
when I explained
He had forgotten his glasses,
so he .
to readthe smallprint. He clenchedhis nose/fingers/eyes/teeth when
the doctor gavehim an injection.
Robert . ... . . his headin shamewhen he
rememberedhow rude he hadbeento histeacher. The audiencepunched/clapped/tapped/smacked
their hands enthusiastically
at the end of the
She . . . . .. her fingersimpatientlyon the
performance.
counteras shewaitedfor the managerto come.
t 0 He couldnt look/stare/glance/gaze his mother
She . . .. .. her teeth angrilyand made a
in the eye becausehe was so ashamedof what he
braveeffort not to show how she hated him.
haddone.
He . .. .. . hisfingersto attftrctthe waiter's
atcention.
o Waysto look
She.. . ... her nosein disgustwhen she
smeltthe bad meat in the fridge. Check these words in your dictionary. Use
The children .. ... their lipshungrily
when
4 the words in their correct form to
they sawthe deliciouscake. complete the phrases.Which of these verbs
best describe the people in the pictures?
Jamesjust .... .. his shouldersas if he
didnt carewhen he heardthe news. . glarg . stare . wink . peer . glance
My grandfather.. . . .. his headin disbelief
when he heardhow much my new designerjeans
cost. I You shouldnt ... . at
t 0 He .. . . . . his headthoughtfullyas he read people.lt'srude.
the difficultquestionsin the exam. 2 She at the
children so that they knew
she was joking.

3 Choose the correct word. He .. . through the

keyhole to see what was
| | dont trust/recall/consider/think him to be a
happeningin the room.
very reliableperson.
The teacher
2 My father cannot lift anything heavy becausehe
angrily at the children.
hurts/sufrers/aches/pains from a bad back.
The doctor only had
3 I'm afraid that I'm not familiar/aware/known/
to........... at hi s
recognised with any of his book so I cant
patient to see he was
answeryour question.
ill.
al

Ul uoouler
L
 $Atr
v
o Comparisons

Complete the sentenceswith a

t positive or negative
r '.f comparative form to show your
-lltipleChoice Cloze
opinion.
For questions l-l2,read the text below and decide
*'trich answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.There is Doctorsshouldbe paid
a,,nexample at the beginning (0). (much) moneythanfootballers.
It is... ... (hard) to forget
than to forgive.
3 Happypeopletendto be..........
(self-centred) than unhappyones.
4 P ai nti ng i s
(relaxing) than listeningto music.
You are standing in a O) public area. 5 R i ch peopl e are ...
Suddenly there is a disturbance,and (happy) than poor people.
even though you can't see what'sgoing
on, you, and those nearyou, immediately
feel 1) . and quicklymove away. Complete the sentencesso
Scientists have long known about that they are true for you.
a n i ma l2 ) ..... . . . to d a n g e r.For i nstance,i f
(good) actor in the world ...1think
one animal begins to run away, then all the other
, - : S 'r the group will 3) . the bestoctorin the worldis ...
But scientistshave been baffled by
r ,^ E :.:Jses4) . . . . . . . . b e h a v i o u ri nh u ma n s .Wh a t i s i tthatcausesfear 2 (funny) personI know ...
i:r:- so quicklythrough a group of people? 3 (tiring) job ...
:+s;-a'chers at Harvard believe they may have begun to unravel the 4 (expensive) restaurantin my
- i{: In the past it was accepted that people judged emotional town ...
r,'-.:-s 6) by looking at faces. What this new study has 5 (cold) placein my councry...
is thatthe positionof the body is alsoveryimportant.
6 (difiicult) language
in tlre world ...
their theory, the scientistsshowed picturesof people
7 (windy) placein my country...
. in different poses but with their faces rubbed out.
* : ::.rresshowed peoplein happy, neutraland fearfulpositions.While
: :s: su bjec t s9) . . . . . . . . a tth e p i c tu re sth, e i rb ra i n sw ere scannedto
* -,r r, they reacted. The researchersfound that the fearful position o Keywordtransformations
:i : a v er y 10) . . . . . ... re a c ti o n d e s p i te th e l a ck of any faci al
:' - i:.3 cn in the pictures. The effects suggest that humans react Complete the sentencesusing
- - :- , ely to a positionof fear in other people and that this 1 1) the words in bold. Use two to
:-- oehaviour has helped humans to 12) in dangerous five words.
,.- : -s t hr oughoutour e v o l u ti o n .
Bill earnsmore moneythanAnn.
as Ann doesn't ....
iA B jammed C packed .... Biil.
filled @ public
A irritable B nervous C impatient D doubtful lf you practise,you'll get better.
the The more
:A replies B explanations C answers D responses
w i l l get.
:A proceed Bgo C come D follow We finished in half the time she
r .{ same B equal C like D similar took.
:A spread B expand C widen D open twice lt took her
:A naturally B clearly C simply D plainly ...... rt took us to fi ni sh.
.A This is the fastestshe can run.
founded B realised C exposed D discovered
any She can't
IA forming B having C standing D taking
.... thi s.
:A glared B noticed C looked D watched
H e di dn' t expect i t to cost so r..'
:A hard B strong C tough D strict pai d H e .......
A effect B development C result D conclusion he expected
:A rematn B keep C survtve D live
=J

I
J
 t-
@

Lead-in
Look at the two pictures. How
are they related? Why do
people enjoy events like this?

t,'t{ }',1\ffhr types of music

do you enjoy? How do they
make you feel? Listen to the
music clips and match them
to the type of music.

A
B
c
D
E
F
;rG\{nr
G

IEmt Readthe quotation.

In pairs, discussits meaning
and then say whether you
agree or disagree with it.

"Music is the shorthand of emotion."

LeoTolstoy
:.;*r

q Text completion
Read the text through, then
read the list of missing
sentences. Start f itting the
sentences into the gaps.
Matchthe topic of the missing
sentencewith the topic of the
sentencebeforeand aftereach
gap. Look for clues such as
referencewords (he,there,etc)
or linkingwords beforeor after
each gap. Check that the
sentence you choose f its
grammatically and makes
sense. Read the completed
textto see if it makessense.
t
0 1
' ,'cDUL E
Reading - Parr
2
You are going to read an article about a popular music
festival. Seven sentences have been removed from the
article. Choose from the sentences(a-h) the one which
fits each gap (l-7).There is one extra sentence which
you do not need to use.
Explain the words in bold. Use them in sentencesof
your own to illustrate their meanings.
Fill in:
Now use the phrases to make sentences based on the text.
I .... yourexperiences5 ........... sight
2 .... afestival 6 .... barrier s
3 .... our horizons 7 ........... spirits
4 .... stories L... the chance
k *e qen andtherainpoursdown,a suresignthatweare as wellas a feelingthattheyaredoingsomething to imprcye
{nnlrnr@rtg
rr Englishsummer.Thegroundbeneathour feetis intemational understanding.The musicianshavecome here
@ r.rrirg intoa fieldof mud,but it doesn'tmatter.I am fromall overthe world,fromAlaskato Tanzibar, so it is not
Ellq fE line of my life,dancingand singingalongto the surprising havebecomeknownas the 'Global
thatthefestivals
nmc a tp blestWOMAD festival
withthousands of otherfans Village.'ftl---l Aftistssharechangingroomsand food,
nmind acrthe country. laugh,jokeandswapstoriesaboutlifeon theroad.
"'G ffi caffr$c. ArtsandDance,orWOMAD, triesto giveus Althoughpeople'sspiritsare high, the weatheris a major
,r@ J l-E msiul stylesthatareenjoyedall overtheworld, problemfor this Britishfestival.A commonsight is people
,uElrr6s fconE so successfulthatWOMADfestivalsarenow wearing a black plastic bag on each foot. ET---l
mtr m=rcrd curmies.l|T-l Hisdreamisto broaden our Experienceslike this explainwhy WOMADhas occasionally
bianq
'nnuunca gdtrg us awayfrom whatwe hearon the beenrenamed WOMUD.
nM r ry evry day,andexperiencing thebestinworldmusic.
Nothing,however,candampentheenthusiasm oftheaudience.
:rrorm sa]p The bstivalshavealwaysbeenwonderfuland Takinga lookat thefansfromthe stage,I seea crowdthatis
nr icc*iors and havesucceededin introducing
many | 6T--l Theartistsgatheron
uniteddespitetheirdifferences.
ffill nttsto an intemational
audience.
ttT-_l Musicis stageto givea performance We
in a multitudeof languages.
rilrlun;E$al
frgrJagethatbringspeopletogether." might not understandeveryword, but the feelingsare
5m rnLsawrs themolivationforthesehugelypopularthree unmistakably universalandprovethatmusictrulyhastheability
ln alr6 to breakdownthelanguage baniersthatso oftendMdeus.
ild to this day remainsthe mainattraction,but
G u drer delbhtsto experience.ET-_l
'fimilm Rt tnit TheconcertendsandI jointhecrowdas it driftsaway,leaving
lmilErEtslid. | findac{ivities
designedforchildrenaswellas behindthe echoof the lastnoteplayedand a mud-splattered
*iilutlr@mF6.
mfi+nedia exhibitsand stallssellingall kindsof field.Thestagecomesdownandthetents,stallsandcanteens
rm-uaEd Fods aretakenapart.FT--l Anotherfestivalis overandall that
remains arethefond memories.ButthediehardWOMAD fans
'!lwmuorr
s d afy eperiencedby thosein frontof the stage.I
imr |lrst €rq.gtt to be invitedbackstage,wherethere is a arealreadylookingforwardto nextyear'sevent.Therealjoy of
mq J Esh@d having happy memoriesis the belief that, sometime,
andsisterhoodamongthemanyartists,
somewhere, you'llgetthechanceto createevenhappierones.

*lir
ogetherness is reflected in the final performance of the weekend, designed as a celebration of the main
u behind the festival.

Eody importang they have also helped different audiencesto understandcultures other than their own
fiu.qgh dre enioymentof music.
ac anrountof energythat goesinto organisinga festivallike this is simplyastonishing.
\tdod/ b in competitionto be the biggestor the best,the focus beingfirmly on a communityspirit.
ae czr F* slowty emptiesas a quieter day dawnsover the countr),side.
CEr dre Frr the festivalhasturned into an event for the whole family.

--kreperson ntro cameup with the ideafor the festivalsis Peter Gabriel,the musicianwho cameto fame as the
d if,er of dre rock group Genesis.
a6r dcri-yourself boots protect the wearer from the brown soup the field has become.

!-jstening
& Speaking Writing
h Uo.r, to and read the text again.What reasons () Portfolioz lmagine you
'lt
dE writer give for the popularity of such events? attendedWOMAD. Send an
--
fhtrs email to your English pen-
trour answers with a pattner and then present
pftdings to the class. friend, describing your
experience.Write when it
happened, how you went
"Music can help make world peace." Spend there, who with, what the
rLrc minutes writing a few sentences on the topic. weather was like, what yon
H your sentences to the class.Who agrees with you? did/saw and your feelings.
rrro^J,E r
 ri-dr dre places of entertainment to the
E rib, Hake sentences using your orvn ideas.
Textcompletion
rl|s--:lb meet other people
for social activities Readthetitleto geta generalideaof whatthe
es-- centre
b see a film textis goingto be about.Readthetextonceto
B-\-se-e^t arcade c play video games get the main idea. Read again.Pay close
il -!-Er-a d go on a roller-coaster attentionto the wordsbeforeand aftereach
ride gap.Lookat thechoicesandchoosethe best
IJT:A,-
e see traPeze artists one.Readthecompleted textto seewhetherit
D f dance makessense.
g listen to your
:3r<e!-c
favourite band
-c<
ll h playa gameof squash

{ : 'rtF:L a lou con donce.

=.:rydayEnglish For questions l - l 2, read the text below and

. =':r:ss ^3 preferences think of the word which best fits each gap.
Use only one word in each gap.There is an
lar,. and y.our friend are trying to decide example at the
rllrx ro do this Saturday evening. Use the beginning (0).
%G b€low to discuss.Youcan use ideas
i?n-! Er- 6.
According 0) the
about preferences
myth of the Tower
: rar- r?-: - to -infinitive ...1 of Babel there
: "t'_ :i-cf - -rng form ...1 was once a
il: -1: *c1 - (e + to -in f init iv e. . . ?
1) ....... al l peopl e
'E-= a€- : vcu rather + bare infinitive spoke a common
preferences language.This doesn't seem
: :!-*r - :c -infinitive/noun a very believable story if you
: *Lr- -?3er + bare infinitive (+ than + bare consider2) .... . . many languagesare spokenin
'* :'r€ the world today. What is true is that throughout history
: -o: ... l'm not so keenon ... peopl e 3) ... ... al w ayssearchedfor a gl oba l
-re- ". 'C raCher ...
' qra language, one that can be used to communicate with
-i-
anyone, no 4) . . . . . where they originally come
r'rs,-,31eg'like to go to o nightclubthis
from.
j'=<:r?
In ancient times, the languageof choice was Greek, and
: :-ft'to o good
go to the cinemo.There's
then l ater,5) .... .. the R omansbecameaw orl d
7jr*.?t C'1.
po\\'er. it was Latin. In more recent years, and
r'.3r. l 'c'her noLI'm not in the mood.Would
6) .... .. a vari etyof reasons,E ngl i shhasturned
t cr- jre :c ...?
7) .... . . to be the nearestw ehaveto a uni versal
lan_suase. There are even some that claim that in the not
Readthe ioke.Why do you think too distant future the languagethat is likely to be the
Ef 8).... .. pt' rpul ari sC hi nese.
Srlh cri€d?
Hower.er. there is lnrrther lan_euage, 9) . . .
doesnot originatein lnr nation.that many peoplebelieve
would be suitableaSa s e1|g|laneuage- Esperanto.It is an
artificial languaee 3glsioped in the late 19th century
10) ... ... a P tr,r:hi rrcttrr.LLZamenhof. A s it
has a simple and regula: g:-1::.:rrr.it is said that people
o: :re l l r ...
canl earni ti n a fracti r-,n .. needed
for natural languages.The:; ,:: In(rre than 100,000
people worldwide u'ho sperx :h. :.1n-qua_ge t'luentll'and
w ho 12) rr
E s:e::n:.' al :re i th annual
ne :: - :1't 8et in.
conferences, books and magazine . :l the l.rnEuaqe

.1
t<^
VODULE1 I\J
 Lead-i n
lmagine you are a driver.
Which of the following
sentenceswould best describe
you?
. I nevertalk on my mobilewhile
driving.
I can steer perfecdy well with one
hand.
I alwaysstaywithin the speedlimit.
| flash my ligha to get other cars
to move out of the way.
I alwaysdrive slowly and carefully.
I drive as fast as I please.
I keep a safedistancefrom other Reading- Part
3
vehicles.
I like lookingout of the window You are going to read a magazine article about
while I'm driving.
different types of drivers. For questions l- 15,choose
from the people (A-D).The people may be chosen
I let other drivers overtake me.
more than once.
I alwaysobey the rules of the
road.
I often weave from one lane of
traffic to another. Multiplematching
Readthe questionscarefullyand underlinethe key words.
Describe the pictures.Who Scan the text for the informationyou need. As you are
seems to be a good driver? reading,underlinethe partsrelatedto the questions.Read
Give reasons. the questionsagainand answerthem one by one, referring
may be paraphrased.
to the texts.Some information
e.g. Ann seemsto be o gooddriver
becouseshe...

Lis t e inn g
(l'l )rrr)Listen to four people realiseswhat can resultfrom irresponsibledriving?

describing incidents involving are overconfidentof their drivingabilities?

bad driving. Match the lacks self-assurance?
incidents (A-D) to the is unlikelyto find obeyingthe law boring?
speakers ( l -4). may use accessoriesin theirvehicleinappropriately?
possiblyonly drivesat weekends?
trl--l not signalling
a turn puts other driversat the greatestrisk?
is unlikelyto have had enough drivingpractice?
trT-] jumping a redlight
is carefulnot to get too close to other vehicles?
tET-_] doubleparking often does not focus on their driving?
tDl-l speeding seem to believethat some drivinglaws are not
relevantto them?
I Susan 3 Helen could cause an accidentby drivingtoo slowly?
2 Ben 4 Andy is rude and aggressive?

1 4' v oour-,E

Vocabulary
& Grammar
o Characteradjectives
Choose the correct word. Check in your
dictionary.
My youngersister is very sensitive/impatient and
shegetsver), uPsetif you saythe wrong thing to her.
When Michael is in one of his stubborn/
aggressive moods he refusesto admit that he
might be wront about things.
Sheis a very unhelpfulllazy personwho expects
other peopleto do everythingfor her.
It is bestto leavePeteralonewhen he hasa headache
becausehe can be very bad-tempered/jealous.
She is so outgoing/broadminded that she is
nevershockedby other people'sbehaviour.
Fortunately,my employer is quite easy-going/
inconsiderate so I can take time off if I need to.
I rememberJohnwas very bossy/arrogant when
he was yount; he was alwaystellingthe other kids
what to do!
Janetis very reliable/loyal so you can be sure she
will do what she promised.
a) Match the adjectives to their opposites.
Can you add three more pairs to the list?
trTt intelligent A aggressive
l2T-l polite B pessimistic
FTI hard-working C mean
tzTtgenerous D stupid
t-sTloptimistic E unsociable
l6T--]sociable F lazy
t-rft popular G rude
lBT--]calm H unpopular
b) Read the school report below. Change
the adjectives in bold to make the
report positive. Begin like this:'Dennis is
doing very well this terrn.'
Dennis is notdoing verywellthis
term.Heis 1) rudeto histeachers
andheis very2) unsociable with
theotherchildren.
Infact,heisvery
3) aggressive in his behaviour
towards everybody. He is very
4l lazyinclassandthismakes him
very5)unpopular.
161uoouLe
t
i Work in pairs.Choosethree
adjectives from Ex.2 which best describe
your partnea Give reasons. Does your
partner agree with your description?
e.g. I think you ore extremetyhor&wo*ing.
. ldioms
,l Explain the idioms in bold.Which are
positive/negative? Are there similar idioms
in your language?
Sheseemsto be on cloud nine after gettingher
degree.
The party was great. Everyoneseemedto be in
high spirits.
Despiteall her problems,she'strying to keep her
chin up.
He almost jumped out of his skin when I
tappedhim on the shoulder.
What would you say if ...
you were told you'd won first prize in a shon
story competition?
you and your friends were havinga great time at
the school partyt
you heara loud bangbehindyoul
o Prepositions
Choose the correct preposition. Check in
Appendix ll.Which of these sentences do
you agree with? Correct the sentences
which aren't true for you.
I I'm fed up with/in rude people.
2 You cant blameothers atlfor beingindifferenttc
your problems.
3 Dont put the blamein/on otherswhen it'syour fauh
4 In order to be happyyou need to learn to dea
with/of disturbingevents.
5 Patienceis the key forlto success.
6 Self-doubtcan resultin/to a lackof confidence.
r Phrasalverbs
( r Choose the correct particle. Check in
Appendix l. Make sentences using the
other particle.
I Dont run down/ofrothers if you dont know them
2 He lied to us but we sawofrlthrough him at once
3 Afwaysstandup forlin for your rights.
4 He was extremelyput ouUoff by her rudeness.
5 She'sso naiVe.She'salwaystaken in/up by his lies
6 He'sso patient;he'scut up/out to be a teacher.
 o I a-sesof reason/purpose/cause
& effect
5
join the sentences. Use the words in
brackets.
Word formation
-: "ras very noisy.He was askedto leavethe class. () Read the text below. Use the word given in
,so) -: /,is so noisythot he wos oskedto leovethe
capitals at the end of some of the lines to
form a word that fits in the gap in the same
-€r -r red a lot of people.There was nowhere line.There is an example at the beginning(0).
:: s -- (such)
i-t -.as:een practisingevery day.She wants to do
- :-e conrest.(so that)
-e
':- s ' c r ld dr iv e s l o w l y . T h e ro a d m i g h t b e FRIEND
: :":€-v, (in case)
-€ *?s ate for work. He asked his friend for a lift. STUDY
since) NATURE
-i : ar'r comment on her new hairstyle.He was
r-a: cr upseningher.(so as not to) SUM
--e-e ^as been a heavysnowfall.They have closed
:€ -eac. (due to)
-: :e€ ned rhe invitation.He said he was working ATTRACT
=^:':
'teekend. (on the grounds that)
IMPRESS

English CONVERSE
o l s< ^g a b o u t/E xpressing
-veryday feelings IMPORTANT
af Read the dialogue.How does speaker B
feel?Why?
POPUI.AR
: e'eryhing OK?Youlook upset.
NECESSARY
.'.e . it's beena reallylongday,and I'vejust found
:-: chatI failedmy exam. VALUE
l- roi

c) ln pairs use the languagein the box to

act out dialoguesfor the following
situations.Youcan continue your
dialogue if you like.

' yourfriendhaslosther handbag

. your friend'scomputerbrokedown
. your friendhada tooth takenout
. your friendwantedto attenda rock concert
but therewere no ticketsleft | ( ) a) f comptete the sentences.

I My friendis
Eg about feelings 2 My parentsare
-:w a r e y ou? . Well, it's been a ...day 3 My teachersare . . .
: = you alright/angry/ a n d ...
-: se Cpleas ed? . T h e th i n g i s | ..., b) Complete the sentences.How do your
: :verything OK? . I've been in a bad mood sentencesdifrer from those in Ex. l0a?
"'."'arswrong with all ... I I lovemy friendbecause. . .
'a -) . Ac tu a l l y ,...
2 I appreciatemy parentsfor .. . .. . .
. T o b e h o n e s t,| ....
3 I valuemy teachersas ... . . . .
 Lis-ten"Jrsg
Skil|s

Listening
Part1
i l (l \ sl-ills
Multiplechoice
Read the questions and
the keywords.Listen
underline
once and note down any
answersyou can. Listenagain
and complete/check your
answers.

tt'{ I,l yo,, will hear people

talking in eight different
situations. For questions l-8,
choose the best answer, (A,
B or C).

You hear a woman talking on the

radio.Whatis unusualabout her?
A her habitof shockingpeople
B her choice of profession
C her strangesenseof humour

You hear a young man talkingabout school.

What does he sayabout his schoolexperience?
A He tended to tet into trouble a lot.
B He got alongwith his fellow students.
C He was not like the others in his class.

You heara mantalkingto an old friend.How does

the man feel about recent changesat work? You hear a teenagertalkingabout shopping.Ho*
does it makeher feell
A He approvesof his new boss.
A bored
B He liked thingsthe way they were.
B thrilled
C He welcomesthe new ideas.
C angry
Youheara womantalking.Whatcameasa surprise
to herl You heara travellertalkingabout his latestadventure
What is he describing?
A her dislikeof her new city
A a modernmeansof transport
B the strongfeelingsshe experienced
B a localtradition
C the problemsshe hadwith the movers
C local traffic problems
You hear someone talking on a TV programme.
What was it that caused the person to lose You hear a father talkingto his daughter.Whyis he
weight? talkingto her?

A the adviceof a healthprofessional A to praiseher

B a conversationwith someoneat work B to warn her

C the supportof a familymember C to persuadeher

 - steningPart2
5
t || ' You hear a radio interview with Hannah, the editor of a
ifesty'e magazine, about how to arrange a successful party.
Fu questions 9-18,complete the sentences.

-TI_]
dr'enchoosing
guestsfora partytheyshouldbefromI
lf s-'t a goodideato haveguestswithsimilarprofessions
or
S€rt outinvitations
f- _____:II of yourparty.
in advance

"eloguestslocatetheparty,youshould withtheinvitation.
.eryimportant people
to welcome
thepafi, onepersonshouldservethe
' _,a,€u€co-hosting
-arah usually
asksoneof her to helpher.
' :u shouldn'tletthe ruinyourenjoyment
of theparty.
-: rsease thechances youcandrawup a(n)
of success, at sit-down
meals.
a lu€stbringsa gift,openit andthankthemimmediately.

- steningPart3 25 Scott Ogilvy discoveredthe advantagesof pet

therapy
rt I' A after much research.
You will hear five difrerent people
*ing about a life change they have made B somewhatby chance.
ccendy. For questions l9-23, choose from C throughanotherpsychiatrist.
*De lflst (A-F) the type of change that each
ETon made. Use the letters only once. 26 Pet therapyis now practised
'lffse is one extra letter which you do not A all over the world.
ted to use. B only with youngpeople.
:c:-g for a new line of C by a handfulof professionals.
ry=e<
speaker| [It]
27 Samand ElizabethCorson
:.,:csing an alternative
'ES--.)'l€
speaker
2 l--ltol A were successful
with all their patients.
:---=-agrheir dietary habits B had not expectedto get the resultsthey did.
Speaker
3 [I2l
r- r€ a talent into an C conductedtheir programmeover a long
:r:3-DaOOn period.
Speaker
4aT2]
:i."-E up a hobby 28 The Australianstudy
--:ering rheir education speaker
s [I2q A usednumerousanimals.
B wasconductedin one place.
- steningPart4 C involvedolder people.

I l' You will hear a radio report about

29 What doesScottsayaboutprisoninmates?
'
rEnd therapy. For questions 24-30, A Theywere allowedvisitsby animals.
3lio<rs€ the best answer (A, B or C). B Theywere giventheir own pets.
n\'-a is one difficulty not experienced by C They were nor affectedby the animals.
-*
HTc.artrn childrenl 3 0 Accordingto ScocLpet owners
A =-kng about their problems A are generally
the sameas non-petowners.
C :ealing with people B are easyto understand
as people.
C to animals C tend to be more friendlyro orhers.
-tating
MODULE1 19
 SpeuJ'-in91
!L'lll

Speaking Part 1 (3minutes)

What do you like doing in your spare time? What kind of holidayappealsto you?
Do you enjoy travelling? What are you planningto do next weekendl

Speaking ParI 2 gminutes)

lntroducing: well,let me see
in the first ...
Enumerating: first,then,and
...also
Adding points: also,another
point,what is more

7
Bus
reasonablycheap
+ conventent
keepsto regular
timetable
. can be crowded/ delaye
-
. slow
Taxi
fast
good for luggage
+
take to exact
destination
Candidate B: Which form of transportdo you usuallyuse? . expensive
r . hard to find at busy
ttmes
\

anniversary
way of saying'thankyou'
look back on the past and
remember thingsdid togethe-
show appreciationfor being
together for sucha long time

colourful
peopleparade
forget their troubles,escape
from daily routine
C andidat e A : W h a t a n n i v e rs a ri edso y o u l i k e to cel ebratei n y:-- l 3--l -:;
traditional celebration
((r{ I't) Lirt.n excitingand festive/havefun
to a model answer. How does each speaj<er justify
his/her points?
20| ,
" oout r
 Speaking Paft 3 p minutes)
pairwork
w
*tr''}ack, a popular teacher, is retiring from your school and you want to give him a leaving present.
r:" calk to each other about how useful these items are and
then decide which two woutd be the
t:w suitable for a present.
- -'{ -sefulare theseitemsl
- :- rwo would be the most suitablefor a present?

EtEfior Opinion & Suggesting Agreeing Disagreeing

'-. C on' twe . . . ?
-:: do y ou t hink of ...?
: "ri ghr . . .
:'---: rhink this would be a good
:;i :€cause...How about ...1
":,- in'r ...be better?
. Yes,I agree because ...
. That sounds like a good
idea ...
. Thati not a bad suggestion
. I like this too because...
. I'm not sure I agreewith that because...
. I dont think that would be a good idea
because...
. I'm sorry but I dont agreewith you there
because...
. I'm not so sure. He might havehad ...

O' a,ra.nto a modelanswer.

- :- Ewo items do the speakersdecide onlWhat reasonsdo theygivel
-:: other items would make a suitablepresent?
:-: you like to receiveany of these items as a present?Why (not)?

3Ceaking Pafl 4 r+minutes)

pairwork
r pairs discuss:
'. -en do you exchange
presentsin your country?
'-:.t is the best presentyou haveever received?
-: a' €?S/do you find it to choosea presentfor somebody?
I : lou think peoplespendtoo muchmoneyon presents?
-:.' elsecanwe thanksomeonefor their helpapartfrom givingthem a present?
 l/rlr ttf-tr.t1
: Letters/Entst

I ktters/Emails can be informal, semi-formal or formal,

dependingon who you are writing to. There are quite a few
Upes, such as: invitations, accepting or refusing
invitations, asking for or giving information, job applications,
complaints, apologies, asking for/giving advice, giving news, o Stylein informaland forn-
expressingthanks/regretsicongratulations, etc.
letters/emails
I Before you start writing a(n) letter/email it is important to think
about who you are writing to. This will help you to decide how
formaV informal the letter/email will be.
I Informal letters/emails are sent to people you know well (e.g.
fiends, relatives,etc). An informal letter/email should consistof: Greeting:
o an informal greeting (e.g.Dear TonylUncleBilllMum, etc), Dear Mary/AuntSue/Dad,etc
o an introduction in which you write your opening remarks and
. friendly,relaxed,personalstyle
the reasonfor writing (e.g.How areyou? I thoughtI'd dropyou
a line to let you know ),
(e.g.Thonksso much for your
o a main body in which you write the main subjects of the lost letter.)
letter/email in detail, starting a new paragraphfor each topic.
. frequent use of colloquial
o a conclusion in which you write your closing remarks (e.g.I'd expressions,idioms, phrasal
bettergo.), verbs, short forms (e.g. lt's
o an infonnal ending (e.9.LovelYounlBestrcgards,* yottrfintname). beenogessincewe hookedup.)
I Semi-formal letters/emails are normally sent to someone you . pronouns are often omitted
know but are not intimate with (e.9.yott fiiend's perents,e distant (e.g. Thought H drop you o
rclqtive, etc,).Semi-formal letters/emailscontain: line.)
r formal greetings (e.g.Dear Mr and Mrs Jones,) . use of literary devices (e.g.
o informal endings (e.g.Best wisheslYours,+ full name) You'reos stubborn as o mule
o a respectful tone, dependingon the relationship you havewith sometimes.)
the person
. pronouns should not be omitted and idioms should be used
Sign off:
Bestwishes/Lovelfou
rs/Regards,
carefully
Peter
I Formal letters/emails are normally sent to people in an official
position or people you don't know well (e.g.Director of Studies,
PersonnelManager,etc). A formal letter/email should consistof:
o a formal greettnCk.g. Dear SirlMadant"-whenyou da rct loww thc
penon's name;DearMs Smith,- whenyou lvnw thcpasonb nnme),
o an introduction in which you write your opening remarks and Greeting:
mention your reasonsfor writing (e.g.I am witing to applyfor Dear Sir/Madam,/DearMr/Mrs/
theposition of ), Ms Smith,
. a main body in which you write about the main subjectsof the ,44
. serious,impersonalstyle (e.g.I
letter in detail, starting a new paragraph for each topic,
o a conclusion in which you write your closing remarks (e.g 1 wos pleosed to heor that you
Lookfon+ardto heaingfiomyou as soon aspossible ), ore in good heohh)
o a formal ending (e.g.Yoursfaith.fully,- whenyou do not know . complex sentencestructure-
theperson'sname; Yourssincerely,-whenyou know thepercon's frequentuseof passivevoice-
name) followed by your full name. no phrasal verbs no
colloquialEnglish- advanced
vocabulary- no shoft forms
(e.g.Ihe item in question,which
I received lost week, wos
greeting)Paragraph I ) Paragraphs
2,3:) Paragraph4:)sign
off domogedin transit.)
opening development ctosing
remarks, rcmar{rs Sign ofi:
reason(s) Yoursfr ithfullyl/ourssincerely,
for writing \ Peter Brown

22 MODULE1
{

ilE
frrnal?
type of letter/email is each sentence ( l-20) from? Which sentences are formal? Whidr ere
Put an F for formal and an I for informal language. Give reasons for your answenr
lVri t i n g: Lett ers/emaib
5
F EY ro your comPlaintabout ...
tr I I Drop in wheneveryou tet the chance. t-
nLs drar this will answer your query.
r 12 You havebeenvery helpfuland I thank you for ... I
-!u!'rE-Epe yOUCan COme.
T l3 I'm so happyyou passedyour exams. T
ulrld like to inform you rhat you 14 By the way,I forgot all about ... tr
r,mre
-€fi
chosen ...
T l5 | am writingin responseto your request... T
t-:i-r --o say it but I think l'll have to miss ...
T l6 lt is with great pleasurethat we offer you ... I
rlll ,rtutrlrr
sn't you come and visit us ...
tr 17 Please
acceptour sincerecongratulations
on ... tr
,rc< brrrard to our meeting.
T | 8 Drop me a linewhen you can. tr
ltiL -r: rait to see you. ...
r l9 You are cordiallyinvitedto attend ... tr
a- ri'rirg with regard to the adveftisement ...
I
ilq
20 We regretto tell you that ... T
tillt -or abotn getring together next Sundayl ...
tr
r 3a: nningsandendingsof letters/emails

br the beginningsto the endings,sayingwhether the beginnings and endings are formal or
rfurnd and identifying which style elements have been used.

I hopethatyouwillconsider meforthejob.I have

-q -itny. - includeda copyof my CVas wellas severallettersof
,* ;;d to letyou knowhowsorryI amthat| reference.I lookfonrvard
to hearingfromyouin the
to yburbrother'swedding'Youknow nearfuture.Thankingyou in advance,
"",tt"
-rd'tlI rdy wantedto come'
flE
*'-
- '* Yoursfaithfully,
"4"
KevinMurdock

:s ifrldam. So,Auntie,nowyouknowaboutmy problem'I really

m mlng in responseto your advertisement in this : hopeyoucanhelpmeout.Hopeto hearfromyousoofl'
rer s qer fur a juniorsecretary.
I amveryinterested : Loveyou,
r' cct'tng fur thisposition.__ Jonie . * -+ < < ' -
., -8
,

serilusly I epect
I trustthat you will take my complainb
b A.rntSue' problems thd I haved€sctibed
you
t S letterfindsyouwell'I'mwritin-glo t, in"i V", *ifi *"stigate the
+ improvethe I
sihlation' lookfonrtardto
somemtng' andtake actionto
FJse I needyouradviceabout fromYouin thenearfuture'
hearing
YourssincerelY,
TrentPhelPs
].rw ifrGrant,
amrinp to you becauseI am notat all satisfiedwith
llm rraEes thathavebeenmadeat thegym.In the past So.as I saidbefore,I'm reallysorry| couldn'tcomebut
youknowhowit is ... sometimes thingsjustcomeup
@[ rrsedto lookforuardto comingto thegymevery andkeepin touch'
but ot tne blue.Anyway,take care
d@rut. Unfortunately,thisis no longerthecase.
Kisses,
Annie

Write dre first and the last paragraph for the following:

"':r- are writing a letter to invite your friend to spend a weekend at your house.
'r:r- are sendingan email to congratulate your Englishpen-friend on his successin his exams.
'':r- are writing a letter to thank your Englishpen-friend's parents for their hospitality while yog stayed with
:€f]_
 - lnfonsssss
Writin#; Sc€#ricsrl's5ysss
/ewails
de*g.srs
o Rubricanalysis

Always think about the situation in the rubric. This the type of writing task.
will help you plan your writing. Read the rubric the specific topics you should include
carefully and underline the key words/phrases. in your piece of writing.
These indicate: Studythe examplebelow.
- the imaginarl situation you will write about, e.g. 'You are working abroad as a tour gide. Wite a
who you are and the reason you are writing.
'letter to your'English pen-friend, 'describing the
- the imaginary reader who is going to read job saying what you like and what you donl like
your piece of writing. This will help you decide aboul it.
on the writing style you should use; formal, 'ztypeofwriting task,
3reader style,
-
semi-formal or informal.

Read the rubrics below. Underline the key

words. Find the imaginary situation, the
imaginary reade6 style, type of writing task
and the specific topic(s).
You recentlyboughta TV but you were giventhe
wrong model by mistake.When you complained,
the shop assistantwas rude to you.Write a letter
to the company's Complaints Department
expressingyour dissatisfactionand sayingwhat
actionyou expectto be taken ( 120-180words).
You haveseen the followingadvertisementin an
internationalmagazine.Writeyour email applying
for the job ( 120-180words).
__at]*1
,*!tt!'- \
WANTED - suNcAMPwALEs
Wearelookingfor Youngenergetic
peopleto workin ourcamPin JulY'
Thereareall kindsof iobsavailable
cookingto entertainingcampers'
DearMs Smith,
We are writingto informyou that your entryfor :r-
short story competitionhas been chosen by :-
judgesasthebestsubmitted. As youareaware,berr
thewinnerof ourcompetition,yourentrywillappea'r
the nextissueof lt'sa WondertdLife.
In addition,you alsowin a €100cashprize.Wewo-rur
likeyouto cometo our officesto claimyourprizearL:
haveyour photographtakenfor the localnewspape
Pleasecontact our officesto arrangefor a suita,p
dateand time for the photography session.You ca"
contactus on 210 87655544from 9 to 5. Mondai :r
Friday.
We look forward to hearingfrom you soon. O-,*
again,congratulationson yourwinningentry.
Yourssincerely,
er:'rl4 qra*4oro
CindyGiasson (Editor-
in-Chief)

To:
Youspentthree weeksat your Englishpen-friend's From:
house.Youare back now.Write a letter to your Subject:
friend'sparentsthankingthem for their hospitality
Janie,
and explaininghow your visit helpedyou improve
your English( 120-180words). Y3u're not going to believethisl
Rememberu,+
short story competitionI entered?
Vor-[no*,
You won first prize in a short story competition. one for tt'sa WonderfulLifer"g"rinJwliir*on t *
Send your Englishpen-friendan email telling l'm so excited,t,m on ctoudninir
lvoi.oni|'*irr
him/herthe newsand how this could changeyour storybe comingout in next month,s,"garine, rn,
I also get 100 euros!| even get U,
life ( 120-180words). my picturein tl^t
paper.Thiscould changemy
whole liie. you knov,
how badly I wanted to become
u *iia"l-r,rn *
2 Read the two models.Which is a(n) letter/
email?Which is formal/informal? Give
happy!Talkto you soon.
reasons.Which of the two models is an Takecare,
answer to one of the rubrics in Ex. l?

24 ,
 o ^formalletters/emails
" Mormal letters/emails are sent to people we know
r=-. They can include: invitations, accepting or
-::.r-.in_qinvitations, giving news, asking for/giving
r::,1rrnation, asking for/ giving advice, expressing
--u:ks regrets/congratulations,etc.
lr,f?ening remarks in informal letters/emails may
nriude:
- questions/wishes about recent events, the
Ererson's
health, etc.
- : thank you to the person for their last letter.
- commentsabout their news.
- in apologr for a delay in writing/replying.
- :he reasons why you are writing.
5"=F8 Paragraphl: ) Paragraphs 2,3:
Ier + person's opening remarks,
-lt'e,rne,) reason(s) for writing
bd dre following sentences. Mark them
ro O (opening remarks) or C (closing
-"unnarb).}Vhat point does each include?
:rar-r br not writing earlier,but ...
r'a€ to go now as Mum needs some help.
3* ry best wishes to your parents.
*r :rr:rrc br the lovely present.
ll: drat things will improve.
lflflr -cr rre youl Hope you're feeling befter.
:|l ,rfte back soon.
iilll1 "lr rriting to ask for your advice.
H th€ rubrics.What points will the
'rdr body paragraphs include?
bu re goingto spenda weekat your English
pen-
iltudb houseand you arent surewhat clothesto
* uifr yrcuor how to gettfrere.Write him/her
rrrr ernail asking your questions ( 120-| 80
qrcrds)-
brl, ere on holiday in a country cottage. Send
,orr pen-friend a letter describingyour holiday
:rc ir and inviting him/her to spend a week
qr )ou ( 120-180 words).
brr cousin has invited you to go on a five-day
Write him/her a letter refusing the
-lre-
ililrtrilbn and explaining why you arent able to
p 120',180words).
Writing: Itubric anulysis - InfrtrmnJ |ett-er,'zn-tiL;
s'
Closing remarks in informa.l leners.-f- \
may include:
- greetings to the person's famill- frienlt
- wishes, a promise (e.g.to vrite soonr.ets
- a request to the person to replv soon.
- the r€asonfor ending the letter/email.
o [n infonnal letters/emails you may often relk ahrn
more than one topic.
e.g. Tell your tricnd ahout your summcr plans and iltriv
himlher to comewilh vou.
Paragraph4: ) sign off
write about closing (Yours/Best wishes
specific topic(s) remarks + your first name)
i Read the model.Which rubric in Ex.4 does
it answer?What is each paragraph about?
lFrom: Robed
I Subiect: Ouestions
DearPeter,
Hi, how arethingswithyou?Thanksso much
for invitingme to your house.I'm so excited
that I can't wait! There are just one or two
thingsI'd liketo ask you beforeI come.
I was wonderingwhat clothesI should bring
with me for the week l'll be stayingwith you.
You say the weatheris usuallygood at this
time of year, so I'm packing mainly light
clothes.ShouldI bringa pulloverand a jacket
in case the.eveningsare chilly?What do you
advise?
Couldyou also pleasegive me some idea of
how to get to your house? l'll probabtybe
comingby train,in whichcase,couldyou serd
me some directionson how to reach your
housefrom the station?
Do write back soon and pleasegive my best
wishes to your parents. I'm really lookr€
forwardto seeingyou.
Bestwishes,
Robert
llODrJl-E 1 25
 g,rttrs
tVt'i'{i#Sfl; frsfb vvwva! dE*-#ersle$?E
o Letters/Emails
askingforlgivingadvice Read the model.Which rubric from Ex. I
does it answer?
o letters/Emails asking for/giving advice
from a friend usually consistof four
paragraphs.See how the paragraphplans differ.

Para l: openingremarks,statethe problem

HiMax,
Paras 2,3: describethe problemin detailand I'msorryto hearyou're so stressed at themoment!
how it affectsyou Don'tworryabout theexam, l'msureyou'llbefine.I
Para 4: askfor help/advice,
closingremarks thought I'dgiveyousome tipsthatlfindhelpfulwhen I'm
studying.
Inmyopinion, 1)thebestthingt0 dois make a revision
Para l:
timetable. 2) Thiswillmeanthatyouwon'tforget to
openingremarks,expresssympathy
include anytopicsin yourrevision. Makesureyou
Paras 2,3: giveadvicesupportedby expected include regular breaksinthetimetable,though. Thatway
results youwillworkmore efficiently.
Para 4z expresshope thingswill improve, 3) lf I wereyou,l'd tryto getsome exerciseto relieve
closingremarks yourstress.4)Haveyou thoughtaboutgoing
swimming? lt's a greatwayto reduce stresslevels.
Finally, 5) youshouldn't stayupallnightstudying, as
youwillbetoosleepy toconcentrate properly!
. Anyway, 6) I hopethings getbetter. lf youeverneed
Asking for advice Haveyou thought
. Do you think I should some friendly support,phone me!
oflabout (+-ing)...1
. Take care,
...? Another idca's to ...
. Do you haveany idea .
Ricky
lt's best not to ...
about...?
. Can you think of Result
. This would/will mean
anythingthat ...1
. What do you advise? that ...
Read the model again.
. That way ...
. What can I do?
. lf you do this,(you will/ a) Replace the phrases in bold with other
Giving advice won't...)... phrases from the useful language box-
. lf I were you, I'd ...
. Youshould/shouldnt... Ending the letter/email
b) What is Ricky's advice?What will the
. I hope my advicehelps.
. The bestthing to do expected results be? Complete the
. Hope thingsget better.
is ... table.
. Let me know what
. Why dont you ...?
happens.

Read the rubrics.What will the main body

paragraphs be about?

Your pen-friendis pt"nningt" t."""i to yort

country for the first time this year. Write a i
letter givingadviceabout when to come and '
what placesto yisit ( 120-180words).

B Your bestfriend hasan importantexamcoming

up and is very anxious.Write an emailgiving
advice about how to study well without
I Write your letter of advice for rubric A
becomingstressed( 120-180words). ( | 20- | 80 words).

i- 26[ mt- n
 bVri'ting
: lni'ornul le'tters/ett"r/,
S6
o Letters/Emails - refusinginvitations
inviting/accepting

r kfiers/Emails inviting/accepting - refusing invitations consistof four paragraphs.See how the paragraph
:lans differ.

-l ke l: openingremarks
tans 2,3: detailsabout the event
(place,time,guests,food,
decorations,etc) Paras 2,3: refuseinvitation,
arra 4: closingremarks(ask event, ask questi ons, 8rvrn8reasons
personto let you know if offer to help, etc closingremarks,
he/shecancome,express Para 4: closing remarks, thank thankperson
hoP: person again agarn
./

Read the extracts.Which type of letter is b) Which paragraph

each from?
. givesdetailsaboutfood,drink,theme?
. invitesthe person,givingdetailsaboutplaceand
--'owareyou?Are you doinganything this
time?
==<end? We'vedecidedto hold a partyand . asksthe personto let the writer know if she
= : loveit if youcouldcome
cancome?
. invitesthe personto staythe night?
--anksa lot for the invitation. I
Unfortunately,
.'.cn'tbeableto makeit. Read the email.Which languagedoes the
writer use to accept the invitation?

: --:rks forthe invitation

to the party.
Sounds
like
: r€at idea.l'd loveto comeand meetallyour
'irds.

e) Read the email.What type of email is it?

"'m
NUE eg Party!
rer {qt,
nsir are you? What are you doing this Saturday?
-
* rolding a fancy dress party at home in the
{:Ef-oon and I'd love you to come.
- =anrninga big partywith our old schoolfriends. There
wil :e lotsto eat and drink.I've decidedto givethe party
r =aoky theme.So makesure you get dressedup.
:r- l probablybe coming by train,won't you? Just
1'tea ringfrom the stationwhen you arriveand my
:iui,iE
:ifl"-ts will come and pick you up. I expectthe party
r1r,:o on quite lateso you can stay the night.We can
.ii*,tremy room.
luel-I reallyhope you can make it. lt seemsages since
$: 6t met. Pleaselet me know if you can come.
:LE
Hello Sue,
Great to hear from you! I'm fine, thanks.Your
party on Saturday sounds like a really fun idea
and thanks so much for the invitation.
Of course ld love to come. I wouldnt miss it for
anything, in fact, as I love fancy dress parties. I
think l'll come dressedas a witch, as I've already
got a suitable costume. lt will be a good
opportunity to meet some of the people we
haven't seen for ages.Will Bob and Nancy be
therel ls there anything you would like me to
bring? I've got some interesting new CDs.
I'm planning to take the train. Thank you for
offering to pick me up from the station. Stayingthe
night with you would be greag but you must let me
help you clear up the mess on Sundaymorning!
Can't wait to see you on Saturday! Many thanks
once again.
Love.
Kim

MODULE

Read the rubric. Underline the
<ey words.What is your letter
eoing to be about?
'a.r would like to attend a summer
:lJrse to improve your English.
.'"'rite a letter applyingfor a place
:,'th e cour s e( 120- 18 0w o rd s ).
Read the model letten Match
Cte headings to the paragraphs.
:ualifications
remarks/reason(s)
for
-pening
*,nUng
:ocuments enclosed,closing
rmarks
experience/reasonfor wanting
:c amendthe course
l--'. Sir/Madam.
| | am writing in connection
--"1 the foreign students'
-
:=ramme you run during the
:--'rmer season. I would like to
fo r a plac e in o rd e r to
--lf'ove
:l y my English.
2 | am 18 years old and I have
s: finished high schcol. I was an
=-'cellent student with grade As in
a rry subjeca.The extra-curricular
;:--vities I took paft in included
:D'3fts :rs well as volunteer work. I
r fluent in French but my English
E aflr afraid,intermediate level.
3 My good gradesallowed me
f = t€t a scholarship to attend a
- g:ly respecteduniversityoverseas,
:'-: I really need to improve my
?rish in order to be able to cope
-= rhe demands of my subjeca.,
--er-efore, I would be grateful if you
::'- d send me further information
:r four programmes and consider
-e lcr a place.
1 | haveenclosedmy CV as
re as referenceletters from my
--=:hers.I look forward to hearing
-:'n you at your earliest
::'-venience.
Pleasedo not hesitate
:ontact me if you need further
---.mation.
::'--s faithf0lly,
Torretti
-=:rc
T}re following letter is in the
:rong style. Rewrite the
.mderlined phrases to make it
sound more formal.
$IIic
lVri iin q:f'arrnul letters/ ernui!;/ {E
v
DearSir/Madom,
I om writingregardingyour advertisement in theSeptemberissueof 'Sporting
News'for English-speaking skiinstructorsin ltoly duringthe winterholiday
season.I reollyfancydoing thiskindof work.
lam lSyeorsold and completedmy secondaryschoolingthissummerwith
satisfactorygrades.lshallbe commencinguniversityin October, studyingSport
and PhysicalEducation.But that'snot all.l alsogot my CSIALevel1 ski
instructors'certificatein Conodolastwintef whenI attendeda five-week
coursethere.Thismeansthot Iwon't haveanyproblemteachingskiingfrom
beginnerto earlyintermediotelevels.I am a nativeEnglishspeokerand olso
havereasonablyfluentltalian.
Yourodvertisement statesthat instructorswouldbe teachingschoolgroups.I
feelthot lwould be suitable,sinceI regularlysupervised with
excursions
youngerclasses duringmy lastyearat secondaryschool.Therefore, I think thot
thisexperiencewill comein veryhondywhenit comesto teochingkids.
Pleasefind enclosedmy CVond a letterof reference
from the Conodianski
school. I hopeyou get in touch soon.
Yoursfaithfully,
ArnoldThompson
Read the rubrics.Answer the questions. Choose one task
and write your letter/email. Use the useful language.
A
Write a letcer of applicationfor a place at SheffieldUniversityto
do a course in InformationTechnology(120-180 words).
B You have seen the following advertisement in the Cambridge
EveningNews:
Smallbook shop specialisingin foreign languages
seek reliableand
friendly assistantto work over July/AuguscNo sales experience
needed,but good organisationalskillsare required.Applyby email
to JohnWheatcroft at jwcroft@flbook.co.uk
Write your letter ( 120-180words).
I Who is going to read your letter/email?
2 Do you know the person you are writing tol
3 Why are you writing the letter/email?
4 How will you start/end your letter/email?
Jseful languagefor letterc/emails of application (for a coure:
Opening remarks: I would liketo applyfor admission
to the .../l
would liketo be considered
for ...,etc
Closing remarks: I would appreciatea reply at your earliest
convenience./llook forwardto meeting/hearingfrom you./lenclose
furtherdetailsof my educationandqualifications
to date./lhopethat
you will considerme for entry into ...,etc
Useful languagefor letters/emails of application (fior aiob)
Opening remarks: I am writing with regard to your advertisement
for ...11am writing to apply for the post/job/position of (sales
assistant)which I saw advertisedin ...,etc
Closing remarks: I would appreciate a reply at your earliest
convenience./lenclose my CV and I would be glad to attend an
interview at any time convenientto you./l look forward to hearing
from you in due course ...,etc
MODULE1 31
 o Letters/Emails

*.rrcrs Emails
making an apology
*Vriti n g: Far n uI Ie'fters/ elrlsils I I
s.
t' ryologr are
,w'cen when someone greeting) Paragraphl: ) Paragraphs 2,3: Paragraph4: ) signoff
!t :rads a mistake, has reason(s) reason(s) to exPness
rbi to perform a duty for the explain the understanding/
,r = she is not able to
apology inconvenience/ regrrt/promise
::d e promise.Theycan
upset caused to make up for
rr :.rrmal. semi-formal
r =tbrmal, depending the situation &
.r the person the closing remarks
iErr:":rs'is addressed
to.

Read the letterc of apology (A and B) and fill in the gaps with one of the phrases below.Then, make
dre plan for each model.

apologise/say
how sorry I am
are aware/know lr
Dear Cbloe,
t was impossible for me tolthere was no way I could I'm writing to 1) . . . ....for losing tbe book you
cf,spleased/cross lent me to read on my journey bome from your
q way of an apology / to make up for things bouse.
hntastic / excellent It was sucb a(n) 2) read tbat I didn't even
n a terrific rush / under great pressure notice that my train bad reacbed my station.I was
wtty dont you let me / perhapsI could so engrossed tbat I almost missed my stop.
Unfortunately, I ended up I . . . .... to get off tbe
train uhicb meant tbat I left tbe book behind by
accident. I'm afraid 4) .......... get it ba.ck, even
thougb I cbecked witb tbe lost propeny office.
I9 ..........tbatyou must be O ..........w i tbmefor
losing sometbing tbat youd trusted me to take care
DearGreatAunt Sally, of. Nut time youTe in London, D ........ take you to
l'm writing to 1) . . for missingyour lVaterstone's booksbop in Piccadilly? It's Londonb
85th birthdaypartylastSunday, and I hopeyou are largest booksbop - witb six floors full of books.
n ot t oo2l. . . . YouTe bound to find, sometbing you like. I'll reat
Unf or t una te l3y ), .......... c o me As y o- you to wbatever book you like, 8) Really
4l ... . I havebeenstudyingveryhardfor sorT ), once again!
my end-of-schoolexams this year. I had been Lcne,
intendingto come to your party,but I was due to Gilbert
havea Mathsexamthe followingday.lt wasn'tuntil
Sundaymorningthat I realised I wouldhaveto continue
studying all day in order to pass the exam, which meant working
5 ) . . . . . . . . . u n ti ll a te th a te v e n i n gl .' m s o rryl d i dn' t l etyou know sooner,
butthe
amountof revision I hadto do wascompletely unexpected!
Anyway, 6) . . . . . . ,7) take you out for tea next weekend.We
c ouldgot ot hat 8 ).......... te as h o p y o ul i k eb ythe ri verMyexamsareovernow
so you can be surel'll be therethistime!
Lotsof love.
Hayley

Underline the key words in the rubrics below. Choose one rubric and write your letter/email.

You recentlybought3 DVDs from a shop,all of which You haveborrowedsomemoneyfrom a friend

were faulty.When you went backto the shopto ter a
refund,the assistantwas very rude to you and accused
you of damaging the DVDs. Write a letter to the shop
managergiving the reasonsfor your dissatisfaction
(120-180words).
andfailedto return it by the agreeddate.Write
an email to your friend, apologisingfor your
behaviourand explainingthe reasonsfor the
delay( 120-180words)
 $Rdt
lvritinq: Letters/Errttills busecl on rto'tes
@-
Now read the email. Has the writer You are interested in doing volunteer work
included allthe information needed? How this summer.You have received a
has she reworded the information? suggestion in an email from the manager
of your local tennis club giving you some
information. Read his email and the notes
{tr: you have made.Then, write an email to the
Sgrl:
tennis club manager in an appropriate
style, using all your notes ( 120-| 50 words).
learJanet,
Firstof all,congratulationson beingselected to playin the
nusicfestival!| know it'sverycompetitive.
From:
inanswer to yourquestion, I don'trecommend stayingatthe
Sent: l2othApril
HotelAphrodite. lt'sveryexpensive andit'squitelarfromthe
Subject: I Volunteer work
:owncentre. I suggest youtry FelixYouthHostel instead.
Accommodation thereis cheap, plusit hasspecial activity
nomswhere youcould practise
yourviolin. Dear Malcolm,
Jnfortunately,theminimum membership requirement for my yousaying
I remember youareinterested
indoing
gymis 6 months. However, thetownhasa bigleisure centre workin yoursparetimethissummer.
volunteer I
$atisopen tothepublic, soyoucould gothere instead. suggestthatyouhelpoutat thisyear'slocal
Asforworking, therearelotsof places inthetowncentre that community tennistournament, whichI am
nireextrastafffor thesummer. JustbringyourCVanda
'eferenceandyou'll finda jobeasily.
involved
inorganising.
0K,that'sallfornow.Email meif youhaveanymorequestions!
Volunteers arerequired
to assistin-awide]arietlr
3estwishes,
of activities.
Theseinclude ball-fetching
oncourt
Hannah (wneirean'agelimiiap-p1ie-s),
ticketcollecting
and
cateringduties,to namejustafew.

Direct questionscan be usedin informal letters/ which lastsforaweekandyouwouldbe

Thetournament
emailsand they can start with a wh-questionword ond workingon five of the days.Uniforms are
(when,why, etc.)e.g.llhat time will you rcach York? hours? provideq.
Therew.ill
be a short
training just
period
Indirect questions are used mostly in semi-formal or theeventwhichyouwouldneedto attenc.
for how before
formal letter/emails.They are introduced with: long?
I would be grateful if yott could ... ., I would like to
lfyouareinterested
inhkingpart, anyqueslions,
orhave
know whetherlif... ., I would appreciateit if ... .,
please
email aspossible.
meassoon L

interview
Couldyott suggest...?,Do you think ...?, necessory?
Do you haveany idea ...? Yours,
e g. Do you have any idea whenyott will be in York? TomSmithers

Rewrite the direct questions as indirect.

{ r Swap papers and evaluate your partner's
I Will the weatherbe sunnynext weekendl piece of writing.Think about:
. content . paragraphs. grammarmistakes
2 Are there any good restaurantsin town? . punctuation& spelling

3 What time of yeardo the coursesrun? Has he/she included allthe points? How
has he/she rephrased the information?
4 Do we needto bringour own equipment?

Can I leave my luggageat the hotel for a few

hours?

Could you please reply to my letter at your

earliestconveniencel

n-
MODULEI JC
 : ./ri t i nq:Di: t Lt:"
lth tl t / ri t ?S'

o Dis c u s a
s n dw ri te D You have just received this leaer from your
Read the following rubrics (A-D).What Englishpen-friend,Harry who you are going to
visit soon in London. Read Harrys letter and the
type of task is each one? What style are
notes you havemade on icThen write a lener to
they to be written in? In an appropriate
Harry,usingall your notes (120-150words).
style, choose a task and write your answers.
You do not have to include addresses.

A An elderly neighbour is visiting her sister for a

few week.You have offered to take care of her DearFrancois,
house while she is away.Write a letter giving
Hopeallis wellwithyou.I'mso excited
news of what you have been doing and ask if
you'recoming to London 0n the 1'lth.
there is anything else she would like you to do
( 120-180words). Pleasetellmewhattimevouarearrivinq at Give
I'll comeunor-rr,- detoils
thetrain-statioi.and
As president of your school committee, you you.Only,there's a problem: HowwillI
have been askedto write to Peter Selby,a well- recogniseyou?I'veonlyseenyourphototuploin
known environmentalist,asking him to give a thatyousentmetwoyears I - - r howhe
talk at your school.Write a letter inviting him,
suggesting what environmental problems he
As you will be stayingwith us 16rtwo will
might include in his talk, and askingif he would weeks,we'regoingto go to Brighton ao recognise
you
need any specialequipment (120 - 180words). meettherestof myfamily.We'restaying
withmysister,Eileen,whois a student at
Your Englishpen-friend, Rebecca,has sent you the University
of Brighton. You'llloveit
an email askingfor your adviceabout something.
there! As whotto bringher
Read Rebecca'semail and the notes that are
attached to it. Then, write a letter to Rebecca, lfthere's elseyou
anything -lifqlg_{o-'4,
usingall your notes ( 120-| 50 words). withus,please
whileyou'reonholiday let ldeos
meKnow. obout
Speak toyousoon, whot you
E€ ttilts
t
(r ![ wont to do
Ch N hrrd ihr ftil Harry

Dear
Sally,
When you have finished your work,
exchange with a partner. Evaluate his/her
piece of writing.Think about the following:
youradviceabouta problem I have.
Asyouknow,l'vealways wanted to become
anactress.Well,l'venowdecided to drop . Has all the information asked for in the rubric
outof college
andenrolfulltimeat drama been included?
Theproblem
school. is I'vediscussedit with . ls the letter/email easy to understand?Does it
my parentsandtheyrefuse to support my flow?
. Are the paragraphs clear and in the correct
minds?
order?
Another thing... a fewmonths ago,without . Are the beginningsand endingsin the correct
tellingmy parents, I appliedfor a drama tone/stylefor the intended readerl
schoolscholarship. Well,I justreceived a . Does the letter/email contain any information
methatI'vewonit! Doyou
letternotifying
tlrat isnt necessary?
thinkI shouldtell my pgrqll aboutthe . ls the style the samethroughout dre letter/emaill
scholarship?Whatwouldyouadvise meto
, . Has a variety of vocabulary been used instead of
=_{Drctn do?
repeating the same vocabularyl
Please writebackassoonasvoucan.
^-1/
. Are there any errors in spellingor grammarf
Lotsof love, givel
odvice
Rebecca

\ I CDUL :' 37
 Module 2
U n i ts1 -1

:xi*s,*.

i3hallenges
at Module 2 . make speculations/deductions
-.:,o,[<
l :::- ibe t he pic t u re s . . expresswants/intentions
: r unit s ar e th e p i c tu re s from? What is . expressopinions,agree/disagree
".-
=-: : - . describe people,objects,places
- nit about ?
. use your senses
=r'd the page numbers for
Practise ...
: /.:,--!arCerUpttOn E . tenses
: ";-a ribesman E . wishes,unrealpast
conditionals,
_ .-:-:on stnP E . phrasalverbs
: : a-:--3.,-r1
of the Earth E
r . a letter to a pen friend telling him/her your news
-b^-'en, read and talk about...
.
-' -i af-oups
& animalsounds a diary entry about a volcanic eruption you
*':,: :: Sp€aK witnessed
. a short paragraphgiving reasonswhy people do
-Jxs>

i,:--€ sports extreme sPorts

o stones
' jg ...
-.::,irnr hgVT
j-;: --s Cissatisfaction
- Surviving
Culture Clip:The NavajoLanguage
--'": 5 :lct to news Againstthe Odds
::- -rr-'?t€ sb/respondto encouragement
i -i.i-= Dlqtures Curricular Cut (Science): Standing
on solid
ground?

A1
+ |
" ' ): -_ = , 2
I
 What impression does the writer give of What does the writer find unusual about
this part of the Serengeti? the village of Endulen?
A The animalsrule in this regionof Africa. A There are herds of cattle walkingthrough
B Peopleandwildlifeexist peacefully
there. the streets.
C Therearetoo manypeoplecomingto the area. B The community'swater supplycomesfrom
a singlesource.
D lt isoneof the few placesto seewildlifeinAfrica-
C The community cannot provide enough
What does the writer say has changed water for the residents.
about the Masai way of life? D The women dressup beforegoingto clean
A They havehad to acceptlivingwith animals their clothesoutside.
andtourists.
The writer uses the phrase'to make the
B The Serengetiis no longer largeenoughto shift'(line 58) to mean
suPPortthem.
A a changein lifestyle.
C They are no longerallowedto go wherever
they want. B a moveto a new area.
D Theycannotcontinuetheir traditionsin the C the Masaihavebecomefarm owners.
conservationarea. D the tribe maketoo manydemands.

Why does the writer feel the growing How does the writer feel about the
Masai population has caused problems changes in the Masai community?
for the tribe?
and unavoidable.
A Theyare noticeable
A It has made it very difficult to continue their B They havent reallyaffectedtheir traditions.
traditions.
C They are happeningmuchtoo fast.
B They are unableto grow enoughfood to survive.
D Theywill resultin the Masaimovingagain.
c There is too little room for them and the
tourists. What was the writer's purpose in writing
D They do not havesufficientspaceto graze the text?
their cattle. A To criticise the conservation
authorities.
Conservationists want the Masai to move
to another area because To show how wildlife and
people can live together.
A there has been a recent fall in the wildlife
population.
c To describe the problems
the Masaiare facing.
B the conservation area was designed to
D To explain the effects
protect animals.
of tourism on African
C the wildlife could be a dangerto their way of life. culture.
D they could disurrbtlre movementsof the wildlife.

Fill in:
. Make sentences using
Speaking
n-!
the phrases. (1 )t,l) Listen to and read the text and
make notes under the headings.Use your
I dawn 5 . food
vour classmatesa summarv of
2 .. in harmony 6 . area l;j"at::.t'Ye
3 . . . flourishes 7 water ' . reasons the Masai way of life has changed
1 ......... life I make ' " " of . problems the Masaiface
. the future for the Masai

Match the words in bold with their definitions.

Then explain the underlined phrases. Writing
Il roads;2 housing;3change;4thrive;5 means; Spend three minutes writing
6 trtacilities;
7 feed;8 restricted;9 madeillegal; about the problems the Masai face and
l0 wander;| | rules;l2 steady what they should do.

MODULE2 43
 f, in clean or clear. Make
using the phrzses. B
o Keywordtransformations
Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use
6'
-ntences two to five words.
-.. energy;2 crystal water;
He didnt manageto persuade the board of directors.
JI ---sky; 4.......staft;
s u cceed H e... .....theboardofdi rectors.
.-.case:6 ....... meaning;
il __.voice; g ....... instructions She said nothing as she was afraid they would misunderstandher.
fear She said nothing
r Phrasal
Verbs misunderstood.
In my opinionthe measurestakenare not enough.
@lace the verbs/phrases in
bold with the correct form of concerned As.
t|te phrasal verbs in the list. the measurestakenare not enough.
Cfieck in Appendix l. Theydo not planon movingto the countryside.
intention lt's.. . . to the countryside.
' corneacross . hangup . put up
.
PUt Off . PUt aCTOSS
To me,the twins are completelydifferentfrom eachother.
comparisonTome,there. .... the twins.
hund this ring by chancewhen I
ras clearingout the attic. You can't enter this area.
Ffycousinalwaysprovides me with allowed You... ....thisa
remmodation when I go toYork o Tenserevision
t{e is a brilliant mathematician.but Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
he cannotexplain his ideaseasily. I present, future or past tense form.
Sarah ended the telephone Give reasons.
cnnversation before I could give
ier nD/new number.
DearJane,
Dont delay seeinga doctor. Well,herelam inAfrica. | 1). . . .
(always/want) to comehereand now | 2)
Listenino
nv
.. . . (finallyimake) it. lt's muchhotterthan I
expectedand it's drier too, but it's so beautiful.I
rl ||D)L:sten to someone 3) ..... .. (hear)Kenya wasverybeautiful
d
butlhavetoadmit l4).... ...... (not/expect)thatit
talking about the way animals
wouldbesothrilling.
are beated in circuses.Hov
Anyway, we 5) . ...... (arrive)yesterday and thenwe
does he feel about it? 6)..... .. (travel)twohoursfromtheairporttothesafarilod
Aswe7) (drive),t'8)... ....(see)
b) Should animals be somewildanimals, mostlyantelope andzebra,butI can'twaitto seea lion.
used for our enteltainment? Theaccommodationweg)..... .. (stay)in is lovelyand I
Use ideas fiom the listening likeitverymuch.110).... ... (consider)stayinginatentfora
above and the language in moreauthentic experience,butnowlam glad111)..
(decide) to stayin a lodgeafterall.lt'smuchmorecomfortable.
the box below to tellyour
Well,| 12) (get)somebreakfast nowandthenwe
partnen,
are13) (take)a jeepintotheSerengeti National park.I
hopewe 14).... ... (see)lotsofanimals.lt's onlythefirstday
Everyday
English and| 15)
116)...
(reaily/enjoy) mysetfatready.
.... (write)toyouagainsoonandkeepyouposted
r Expressing
dissatisfaction Loveto all,
Rachel

-'iere seems to be something

--at Vlt's (just/simply/clearly etc)

,ra,cceptable/notacceptable.
-trVhi
not good enough.
--ac'h (just/sim plylclearly etc)
. at the moment . at 6 o'clockyesterdayafternoon . already. never
. lastsummer . at present . yet . since . always. everyday
e.g. l'm hovingon Englishlessonot the momenL

-rrs is not right. Writing

rs a (real) shame./ltseemsa (real)
s:TalTetO me that ... ll Portfolio:Youare on holiday.Write a letter to your
ts chsgusting!/lt's
English pen friend telling him/her your news.Use the
a disgrace!
letter in Ex. 9 as a model (120-180words).
MODULE2 45
 ' fn TheShadow

Lead-in
What is a volcanic eruption?What causes it?
What is the difrerence between an active and
a dormant volcano? Can you name some
volcanoes?What type are they?

Look at the title of the text and the

pictures.What do you think the article will
be about? Discuss with your partner.

In pairs, decide whether the following

statements about MountVesuvius are true
or false. Read through the text and check.

I MountVesuviusis a volcanonear Naplesin ltaly.

2 The volcano last erupted nearly4,000 yearsago.
3 Everybody living closer than l0 miles to the
volcanowas killedduringan eruption.
The bodies of victims were preserved for
thousandsof years.
5 You can seevictims'bodiesin the BritishMuseum.
6 ExpertsbelievethatVesuviusis a dormantvolcano.

Reading- Part2
a) Seven sentences have been removed
from the article. Read it and choose
from the sentences (a-h) the one which
fits each gap ( l -7).There is one extra
sentence which you do not need to use.

It was that of the older manwho hadtried to

Usingtext linkers
Whenyou choosethesentence thatbest
fitseachgap makesureyou lookfor
devices,e.g.words/phrases
linguistic
showingtimeperioCs, pronouns,repetition
of words,tenseconcordance, ideasetcthat
marktextcohesion. Thesewordswillhelp
you makethe correctchoice.
b) Compare answers with your partner.
Which words helped you make your
choice?
escapewith the youngwoman.
Apart from that, it is their hope that the
resultsof their work will serveas a wake-up
callto the peopleof Naples.
Their lungsfelt as thoughthey would burst.
This team of professionals needsto find proof
that there will, indeed,be future eruptions.
After the remains had been found.
anthropologistPier Patroneand volcanologist
GiusseppeMastrolorenzowere calledin.
Manyof them would havehad no time to flee
Using all their skills,the men managedto
accomplishtheir task in the short time they
had beenallotted.
Many of these localschose to run towards
what is now the modern-daytown of Avellino
 ,.er4,000yearsago,andlongbeforeburyingPompeii
-.'.;lerashes,
Mount Vesuvius eruptedanddevastated
'.i regionof Naplesin ltaly. Accordingto certain
t- ilogists
andarchaeologistsweneedto takea lookat
'.epasttopreventa similardisaster
in thefuture.
-:-3voungwomanwashardat work,tendingthe cropsthat
' ::e herfamily'slivelihood.Suddenly,
shestraightened
up
-:: looked around her. Somethingwas not right. She
r,, tt€d an older man, perhapsher uncle,working some
-:-::3nce awayfrom her. Focusedon his task,he had not
s.:D€d to notice anythingstrangeor unusual.Then they
tc:rd ? thunderousroar, like the comingof the endof the
i :ld. Instantly,the womanand manbeganrunning.
---:roximately3,780yearsago,and not for the last time,
.:: Italian volcano Mount Vesuviuserupted.For the
: :-.andsof inhabitantslivingwithin a lO-mileradiusof
.--: mountain,the eruptionmeant almostcertaindeath.
.:; 3ruption'sfury. Rockspelted dorvnonto their heads
- : the skiesabove,ashfilled the air makingit more and
: :: difficult to breathe.The sun wasblockedout and it
"': :ITl€verydark.
-
::r attemptto escapefrom the nightmare,the young
. :an and older man desperately ran up a nearbyhill.
-ntinctively, they thought that if they could only make it
'--:etop they would find safetyin a grove of trees that
--:% ihere. The incline seemedto becomesteeperand
.::er. I 2T--l First the man,then the womanfell to the
:; -:d gaspingfor air. The womancoveredher facewith
::: hands,trying to shield herself from the ever-
":-;sening ash.
When her remainswere discoveredin December.1995.
the womanwas still in this position.While drilling test
holesfor a proposedgaspipeline,Italian archaeologists
found her near-perfectlypreservedbody lying on a bed of
pumicestone.Not long after, during further excavation,
the scientistscameacrossa secondskeleton.FT--l He
too, in a last desperateattemptat life, had shieldedhis
mouthand nosewith his hands.
The two bodiesnow lie in the Museumof Anthropologyat
the Universityof Naples.tZT--l Accordingto this pair of
experts,the final restingspotsof the two victimsprovided
perfectevidencefor when their deaths,and the eruption
that had causedthem,had occurred.
Patrone and his colleague were given exactly two
afternoonsto removethe bodiesfrom the site. lTT_-] lt
wasthe remainsof thesetwo unfortunatebeingsthat led to
the settingup of a projectaimedat investigatingthe deadly
historyof Mount Vesuvius.
Working togetherover the past ten years,volcanologists,
anthropologistsand archaeologists from all over Italy are
on a quest for more information. t6-T--l Without
concreteevidencethat Vesuviusis a disasterwaitins to
happen,their warningswill fall on deaf ears.
Petrone and Mastrolorenzocontinue to scour the area
surroundingNaples,collectingdatabasedon their findings
from variousexcavationsitesand the remainstheycontain.
providebackgroundfor whathappened
Their investigations
on that terribledayalmostfour millennia ago.FT-l For,
asfar asPetroneandMastrolorcnzoareconcerned, it is not
a question of if Vesuviuswill erupt again, but rather
'whgn'.

Hatch the words/phrases in bold in the text to the Speaking

words/phrases in the list.
foOU Read and tisten to the
'ell with great force 6 without consciousthought
text.Which four things
i :estroyedcompletely 7 thousandsof years
impressed you?Tell your
I otrd frighteningnoise 8 get away partner.
r :recificand definite 9 wayof earningmoney
! :-otect l0 thoroughlysearch
Writing
Fill in:
lmagine you lived
. Make
close enough to see the
using the phrases.
-ntences disaster. In three minutes,
i ......... for information 7 .... preserved
body write your diary entry for the
day, describing the events and
roar 8.... ....evidencefor your feelings.Read your entry
for air 9.... ....sites to the class.
I
I ash l0 .... aproject
holes ll ....... stone
. . attemPt ,2 ..... of trees
ruoDULE
'
 Everyday
English
o Giving& Reacting
to news

news
Vocabularv
& . Haveyou That'sgreat/remarkable/amazi
ng!
Grammar heard?
. Listento this.
What a relief.
r Disasters Oh, how awful.
You won't Oh, no.Don't tell me.
Which of the following disasters often believeit. ls that true?
happen in your country?Which one do you Oh, dear.Thatiterrible/tragic.
think would cause the most damage?
. earthqual<e
' iioc;-r. oil spill . hmine Work in pairs. Use the useful language in the
e rU p ti On , ;' ,;1 1 ' ;-.;
. v O lCaniC r,'.: . l a n d Sl i de table above and the newspaper headlines to
. tsunami . drought . heatwave act out exchanges,as in the example.

hoppenquiteoften.
e.g. ln my countryeorthquokes HUNDREDS RESCUED FROTI DEBRIS
AFTER EARTHOUAKE STRIKES
F ill in: i
r', "rir-.in the con€ct form.Check in your FIREFIGHTERS
SAVETWENTYFROM
dictionaries. CERTAIN
DEATHINBLAZE
When the housestarted he realised FERRIESCAPSIZE IN FLOOD
that he was experiencing
a strongearthquake.
We knew there was goingto be a storm because
SEVENPEOPLE DIEIN AVALANCHE
we couldhearthe thunder . in the distance.
CO L UMB I A
I N B RI T I S H
It . . . . . with rain all night so we were not
surprisedto learnthat the town centre had . . . . . .
4 lf the dam . , it will be a hugedisaster.
5 The wind . . , asthe hurricaneapproached us.
HUNDREDS
OFHOMES
DESTROYED
6 Asuddenpuffofair.... ... the deadleaves
ASHURRIGANE
STRIKES
in the courtyard.
e.g. A: Hoveyouheord?Hundredsof peoplewererescued
Choose the correct word. Give reasons. from the debrisshortlyafter the eorthquoke.
B: Thot'sremarkablelTherescueworkersmust hove
CountlesdLimitlesdUnlimited/Extensive people
workedreallyhord.
died in the earthquakelastweek
The 2004tsunamiinThailand
demanded/claimed/ o Words often confused
moved/removed the livesof 200,000people.
Pair or couple?Complete the phrases.Then
Their decisionled/drove/guided/showedthem to
complete the joke.
leavethe country.
f a... ...ofgloves;2a. .. ....ofdays;
In a(n) trial/attempt/struggle/test to saveher
3a... ......of miles;4a..... ....of
cat,the little girl got seriouslyinjured.
scissors;
5a... .... of boots;6a...
He gulped/gasped/strangled/caughtfor air and of dancers;7 a .. ... of glasses;8 a
tried once againto put out the fire. ..... of reporters
The theatre was built on the restJremnants/
leftovers/debris of a Romanarena.
We saw no fact/evidence/proof/signal of
damagefrom the hurricane.
The rescue worker sat in the shadow/shade/
cover/shelter becausehe felt dizzy.
There were a lot of patients/targets/victims/
sufrerers in the flood.
r0 As he held his breath,he felt that his lungswere
goingto burst/blow/crack/break.

4 8 l voouLe,
 r ldioms The heavyrain causedthe villageto be cut off.
result Thevillagewas cutoff .......... raining
r) Choose the correct word.What are these heavily.
idioms in your language?
They continuedto look for survivors.
His blood/sweat ron cold when he sawthe huge carried They. .....forsurvivors.
tidal waveapproach.
He wos chilled to the necldbone when he came
out of the cold sea.
3 Shewasso scaredshecouldn't moveo toe/muscle.
I It rainedheavily.Wegot sookedto the bone/skin.
5 His warningsfell on deof eyes/ears. l( ) Read the text below and think of the word
which best fits each gap. Use only one
word in each gap.
o Prepositions
Fill in the correct preposition. Check in
Appendix ll. @ AnimalshrheKnow?
I Youmustfocus. ... the details. ff someonewereto tellyou thatanimalsOl had somekindof
2 His decisionledthem . . . wrong conclusions. sixthsensethat allowedthem to predict1) . . ..
a disasterwas aboutto happen,wouldyou thinkyou were
3 They ran up to the highestpoint . an 2l .... teased?Manypeoplewouldbut an
attempt to escapefrom the waves.
increasing3) . . . . . ... of animalbehaviour
experts
The searchaimed . locate any people are beginning to suspect that animals have
buriedunderthe debris. 4l .... sort of abilityto sense impending
They removedthe rock . . . the site. danger.
As an exampleof this, it has 5) reported
o Conditionals
- Wishes- UnrealPast that on the morningof the catastrophic tsunamiin Thailand,
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct a herd of elephantsthat 6) feedingon a
tense. Give reasons. beachnearthe villageof Bang Koeyseemedto be aware
that 7) . terriblewas aboutto occur.To the
I lfl.... .... ( be)you,lwouldaskforhelp. surpriseof the villagers8) . . , . . ... werein charge
2 lf we . (not/have to) evacuateour of them,the elephantssuddenlystoppedfeeding,lookedup
homes,wewouldnt be livingin tentsat the moment. to the sea and then beganrunning9) ..... . . .. higher
3 I'd ratheryou . .. ground.Mystifiedby this peculiarbehaviour,many of the
. ... (leave) the areanow.
villagerschoseto follow10) ....., a decision that
1 lf onl ywe ..... (hear)theweather probablysavedtheirlives.
forecast.Wewouldn'tbe strandedin the villagefor
the lastthree days. !. tt wasn't long afterwards,
only
minutesin 11) . , that the
When an earthquakehits,the ground
huge wave swept in from
..... (shake).
the sea destroying
lf he . .... (have) a lot of everything in
money,he would helpthosein need. 12)
lf they (leave) the building 'path
on time,theywouldnt havebeentrappedinsideit.

o KeVword transformations
Complete the sentences using the words in
bold. Use two to five words.

You shouldpayattentionto what he says. disaster is each person talking about:

take Youd. .....whathesays. .rvrlrr rearthquakerhurricane?
It took them monthsto repairtheir houses.
spent They. ..... their houses. Qoso $ta,* J,tog
It's a pity they didnt find the missingboy.
|) Think of a disaster you have heard about
only |f..... ..themissingboy.
on TV. Write a short paragraph about it-
Would you mind if I left an hour earlier? Write what, when and where it happened
object Do you . an hour earlier? and what the consequences wene.
MODULE2 49
 Lead-in
1 What are the sports in the
pictures in your language?
Choose a picture, use words from
below and describe it to the class.
J
Verbs: jump,race,fly,float,drop off, Qg'eygr
rush,go down,steer,dive
Equipment: runningshoes,board,
parachute,
goggles,skis,helmet,
jacket,bike
sunglasses,

e.g. ln pictureA o mon is free running.He

is jumping... . He is weoringrunning
shoes....I think he feelsthrilled.

Which of the sentences below

about extreme sports do you
agree with?

Peopletake part in extreme spofts

becauseof the incrediblechallenge.
Extremesports are more fun than
other sports.
3 Youneeda lot of expensive
equipment
4 You needto be fit and experienced.
5 Extremesports are for peoplewho
liketo challenge
themselves.
Extremesportspushyou to the limits.

Would you ever try an extreme nearlyhad a changeof mindabouttakingpartin an

sport? Discusswith a partner, event? CD
giving reasons.Use some of the spenda lot of moneyon theirsport? Oq
words below. foundtheirsporteltremelyfrightening? O
. thrilling . scary . fun . risky is requiredto havea lot of experience
to do their
. incrediblechallenge. frightening sport? O
. dangerous. intense . exhilarating must be very fit? O
e.g. A: lU liketo try rock climbingbecouse
describesthemselfas beingfar froma daredevil? O
it\ excitlng.
doesn'tmindenclosedspaces? GD
B: Thot mightbe true, but I think it\
needsno specificequipmentfor theirsport? O
alsovery dongerous. was undersupervision whilelearningtheirsport? ([l
hasto be transportedto a specificsiteto be ableto
do theirsport? GD
Reading - Part3 weretryingtheirsportfor the firsttime? (D([
learnedabout their sport through someonethey
You are going to read an article
about extreme sports. For workedwith?
(D
questions | - I 5, choose from the was unsuccessfulon theirfirstattemptat theirsport? (D
people (A-D).The people may
be chosen more than once.

50 I uoor.e,
 *j4

- the kind of personwho likesto have fun but by chance' While

n'=out riskinglife and limb. Havingsaidthat, one I got involvedwith freedivingtotally
a.coursein it
j€-urday I found myselfin EastSussexpreparingto r'"iio"v, I met a chapwho was doing
me being me' I
=<e part in a gravity sports competition.In a in the UK. When I got back home'
"""
glad I did' lt was more
- -=hell, gravity sports involve going as fast as ngut"a l'd giveit a go' l'm so
it to.be'In mv
;;;ti;g thJn I couldhaveeverimagined
:':ssible,without usingany kind of motor,in almost jdiot of myself'I
in*oOuiary class,though,I made.an
4 type of vehicle.Beinga total beginner,I was not of course'I hadno
rving our vehicle,which was a three-wheeltricycle, *", in af,itlo-t"t," deJptank and'
hadtold usto take
ir""rrti^g apparatus'oui instructor
nt merelyhelpingto steer it. BeforeI had time to down for as long as
: 'rk better of it, my captainand I took off down an r J""p utj,'h and then float face
minute'In my fifth
er:remelysteephill. Inchesfrom the road,I had only we could.I couldn'tevenmanagea
a.minuteand a half'
; eather jacket and gloves for protection. To my class,l'd beenfloatingfor about
hand every fifteen
-,:d'ror,while hurtling along at 80 mph, my visor with my instructoriapping my,
when I decided
to seeif I was'still-conicious'
i€ged up and I couldn'tseea thing. I couldn'thear seconds
two more taps' Two
rything either becausethe wind rushingpast was i'd;;;." myselfto hold out for
my burninglungs
,"prlt*t I raisedmy headandfilled
strong.On reachingthe end of the course,I was what l'd
-
raking uncontrollably.lt was an adventure,but I with wonderful,fresh air' l'd accomplished
: rk from now on l'll stickwith tabletennis! wantedto and lwas overthe moon'

-o begin with, potholing, I had beenskiingfor yearsand had done all the big
. the exploration of resortsandall the so-called 'big mountains'.
I beganto
.;nderground caves, is not for p"opl" with feel that my sport had becomea bit boring, not as
daustrophobialtf you like your
extieme-s-p-jfts out in challenging as it hadoncebeen.Thena colleague told
$e open,stickwith mountainclimbing me about heli-skiing. lt might costan arm and a leg,
or paragliding.
{owever, if you,re a true and you haveto travela bit to get to the reallygood
thriil_seeker like me, then
rtholing is for you.Althoughthe places,but it's worth it! One of my best experiences
equipmentrequires
: bit of an investment,it,st;talty was in BritishColumbia,Canada.The companywe
:ntssport you,repushed.tothe limits, in
"dr;;t;"cause
boih physically went with, havingvery high standards,only accepts
:rd mentally.On expeditions,I well-seasoned skiers,the oneswith at leastten years
have had to ctimO,
=arvl, duck and scramblethrough of skiingundertheir belts.That meansyou'reskiing
,rr"i of soaking with someof the best. My fellow skiersand l, there
rr€t tunnels in surroundings
thit would have been were only five of us,were flown to the summitof the
etdr darksavefor the lighifrom
,y f,""af"rp. There mountainin a helicopterand droppedoff. What lay
-ave beentimeswhen l,vebeenlying
flat on my back below us was a skier'sparadise!Mile after mile of
*ltfr a solidceitingof rockmere
incnls ,y nor" powder snow, snow that had never been skied on
ild watertricklingdown my neck. "Uou"
All t can sayis,there before!Comingdown, waist deepin the white stuff, I
s no.!9tte.r feelingthan taking knewlwas livingmy dream.
on one of ihe most
rsedible challenges in sport,and beatingit!

Fill in: Speaking

. Make
sentencesusing the phrases.Thenexplain (('{ }trt)g;ra.n to and read the text again.
the words in bold in the text. Choose one of the sports from the text and
tellyour partner what it is like to do the
I .... sports 7 .... ..... wet sport.
2 a.. beginner 8.... ....class
3.... .....hill 9 ...... a deepbreath Writing
4 .... ... wind l0 .... myhead Why do you think people do
5 ........ thrill-seeker ll ...standards extreme sports? Spend three minutes

a 6 ........ tothelimits 12 ... my dream writing about it. Compare with a partner.
Did you come up with the same reasons?
MODULE2 51
 We watchedTV and didn't go out.
W
instead We watched TV
l e -o u s pr oblem s w h e n th e p l a y e r
-- dis qualif ied f r om th e te a m .
Theheavy
."," .""r"0 ,"""r", ," .
:-e s lowly fro m h e r c h a i r a n d
result Severalroads were
'"*.. ":Ji.
^: <€d towards the window . the heavy rain.
--e winner .. h i s h a n d sa n d w a v e d
Jane regrets not going to the match.
:: the soectators.
wishes Jane. .
. to the match.
He wasn't in the mood to go to the cinema.
rike
"".::ii: ;;;;".,"","
f o rVord Formatron He didn't intend to be late.
intention He had
Use the word in capitals late.
co form a word that fits
in each gap. Compare I Rather than walk to the stadium.we took a taxi.
witfi a partner. foot lnstead
...,w etookataxi .

ino
Listen
nv
s por t s r equir e s k i l l , (r'{ )")) Lirt.n to two people discussing extreme
and nervesof steel.They are also ABLE sports.Who is in favour of them?Who is against
moredangerousas well as CONSIDER them? Which of the ne:$ons below does each
' . r 2l challenging th a n PHYSICAL percon use to support their point of view?
-:-:-' sportsand athletesare judgednot . Extreme sports make you feel alive.
' :^ th e i r3) . , . . . .. b u t a l s oo n PERFORM . You get to test your limits.
-,ch dangeris involved. They also have
" . Extreme sports give you unforgettableexperiences.
-:-e w i th 4) . . . . . . . v a ri a b l e s s u c h ENVIRONMENT .You are risking your life.
l ' -,: water,ice or snowas wellas compete .You can get addicted to the danger.
. Extreme sports are a misuseof the emergency
POPUI.AR
- :'= :eople are attractedto the 6) servtces.
EXCITE
: : rirlgef of skydiving,snowboarding
. - ;eelumpingto namea few.Extreme
and
sports
English
Everyday
.=- 'ave theirown annual7) COMPETE o Encour aging/Responding
, :: TheX Gameswith winterand summer
: : rrs The events are televised,and Work in pairs.Try to encourage your friend
- : :rce ra t ings ,8) . . . . . and ATTEND to do an extreme sport. Use the language in
a . have increasedover the PARTICIPATE the box below to act out your dialogue.You
..= sincethegamesstartedin 1997.There can use ideas from Ex. 10.
. sc a g l obal10). . . . b e tw e e n CHAMPION
. -: ^ents.So it seemsthat thev are hereto Encouraging Responding
YouU be great as a ... . You might be right, actually.
This would be ideal. . I hadnt thought of that.
I just imagineyou ... . You've got a point.
o Keywordtransformations You'd love all the ... . lt's not my kind of thing at
Thi nk of al l the ... al l .
Complete the sentencesusing the words in
you'd ... . I don't think I could cope.
bold. Use two to five words.
. No. that's not for me.
Ticketscost the sameas they did lastyear.
changed Ticketprices.
.....lastyear.
Writing
Youmightget cold,so take a jumper. What is your opinion of extreme sports? In
case Takea iumper five minutes, write a few sentences on the
;;il. topic. Read your sentences to your partner.

MODULE2 J
 J-,i;i errin 11! L'-ll ls

You heara vet talkingaboutan animal.What is l-:

Part1
Listening
ft1 )t,r)You will hear people talking in eight
different situations. For questions l-8,
choose the best answer (A, B or C).
mainconcernl
A Tharthe tiger remainstress-free.
B Thathe couldn'tfilm her properly.
C ThatSookieseemsto be uneasy.

Youheara manand a womantalking.Whatwasthe

woman'sopinionof the placeshewent to yesterday?
Part2
Listening
A lt wasthe sameas manyother restaurants.
ftl l,rt you wilt hear
B Shewasntkeenon the wayit hadbeendecorated. an interview with a
C lt was cheaperthanthe placeshehadvisitedthe man named fed
week before. Kramer who
Youoverheara mancomplaining to hisneighbour. organises
leadership
Who is he angrywith?
weekends for
A The womanhe is marriedto. corporations. For
B The personwho soldhim hishouse. questions 9- 18,
C His youngdaughter,
Dawn. complete the
sentences.
At a socialgathering,
you overheara womanandher
daughtertalking.Whyis the daughterhappyl
A Shefound the perfectweddinggown in a bridal
magazine.
B Shehasdecidedwhereto celebrateher wedding.
Jedsayshisjobistoffi
C Her motherhelpedher chooseherweddinggown. theirbestat work.
Youheara mantalkingon the radio.Whatis he giving
informationaboutl
To createteamspirit,Jedputs
A How to plana campingholiday.
wheretheycandisplaytheir
B Theimportance of goodqualitycamping
equipment Jedsaysthat whenchallenged,
peoplediscover
theyhart
--
C How to savemoneywhen camping. nl to lead,organise
andnegotiate.
You hear someonetalking on the radio about a Peopletakepartin programmed
woman'slifesryle.What
is unusualaboutitl whichshowthe importance of teamwork.
A She does work normallydone by men in the
summermonths. to Jed,oneof the mostpopulareventsat
According
B Shespendsmost of her lifeat sea. thecampis .
C Shehasto work hardasan officeworker. Thevariousactivitieshelppeopleunderstand
where
You hear a manand womantalking.Whatdoesthe theycanbestusetheir
womansayabouther child'snurseryschool?
Jedsaysemployees areoftengiventhingsto do that
A lt's surprisingly
inexpensive. --Tl5
arenot suitedto their-
B Shethinks coststoo much.
it
C The schoolhasa modernapproach. Afterarrivingat the camp,clientsgettogetherfor
You heara womantalkingon the phone.Whatdoes
shesayaboutthe gym? At thecamp,clientsoftenfindtheytakeon
A Shefindsit yery tiring anddifficult.
__ _it=.-l rolesduringactivities.
B Shefeelsquiteenthusiastic aboutit.
Clientsat the campstayin sharedaccommodation
C Shethinksother membersare bossy. - --lldl
sleeping people.

54 MODULE2
 Listening Skills
w
- steningPart3
Multiplematching
,
' i l| Yo,, will hear five different people talking about a
dnllenge they have faced. For questions l9-23, choose Readthe instructions carefully,then
forn the list (A-F) the type of challenge each person underlinethe key words in each
bced. Use the letters only once.There is one extra item.
dnllenge which you do not need to use. Listenfor cluesin the form of related
conceptsand paraphrases to match
eachspeakertothecorrectitem.
li
I
=<ing on more responsibility at work Speaker I lfitl Rememberthat what you are
a:nitdng they were wrong
-a<ing a career change
Speaker 2 lltol listeningto maycontaininformation
intendedto distractyou.
=anging schoors
sPeaker 3 lfrll When you listenfor the second
:ring their physicallimits
Speaker4 lfrt time,checkyouranswerscarefully.
inding the courage to try new things Speaker 5 [fr5]

Part4
-istenino s k ills
nv
I f '))You will hear a radio interview with Multiplechoice
Sge Johnson,an experienced search and
nescuevolunteer. For questions 24-30, Go throughthe questionsand possibleanswers
droose the best answer (A, B or C). carefully.Try to predictwhat you are going to
hear.Don'tfinaliseyour answersuntilyou have
listenedto therecording twice.Remember youare
:r -: becomea searchandrescuevolunteeryou need listeningfor detailand a specificpurpose.
A outdoorexperience. Alwayscheckyouranswerscarefully.
to do the job.
B an eagerness
C enry-levelqualifications.
::st searchmissions 29 Steveljob thesedaysinvolves
are recreated
A greaterskill.
A to helprescueworkersimprovetheir abilities.
B workinglongerhours.
B to comparewith realrescuemissions.
C greaterplanning.
C to help rescueworkersprepareemotionallyfor
rescuemissions. Accordingto Steve,climbingis a sport
.'/hy doesSteveget angryl A for seriousclimbersonly.
A becausepeopledont thinkaboutwhattheyshould B for thosewho enioytakingrisks.
takewith them C for eveD/oneto enjoy,providedthat they are
B becausethey dont know how to find their way sensible.
C becausethey dont know how to cope in
emergencies
The most usefulthing to take with you in the
rountainsis
A a GPSdevice.
B a waterprooftorch.
C waterproofmatches.

Collectingrainwateris reliable
A onlyat certaintimesof year.
B only if it is from a safesource.
C only in an emergency.

MO D 2 5
--=
 Speaking Paft 3 p minutes)
pairwork
Speul:inq 9J:ill;
s.
! school is planning an adventure weekend for a group of young people aged l3- lS.The
;tr'otograPhsshow some of the activities that have been suggested for the weekend. First, talk
nEetfier about how challenging the activities are and then decide which two you think would be the
nnastpopular.

-low challengingare the activities? Expressingopinions AgreelngfDisagreeing

vrlhichtwo do you think would be
-.hemost popular?
. 7
Let's face it, ...
. I th i nk i t deoendson ...
. I'd say ...are ... in different
ways.
. lt's a bit difficultto decide.
That soundslike a great idea ...
I think you're right ...
. I don't reallyagreewith that
because ...
. I'm not reallysurethis ...

camping: relaxing,
fun,not
challenging
visiting marine park: cruel,keep
animalsin captiviry,
entertaining
horse riding: good form of exerci
tiring,difficult
hiking: map,compass,challenging,
closeto nature,cooperation
canoeing:popular; adventurous,
your balance,
thrilling
riding bikes: calminggood form of
exercise

G*

O, a,ra.n to a model answer.

'vhich two activitiesdo the speakersthink will be most popular?What reasonsdo they givel

Speaking Paft 4 14.ninu.es)

pairwork
In pairs discuss:

Would you like to do any of these activities?Why (not)?

What other activitieswould you suggestfor an adventureweekendl
What opportunities are there for outdoor adventureactiviriesin your country?
How important is it for young people to do things like this?
Do you think that young people today are more or lessadventurousthan in the past?

n )DListen to a model answer.Which questions are the speakersasked?What are their answers?

MODULE2 57
 Your teacherhasaskedyou to write a story for
the school'sEnplishlanpuasemasazine. lt must
[tVrilirtq: Stttries

List the events in the order they happened.

Compare with your partner.
s.
beginwith the followingwords:'l hod beenlooking
forwordto it oll week'... tr We unlocked the door with the spare key.
Write your story ( 120-180words). tr I spotted a big white sign.
tr I heard children'svoices.
I What are you goingto writel tr our
I realisedwe had mistakenthe couple'shome for
holiday cottage.
2 Who is goingto readyour pieceof writing?
3 Who will the maincharacter(s)
be? T We couldn't open the door of the cottage.
4 What canthe story be about? r Some people were standingin the living room.

t What words haveto be in your pieceof writingl tr Tom drove us to the cottage.
e
Wherel tr We went to bed.
u 6 How manywords do you haveto write?
7 How canyou beginyour story? What adjectives has the writer used to
ll. describe the following?Think of other
it o M o d eal n a l ysi s adjectives to describe these words.
l.
o Read the model and answer the questions.
Which paragraph(s):
Find allthe adverbs the writer has used in
. se$ the scene? the model.Which verbs do they describe?
. includesthe climax eventl
. describesthe main character'sfeelings? e.g. hod finollyorrived
. includeswhat happenedin the endl
. include(s)direct speech? Look at the pictures and the prompts.Write
your story for the school'sEnglish language
magazine ( 120-180words).
'a been looking forward to it all week and now our . Jack& Steve . campingtrip . woods
,raing holiday had finally arrived.Jimmy,Pennyand I . niceweather . wake up . explore . hike
-:::ed happilyas our friend Tom drove us down to the . hearsth . boy injured . callpolice
::-.ert cottage that we had rented. . take boy to hospital . boy saved
: ,, :r€ time we arrived, it was dark and difficult to see. ' boy'sparents/thank Jack& Steve
- -:. a short while, I spotted a big white sign saying'Sea
e,-,Cottage' by the side of the road. But strangely,the
: :i:r of the little cottagewouldn't open. "Don't worry,"
'::- saidcheerfully."The owner said there'sa sparekey
':er the doormat" The big old key unlockedthe creaky
: r,:,rimmediately.We went inside sleepilyand headed
-*",qht to bed.
--e 'o l l owing m or nin g ,I w o k e u p to th e l o u d s o u n d of
:- cren's voices. Puzzled,I opened the bedroom door. I
=amed loudly! There, standing in the living room,
v
*e'= a terrified-lookingcoupleand two children!"What
)
3
:r? _,orldoing in our cottage?" I cried. "Your cottage?"
-.r,ed the man. "We've just come back from our
v
: cay. We live here!" Suddenly,lrealised that we had
- r=ken the couple's home for our holiday cottage.
--+. obviouslykept a key under the doormat too!

+ a ll t ur ned br ig h t re d! W e w e re i n c re d i bl y
r-carrassed!Therewas a moment of silence,then the
::.c€ burst out laughing. "What a welcome home!"
-E -r€tflsaid,still laughing.

MODULE2 9
 t./r!ti,q:S'rr"n$U
o Settingthe scene { trT-l Howwouldyoufeelif youwerein a boatinthemiddle

When you write a story,you can begin by setting the

scene.This is important becauseit givesthe reader
vital information such as where and when the story
takesplace aswell aswho the story is about. It is also
a chanceto get the reader's attention and make
rel-l lt wasgettingdark.Jimwasstanding ontheplatform
themwant to readmore.To do thisyou canimagine
waitingfor thetrainbackhome.Therainwasgettingheavier
you are looking at a picture and then try to describe
andheavier. Jimrealised hewasallaloneandshivered.
Was
the place (where),the time (when),the characters
it becauseof thechillin theair?
(who), the characters'feelings and the weather.
e.g.It waspotuing with rain (weatlrcr)asAmy (wln)
angrily (feelinp) pushedlrcr w4,-thntugh the crowds I When andwhere did eachstory takeplace?
(whcre).
2 What wasthe weatherlike in eachstory?
You can use the senses(sight, sound, taste, touch
and smell) to make descriptions more vivid and
3 Who is/arethe character(s)
in eachstory and how
make them come alive in the reader's imagination. did theyfeell
e.g.As I stroked its lint fur (touch), the tiny kitten Whichsentences
describe
the senses?Which
senses?
(sight)puned happily (sound)

Which techniques have been used in the

beginningsin Ex.2? Choose a beginning
Match the pictures (l-3) to the beginnings
and rewrite it using another technique.
(A-C) and then answer the questions.
Then write an appropriate ending.

Now look at the picture below and write a

beginning that sets the scene. Use the
phrases to help you.
. Janet/latefor work . drive pastzoo
. to her amazement . snow-whitepolarbear
. hungryroar . Janet/terrified
. cold morningin January

Now, write an ending to the story.Apply

any ofthe techniques presented on p.50.
Tf I wasa miracle
thatanyoneat all hadsurvived.
The
'aneswererisingfromtheburningwreckage as Harrystood
:ere onthestreetshocked andhonified.
Whatwasleftof the
::wntownareawas filledwith blacksmokethat madeit
:icult to breathe.
He realisedhe hadto do something and
-; ranto a couplewhowerepainfullypullingthemselves out
:- :heirdamaged vehicle.

MODULE2 61
 Writl^g:nrorr"r$f
4 They were all staringat me and laughing.I was so
o Feelings that I ran out and to this
day,I've neverbeenback.
\{akesureyourstoryillustrates
howthecharacters
5 Stephanie
hadnt wantedanythingto go wrong.She
leel e.g. thrilled, depressed,worried, annoyed, etc.
was so when everythinghad
This brines the charactersto life.
workedout as shehadplanned.

a) Read the speech bubbles. How flo the Read the extract and put the verbs in
speakersfeel? Match the adjectives (l-5) brackets into the correct past tense.
to what the speakers say (A-F).

The rain 1). . (pour)and the wind

2) . . . .. . . (howl)throughthetreesas| 3) .
(walk) home under the cloudy evening sky. I
4) . . . . . . (try)to hangon to my umbrella but
a suddengustof wind5) . . . . (rip)it out of
do I have my handsand| 6) . (watch)asit
7) . . . . (bounce) awaydownthe street.The
roadsS) .... (be)emptyandl9)..
(sigh)heavily. lt 10). . . . (notlbe)a good
dayfor me. $
$ --
It 11). . . . (noVstart)well,either.During IF.
breakfast, | 12). . . (burn)thetoast,then
13). . . (spill)thecoffee.Tomakematters
How dareyou worse,the marmalade somehow 14). . . (end
tell liesaboutme! up) on my freshly-ironed white shirt leavinga bright
orangestain.Closingthe front door bqhind . me,.I
15) . (trip)on the steps.Littledid I knowthat
I'vejust won things16) . (get)a lot worse.
first prize!

o Timewordsand phrases
Read the extract and fill in each gap with an
apprrpriate time word or phmse from the list.
. soon . by the time . when . then
I overjoyed 4 surprised . suddenly. at that moment . as
2 confused 5 bored
3 furious 6 confident 1) ........, someone wasknocking loudlyat thefront
door."Whocan it be at thistimeof night?"I wondered
b) Make sentences,as in the example.
2l ........ I put on my dressing-gown and slippers.
:-E Shewos boredbecouseshehod nothingto do. 3) ........ I got to the bottomof the stairs,the
knockinghad stoppedand 4) | openedthe
door,therewas no one to be found.Thestreetoutside
Read the following story endings which
- was empty,lit only by the cold lightof the full moon.I
describe how the characters felt. Fill in the
gaps with the adjectives: ' closed the door and turned to climb the stairs.
5) ........, theknocking started again,butlouderthis
time and more urgent.6) .. once again,the
He w a s s o. . . . .... w i th th e w a y s h e
knockingstoppedbut was 7) . . . .. . . . replacedby the
had behavedthat he knew that he would never trust
soundof the dooropening.
her again.
A big grin spread across her face.Shewas . . .
. . . . . with the presentand would remember Write the beginning and the ending to a
this birthday for a very long time. story entitled: 'A trip to remember'. Try
I had never experienced such kindnessbefore and to apply some of the techniques
wa s... . ....a t th e i rg e n e ro s i ty . inentioned before.

MODULE2 63
 tS4r*
Writin-tl:StsriEs
@
. =xpanding
sentences {r Complete the table with the adjectives,
then use them to describe people you
- ', -.u write, you can expandyour sentences know.
::-:rs descriptiveand/or specificdetails to
::e story more interestingfor the reader.
r'r'ho,what, where, when, why, and how.
" .:
-'. ',tere at home.
.\'t: Jtim and Pete
i tat: plul,ing computer games
' :tre: irt their room
, itn : t eslerdayaftemoon
: *: ltuppily
',: ,trtd Pete werc happily playing computer
'-.-:titt their room yasterdaya.ftentoctn. Hair
Face
Eyes green,
r pa.irs, use two or three of the above
Nose t smoll,
;raints to expand the following sentences.
3.o+npare with a partner. Clothes smorL
*?s walking in the street
-:
''= ./ere driving to the airport.
/ Fill in:
J.e
"as at school.
-e were in the garden.

S amw as real l y. .... and w as al w ays

the first to arrive at the office and the last to leave.
o Descriptionsin stories K i m coul d be .... ... at ti mes and
often got upset very easily.
.-anincludedescriptionsof people,
places. Connie looked on the bright side of life because
"nd she was
S arahw assometi mes ....... of her
sister and wished she could be as clever as her.
Barry had a tendency to get .
- ...u describe a person, you can describe: whenever someone disagreedwith him.
' ,:t thev look like i.e.their height, age,build, facial People were always sayinghow
::tureS. hair, clothes, etc moving from general Victor was becauseof his excellent manners.
---ectfu'esto more specific6nes. e.g. Sue wa.g a P aulw asthemost ...... boyi nthe
,': tirty'woman in her late thitties. She had classand alwaysgot the best marks.
' ':de hair and an oval
face and blue eyes.She Being very , John never let
-:ed quite carefree in her bagt trousers and any of his friends down.
-:: blue T-shirt. Duncanwas very and rarely
changedhis mind about anything.
' - rrt they are like, giving reasonsfor the qualities
r mention. e.g. She was a vett- reliable pen;on. t 0 Jane i s so ... .... that she takes
t tt)uld always cottnt on her to help. everythingin her stride.
\ote: Negative qualities should be written
-rnsmild language. Think of a person you admire. He/She can
- I nsteadof saying:He wasrucle,youcansay; be a relative of yours, a famous person, etc.
could be rude at times. or He had a Write two paragraphs, one describing
his/her appearance and another describing
'tdencyto be rude frorrttime kt tirna.
his/her character.

MODULE2
 Look at the picture. How
many layers is the Earth made
up of? How can these layers be
Ctil't'|I:LLLLLL'
Ctt t
rclated to earthquakes? S CI E NCE
t'l )t') List"n, read and check.

Read the text and answer the

questions.

How is our planetlike a cracked Ocean

crust Continental
crust
asthenosphere
eggshell?
t Which layeris constantlymovingl
3 What natural phenomenaresult
from movementat plateboundaries?
When do plates make sudden
movements?
5 Why are smallearthquakes
beneficial?

Match the words in bold in the
text to their definitions (l - l0).
I the limit or edge of an area of land
? tayers.The centreis
set free, let go
3 seParate,not connected to other
things
4 causingenormous damage
t happen,take place
6 even and regular
7 series of events which lead to a
change
0 hard to believe
9 causeto move backwards and
forwards
move smoothly or quietly over sth
e l se
Are earthquakes common in
your country? What would you
do if there was an earthquake?
Discuss in pairs.
Read the text again.Tell the
class three things you
remember from it.
Outercoreof molten
Solidmetalinnercore
Our planetis made
up of four main
called thecoreandisthe
nottestpartof the planet.
It is dividedinto two layers,
theinnercoreandtheoutercore.
Aroundthe coreisa layerof liquidrock
te ptatesto movearoundconstantly.
The
ear,butthistinymovement hasincredible
lng Himalayan mountains wereformedby
: fieryvolcanoes
of lceland
aretheresultof
rwever, tendto occurat the thirdkindof
rchother.Thisisbecause two platesnever
catchon eachothersothattheplates
are
untilthe rockscanno longerstandthe
movement travels
to thesurfacein waves
rn,tevenfeelthem.SmallearthquaKes
are
us pressure betweenthe plates.Everyfew
rto produce a largeearthquake,oftenwith
tildings
in theaffectedarea.Afteruuards
the
let stuckagain,andsothewholeprocess
,s reminder
that we don,tstandon solid

ICT l" groups collect information about the Earth's plates and present it to the class.Youcan
visit the website: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjecedastrcnomy/planetdealth/continents.shtml.

MODULE2 69
 Check 2
Progress Janemanagedto put off/across her ideasclearly
F ill in: to the committee.
As a result/Due to heavyrain the river burst its
banks.
John works for a charity that makes sure villagesin
Africa have a clean water . SupposingAA/henan earthquakehappened, what
wouldyou dol
After the accident Paul couldn't walk. He was
..... to a w h e e l c h a i r. t 0 Wear your glovesor your handswill get/get cold.
/ Poinrr,
M anyt r adit i o n a lc u l tu re sa re m a k i n gth e .........
to more modern ways of life.
\ roxz zo
MountVesuviushad its worst eruption nearly four Complete the second sentence using the
..... 4 8 0 . word in bold. Use two to five words.
Despite the current economic climate, tourism You cant travel without a valid visa.
m anages t o .... allowed You
6 T he det ec t i v e sh a v eto .... . every without a valid visa.
crime scenefor vital evidence. She didn't manageto finish her homework.
When we visited Antarctica we saw a large succeed She
..... o f p e n g u rn s . her homework.

Jack has alwayswanted to climb to the 3 lt's a pity we can't afford a holiday this year.
of Mount Everest. only
The snakecame out of the hole and . . .
at them. 4 Werented" ovo""0'o0",. i;Ti:tJ::#."
instead We rented a DVD
-:
t0 F r ee div er sd o n o t u s e b re a th i n- g.....;..... ....
/ Pointr, \ the cinema'
\ro x z n ) 5 Katy regrets
"";r";;;"
.n" o"r.nt"
Fill in: wishes Katy .

I .... eruPtion 5 ........ area

2 natural 7 collect Complete the sentenceswith a word
3 ... standards I .. w et formed from the word in capitals.
4 ... preserved 9 ..... attemP t I The rate ATTEND
5 provide t0 .....l i f estyl e, at the meetingwas95%.
/ Points: \
2 The CONSTRUCT
\ro x z n ) of the new sportscomplex
Choose the correct preposition. took six months.
I Dont blamehim from/for everything. 3 People like extreme sports
2 Shebumpedinto him by/on accident. becauseof the . EXCITE
and danger involved.
3 Try to focuson/to the details.
4 Lee's in the PERFORM
4 The meetingwas in/at progressfor two hours.
skiingcompetition won him
5 The park is openforlto the publicall yearround. first place.
/ Poina: - \ 5 Johnmakesmistakes
because
\sx2 t0I he lacks CONCENTRATE
Choose the correct item. / Points:
\sx+ 20t
I lf I was/were you, I would go jogging. \
/ M" ,.or",
2 The linewent dead,so I hungout/up the phone. \' r oo,
3 I'd prefer/rather you didnt do that.
Now I can ...
4 When/lf only we had broughtan umbrella,we i . talk about disastersand extreme sports
wouldn't havegot wet. i . give and react to news
. describepeople,objects and places
5 Never put out/ofr till tomorrow what you can do ,
: . expressopinions,wants & intentions
today.
6 Takea jumperin case/if it rains. I : *ril-"fgtte1and1tori91... in English

/UI MODULE2
-nl

R.!T-
J t nt l,rtr^r
r lgt rLD
ll-ookat Module 3
'
' Describethe pictures.
' Which units are the picturesfrom?What is
each unit about?
D Find the page numbers for
spidergrams
newspaperheadlines
quotations
l-lsten, read and talk about ...
' cn m e
' rechnology& education
' socialissues
. fustivals
' organisations
ll-earn how to ...
' give an eye-witnessaccount
' narate an exPeflence
' buy things
' expressyour views
' rnake suggestions
Module 3
Units
. give reasons
. contrast ideas
Practise ...
. clausesof concession
. the passive
. the causative
E . intensifingadjectives
E . modals
E .
.
usingquotations
usinglinkers
Write/Make/Give ...
. a letter of complaint
. a speechabout the problem of famine
. argumentauYeessays
. a paragraph expressingyour preferences
. a diary entry
an article about a festivalin your country
a presentationon an organisation
Culture Clip: A Causefor Celebration
Curricular Cut (Citizenship): Unicef
MODULE3 71
 Lead-in
Which of the following can
you see in the pictures:
. radar . mobilephone . radio
. torches . camera . video . microphone
. transmitter . CCry camera

Reading- Part1 Predictingcontent

Read the title of the text and in

Readthetitle,thenreadthefirstsentence
the first sentence in each eachparagraph. Thishelpsyoupredict the
paragraph.What can the contentof thetext.
text be about? Read
through and check ifyour
guesseswere correct.

; wasn'texpecting it to bea greatday,justa normal workday,but someonewhohadmade a genuine Butthatdidn'tseem

mistake. lik.
I neither
wasI expecting ittobequite
asbadasitturned out.lt started eitherPerhaps
it wassomeone withagrudge
againstme.AllI knew':
pleasantly
enough, withaquiet cupofcoffeewatchingthemorning news to bewrongly
surewasthatit feltverystrange accusedof a crime:
beforesetting
offforwork.Then thedoorbellrang,s0| openedthedoor someonewhomust know me
perhaps
thinking thepostman wasmaking anearlydelivery.
Instead, I
Finally,
mylawyer walked intotheroom, Shehadsucha strong air.
found myself
facetofacewithtwouniformed police
officers.
0f course,
confidence aboutherthatI immediately relued. Shefiredlapidque$io'.
I wastaLenabagK butI managed toaskcalmly whatI coulddoforthem.
about myarrest atthedetective andraised aquestioning eyebrow wf.'
Withveryqrimlooks ontheirfaces,theytoldmeI wasbeing anested for
hetoldherthatI'dbeen identifiedonCCW. Shedidn'tseem inthelea,
therobbery post
ofalocal office andthatI wasbeingtakentothestation
bitimpressed bythissupposedly evidence
crUcial anddemanded tos''
forquestioning. thepictures.lt wasnowthedetective whowasbeginning to looka :
Theyputmeinanintenogation room. Iwassostunned thatIdon'tknow wonied ashescuttled offtofetch theoictures.
just
howlongI satthere staring blankly atthewalls. felt
lt likeI'dbeen
Heplaced aseriesofpictures onthetable. Inone,I couldseeaveryfa-.
inthere forhours andforallI knew, it hadbeen hours. Then mymind andbuildwitha similar to mir,
hairstyle
image ofa manofmyheight
startedracing witha thousand questions. Whyhadnoonecometo
Another pictureshowed aclose-up oftheman's facebutthepicture u':
question me?Howcould theythink thatI wasacriminal when I hadbeen
sobluned thatitwasimoossible totellwhoitwas. ltcould havebe.'
a law-abiding citizenallmylife?Mostof all,howcould thishave me
orthousands ofotheryoung menwithsimilar features. Mylaw5.
happened tome?ltwasn't long before I found out, laughed, veryamused. Withbarely control::
althoughshedidn'tseem
AsternJaced detective theroom
entered andI smiled nervously. Hegave anger shetoldthedetective thatsuch ptctures could notbeused:.
mea long,hardlookandasked meabout mywhereabouts onthe18th identify meandthatnocourt would acceptthem. Sheadded thatasI h.:
ofthemonth. I stafiedtopanic because thatwasthedayI hadcalled in nocriminal record andwasa citizen ofgood standing,I should :'
sickatworkandI'dstayed athome. Thismeant I hadnoalibi,ofcourse. released immediately unless they had any furtherevidenceagainstme
Then hedropped thebombshell. Heknew I wasguifiy because the Tomy reliefI wasreleased withoutcharge justoveranhourlate'
utter
robbery hadbeen caughtonCCW andsomeone hadcalled intoidentify
Whathasmyexperience taught me?Despite thefactthatthiscount'
me.Mymood suddenly changed fromfearandalarm tooutriqht fury.I intheworld andtl.
hasmore CCW surveillance thananyother country
demanded t0 seea lawyer andI wasnotgoing to anslver anymore government hasspent millions of pounds onit,many oftheimages a'.
questions untilI gotone. person
sobadit canresult ina completely innocent spendinga day,
While lwaitedforthelawyerto anive, I satthere fwtngabout whocould thepolicestation. People arealways complaining thatBigBrother ,
have identifiedmeastherobber. There wasn0wayit couldbea close watching butinmypersonal experienceit'sworse when he'scaug'.
friendoramember ofmyfamily, I wassureofthat.I wondered if it was sleepingonthejob.

72 MODULE3
 ,{ 6ht:*
- -!.
-t

g
H the text. For questions l-8, choose the answer (A, B,
C c D) which you think fits best according to the text. I Explain the words in bold. Use
them in sentences of your own.
lVe learn in the first paragraph that the writer was e.g. It wos obyious she wosnt poying
srprised when ottentionbecouseshe wos storing
blonkly out the window.
A his morningroutine was interrupted.
B his doorbell rangso early.
Match the underlined words/
C he openedthe door to the police. -; phrases from the text with
D he sawthe look on the policemen's
faces. their meanings.
By the time the detective entered the interrogation I important;2 surprised;3 serious-
Foom, the writer looking;4 absolute/complete;5 quick;
A didnt know how muchtime had passed. 6 enraged/angry;
7 gloomy
B hadbegunto blamehimselffor his situation.
' ' ', { "a i' -
C had preparedmanyquestionsto ask. {'r Fill in: t' c!
'1 -li.\i
D was beginning to realisethe seriousness
of his situation. ";

p e i s 2 n a l , v r c n g ! y . ''( 'r ''. i r , (/

The writer usesthe phrase'he dropped the bombshell'
crrnr'.a1.
Make sentencesbased
(line 22) to show that
on the text using the phrases.
A the detectivewas not tellingthe truth about the crime. | .... ...... work day
B the detectiverevealedsomeshockinginformation. 2 to . for work
C the detectivehad becomeangryand startedshouting. 3 .... .deliver y
D the detectivewas not impressedwith the writer's alibi. 4 to stare
Who did the writer believe had identified him? 5 togivealong. ........|ook
A A closerelative. C His bestfriend. 5 to. ..thebombshell
B A total stranger. D He wasnt sure. 7.... .mistake
When the lawyer arrived, she 8 to be .... accused
of
9 a(n) .. of confidence
A was very criticalof the detective.
l0 ....... anger
B showedher disapproval
of CCTV
|| .. experience
C insistedthat the writer was innocent.
aZ ...... record
D didnt seemconvincedby the evidence.
The lauryer thought that the pictures wene unacceptable
because & Writing
Speaking
A they didnt show the man'sface.
B they were of very poor quality. 'f t0rl Listen and read the
text again.lmagine you are the
C they were takenfrom a distance.
writer's lawyer. Describe your
D the man in them didnt look like the writer. client's experience to the class.
The writer was eventually released because
Portfolio: lmagine you are the
A there was a lackof evidence.
writer.Write a letter of
B new evidenceprovedhim innocent. complaint to the local police
C the real culprit was found. authorities. Explain your
D a court ruled that he shouldbe. problem then ask for an
apology. Start like this:
What did the writer learn from his experience?
Dear Sirs,
A Despitedisadvantages,
CCTV camerasare still beneficial
to society. I am witing to complainabout ...
On...1...
B Britainhastoo manyCCTV cameras.
At the very least, I deserve an
C CCTV cameras have a disadvantagethat most people
apologt in writing as ... I can be
dont think of.
reachedat theaddressgivenabove,or
D CCTV camerasbring more harm than good.
byphoneat...
Yoursfaithfully,
*iTflIs.1Ii.=i.,..:1. ".' .
MODULE.3 73
o Phrasalverbs
Everyday
English
Fill in the correct phrasal verb from the list o Givingan eye-witness
account
in the correct form. Check in Appendix l.
. breakin . run awayfrom . hold up lmagine you have witnessed a bank
. run off with . let off robbery.A police ofiicer is asking you to
give your statement.Take roles and act out
fu it was hisfirst offence,theiudge. your dialogue.Use the phrases in the table.
him... .... with a smallfine.
SpeakerA Speaker B
The accountant.... ... all the company's
. Couldyou pleasetell . Certainly,officer.lt was
money.
me what...? ...Therewas ...
The hooligans
. .. .. . . . . the policeassoon . Where were youl . I was ...when ...
asthey sawthem. . Couldyou describe . The carlman...and
The robbers . the bankwith what...? then ...
. Could I haveyour . Certainly.lt's ...
shotgunsand got awaywith { 10,000. pleasel
name& address,
It'seasyfor burglars
to.... .... if you leave
a windowopen.
o ldioms

What do the idioms in bold mean? Discuss

with your partner.
I r l For questions l- 12,read
Danny believeshe's above the law and often the text below and think
speedswhen he'sdriving. of the word that best fits
each gap. Use only one
No matterwhere you hide,the long arm of the word in each gap.There is an
law will find you in the end. example at the beginning (0).
Ben alwayskeepsto the letter of the law and
would never declareanythingdishoneston his
incometax form. FOREN.9]89
The localsdecidedto take the law into their ff you've O)ever seen the TV show CSI: Crime Scene
own hands and catchthe vandals themselves. Investigation, you'll know that forensicscientistsuse all
It'sthe law of the jungle in the city centreafter 1) ..........of tricks and techniquesto help solve crimes.
midnight, so nevergo there alone. Forensicbiologists,for example,analyseblood, hair,and
saliva to identify criminals.Forensicchemists examine
o Clausesof concession powders and other materialsfor traces of drugs or
explosivesand forensicanthropologists study bones to
Complete the second sentence so that it estimate howold peoplewere2) .......... theydied.
means the same as the first. The first recordedreferenceto forensics3) ..........from a
Althoughhe hasntgot muchmoney,he'sgenerous. bookwrittenin Chinain 1248.The book,called"Hsi Duan
Yu", 4) ..........means"The WashingAway of Wrongs",
He'sgenerousdespite
explained 5) ..........
to tellthe difference betweena person
He didn't leavebecauseit was raining. 6) ..........had drownedand a person who had been
He didnt leavedue strangled. By the mid-1800s, chemists7) ..........identify
He'sover 80 but he'sstill very active. poisonsinsidea person'sbodyand in 1892,Englishman
FrancisGaltonprovidedthe first scientificevidencethat
He'sstill actiYedespite . . . .
everyone'sfingerprintsare unique and could be used
He'sa nicepersonbut he'sgot terriblemanners. 8) ..........
evidence. Now,of course,fingerprints areoneof
He'sa nice personin spite the firstthingsdetectiveslookfor at the sceneof a crime.
He tried hardbut he didn'tmakeit. Thetechnologies involved9) ..........
forensicscienceare
alwaysbeingimproved.A recentinvention, for example,
Despite
usesspecialised software a documentwith
to 10)..........
the printerthat printedit out. This could help detectives
Listening
& Speaking
v
findthesourcesof items11).......... as counterfeit money'
((t{ Ir)) L:sten to someone giving an eye- and fakeairlineboardingpasses.Fortunately, thesenew
methodsand technologies meanthat 12).......... away
witness account.What is he talking about? with a crime is becoming harder and harder to do!
. a car accident . a house break-in . a bank robbery

MODULE3
 Lead-in
*O, Listen to three
teenagers talking about their
favourite gadgets. What gadget
is each talking about? What
does each use it for?
-fcxtY;fu@dtuUsst
What gadgets do you use on a
daily basis?What for? Tell your
partner.

e.g. I olwoyscoll my friendson my mobile.

It's permonentlyonochedto my eor!

Now imagine a day

without any of these gadgets.
What would it be l:ke?Tell the
class.

Compare the two pictures.

How difierent are the students'
lifestyles?Think about:
education - housing - amenities
- entertainment.

Reading- Parr2
4 You are going to read an
article about the invention of
the clockrrork radio.Which of
the following sentences are
true about it? Read through to
find out.
It was inventedin the 20th century
by a British inventor.
2 It works without electricity.
3 Its inventorgot inspiredby children's
toys.
4 It becamea successimmediately.
5 It is usedin under-developed
countries.
It is merelyusedfor entertainment.
5 Read the article again. Seven
sentences have been removed
from the article. Choose from
the sentences (a-h) the one
which fits each gap ( l-7).
There is one extra sentence
which you do not need to use.
interested.
In areaswhereradiobroadcasts
areunavailable,
pre-recorde:
programmes couldbeplayedfrommemorycards,for exampE
Oneof thegreatest
difficulties
governments
andotheragencrlt:
facedwasprovidinginformationandeducating
the populaticr
abouttherisks.
The radios,which are beingsuppliedin Africa,cannot!'=
boughtin shopsanywhere in theworld.
With the additionof a clockworkmotor, he succeeded-
producinga radiothatworkedwithoutbatteries.
However,it soonbecameapparent thatmoredevelopment an:
refinementwouldbe neededbeforea modelcapable of standin:
up to theharshconditions
of Africacouldbe produced.
Theyarebeingusedfor a varietyof purposes,
butentertainmr-
is definitely
nota priority.
in turn,put him in touch with the Tomorrow'sWo:,:
ctionteam.

76 | r'roour-r
s
7 ::
| lhirteen,
theagewhenmostchildren
^ a tinytwo-roomedmudhouse in
arestillatschool,Mukakarimba
: Testpersonin herfamilyShelooksafterfouryounger
Rwanda.
brothers
Hermostvalued
: specialradiothatdoesnotdependonelectricitv.
is the
andsisfers
possession
is
s'
: n'as in 1991 that TrevorBaylisgot the ideafor an radio. The clockwork
rention thatwasto helpchange the livesof thousands radiowason its way.
:i poorAfricans. Relaxing at his homein London,he Soonafterthis, a factory,
-appened rSpg{jbout the spreadof
to seea television wassetgpjl Si)uthAfricaandthe clockworkradiowent
\DS acrossthe continent.I I | | Radiobroadcasts on sale.| 5 I I Earlyproduction
models,
whichworked
totrld solvethe problem,but most peoplehad no
perfealywellin a smart,cleanLondon
livingroom,soon
xtricity, and batteries couldcost morethana week's failedwhenexposedto the dustandheatof an African
rrd fora family- if theycouldbefound.Theideaforthe
village.
:mkwork radiowasborn.
Eventually,the problemswere overcomeand now
lar1isstartedexperimenting with a Iryiq\or radioanda thousandsof radioshavebeendistributedin a numberof
:':rallelectricmotorfroma toy car.| 2 | | Witha single underdeveloped Africancountries.FTI ln some
ernd-up,it ran for 14 minutes.Baylis,surethat his
communities wherethereis no teacher,
childrengather
:mkworkradiocouldbedeveloped intoa usefulproduct, roundthe setsfor lessons.
Theirradiosaretreatedwith
:nk outa patentfor hisinvention.
greatrespect,and manyof thesechildrenaredoingfar
*rning up with the ideaandgettinghiswind-upradio better than those receivinga more conventional
:aentedprgve{to betheeasiest stepin gettingit on the educationin governmentschools.
-arket. | 3 | | Rejectionlettersincludedphrases such
Bayliswouldprobablyhavesomedifficultyrecognising
s -unprofitable"and"commercially flawed".
the radios now being produced.The clockwork
tler yearsof gettingn9!4s8, Baylisfinallywroteto the mechanism hasgone,butthe batterythathasreplaced it
lsC World Service.I I | | This programme, which is still recharged by turninga handlea few times.
,-pkedat scientificand technological developments, Alternatively the radiocan now run on powerfrom a
:rovedto be the breakthroughhe needed.Bayliswas detachablesolarpale!_q!4thereare plansto further
:\en a two-minute slot to demonstrate his invention, improve the design.| 7 | | Whatever thefutureholds,
erich was seen by Chris Stains,a London-based onethingis certain:Baylis' visionhasbecome a reality,
irancier.Twodayslater,Chriswastalkingto Baylis in his bringing newhopeto thousands of African
children.
\ -orneaboutbeginning actualproductionof theclockwork
.l
-

a) Fill in: r Speaking

(1 ||,D1;ra.n and read the text.lmagine
. Make sentencesusing the (t
you are Trevor Baylis back in the | 990s.
completed phrases.
Describe the day you met Chris Stains. Say
I . . . P O S S e S S TOn 7 to ......... p ro b l e ms what happened, how he reacted and how
z to .... . . . . . . t heliv es I .... c o u n tri e s you felt. Start like this:
3 radio . 9 to .... .. w i th e.g. On that doy,l wosot home.I hod demonstratedmy
1 developments resPect inventionon the BBCtwo doysearlierand ...
5 a ..... . . . s lo t t0 ...... s c h o o l s

6 to .... . . . . h i s tl . . . conditions
Writing
invention t2 to ........ d i ffi c u l ti e s
,! "The key to successis to risk
b) Explain the words in bold. thinking unconventional thoughts.
Convention is the enemy of progress." How
does this quote byTrevor Baylis reflect his
Find all the words in the text related to personality? How has his invention changed
technology. Group them under the headings. the lives of rural poor people with no
Which of them are international words i.e. access to electricity? Spend five minutes
the same in many languages?Which ones writing a few sentences on the topic. Read
sound the same in your language? your sentences to the class.

MODULE3 77
 .mrt

Vocabulary
& Grammar
r TechnologV
Complete the sentenceswith words from the list.
. connect . install . remote control . recharge ' press
. plug in . store . insert . upload
o Thepassive/The
causative
I When the battery light comes on, you need to . . the device. Choose the correct answer.
2 Simplyusethe adaptorprovidedand ..... .. .. to the mainselectricity.
H e....... to be one of t he m osr
3 You can and organiseyour photos easilyonce you
successfulbusinessmenalive.
.. the software onto your PC.
A will claim C will haveclaimec
4 J us t . . . ...... th e C D -R OM and run the program. B be claimed D is claimed
5 Everythingis automatic - all you haveto do is . . . . the button. Henry his computer repairec
6 When you want to load your photos onto your computen at the moment.
A will have C has had
B is having D was having
7 To control the devicefrom a distanceyou can use the The clockwork radio by
Trevor Baylis.
A was inventedC invented
Add words to each of the spidergrams,then use them to B is invented D was inventing
make sentences,as in the example. Jane... .... her mobi l epho nest olen
. pad . dish . screen . control . lens . view . microphone lastnight.
. display' network ' built-in A had C hashad
Bis D was
i rel ess
built - in _. 5 Sony Playstations in Japan.
satellite - [--
dish I I A havemade C are made
B had made D will make
LAPTOP
6 John air-conditioninginstallec
L . rouch
remote at home today.
A is wanting C is doing
B i s bei ng D is having
Z OOffI-
fi nder New gadgets as we speak.
A are invented
lOIGITAL
CAMERA B will invent
L--=--------_ flash C were invented
e.g. ATV with o sotellite dish con receivemany chonnels. D are being invented
8 Jack has ....... hi s D V D player
o Education repairedthree trmes.
A been C done
Choose the correct word. Give reasons.
B had D made
I In the UK,mostchildrenattendstate/public schoolsratherthan My computer ....... tomo r r ow.
personal/private ones.Educationis compulsory/obligatory for A is serviced
childrenagedsixto sixteen. B will be serviced
2 He took a one-yearfoundationprogramme/course beforehe C haveserviced
for a placeon a BScin Medicine.
qualified D has been serviced

3 The universityoffersa varietyof more than a hundredgraduate/ t 0 I had my di gi tal camera.. . . . . . in

student prosrammes in variousdisciplines/curricula. town yesterday.
A to be repaired C repaired
4 All studentsmust bringa note/notice from their parentsin case
B repairing D repairs
they miss/drop a class.
7B MODULE3
 Listenino v
Everyonethinks she'll be promoted next month.
e x p e c ted S he ... ..... a promoti on next month.
I lrr) Listen to a dialogue. We haven't heard from Jim for over ten years.
Where does it take place? more lt was . . . when we last heard from Jim.
What is it about? He apologisedfor breakingthe camera.
s o rry H e sai d ... broken the camera.
English
Everyday I can't attend the meeting next week.
o B u y i n gt h i n g s present I won't the meeting next week.

You are interested in buying one

of the objects in the pictures.
Use the languagein the box to
act out your dialogue.

-{ow can I help you?

For questions l - | 2, read the text
'lave you got a specificbrand in mindl
below and decide which answer
(A, B,C or D) best fits each gap.
: will cost ...after discount.
That'sfine.
There is an example at the
beginning (0).
on an item
C like to ... In manycountriesyou can be certainthat officials
\ot really.Could you suSgest... would soon be O)knocking on the door if your parents
-low much is it? decidednot to send you to school!Perhapsyour parents
3an I pay by credit card? c o u l db e 1 ) ........ to courtand madeto pay a l arge2) ., w hi l ethe
authorities wouldmakesurethatyou 3) . schoolin the sameway as all the
otherchildrenin vourcountry.
Therewas an exampleof this quite recently,The parentsof a young girl had
s ta rte dto e ducatetheidaughter
r at homeratherthan 4)........ herthroughth e
compulsoryschool 5) becausethey believedthey could give her a
broadereducationthemselves. for them,in Germanvthis is illeoal.
Unfortunatelv
In Britain,however,the law simply6) that parentsmust 7)
theirchildrenwitha full-timeeducationfromthe age of five,and homeeducation
i s b e c o m i ngan i ncreasi ngl8)........
y choi cew i th parents.C onsi deri ng
th e
9 )........ l e vel sofbadbehavi ourbei ng parent s
10)........ i n ourschool s,the
who chooseto educatetheirchildrenat homemaywell havea strong11). . . . . .
Certainly, the childreninvolvedseemto preferit, even if this is simplybecause
: i A: How con I helpyou?
theyarenot 12) withthe problemof copingwithteachersor studentsthey
B: lU like to see one of the digitol don't likeat schooleveryday!
comeros in the disploy window,
pleose. OA hitting B striking @ knocki ng D smashing
o Kevwordtransformations 1A carried B taken c brought D pulled
2A fee B fine c cost D penalty
Complete the sentences using 3A attended B followed c studied D participated
the words in bold. Use two to 4A b ri ng B fetch c send D take
five words.
5A programmeB method c technique D system
Nobody spokefor about five minutes. 6A states B cl ai ms c argues D commands
before lt was about five minutes 7A provide B grve c serve D keep
anything. 8A perfect B l i keabl e c popurar D general
There's no chance of us going to 9A stronger B hi gher c wider D bigger
London this year. 10A stated B reported c told D expressed
po ssi b l e lt won' t be .... l 1 1 A situation
I
B position c case D opportunity
. . . . to London this year. 12A faced c open D dealt
I use the Internet to check any
information I don't know
up lf I dont know something, FtlTlYlU( Which wourd you prefer - being educatedat
t..... home or at school?Spendthree minuteswriting about
the lnternet. the topic.
MODULE3 79
 **, 1}.*

Lead-in
Look at the list of social
problems.Which problem do
you think is the most serious?
the least serious?Decide in
pairs.
. discrimination. loneliness
. unemployment. poverty
. disability. homelessness
. hunger . crime . hooliganism

e.g. A: To me homelessness is the rnost

seriousproblem.
Conyou imoginenothoing
B: I ogree. Reading - Part
3
in the streets7
o houseond sleeping
I You are tong b read a nragazine article about people facing
difrercnt social proHems For questions | - | 5, choose from the
people (AO).The people may be chosen more than once.
Match the sentences l -8 to the
)
problems in Ex. l.
Many familiesin the area live in Whrch
?emn/QeoQCa
terriblehousingand havevery little
moneyto surviveon.
givesawaysome of the moneythey earnf tr-)
2 I just hopeto get off the dole soon.
hasfelt that drey weren't beinga productive
3 Life would be easierif more places
had better wheelchairaccess. memberof dreir community? @& ,l
People'sattitudes reallyget on my mention the negativeviews of others? ffi_j #_
nerves.They make assumptions findsgoingabroada probleml ffi__)
about me and treat me unfairly
mentionthat they hope their situation
becauseof how I look.
will changein the near future? tr ) fl
I'm practicallyhouseboundand
don't see anyonefrom one day to is not on a highsafaryl WM
the next. changed something about their life because
Everynightwe hear screams,sirens of a suggestionby someonel
and breakingglass. Goingout would believesgetting further education will
be takingyour life in your hands. improve their situationl
Some days there's a little to eat,
live somewhere that is overcrowded?
other dayswe haveno food at all.
was not anxious about their situation in
There are gangsof ladsthat just go
around the streets causingtrouble. the beginning?
It'sbecomequitea problem. felt that their co-workers didn't have a
high opinion of them?
Listen
ing
n
(1 lt'D Listen to three peopte Match the underlined words in the text to their
-i f
definitions. Use the words in sentences of your own.
talking about their lives.What
problem is each facing? . providingfood . openlyandwithout shame
. homelesspeoplewho movefrom placeto place . lackingspace
Peter Sarah Stuart . complaint. learninga new skill . extremelyhigh . superior
. annoying. damaged

80 MODULE3
I
!E
I
I Darren Ogifvie
\=
JocelYn Brookes
thinkof
andmostpeople
homelessness
Mention H1f:j::tJT
oltheproblem'
part
';ilffiffi;il:iut'nt''' asmall
onlv
t0lots
tlrlrr.!1t^llootts
isfairlvtypical
Whathappened to mvramrlv
to leaveourlow-cost rlatbecause
; ;;:i;;. we wereroiced
jn it himself' My husband is on the
theownerwanted to five
gottwosmall children
minimum wageandI don'tworkaswe've
astronomic-al getting
rents'
under theageoffive'Sowiththecunent qT:lion Thelocal
flatwas,untonunut'ty' out 0l the
another thatthefourof us
means
council hasputusupin u not'fwhich now'lt canbe
nearlysixmonths
havebeenlivinginon' 'oo* fot andtempers can
livingin suchcramped conditions
verystressful the of
best
tryto.make
sometimes llare'0ntn' *hoG'tn-*gh'we
beoffered
it andwearekeeping o" iit'g"t irossedthatwe'll
council housing anYdaYnow'
Lyn Garpenter
'er
-\
Manuel Vereiro

umru'gW
I
a) Fill in:; Speaking
& Writing
': . Make
sentencesusing them. lmagine a day in the life of one of the people
in the text. Describe a typical day in their life
I q/Pical 6 servtce to your partner.
2 .... flat 7 . grouP
3 be on the 8 to......... themove n
waSe 1t
() tt'l )trt)Us6sn and rcad the text
9 make. .. meet
4 ... paid t0 to .... again.Takethe rcle of one of these people and
resPect in three minutes write your diary entry for a
5 cramped day,expressing your thoughts, feelings and
futurc expectations. Read your entry to the
b) Explain the words/phrases in bold in the class.Ale the entries optimistic or pessimistic
text. about the problems they describe?

MODULE3 81

Vocabulary
& Grammar
e Welfare
Use the phrases below to complete the
gaps.What is a welfare state?
. disabilitypension'medicaltreatment
. mentalbr handicapped 'social services
. low income . unemploymentbenefit
. state pension . subsidisedrent ' healthcare
AlthoughJim'smonthlyearnings/profits are not
high,he tets a number of salaries/perks like a
comPanycar.
The amount Owen chances/bets on the stock
exchangeis high but he hopes to invesUgain a
huge benefit/profit from it.
Samwent on a trainingcourseto win/gain more
experienceand help him get a promotion to
increasehis profits/annual income.
Tom put in a lot of extra hard job/work to
benefit/receive the approvalof hisnew employers.
F i l l i n : r ; . ; . ( r : . r ; . 1 . ,",: r f :
LIi(.' r ( r! ,,1 ,1' A lr'( ,,
/

. decentaccommodation. councilhousing
" :, r ':( 't" :.' :l 'I
pr'vides
:: :T :::i: )::::?:5.$service
.. is a government authority
problems.
that helpspeoplewith familyor financial All hislifeJackioneswantedto
He lookedat hundredsofflats and housesuntil he 1) .. . . a careerin motor
foundsome mechanics. 5o whenhe finished
school he 2) .. . .. .....to all the localcompanies andafter
. . peopleneedour helpand
sailingthroughthe 3) he was takenon as an
supportto becomepart of the community. apprentice withSmith& Sons. At first,hisweekly 4)
When most peopleretire at the ageof 65 they are weren't veryhighbutafterhehadfinished histraininghewas
usually entitledto a.. ....... from 5) . andhis6) ........... increased. Hehadbeenworking
the government therefor5 years whenMrSmith decided to 7)............
to the
countryside and liveoff his8) . He 9) .........
. his
Someonewho hasntgot a job canclaim
eldest sonasthe newmanager whothen10)...... ... ..a
to helpthemfinanciallyuntil number of employees in aneffortto streamline thebusiness
they find work. Jackdidn't want to 11) .....so he decidedto
Localauthorities havea limitedamountof ........ andsetuphisownbusiness.
12,............. Thisturned outto
. . that they make available bea verygoodmoveandheisnowverysuccessful.
to hmilies in needwith nowhereto live.
8 Tenantsin councilhousespaya ..
9 Peoplewith specialneedswho are unableto work o Modals
canclaima..... ......fromthegovernment
t 0 Families
on a .. .... sometimes
find rf Rewrite the sentences using appropriate
it very difficultto paytheir bills. modals.
t l Johnhadto go abroadto receivethe .. . I A policemancant to to work without a uniform.
he needed becausehis A policemonhos to weor o uniformot work
local healthservicewas not ableto provideit.
2 lt's not a good ideato talk to stranters.
3 lt isnt allowedto walk on the grass.
o Work
4 ls it OK if I makea phonecalll
Underline the correct word. 5 The race was difficultbut in the end she managec
)
to finishfirst.
I Kate gets paid a weekly wage/money of {.175
6 | was wonderingif I could senda fax.
while Paulareceivesher incomelsalary at the
end of every month. 7 Alwayswear a helmetwhen you ride a bike.lt'sthe
law.
Dan has got a temporarylpartial job for the
summer,but his brother Craig'gzcom p Iete/fu Il - I I'm sureJanewill be backsoon.
time worker and a permanent/long-lasting 9 Do you want me to help you with the boxes?
employeeof Brown & Sons. l0 PerhapsSallyleft for Madrid.

82 MODULE3
 o Intensifying
Fill in:
Adjectives
. '. Choose five phrases
b) Think of a problem you had. Use
expressions from Ex.8a to narrate the
experience to your partner.You can use
s.
and make sentences using them. Ex.6 as a model.
...... sleep;2........ traffic;3 a....... feeling
I m........ thought;5........ criticism;6.
vn 7 a........ opinion;8 in........ trouble;
ox.-...... senseof sth; l0 a........ sleeper
*q He wosin sucho deep sleep thot he didn\ feel the () For questions l - | 0, read the text below.
ftr/rthquoke. Use the word given in capitals at the end
of some of the lines to form a word that
o Prepositions fits in the gap in the same line.There is an
: ' example at the beginning (0).
Fillin: ' or' .Howdid
each person feel?proud? ashamed?scared?
upset? angry?

Alice: Thank goodness my brother felt sorry

f ) . . . . .. me andtook pity 2) ..... . me and did
me the favour3) .. . .. . lendingme somemoney.I
know I shouldntdepend4) ...... othersto help
me sort out my money problemsand it weighs
5) . . .. .. my conscience a lot but I had no choice.
I was6) . .. . . . financial
trouble.
Shoron:I was l)...... a completeloss and I
didnt know what to do when I heard about the
accident2) . . . .. . the news.I was 3) . . . . . . a state Two of the 0) biggestproblems in BIG
a)...... shock and then I just burst 5) ...... the world today are poverty and
tears.I couldnt helpbut think the worst andwhen hunger.1) .. .. ...., the two NATURAL
I arrived at the hospial$ey told me he was being issuesare interrelated, especiallyin
opented6)...... He was suffering7)...... the developing world. There are
internalinjuriesandalthoughI hoped8) .. .. . . the many 2) .. causes,including DIFFER
bescI alsofearedthe worst. land rights and 3) OWNER
issues, war, famine and drought,
Listening
& Speaking but the end result is 4) .. SAD
often the same. People are
'O, Listen to two people talking about a
problem they had.What was the problem? 5) .... . . . . . tofeed themselves and ABLE
What happened in the end? Listen again. so are permanently malnourished.
Which of the sentencesin Ex.8a have the This leads them into a vicious circle
speakers used? becausethey are then 6) INCREASE
less able to work, which causes
Everyday
English them to become even poorer and
hungrier. What is the most
o NarratingExperiences 7) .... ... is that peopleare FRUSTRATE
not hungry due to a lack of
a) Which of the following sentences
express relief?
8) .... of food, but AVAII,ABLE
becausethey do not have the means
to buy it. The 9) . . . . of food DISTRIBUTE
h was a hugeweightoff our shoulders. in many poor countries is not
What a nightmare!At leastit's all over now.
coordinated10) ... ., either. FAIR
h was drivingme mad.
k wasterrible- muchworsethanI thoughtit wouldbe.
I'm so pleasedit's over.
just couldnt bear it any longer. l0 lmagine you are a world leadea
You have two minutes to address the
I just couldnt believemy eyes. problem of famine.What would you say?
It took me a longtime to cometo terms with Start like this: Peopleof the world,
we haveseen...

MODULE3 B3
 . ra
t- nf
.-rt

ListenlnglSl<-ills

Part1
Listening Sentencecompletion
t,'{ ID You will hear people talking in Readthe text providedto familiarise yourself
eight different situations. For questions l-8, with the content.Whiledoingthe task make
choose the best answer (A, B or C). sureyoureadnotonlythetextbeforeeachgap
but alsothe textafterit as this can affectyour
You hear a womantalkingto her son.Why is she answers.
talkingto him?
A To givehim someadvice.
B To givehim someinformation.
Part2
Listening
C To persuade him to do something. 'a (1 )trDYou will hear an interview with a
You hear a teenagertalkingabout some volunteer -':, man called
fames Fraser who is an exPert
work shedid.How did it makeher feel? on people's rights in the UK. For questions
A doubtful B hopeful C sad 9- 18,complete the sentences.
Youheara youngmantalking.Whydid he decideto
go travellingl thegovernment
totheinterviewer,
According intheUKplaces
higl'
life.
A He didnt likeuniversity
B He wantedto teachabroad. weearngoestowards
saysthatsomeofthemoney
James a
C He wantedto think abouthisfuture.
Youheara womantalkingon the radio.Whatis shel James believestheBritish beableto retirecomfortably
should even
A ahousewife B achildminderC acook theyareliving
You hear part of a lecture about transport and James nottoworry
tellslisteners butthatthere
are
climatechange.What is the lecturerdescribingl theymust consider.
A Disagreements betweenresearchers. Only
those moving toanEEAcountrycangettheannual
B Mistakes information.
in statistical
C The findingsof someresearch. Peoplemustconsider
the:
where
thecountry they
You hear a man talking about a zoo he visited wanttoretire.
washe unhappy
yesterday.What about?
Jamessaysthatboth
A There was a lack of informationabout the
areillegal.
flyposters
animals.
B The staffwere unhelpfulandrude. Local clean
should
councils upf-
andstatues,
C Someof the animalswere beingkept in poor
conditions. Homeowners pay
must forcleaning
uptheir
own
Youoverheara girl talkingon the phoneabout
her new school.How doesshefeelaboutit? maybeoffered
sayshomeowners
James a
orcheaper ",W
A Shefindsit too big.
B Shewishesshe couldgo backto her old service.
cleaning
school.
C Shefeelsvery comfortablethere.
8 You overhear a woman talking about a
problem with her house.What is she
worriedabout?
A Thata newroadhasbeenbuiltnearby.
B That her neighboursmight bother
her.
too expensive.
C That it is becoming

B4 MODULE3
 Listenirtrlskits$-

Listening
Part3
lr't{ Irr) You will hear five difrerent people talking about a
mistake they made recently. For questions l9-23, choose
from the list (A-F) the type of mistake each person
made. Use the letters only once. There is one extra
letter you do not need to use.

failingto inform someone about

something
SpeakerI [f|q
B losingsomethingimportant Speaker2 nrq
c getting the wrong information
D arriving somewhere too early
Speaker3 |--]tn
E sayingsomething to the wrong person
Speaker4 f-]ta
F trusting somethingthey shouldnt have Speaker5 [fr51

Listenino
Part4
AV
((t{ IrD You will hear a radio interview with a careers adviser named Bob
Jones. For questions
24-30, choose the best answer (A, B or C).

).4 Bob becamea careersadviserbecause

of his 29 Bobadvises someone who doesntthinktheywill get
A pastexperiences. on a particularcourseto
B familyhistory. A doublecheckthe requirements.
C presentenvironment. B get the rightexperience
first.
C havea more positiveattitude.
25 Bobsayssomepeopleare unemployed
because
A theydidn'tfinishtheireducation. 30 When askedif maturestudentsfind the return to
B they are afraidof newtechnology. educationchallenging,
Bob

C theydon't havethe right skills. A describes

someof the challenges.
B suggests
waysto overcomethe challenges.
26 What doesBob sayaboutthe peoplewho cometo
C deniesthe seriousness
of the challenges.
seehim?
A Theywantfurthereducation
for differentreasons.
B Somehaveto be persuaded
to do further study.
C Someare not ableto go into further education.

27 What advantagedo peoplewantingto go into further

educationhavethesedaysl
A The number of universitiesand collegeshas
increased.
B Thereare a varietyof optionsavailable.
C Manyonlinecoursesarefree.

28 What does Bob tell us about mature students

applying
for coursesl
A Institutions
oftenpreferthemto regularstudents.
B Theymightnot needanyqualifications.
C Theyare oftentreatedunfairly.

MODULE3 B5
 {r 1p?uJ'lntr1
fi 'l'-ill:

Speaking Part 1 (3minutes)

monorosue
What subjectsdo you enjoy studyingthe mostl What do you plan to do in the future?
What can you remember about your first day at school? Where do you usuallyspend your holidays?

Speaking Part 2 gminutes)

monorogue
7 \
peopl e & a nim als
. children learn to care
for animals& treat them
with respect
grandad & grandchild
. senseof security &
bel ongi ng
. communi cat ionwit h
family members is an
important part of a
1 child'sdevelopment ,/

Candidate B: Do you like helpingyoung children?

7 \
medi ci ne
. scanthe body for
problems

tr . doctors have better

chanceof diagnosing&
treatingmedicalproblems
. advancesin technology
have helped to savemany
lives
. money sPenron
improvementsin medical
scienceis well spent
Candidate A: Would you like to go into space? sPace
. spacewalk
Contrasting . orbit the Earth
. Although ...both show ...,they are . improvementson Earth
different to one another. as a result of space
. However,.... exploration, e.g. better
. On the other hand,... \ communications ,/

*O, Listen to a modef answer. Do you agreewith the speakers?

86l ,ooutt t
I
 Speaking pairwork
Paft 3 tgminutes)
hr school is planning to run a poster campaign to promote safety awareness.The photographs show
lne of the ideas that have been suggested for the posters. First talk to each other about how important
dr of these aspects of safety are, and then decide which two you think are the most important.

How importantare theseaspectsof safety?

Which two are the most important?
. I think this is important,
because ....
. lt seemsto me that ..., because....
. That'sa reallygood point,(but) .... I'm not sure I
entirelyagreewith you about that because...

teachchildrenfrom a young
agethe importanceof being
careful,e.g.in the street
taking correct safety
Precautions
a
busystreets- carelessdrivers
a preventmanyaccidents& save
lives
be awareof the risk of
fire/electricshocks
everThouse/person should...
(havea smokealarm,etc)
keepmedicines out of children's
reach
electricitycan kill easily
modern appliances safer/better
madethese days

rl I,) gr1.n to a modet answer.Which two aspects do Study Skills

tlre speakers decide on?What reasons do they give? Following the Discourse
While discussingan issue,try to
Speaking ParI 4 gminutes)
pairwork follow the discourse. Expressing
hesitation(... you know ..., just a
ln pairs discuss: moment..., how shall I put it?) or
. What other aspectsof safetyawareness emphasisingsth (... especially...,
shouldbe includedl
Note that ..., etc) help you sound
. How effectiveare campaignsof this sortl natural.
. Do you think peopletoday leadsaferlivesthan in the past?
. How concernedare peoplein your country about safety?
. What are the greatestdangersthat young peoplefice today?

ftl PD 6=a"n to a model ansveaWhat other aspect of safety awareness do the speakirs suggest
should be included? How efiective do they think campaigns of this sort are?
MODULE3 87
 Wrlting:Esr""rSt
Read the rubrics and decide which type of ) Now match the quotations to the essay
essayeach is.Which words helped yod topics in Ex. l.
decide?

You havehad a discussionin your Englishclass

about online newspapers.
Your teacher has now
asked you to write an essay answering the "Themosttenible
poverty
isloneliness,
andthe
followingquestion:What are the advantages
and feeling
of being
unloved."
disadvantages of reading a newspaperonlinel (nunandhumanitarian)
MotherTeresa
Write your essay(120-180words).
"Allcrimeis a kindof disease
andshould
be
Governmentsoften try to discouragepeoplefrom
givingmoney to homelesspeople.What is your treated
assuch."
opinion?Should we give mone), to homeless Mahatma (lndian
Gandhi leader)
peopleor not?Write your essayfor your teacher
( | 20-180words). "Animals friends
aresuchagreeable - theyask
- Ef
) noquestions,
noquestions,
theypass
theypass
nocriticisms."
nocriticisms."
Your teacher has asked you to write an essay
answeringthe following question:What are the
advantagesand disadvantatesof having a pet?
Write your essay(120-180words).

Crimessuchas burglaries,car theft and muggings

haverecentlyincreasedin your area.Whatcan be
doneaboutthislWrite an essaysuggesting waysin
whichcrime might be reducedin your area.Write
your essay(120-180words). "Youcan'tgetrid0fpoverty
bygiving
people

Youhavejust hada discussionin your Englishclass

Now your teacherwould likeyou
rbout education.
'o write an essaygiving your opinion on the "TheInternet
issobig,sopowerful
jollowing and
statemenc Everyone should have a pointless
thatforsomepeople
it is a complete
Write your essay ( 120-180
rniversityeducation.
*ords). substitute
forlife."
Andrew Brown & author)
You have been doing a project at school about
socialproblems.Now you haveto write an essay
rasedon the followingquestion:Thereare a lot of
onely peoplein our town.What can be done to
'relpthem?Write your essay( 120-180words).

Now read these quotations.What topic does each refer to? Discuss in pairs. fustily your answers.

'Educationis the power to think clearly,the power to act well in

:e worfd'swork and the power to appreciatelife!' (BrighomYoung)
'A real friend is one who walks in when the rest of the world
out." (Anon)
-alks
-r'tanya small thing has been made large by the right kind of
irenising." (MorkTwoin)
-',Vithoutwords,without writing and without books,there would
:e no history,there could be no conceptof humanity."(Hermonn
-tsse)
--he bestand most beautifulthingsin the world can not be seen
:r eyentouched- they must be felt with the heart."(HelenKelle)

MODULE3 B9
 o Techniques
for Introductions
and Conclusions
Wrtting:Essnys
tr
Itl order to grab the reader'sattention and make them want The Iast paragraphshould:
:rJcontinue reading, the first paragraphshould: f give the reader something to consider.
e start with an objective statement. e.g.It is aryuedthat e.g.Ltfe would be much easierif ...
parentsareoftento blamewhenstudentsbehavebadlyat g summarise the article. e.g.To sum up, ...
school.
h end with a quotation or a rhetorical question.
b make reference to a strange scene or situation. e.g. "Progress is a comfonable disease." (E E.
e.g.TheIntemet will soon allow us to 'walk' through3D Cummings)or'What doesthefurureholdfor us?'
*'ebsites...
i end with an objective statement. e.g. It is widely
c addressthe reader directly. e.g.Has it everoccunedto believedthat educatingyoungpeopleabout nutrition and
rou that children may one day be taught by robots exercLseis the only way to improve the health of our
insteadof teachers? nation.
I start with a quotation or rhetorical question (question
which requiresno answer).e.g.Canyou imaginea world
v,ithoutcrime?
c start with a problem that needs a solution. e.g.More
and morc animaLsare losingtheir habitats.

l{atch the introductions to the conclusions.Which techniques (a-i) from the theory box are used
h each?

'!19-6:ds,ijiEtE,Gonclusliins,
l--l Whenwasthe lasttime youdid something to help
someonelessfortunate than yourself? In my view, I believethat it is a goodideato
A All thingsconsidered,
we are all responsibleto help ease some of the let computersplay a major role in teachingin the
socialproblemsin our As
society. Dr' Seuss stated, classroom. As Nicholas Negroponte once said,
'Unlesssomeone like you caresa wholeawfullot, "Computingis not aboutc.omputersanymore'It is about
nothingis goingto getbetter.It's not'" living."

-t----1 It hasbeensaidthattherewill soonbe no needfor

B In conclusion,I believe that social problemsare the
studentsto takepensandpaperto schoolasthey
will all be provided with their own personal responsibilityof everycitizen.After all, wouldn'tyou be
laptops.Is it a sensibleidea, however,to let grateful for help if you were sufferingdue to pove$,
technologSr takeoverin theclassroom?
completely homelessness or familyproblems?

T_l Haveyou everconsidered what would happenif C To summarise, there are manythingswe can do to
advertisementsfor junk foodweretotallybanned? helpreducethe effectsof risingworld temperatures.
Undoubtedly,therewouldbe manyadvantages to Perhaps youshouldconsiderthethingsthatyouasan
doing this, but there are several possible individualcando.
disadvantages,
too.

trugtne entire major cities suchas SanFrancisco
T-l
beingtotally submergedunder water as a direct
resultof meltingpolarice.Accordingto some,this
is exactlywhat will happenif we don't solvethe
problemof globalwarming.So what can we do
aboutthis?
D All in all, there would be both advantagesand
disadvantages to totallybanningadvertsfor junk food.
What is clear,however,is that obesityis becoming
more and more of a problemin societyand lasting
solutionswill haveto befoundsoon.

What techniques has the writer of Model A on p. 90 used to starUend his essay?Write your own
irtnoduction and conclusion using a difrerent technique.
 Wv tLrag:$'ssuys

o For-and-Against
Essays
3- List the arguments for and
against. How does the writer
I Read the rubric, underline the key wotds and answer the
justify their points? Complete
questlons.
the table.
You have had a classdiscussionon-tfr" of;["gt
when you leave ""ir"
school.Your teacher
I break from studying
I has now asked you to write an essay describingthe
advantages and disadvantaSesof having a gap year between
leavingschool and starting universityto work or
money.Writeyour essay( | 20-180words).
I What are you goingto write aboutl
2 Who is goingto read your pieceof writingl
3 What advantages/disadvantatesare there to taking a year off from
your studies?
4 What style of writing shouldyou usel

2 Read the model and complete the pcl.4fllh.hq

of your arguments included in the rnode8

Manyyoung peoplethesedaystake a year d h

between leaving school and starting universty. ArSrnents
'Gap years'as they have come to be knownae I
seen as a time out from studying to gah ft 2
experience,reassessgoals, broaden lprborE
traveland perhapsearnsomemoney.Fk ' 'er,6 -.:-..-
it worth taking a year off or is it a cornpl€ree
ldaions
of time?
I
Thereare a numberof advantagesto takirg a g+
year.To startwith,a breakfrom studyingcan give
you timeto thinkaboutyourfutureand makesrre
you are on the rightcareerpath.Secondly,having
new experiencescan improve your confidence
and broadenyour mind. In addition,any uork
experience you gain will help your €reer ,-l Find the topic sentences in
prospectslater and give you the opportunityto \______-,2 the main body paragraphs.
learnnewskills.Finally,anymoneyyouearncould Suggest other appropriate
go towardspayingfor your educationonce you ones.
returnto studying.
On the other hand, there are also some Find linkers in the model
disadvantages to takinga yearoff studying.Firstly, ;
which:
the time awaymay havedistractedyou from your
studies and you may have problems applying . introduce/listadvantages
yourselfto your studieson your returnto student . introduce/listdisadvantages
life.Secondly, delayingcompleting youreducation . add points
means that you delay startingyour career and . show contrast
thereforedelayearninga living,whichmayput you . conclude
at a disadvantage with YourPeers.
Overall there are numberof strong points both
a Replace them with other
for and against taking a gap year. However,I feel appropriate ones.
that the pros outweighthe cons and as long as
you makethe mostof yourtime off you will benefit
greatlyin termsof experienceand skills.
 l/ritirrE: i'iiillt
o OpinionEssays
Read the rubric, underline the
key words and answer the
questions.
You have recendybeen doing a
schoolprojecton education.
Now
teacherhasaskedyou
your English
to write an essay explaining
whether you agree or disagree
with the following statement:lt
wouldbe benerfor studentsto be
tought ot home onlineinsteodof
goingto school.
Write your essay(120-180words).
What type of essayare you goingto
write?
2 Who is goingto readit?
3 In which paragraph(s)will you
mentionyour personalopinionl
Read the model and complete
the paragraph plan.ls the
writer in favour of or against
the topic?What linking words/
phrases have been used to:
introduce orguments?list points?
introduce results?
Now list the viewpoints.What
neasonsdoes the writer use to
suppoft them? Complete the
table.
Viewpoints Reasons
94 MODULE3
There is no doubt that the Internet has brought
many benefitsto modern life,but would it benefit
a child'seducationto be taught via email,websites
and webcams insteadof going to schooll As far as
I am concerned, I believe that it is better for
students to be taught in the traditional way.
First of all, if children and teenagers didn't go to Main Bod
school, they would not have the opportunity to Para.2
interact with others and develop friendships.Asa
result,they may lack the social skills neededto be
successfulin a workplace.
Secondly,learning on the Internet would make
certain methods of teaching and learning Par a. 3
impossible.Thestudent would not benefitfrom the
variety of learning methods commonly found in
traditional classrooms,such as group work, class
discussionsand givingpresentationsto the class.
On the other hand,some people argue that there Para.4
could be some benefits to education online. For
example, it may be easier to concentrate.Time
and energy would also be savedby not havingto
travel to and from school.
All in all.online education can benefit students to Conclusio
a certain extent. Howeveriit seemsto me that the Par a. 5
personal contact within the classroom is more
beneficial.
Use the languagein the box to make full sentences
expressingyour opinion.
Useful expressions for giving opinions
. (that) ...
I believe/think/feel . My opinion is that ...
. I stronglybelieve... . As far as I am concerned,...
. In my opinion/view... . | (completely) agree that/with .
. The way I seeit, ... . | (strongly) disagreethat/with .,
. lt seems/appears to me . I am totally against...
(that)... . I couldnt agree more that/with
. To my mind,... . I couldnt disagreemore thadwith
. | (do not) agreethat/with... . I am totally opposed to ...
 . OpposingViewpoints
governments/ban/advertisingof junk food .+
encouragehealthiereating r Use the linkers in the table and the ideas
n my opinion, governmentsshould ban the
below to write an opposing viewpoint.
Mvertisingof junk food. By doing this, they would
i''<.ourogeheolthiere
On the other hand...,Alternatively...,lt canbe
*e all/recyclemore help protect arguedthat ...,However...,In contrast...,Some
environment peopleargue...
4 more time to exercise I
tl -ople/watchTV/less
ments/stopiIlegaldownloading/fromInternet
{i in.r""t" in public transporr/not encourage
protect musicindustry peopleto leavecars at home
reople/givemore money/localcharities ,+
nnanysocialproblemsbe solved "='--some say'severalbenefits/replace
people with
robots
ments/putmore police/onthe streets
helpreducecrime somepeopleargue/organic
food/not worrh buying
O
Read the extract and ansrver the questions.
.:-:,.introduce fines/not deter people/from
illegallydownloadingmusic

fi a) Read the rubric.Then read

the viewpoints and match
them to the reasons.Which
do you agree with?Which do
you disagree with?

"All teenagersshould have a part-timei

that is inappropriatefor them.
job." Do you agreewith this statemenrl
Write an essayexpressingyour opinion
1?o:l8oy:i9' l
A job teachesyou how to becomea responsible
citizen.
Working teens learn how to handle money
responsibly.
A job can help to prepare you for your future
career.
Havinga job could have a negativeeffect on a
student'sstudies.
j A teen'sjob may netativelyaffecttheir sociallife.

What is the main ideaof the paragraph? lEl-l They are working when they could be taking
Which
part in after-school activities or socialising.
sentenceis it in?
What supportingsentencesdoes the writer givel You feel a sense of responsibilitywhen an
FTI
Which linkingwords/phraseshasthe writer used? employeris relyingon you.
Suggestother suitablewords/phrases
which could
neplacethese. A job cantake up time that a srudentshouldbe
spendingon homework.
Read the topic sentences and suggest
appropriate supporting sentences. lf you haveworked hardto earnyour mone)r,you
m
are more likelyto be carefulhow you spendir
However, some people argue that there are
severaldrawbacksto livingin the city.
trtr Youlearnvaluable
skillssuchaslearning
to beon
Finally,
creativesubjectssuchasArr and Musichelp time,handling
moneyanddealing
with customers.
developbalanced individuals.
In the first place,famouspeopleare rarelyableto b) Now write your essay ( | 20- 180 words).
Use ideas from Ex.8a.
ead normal lives.

MODULE3 95
 lVri tirt 91:I' :: uy t b) Read the table.Which of
the phrases has the writer
used in his essayin Ex.2?

Useful vocabulary
o P r o v i d i nSgo l u ti o nto To make suggestions:
s P ro b l e m s . A usefulsuggestionwould be to .
. Another solution ...
Read the rubric, underline the key words and answer . ...could be solved by ...
the questions.
. Steps/Measuresshould be taken ,
order to solve/dealwith ...
Yourschoolnewspaper hasaskedits readersto write an essay . Another way to ... is/would be to .
waysto makeyour town a saferplaceto live.Write
suggesting . The situation could be imoroved
your essay( 120-180words).
by ...
. lt would be a good idea iflto ...
I Who is goingto readyour article? . lt would help if you/we, etc ...
2 What will your articlebe about?
To present results and
3 What stylewill you uselWhy?Givesomeexamples.
4 What solutionscanyou think of?
. I hen ...
. By doing this, you/we, etc would ."
Read the model and complete the paragraph plan.
. lf ...,the result would be ...
What techniques has the writer used to start/end his
. The effect(s)/consequence(s)/result(-s
article? Suggest an alternative beginning/ending.

Overthelastfewyears,crimeandtrafficaccidents
haveallbeenincreasing in ourtown,meaning thatit Use the ideas below and
hasbecome a muchmoredangerous, unpleasant appropriate language to write
place tolive.What canbedone, therefore,
to make our supporting sentencesfor the
place
towna better to live? topic sentences.
Firstly,
steps should betaken inorderto dealwiththe
risein crime.One possible solutionwouldbe to . wear money belt/underclothes,
increase thenumber of police patrolling
officers the keeptraveldocuments
& money,
streets, especiallylateat night.Thiswouldcertainly out of sight
makepeople feelsaferandwouldhopefully deter . fix lock/ontoall bags& suitcases,
criminals, too.
stop thievesgeainginto them
Measures shouldbe takenin orderto solvethe . keepphotocopies/passport &
problem ofincreasingtraffic
accidents.
Banning carsin
other traveldocuments/in
certainareas wouldhelp,butalsolowerspeed limits
separateplace/incaseof theft
should beimposed. Theconsequences of thiswould
undoubtedly preventaccidents andsavemanylives.
To beginwith, we shouldfind wayst,
Inconclusion, there areseveralwaysinwhich wecan
guardour possessions while travellin;
attempt to reduce crimeandtrafficaccidents.Bydoing
Forexomple,o usefulsuggestion
wor,tr
this,wewillmake ourtowna morepleasant place to
"Safety to ...
livein.Afterall,assomeone oncesaid, doesn't
happen byaccident."
i g . repaint walls/put up curtains/
buy new furniture/makemore
pleasant
a) Complete the table with ideas from the text. . buy more computers/sothati
students not have to wait to
Possible solutlons Results/Consequences use one

Another way to make the school librar

more popular would be to make it
more pleasantplacefor students.

9 6 | t oor t . ,
 Match the suggestions to the
results.Write full sentences
(l
o Discuss& Write
Writing: Essays

Read the rubrics and underline the key words.What does

w
using appropriate phrases.
e-achone ask you to write about?What styte will you use?
What paragraph plan will you follow for each?Write a
topic sentence for each main body paragraph.Then,
write an introduction and a concluiion for each rubric
iE Compare with your partnen
Your neighbourhood rwas recently described in the loel
newspaper as 'ugly and depressing'.Write an essay,
suttesting ways to make your neighbourhooda more
pleasantplaceto live ( 120-180words). i

Your Englishteacherhasaskedyou to write an essaybased

on the followingstatemenrEveryteenagershouldhelpwith
householdchores.Writean essirygivingyour opinionabout
this(120-180words).

Youhavejust hada classdiscussion

aboutthe lnternet Now your
teacherhasaskedyou to wrire an essaywith tlre followingtitle:
The Internet - a blessingor a curse?Write your essay
outliningthe advantagesand disadvantages
of the Internet
( 120-180words).

Your headteacherhas recently suggestedputting CCTV

camerasin your school,but somestudentsandteachersare
not happyaboutthis.Writean essaybasedon the following
statement There should be security camerasin every
and changethem regularly. school( 120-180words).
ETI Neverprovideanypersonal
deails suchasaddresses,
'l Choose two rubrics and write )rour essays.Before you give
telephonenumbersor school
your essaysto your teacher, check for the following:
namese.g.in emails,
on social
networkingsites Cxecrlrsr Fon Essavs

fiT-l Installanti-virussoftwareand
keepit up to date.
Does your pieceof writing follow a specificplan?
fon Stickto well known,popular
Does your introductionstatethe topic clearly?
websitesas muchas you can.
Have you used a different paragraphfor each point you
makel
Do the mainbody paragraphs
start with a topic sentence?
preventendangering your personal
safety Are there supportint sentencesto justifyyour pointsl
preventcriminalsfrom accessing Doesthe conclusionsummarise the mainpoints?
your emailaccountsetc and stealing
personalinformation
helpyou avoidsitesmore likelyto
harmyour computere6. by infecting
Haveyou usedan appropriatestyle?
it with viruseswhile surfingthe Net
preventnastycomputerviruses Haveyou usedadvancedvocabulary?
infectingand harming)rourcomputer Haveyou usedappropriatelinkersto connectideas?
Are your pointspresentedin sequencel
l-b You should keep your posswords Haveyou started and endedyour essayin an interestingway?
secretand chongethemregulorly.ln Are there any spelling,
grammaror punctuationerrors?
thiswoy,youwill...
 CtlT:
Cr;-L:uti'e

t,'l I,) 1;r1.n to the music

and look at the pictures.
lmagine you are there.
Describe the scene.

Read the first sentence in

each paragraph.What is the
text about? Read and check.

rr,(-},rl Listen and read the

text again to complete the
sentences.
The NottingHill Carnivalis celebrzted
in..... every.
2 It originated
3 When slavery formally ended,
celebratedit by . .
islanders
4 It cameto London
5 NottingHill usedto be
6 lmmigrants in London faced
Carnival
The first Caribbean-style
in London
Peoplecan listen to . . .
and see
The festivalcelebrates
4 Match the underlined words to
th ei r synonyms/explanati ons
below. Use them to make
sentences about the Notting
Hill Carnival.
. to return to life . the beginning
. keeps ' huge ' melodiesthat are
easyto remember . financially
advantageous. havingmanyvery
differentelements . hscinating
. stopped . immediately
LastAugustI was in Londonfor the biggeststreetpartyin Europe,the
NottlngHillCarnival.
Theenchantingparadewasa seaof brightcolourswith
neuly2 millionpeople.
The CamMal's originslie far awayin the Caribbean duringyearsof
hardship. In colonialtimes,slavesweretakenfromAfricato workin the
Caribbeanislands.Theywereforbiddento play musicor weartraditiona
clothes,so whenslavery wasfinallyabolishedin 1833,menandwomenon
:= the islandof Tnnidadtookto the streetsin colourfulcostumesto celebrate
theirnetvfreedomand revivetheirAfricanculture.This celebration soon
becamean annualoartof islandlifeand containsall the elements thatcan
i: beseenal theLondonCamival today:maskeddancers, story-telling
through
songscalledcalypsos.and steelbandsfeaturingsteeldrums.The steel
5 drum1wasinventedin tfreCaribbean whenenthusiastic islandersturnedoil
€
* Orum#intomusrcal instuments!
a
= TheCamvalreach€dcentralLondonin themid20thcentury.NottingHil
was a very poo, areaten ard it soon becamethe first stop for many
Canbbeanimnnqraqtsbo{<irgto settlein London.Althoughthey were
comingin hopecrfa bder lrfe.in realrtythey met with problemsof poor
housing.unempQfnentard racialtension.As this tensionincreasedto
lfleb n i're 50s.tlt immigrantcommunitylookedfor waysto
dangreror.s
expressfrar oJu.reitdr DriS€and in sucha waythatthewiderpopulation
couldapprecraenEdwrsrw.Therdeaof a Caribbean-style arosein
Carnival
1981and rt mgftb' Decarrea hugesu@ess.Withthefirstcatchytunesof
a steelband.locab rrrnedaetyfloodedontothe streets,appreciating the
musictogefieran6rcrrirnOenng tle beautiful
carnivals
backontheislands
TheCamiwlrrasbe€r'ndd in NotingHilleversinceandhasgrowninto
the enormouspfr€norr€non I witpssed lastAugust.Despitebecominga
highlyprofrtables/ent $fld'rrast numbersof dancersand fiercemusica
competitiors.th€Camrudcardul! maintains itsCaribbean
roots.lt remains
an importantcelebrdorrcf ottural diversrty
andunderstanding.
1mtrsi3rst4.f;aa €r€csr r T-nd ?seelbanelsusedto storeoils

t
'No culture con live,
if it ottempts to be exclusive ,'
(Mahatma Gandhi)
Do you believe it is important to
preselrye your culture and
ICT t|iA d- Lerrs a dEr souncesyou have
heritage? Discussthe meaning trailable o yaaftd ifrrnrion about an outdoor festival
of the quotation in groups. in you drs; YYriE aCrrt ertide oudining the event
Report to the class.
and hs l*stDrF

98 MODULE3
 tl
\- \-r_L

Human rights arefounded on respectfor the

Read the statement dryity and worth of each individual,
about human rights regardless of race,gender,language,religton,
and look at the web opinions, wealth or ability and therefore
page. How could they I
applyto everyhuman beingeverywhere.
be related?

Write down three questions you have about Unicef. Read the website to see if you can answer them.

Whowe are and whatwe do:

TheUnited NationsChildren's
Fund,or UNICEF,wascreated 0) bytheUnited Nationson 11December,
1946, to provideemergency foodandhealthcare
to children
incountries devastated byWorldWarll. 1).........,.
-'lited Nations days,westifl workhardto protect
thebasichumanrightsofchildrenspelledoutbylhe Convention ontheRights
l-ildren's Fund
of theChild(1990),21...........a1most
every intheworldhassigned:
country therighttosurvival,to developto the
fullest,to protection andto participate
fromharmfulinfluences fully3) ...........family, andsociallife.We
cultural
focuson manyareas,suchassanitation, water& protection
education, fromabuse.

'=,JJ/
Morethan2,6billion people - 40%oftheworld's population Anestimated 158millionchildrenaged5-14areengaged inchild
- lackbasicsanitation andoveronebillionpeople
facilities, labour - onein 7) ...........
6 childrenaround theworld.Millions
of
stillhaveunsafedrinking water.ln 2007,as 4) ...........
as 8) ....,......
workinverydangerous conditions,
suchasworking in
ensuringthatwatersuppliesweresafe,we senttheatre mines,workingwithchemicals in agriculture
andworkingwith
groupstotakea vitalmessage ofdiseasepreventiontosome dangerous machinery.Oneof themanytownswearehelpingis
of the 80,000childrenwho wereleft homeless afterthe CoronelOviedoin Paraguay, wheremanychildrensellsnacks
Tambezi Riverin Mozambique brokeits banks,takingcrops alongthe highwayor washcar windowsto helptheirfamilies
andhomes 5) ...........
it.Themessages ofthetheatregroups makeends meet.Manyof thesechildrennownot onlygo to
weresimple- washyourhands,keepyourfoodprotected, school,9) ...........
canspendtimeafterwards in 'opencentres'
gotothedoctor- butnecessary forsavinglives.Teams also 10)...........
theyreceive helpwithhomework, oneor twomeals,
showedfilms6) ........... healthon hugevideoscreens in basichealthcareand the chanceto 11) ........... partin fun
difierent
communities anddistrlbuted leaflets
andsoaoand Theprojectalsohasa training
activities. andemployment centre
waterto families. to helpparents providefor12)...,.......
families.

Eewyoucangetinvolved:. buycardsor giftsfromthe unicefwebsiteto supportourwork

. signup for our newsletter. makea donation. becomea volunteer

., (tr'l I'rl) 1;ra.n to and read the text again.

Read again and fill in the gaps with an
appropriate word. Check with your partner. What did you find most interesting about
UniceflWhat else would you like to know?
l'latch the words/phrases in bold in the text
to their synonyms in the list below.

'approximately. survivefinancially. makingsure

' detailedclearly . flooded . gaveout . ruined
. involved. asmuchaspossible. damaging
'the processof keepingplacescleanandhealthy
. cruel& violenttreatment
another organisation that protects human
rights e.g. the UN, Amnesty International
etc. Present your information to the class.
You can visit these websites:
http://www.amnesty.org / http://www.un.org
MODULE3 99
 Check 3
;*gtess 5 lt was the third crime he had performed/
F in: committed in two years.
7 Johnhasjust boughta flaUlevel screenTV.
8 This camerahasa largedisplay/showscreen.
--e company
madean important...... in Europe. 9 Manyimmigrantsare very poorly/lowly paid.
.,
-1eissaidtobe. ...... incriminal
activities. l0 Some communitiesoffer supporUhelp groups
3 He paida..... .. forillegalparking. for peoplewith problems. , ,
/ Points:_
4 Theywere .... with murder. \ r oxz n ,
it.....
5 Don'tleave ...... tothesun.
Complete the second sentence using the
6 MIND is a chariryfor the mentally words in bold. Use two to five words.
7 Many unemployedpeople who are on the
are desperateto find work. I Thereis no chanceof me takinganytime off work.
possible lt wont be ....
There was a lot of againsthim so
. . . anytime off work.
-Jrejury foundhim guilty.
2 Everyonethinkshe will win the race.
Some peopleconsiderthe unemployedto be a
expected He... ...... the race.
on society.
3 Suecannotattendthe meetingtomorrow.
| 0 The businessdeal turned out to be very
present Suewon't
for everyoneinvolved.
. meeunttomorrow.
poin,r,
/ - \
4 Bob was the only one who didnt get a payrise.
\roxz n 1
apart Everyone tot ... ....... Bob
Fill in: 5 My brother saidI could borrow his MP3player.
permission My brother
I ...... station 6 ...... ,"aora his MP3player.
/ Poin.r,
2 ..... ,. room 7 ...... developments
\sx+ n
3 ..... parking I ... broadcast
4 .,..... wate 9 .... robbery Complete the sentences with a word
formed from the word in capitals.
5 . . possession t0 ...... blankly
/ Points: \ Unemploymentis high simply
\roxr i) becauseof the . . of jobs. AVAILABLE
He received a number of
Choose the correct word. letters before his REJECT
inventionsucceeded.
I The two men were chargedfor/with burglary.
The strap on my camera is
2 The manwassentencedto/for two yearsin prison.
DETACH
3 The judgefound him guiltyfrom/of drink driving.
4 The festivalcelebratescultural
4 The policeofficersplacedthe thief on/under arrest. DIVERSE
5 A good citizenalwaysshowsrespecttolfor the law. 5 Healthcareand are EDUCATE
/ Poinrr' \ two basicneedsof everychild.
\sxz i ) / Poin,t'
\sx+ n
Choose the correct word.
/ M" ,.or.,
\ r oo
Most places have parking spacesreservedfor Now I can ...
peoplewith special/disabledneeds.
. talk about crime and socialissues
2 Ann attendsa(n)state/compulsory school.
. talk abouttechnology& education
3 Ruth is on a foundationprogramme/course to . report faults/offerhelp
allow her to studyabroad. . givean eye-witness account/narrate
an
4 The shopkeeperdecidednot to put/press charges. experience
5 The penalty/price for speedingis oftena fineand . expressmy viewsand makesuggestions
3 pointson your licence. . write discursiveessays
.. in En

100t MoDULE
3
 ll a

Lead-in
t'tl lt,l whi.h of the following can be
true about the Galapagos giant tortoises?
Decide in pairs. Listen and check.
I Theycanweighup to 250 kg.
2 Theylivefor more than50 years.
3 Theyareactivefor muchof the day.
4 Theyareherbivores.
5 Theycansurvivefor a longtimewithoutdrinking.
6 The breedingseason is at the endof the rainyseason.
7 The femaleslaybetween2 and4 eggs.
8 Theyoungtortoiseshatchafteraround100days.

Reading - Part1 l35i$IJJ3

Describe the animal in the picture.Why do you think
he is 'Lonesome George? Read the text to find out.
l,r.-irr. ,it: :i: ti
- ,,.
,ii

-','t
':,
nflIiinfl
:; '' i:,';,'l', ,

Sometimes theroadto romance islong.'Lonesome George', a we know thesetortoisesare Lonesome George'sclosest

giantGalapagos tortoise, is the lastof hissubspecies andthus relatives?" Inotherwords,therecouldbea pedectPintamatchfor
profoundly alone.Living faroutinthePacific ontheislandof Pinta Georgealiveandwellon lsabela or evenon somemoredistant
in theGalapagos lslands,he is otficiallytherarestlivingcreature island.
on Eadh. To begintestinghistheory,Professor Powell,together witha
Noanimalbettercaptures thehistory andmysterious beauty of teamof researchers, analysed DNAfromsevenPintatortoises -
the Galapagos lslandsthanthegianttortoise. Thereusedto be six fromdeceasedmuseumspecimens and one fromGeorge
thousands of themroamingovertheselslands,including the himself - andcompared it withbloodsamples fromtwenty-seven
volcanic slopesof Pinta. Observations of thembyCharles Darwin, gianttortoises livingonthesideof a volcano onthenorthern tipof
whovisitedthe islandsin 1835,evenformedpartof hisworld- lsabela. Amongthesesamples, theyfoundone tortoise, about
changing theoryof evolution. thirtyyearsold,withclearsignsof Pintaancestry. Sadly,however
Sadly,however, mostlyas a resultof centuries of passing thenewlydiscovered tortoisewasnota suitable romantic partner
sailorshunting the gianttortoises forfood, there are now onlyan forGeorge: hewasmale.Hewasnotpure-bred, While
either. his
estimated fifteenthousand leftin the Galapagos lslands.Of the father wasoriginally fromPintalsiand, hismother camefromWol'
fifteenknownsubspecies, fourarealready thoughtto be extinct, Volcano on lsabela. Powell seesthisasa breakthrough, however
as was the Pintagianttortoiseuntil Lonesome Georgewas becauseit provesthat in the recentpast,a Pintamalewas
discovered in 1971.Thiscameasa pleasant surpriseto scientists breeding on theisland."lf that'sthecase,it is possible thereare
sinceno otherPintatortoises had beenfoundon Pintalsland otherPintaindividuals outthere,maybeevena female."
since1906. Powellalsonotesthatthereareabouteightthousand gianr
Inthedecades sinceGeorge wasdiscovered, he hasbecome tortoises livingon lsabela, andtheirstudylookedat onlya smal
thestarattraction at theCharles DarwinResearch Stationwhere randomsample. Histeamof researchers intendsto returnto the
conservationists havebeenhopingto rescuesomeof hisgenes islandandtakebloodfrommorethantwothousand tortoisesr'
bymatinghimwithanother tortoise.Twofemales fromthenearby theydo indeedfind a Pintafemale,they hopeto takeher tc
islandof lsabela, themostcloselyrelated to thePintasubspecies George's enclosure andattemptto breedthepair.
thatcouldbefound,wereputintohisenclosure withhimin 1992, Thepossibility remains, then,thatLonesome George mayone
buthefailedto takethehint. daynot be so lonelyafterall.WhenaskedhowgreatGeorge s
Then,Professor JeffreyPowell, an evolutionary biologistfrom chances of reproducing really are,however, DrHenryNicholls, a.
YaleUniversity, cameup witha possible reasonwhyLonesome evolutionary ecologist andauthorofthebook'Lonesome George
George wasnotfindingtrueromance withtheladiesfromlsabela. stillfeelsthathisprospects arebleak."Asfaras hisstatusas a
Perhaps, hesuggested, theyweresimplytoodifferent to himto be conservation iconis concerned, though," hesays,"hisprospect.
a suitablematch. Sailors oftencarried thetortoises fromoneisland haveneverbeenbetter. George reallyis anamazing ambassadc'
to another, hepointedout.Hisquestion, therefore, was:"Howdo fortheconservation causein Galapagos andevenbeyond."

142 4
 The writer mentions Charles Darvin in order to After carrylng out his research on
emphasise lsabela lsland, Professor Powell
A his importanceas a scientist. A became more uncertain about his
B his strongconnectionto the Galapagoslslands. theory.
C the large numbers of tortoises on the Galapagos B was confused about Lonesome
lslands. George'sancestry.
D the significance
of gianttortoises. C felt hopeful of a future discovery.
D was disappointed with his findings.
According to the third paragraph, scientists were
pleased that 6 When Powell continues his
A there was a largernumberof tortoiseson the islands research, he will test
than previouslybelieved. A asmanyfemaletprtoisesashe canfind.
B one subspecies of giant tortoise was not extinct"as B the tortoises from the previousstudy
previouslythought. again.
C a new subspecies of gianttortoisehadbeendiscovered. C all the tortoises on lsabelalsland.
D they hadbeenthe onesto makea particulardiscovery. D a much larger sample of tortoises
than before.
The writer uses the phrase'he failed to take the
hint' (line 26) to show that Lonesome George When the writer uses the phrase
A didnt behavein the way the conservationists were 'his prospects are bleak' (line 5l), he
hoping. is referring to Lonesome George's
B didnt seemto tet on with the tortoisesfrom lsabela. A bright future.
C behaveddifferentlyto the tortoises from lsabela. B role in conservation.
D wasnt usedto the companyof other tortoises. C poor chances.
D worsenedsituation.
What does the writer suggest about Pinta
tortoises in the fifth paragraph? Which of the following best
A They could haveoriginallycome from lsabelalsland. describes the writer's tone?
B They maybe found on islandsother than Pintalsland. A cautiouslyhopeful
C Most of them were takenby sailorsto lsabelalsland. B extremelypessimistic
D Sailorsusedto huntthem more thanother subspecies. C sympathetic
D relieved

Now read the magazine article about the

lrst survivor of a species of tortoise again.
Writing
For questions l-8, choose the answer Complete the sentences to summarise the
6
(A B, C or D) which you think fits best text. Read your summary to your partnen
according to the text.
Lonesome George livesin 1)... ..... andis the most
a) Fill in: take,suitable,
blood,analyse,living, uncommon 2l ..... . Somespeciesof Calapagos glant
pieasant, closest,museum,starlbleak.Make are fachg extlnction
tortoises becauseof O..
sentences based on the text using the Lonesome Ceorge, from a subspeciesprevlously thoughttc be
completed phrases. wasdiscovered
extinct, in 4 ..,... and now livesin
I .... creature $..... he can'td
, unfiortunately,
5 be a .. . match
According to researchers, the reasonis 7) ..
I ro ..... ... . the hint 6 ..... .. ... prospects Professor
Powell believesthat$ . ..... . lt ispossiblethat
1 comeasa .. .. ...... 7 .. .. . relatives onedayLonesome Ceorge 9)
surprise I .... ... DNA
bea.. I ...- ..samples
attraction
l0 ... specimens
b) Explain the words in bold. ICT Wtrat is an ecosystem?Why is it
important to preserye it? In groups collect
Listening
& Speaking information. Present it to the class.You can
visit this website:
rl ID 6ri.n to and read the texL Say four
fects you rnemember fiom it.
4
Mo DUL E 1
|
 Listening
& Speaking
,uO, Listen to two people talking.What are
they talking about?What do they decide to do?

Vocabulary
& Grammar Everyday
English
r Evolution r Making& responding
to suggestions
Choose the correct word.
4- The local river is being polluted by factories
and visitors. Use the phrases below to talk
about how to protect it.
is in 1) genes/genetics Responding positively
J-volution aboutchanges : l'laking suggestions
to suggestions
]- fromone generation
to thenextas wellasthe
L- descent of different
species froma 2) similar/ For a start we could ... . That'sa good idea.Why
common ancestor downthrough manygenerations. We could/might... don't we ...?
Genesfrom two organisms arc combined at Do you think we . Do you think that
reproductionandare3) passed on/passed ovelfrom should...? would workl
. Now you'retalking.
the parents to the offspring.Theoffspring arenot
4) identified bylidenticalto their parents though, r Conservation
because it's important for a population to 5) varyl
verify. Fill in the following words/phrases:in rlie u,',:
The processof naturalselection is whensome hunted. declrrre,
cornpetition
for fo'cd,lossof
genetic h l b i t a t . d e s t r u c t i o r r .t r a d e. i l l e . q ahi r r r r [ i r g .i Ar 'r ],L j i !, .
individuals
6) infe/inherit traitsthatgivethem
an advantage andhelpthemto 7) live/survive and
reproduce. Forexample, certaintraitsmayhelpthem
8) adopVadapt to changing
environmental conditions.
Over time, the helptut characteristicsbecome more
common
andtheunhelpful
onesdisappear.

I A hundredyeorsogo therewere os mony os 100,000

ttg ebr u
c,nt o w
d u etoth el)lr,.,,,.,, ond
D..,.. .... fortheirfurondbonesthereore
onlyoround
5,000left3).,.. . . . . .., ..... !
I Elephonts ore 4) . . for theirivorytusks.
2 Choose the correct word. Give reasons.
Make sentences using the other option.
Thisillegol5) .,. .,,, inivory,combinedwith
ihe los of itsforesihome in Asiohosled the numbers
All present day living/alive organisms have of Asionelephontsto 6), . . . . .. to oround
evolvedfrom earlier species. 40,0m
All lifeis relatedandwe all share/split a common I Theredsquinel isnow 7) ..,, in Britoinond in
ancestor. foct isconsideredon endongeredspecies.Cousesfor
Somespeciesare more closelyrelated/associated itsS),. ,,,,,.oretheg)..... .....of
than others. rtswoodlondhobitotond l0) ........ with
Genetictraits are passed/offered from parentto the greysquinel.
offspring.
o Preoositions -
Advantageousgenetic traits are passed on to
successive/consecutive generations.
ll
Fi l l i n: " - :,' r ri fr onr, to, i n. C heck in
A basiclaw of natureis the existence/survival of
A ppendi x l l .
the fittest.
An exampleof a(n) inherited/left trait in humans Many ani mal shave had to adapt...... . changing
is the abilityto roll one'stongue. environmental conditions.

8 Environmentalconditions may affect natural/ P ark rangershave to deal ....... many pr oblem s
physical selection. includingpoachingand forest fires.

4
1 041M oDULE
t Governments and conservation I ld like to go to the Galapagoslslands one day.
16-
3roups need to co-operate 2 I think evolution is an interestingsubject.
each other.
3 I didnt realisethere was only one Pinta giant tortoise left.
GiantTortoisesmove average
4 I feel sorry for Lonesome George.
et 0. l6 miles per hour.
5 I wouldnt like to be the last of my kind.
Ga l a p agost or t ois es Ya ry . ..... .
cther tortoises in terms of their
size and the shape of their shell.
The Charles Darwin Research
Centre has been successful Multiple
choicecloze
lreeding giant tortoises.
() For questions l-lZ,readthe text
\ature does not pick genetic traits
below and decide which answer (A, B,
random.
C or D) best fits each gap.There is an
Itople who breed plantsand animals example at the beginning (0).
:tre....... a sensepractisingartificial
selection.

o Inversion
Complete the sentences as in Thegenesfor certaincharacteristics are0) passeddownfromparentsto
dre example. children.For example,parentswith browneyesoften 1) . . . . . . birthto
childrenwithbrowneyes.
They rarelygo out thesedays.
2)...... nowand again,though,thisdoesn'tworkand parents with
Rarefydo theygo out thesedoys. browneyescan havea blue-eyed baby.Thisis explainedby a(n)3) . . . . . .
Youcaneat at this restaurantonly if calledsegregation.
rou havea reservation. Hereditary traitsare 4) ...... by specificgenesand eachindividual
Only if carriestwo genesfor eachtrait,one fromeachparent.Whenan individual
Shedidnt speakonceall evening. reproduces, the two genes5) . . . . . . up or segregateintothe two typesof
maleandfemale cellsthat join6)...... to makea newindividual.
Not ..
lnheritedcharacteristics comefrom7l . . . . .. genes.Thereis a different
if it gets any warmenwe'll turn on geneforeach8) . . . . . . characteristic.
Thereis a genefor height,a genefor
$e air-conditioning. haircolour,a genefor eyecolourandso on.Variations of thegenefor the
Should sametraitare9) ... ... alleles.
He didn'tknow that we hadplanned Ineachgene10) oneof thetwogenesis dominant overtheother.
a surpriseparq/for him. Thedominant allelewillhidethe recessive allele.Forexample, if,thefather
givesa brownalleleoftheeyecolourgene,andthemothergivesa blueallele,
Little. ............ !
thechildwillhavebrowneyes.Thisis whybrowneyecolourisdominant and
tf you had come to the party you blueis recessive.Sometimes twogenesareco-dominant, asinthe11). . . . . .
would haveenjoyedit. of skincolour,for example. Thechildof a darkskinnedpersonanda pale
Had .. skinnedperson, therefore, willbe a 121. . . .. . of thetwo.
Kim wont forgive him under any
crrcumstances. 0 A offered B brought C given @ passed
Under I A deliver B have C provide D give
Shehadjust leftwhentlre phonerang. 2 A Some B Each C Every D AII
\o ... 3 A principle B belief C way D example
4 A made B determined C detected D resolved
o Expressing
Agreement 5 Arip B split C break D give
Study the examples then 6 A together B across C with Din
respond to the statements l-5. 7 A precise B special C specific D exact
/iketortoises.
Sodo l. 8 A different B other C opposite D else
I couldn'tonswerthe guestion.
Neither/ 9 A entitled B called C said D told
\or couldl. l0 A pair B couple C team D twin
I I A event B instance C situation D case
a2 A union B combination C match D total

MODULE4 105
 Lead-in
I Name the planets in our solar
system. Which is closest/farthest
from the Sun?What's the difrerence
between a star and a planet?

2 Complete the sentences with the

words.Which of these facts did you
know?
. dwarf . asteroids. constellations
. moons . suPernova. comets

...... formtailswhenthey
passthrough the inner solar system.
...... orbit the Sunin the
samedirectionas their planet.
Mars has two . .......:
Deimosand Phobos.
Plutoisanicy. ..... planet
that cant clear debrisfrom its orbit.
.... areeasy-to-remember
patterns of stars,and help us locate the
variousstars in the night sky.
A .... .. occurs when a
high massstar reachesthe end of its life
and explodes.
Readine- Part2
"lf the human race is to continue for
another million yeans,we will have to
boldly go wher.e no one has gone
befolr", said Professor Stephen
Hawking,the rcnowned University of
Cambridge physicist How is this
quote related to the title of the text?
What does the professor mean? Read
through to find out.
You are going to read an article about
4 the possibilitiesof colonising space.
Seven sentences have been removed
fiom the article.Choose from the
sentences (a-h) the one that fits each
gap (l-|.Therc is one extra sentence
which you do not need to use.
UnforUn@. il *u.rldbedifficutt
to sustainlifeon anairless,
liHessrod(
Giventp l<rwn hrrc of the universe, to a planet
travelling
capabled wpportnghumanliferemains an impossibility.
Ofcor.rrse,
astdescopesgetbetterthereisthepossibility
that
oher pmible candildeswillbediscovered.
Tofindsucha phneiwewillhaveto go evenfartherafield.
However, ftd do€snot meanthatwe shouldjustwringour
handsin despair.
W-rhinone hundredyear or so, if presenttrendscontinue,
theypredklfird ourplanetwillhavebeenreducedto a barren
wasteland.
Thisseensan unlikely
option.
Hefearsthd lifem Earthisfacingan increasing
riskof being
wipedout by a dbastasuchassuddenglobalwarming or a
genetically virus.
engineered
Match the wolds in bold to their meanings.
. lasfi,. silrdin . rmintain ' a$racted 'become extremelyweak
. largecupboard/noomto keepfood ' hold togetherandtwist
. destroyed'suggested'circling

4
106 MoDULE
-"8 deathathumanbeingswilleventually colonise space, there,andtherearenoguarantees lifeas
thatit cansupport
-E 3eenattheheartofsciencejictioneversinceJulesVerne weknowit.
,=.2 FromtheEarthto theMoonin 1865.Loversof thistype
Clearly then,unless comeupwitha wayforusto
scientists
- ',:tion havealwaysbeencaptivatedby the idea of
travelfasterthanthespeedof light,weshallhaveto lookfor
through theperfect
spaceanddiscovering unspoilt
alternative Oneidea,firstproposedby scientist
solutions.
.-,e1ing
a-ettocolonise andcreate forhumanity,
theidealexistence GeraldO'Neillin the1970s, wouldbeto constructgigantic
- untilnow.
:-: :te ideahasneverbeentakenseriously aluminium tubesthatwouldorbitthe earthand provide
:":-:ssorStephen Hawking wonderful
arguedthat,if the
hasrecently livingconditions FT--] fne
fortheinhabitants.
"r*-anspecies thenwe shouldstartplanning onlyspacestation
is to survive, to havebeenbuiltso far,at enormous
--.:e ultimatemove.FT--] ft is a prospect
thathardly cost,cansupport onlysixpeopleata time,andtheyrequire
:+s thinkingabout. supplies fromEarth.
-:er expertshaveechoed Hawking'sbeliefs,
althoughthey A morerealistic is to builda permanent
possibility baseon
: : different Theypointout thatwe are rapidly
reasons. themoon,perhaps asa stepping-stone forvoyages
to other
.'-austingthe Earth'sresources whilethe population planets,
andthisideais beingexplored by NASA.tGT--.]
i:-1ues to grow.ET--.] Withnothing
leftinthelarder,we alsonotethatbonesandmuscles
Specialists would,inthe
ra allhaveto leavehome,andtherewillbenoreturn. longterm,wasteawayinthelow gravity.
'ar]fte/er,
justhowrealistic
issucha move?| 3TlEven the Thereis no doubtthatour planetis struggling underthe
: -neyto AlphaCentauri, thenearest starbeyondoursun, burdenof humanity. Someexpefts claimthatwe areliving
a':t"dtiaksabout100,000 years,as longas homosapiens on borrowedtime already, as the average lifeof a species
=. ,valked thefaceoftheEarth. rarelyexceeds 100,000 yearsaccordingto thefossilrecord.
-: -ake matters I-iTl Historyshowsthat man has an incredible capacity
worse,noplanets matching theconditions
-::- redforhumansurvival to adaptandsurvive.lt isworthremembering thatonlya few
havebeenidentifiedorbitingour
.*:'est neighbour. yearsago thingsthat we nowtakefor granted,suchas
lZT--.] One possiblecandidatehas
instantcommunications throughthe Internet, wouldhave
-e+r discovered circlinga star 15 light-years away.
yearsto get seemed Perhaps
impossible. we shallsoon see thedreams
-rc4unately, it wouldtakemorethan300,000
writersbecomerealityafterall.
of science-fiction

Fill in: & Writing

Speaking
. Make
sentencesusing the completed phrases. In your own words answer the
questions.
7 to ... the Earth'sresources
Why shouldpeoplestart thinking
,:: ::::":,::: 8 .... ...stone
seriouslyof creatingspacecolonies
3 to tak ef or . . . 9 to l i v e o n .... ........ ti me accordingto the text?
4 to wring our handsin . . . . . . l0 .... c ommuni cati ons What problemsdoes space
5 .... ... m o v e ll ... w astel and present?
colonisation
! .... so l u ti o n s 12 .. ri sk
3 What doesthe author
meanwhen he says"History shows
Listen
ing that man hasan incrediblecapacity
O, to adaptand survive?"
Listen and read the text.Complete the summary.

-ne ideaof colonisinganother planet has never been taken seriously lmagine you are a member of
-rdl now Professor Stephen Hawking has argued that l) an international youth
)ther experts say 2) However, to reach the Parliament. Prepare a two-
-earest star would take 3) . . . . Alternative solutions minute address to the
-cl u d e 4) . . . . . A mo re re a l i s t i c possi bi l i ty i s Parliament on space
5 ).... . .T h e re i s n o d o u b t6 ).... colonisation. Explain what
-o we ver , 7) . . . . .... P e rh a p s w e shal l soonsee space colonisation is and if
::ience-fiction become reality after all. money should be spent on this.

MODULE4 107
 Tomtookinacoupleof.... ...... tohelp
payhis mortgage.
3 The housewasput up for saleby the .
4 Londonhasaround 13million .......... in
the metropolitanarea.
Vocabulary
& Grammar 5 Landlords rve to makesuretheir . .
don't have problemssuch as leakingroofs or
. Space brokenwindows.
Fill in: 6 TinaandTobyare ... of Lancashire
whereaseveryoneelsecamefrom Yorkshire.
7 When they movedin,theyfoundthat the previous
.. had taken all the fixtures ano
fittingswith them.

Choose the correct word.

The governmentpromised to improve/extend

livingconditions
in bothurbanandruralcommunities.
They havepromisedthat additionalfunds/accounts
will be allocatedto the redevelopment
scheme.
The housingcommitteemust respondto social/
public demands.
The rehabilitationprogrammehas had a direcr
Vostock 1 wasthefirst. . . spaceflight
and contacUimpact on housingand schoolsin the
thefirstorbital
spaceflight. area.
A teamof scientists
haverecentlymadea The schemehasimprovedavailability/accessto
to helpprotect
astronautsfromsolarradiation. localpublicservices.
3 Rosetta
isthefirstspacecraftona landino The bottom/root causeof the problemsin the
headedfor a comet.0nceit hasla,rded it will areais unemployment.
. . . . dataandtransmit
it back
toEarth. Technological innovationsof the modernindustrial
4 There
areover8,600man-made satellites
cunently
in time/age havechangedthe waywe liveandwork.
. . .. around theEarth. Evenin timesof hardship, peopledo their bestto
5 Theheadof NASAadmitted in 2005thatspace remai n/mai ntai n standardsof respectabi Iity.
goalof all current
is the ultimate Due to smog,the authoritiesforced/imposed a
programmes.
spaceflight
total ban on all carsenteringthe city centre.
TheNorthern Lightsarea resultof charged particles
t0 The localhealthauthorityis takinga more holistic
being in
trapped the Earth's approachto healthservices/ofrers.
Therearecunently 42 EarIh . . .. thatallow
to monitor
scientists our planet. r Emphatic
structures
NASA hasmoved intoa neweraof . . . . andis
developing a new mode of spacetransportation called Rewrite the sentences giving emphasis to
AresI to takehumans to theMoonandthento Mars. the words in bold.
Themainproblem withcolonising theMoonis a basic fames movedto the countryside.
lackof It wosJomeswhomovedto the countryside.
1 0 Thenext .. . . willtakeplacein twomonths' 2 Did you take the dog for a walk?
timeandwill involvesevenastronauts servicing the
Telescope 3 You needa holiday.
Hubble aboard Space Atlantis.
Shuttle
4 Grace won the competition.
5 Kate deservesthe highestmark.
Fill in the correct word: 6 Why do you alwaysdrive so fast?
7 He paidher rent for her.
I More and more people are becoming crty 8 Are you upsetwith Derekl
these days.

108MODULE4
 .,t,'f|iitH
!7- \

gt
Everyday
English NASA is cutting back its spendingon obseryation
satellitesto concentrateon spaceexploration.
o Expressing
advantages/disadvantages so NASA is cutting back its spendingon
observationsatellites
Work in pairs. Use the language in the box ... be concentratedon.
to discusswhich lifestyle you would choose. Eventhough some countrieshaveeconomicand
socialproblemsthey still havespaceprogrammes.
despite Some countries still have space
One of the main . You'vegot a pointtherc. Programmes
(dis)advantages
of ... . I'm not at all sureI economicandsocialproblems.
One importantthingis agreewith you.
....Whatis more,... . I supposeyou'reright.
The worst thing about it . | (dont) quite agree
on that.

public
Pros:convenient transport, I For questions l - | 2, think of a word that best
facilities,
entertainment lotsof fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
schools,hospitals
close athand, There is an example at the beginning (0).
prospects
Gons:highpollution levels,
pace
stressfufiast of life,noise,
trafficjams,hecticlifestyle,
crowded streets
According0) to ProfessorStephenHawking,physicistand
cosmologist,"the longterm survivalof the humanrace is
Pros:picturesquesunoundings, 1)....... riskaslongasit isconfinedtoasingle planet."He
people,
'riendly peace &quiet,low thinks2) will be an apocalyptic eventthatwilldestroy
rollutionlevels,
larger houses, humanity. He firmlybelieves that,"sooner3)....... later,
:lose-knit
communities disasters suchasanasteroidcollision or nuclearwarcouldwioe
poorentertainment us all 4) Butoncepeoplespreadout intospaceand
Cons: facilities, establish independent colonies, our futureshould5)
coortransport
links,fewschools, safe."
solated,
no varietyof jobs,not Unfortunately, though,6).......we do decide to go we will
?nougheducationopportunities haveto go far,as findinga similarplanetto Earthwill be very
difficult,
rt7) . . .. . . . impossible.Thissortof spacetravelwould
takea very8)....... timein spiteof howeasyit seemsin
sciencefctionfilms."lf we usedchemicalfuel rocketslikethe
Apollomission to themoon,thejourneyto thenearest starwould
9)... ... . 50,000years, Thisisobviouslyfar 10). . ... .. longto
be practical." Spacetravellers in Shr Trekmay havehad no
problemreaching theirdestination thanksto 'warpdrive'.
instantly
Complete the second sentence so that it Unfortunately, thiswouldviolatethescientific lawwhichsaysthat
means the same as the first. Use two to nothing cantravel faster thanlight,Thereis 11)....... option,
five words including the word in bold. though.According to Hawking, "Wecanstillwolkwithinthelaw,
by usingmatter,andreachspeedsjustbelowthespeedof light.
lf you dont study Physics,
you wont learn about
Inthatway,it wouldbepossible to reachthenextstarin aboutsix
sPace. years,thoughthiswouldn't seemthat121..... , . forthoseon
unless Youwont learnaboutspace. board."
.... Physics .
lf you saveup enoughmoney,youcanbuya telescope.
provided You can buy a telescope,. . . Listening
& Writing
.... enoughmoney. (1 I'r) Listen to two people talking about
Youmustntmissthisopportunit),to hearthis lecturer. li
spending money on space exploration.
advantageYou must Who's in favour oflagainst it? What points
this opportunityto hear this lecturer. does each person mention?
BadweathermeansNASA cannotlaunchthe space
shuttle. (| Spend three minutes writing a few
prevent Bad weather will sentences on space exploration. Read your
the spaceshuttle. sentences to the class.
MODULE4 109
 questionsthe motivesof GM companies? tl-f_-]
is certainGM food will eventuallybecome
accepted? ETI
Lead-in feel people havemisunderstoodsome of the
issuessurroundingGM foodl F-t-t
What are your favourite modifiedfood has
claimsgenetically
vege.tables? fruit? Where do
you buy them? Are they grown
ancientoriginsl tsl--]
locally or are they imported? would like to seethe saleof GM food stopped? I6-f-l
mightbe willingto investin GM productsl t?-tl
Read the dictionary entry. believethere needsto be more research
Why do you think GM foods into GM food? tBT--]
are produced? Discuss in pairs.
saysthat most peopledont know how
Think about: nutritional value,
;-"ri{e,resistanceagainst plant
food is produced? tiol_l
disease,crop protection, thinksGM food will be more nourishing
poverty reduction. in the futurel [T-l
look lirft
at the informationprintedon food containers?
GM foods /d5l em tu'.dzl = foods made doubt that enoughfood can be produced
from geneticallymodified organisms
(GMO) in which the genetic material
by traditionalmethodsl t'T_][4-
(DNA) has been altered in a way isnt certain that officialinformationis reliablel iis[l
that does not occur naturally (e.g.
tomatoes, corn, soya beans etc)

Reading - Part3
You are going to read a
magazine a.r'ticle about Gi'l
foods. For questions l- | 5,
;
choose from the people (A-D).
The people may be chosen
more than once.

Match the words in bold to

their meanings.
.
sl\
prohibited . change . enough s\
. nutritious . important
. unaffectedby . growing i,-1
. argument . misinform . risk

ln pairs give each text a

heading that summarises it. F ill in
. Make sentences using the completed
phrases.
I stofles 5
2 .. entrneenng 7
3 ... to disease I
4 .... shortages 9 decis
5 ...... climate t 0 to be on the ...
 w
,l

John Reynolds
I thinkthatquitea lotofpeople havegotthewrongend
of the stickwhenit comesto GMfoodbecause the As yet,there'sbeenno finaldecision as to whether
mediahaveproduced so manysensationalist stories commercial GM cropsare goingto be farmedin
onthetopic,Onethingthatis oftenoverlooked isthat Britain. thattheywillbeinthenearfuture,
lt'sinevitable
genetic engineering isn'treally
anything new.Farmers though,whenall the controversy aboutit hasdied
have been doing it for thousandsof years by down.Whenthathappens, l'llbeapplying fora licence
cultivating hybrids,whichmeans puttingtwovarieties away.lfyou'renotinvolved
straight infarming,thenI'm
cf planttogetherto makea rrewvariety. Thedifference notsureyou knowhowmuchhardworkgoesinto
:odayisthatscientific knowledge andtechnology have , getting
foodintotheshopsandonthetable.I'mallfor
advanced to thepointwherewecannowaltera plant methods
usingscientific to produce highquality food
.omakeit resistant to diseaseorstopinsects eatingit. and,asfarasl'mconcerned, anycropthatis resistant
Also,we areevenworkingon waysto develop foods to diseasewithout beingsprayed withchemicals is a
:hatare morenutritional. This is very important for goodthing.l'vegot nothing against organicfarming
claceslikeAfricawhichsufferfromfood shortages exceptthatit'sveryexpensive and I don'tthinkit's
recause of theharshclimate. lt'salsocrucialthatas possibleto produce enough foodfor everyone using
:nepopulation of theworldincreases, we makesure suchmethods. I thinkpeople willcomeroundto GM
,vewillbeableto feedeveryone ontheplanet, farmingwhentheyrealise this.

iiv e r G o l d s m i th
It'snottruethatwe can'tgrowenoughfoodto feed
everyone byusingtraditionalfarming methods. Thereis to be honest,knowingwhat
It'salla bit confusing,
already too muchfoodon the planet, it'sjustthatnot foodis safeto eatandwhatisn't.Therehavebeen
everyone is gettingit, Thisis because food is big so manyhealthscaresaboutfoodrecently thatl'm
business andthecompanies thatselltheseeds to grow not sureI trustthe government to tellthe truth.I
foodwantto makeprofits, notfeedthehungry. lf the meantheydid seemto misleadthe publicabout
get
GMfoodcorporations theirway,they control will all mad cow disease,didn't they? | am very
thefoodin theworld.Thatin itselfis worrying, buttt's concernedaboutGM food becauseI wantto be
evenworsewhenyouthinkabouttheotherproblems surethatwhatI givemy kidsto eatisn'tgoingto
withGMfood.Thetruthis thatno one,noteventhe harmthemnowor in the longrun.I alwayscheck
scientists, knowwhateffectsGM food will haveon the labelson packaging so that I knowI'm not
numanhealthand the environment, because there buyinganythingthathasa GMproductin it,justto
rasn'tbeensutficlent timeto carryoutthenecessary be on the safe side. lf the scientistscan prove
'esearch. Oneworryis thatnatural plantswilldieout beyonda doubtthatit'srisk-freethatwouldputmy
cecause of thesecropsandwe willloseour natural mindat restand l'd be quitehappyto buy it. But
biodiversity. So basically, until we have more untilthen,I'd rathernotgamblewith the healthof
nformation, theyshouldbebanned. mychildren.

Listening
& Speaking
v
Writing
tr'r{ }t't)Listen and read the text Opinions are divided on GM foods. Some
again.Which people are: in favour new technology will improve our lives,
of GM foods? against GM foods? whereas others fear it will be harmful to human health.
What are their arguments? Who
What is your opinion? In five minutes write a short
do you mostly agree with?
paragraph stating your opinion and supporting it with
reasons/ examples. Read your paragraph to your Paftner.
 Choose the correct word.
-I
Compare with a partner.

I Do pineapples
grow/grow up in your region?
2 Undernourishedpeoplehavea poor/rich diet. I
3 Sushiis made with cooked/raw fish.
4 Turkey is a thin/lean meat.
5 There are certainfoods to avoid/miss if you are on a diet.
o Food
6 Manysupermarkets
havea wide rangeof lrozenlfreezing meals
Fill in: pecl,grate,core,rrelt,slice, 7 I'm rich/full. I can'teat anymore,thanks.
r-irix,
bear,toss,dr-ain.
separate,
8 | needa cup of heavy/strong blackcoffeeto wake me up.
crush.Mime the verbs.
9 ld like somestrawberrytasting/flavoured ice cream,please.
Samlikesto ......... somecheese l0 As the cakebakes,it rises/increases.
and sprinkleit on top of his chips.
|| Fill/Pour the mixtureinto a tin and bakefor I hour.
You haveto peeland . . .
l2 Would you likeanotherhelping/amount of ice cream.
applesbeforeyou bakethem.
l3 Takea sip/drink of this andtell me if you like it.
lf youdont ...... thewater
from boiledpotatoestheygo mushy. l4 Youcanservestrawberries
with whipped/crushed cream.
the whites from the l5 For the additive/topping you canusecreamor ice cream.
yolks of the eggsand put them in
differentbowls. Fill in:
4
This recipeis very easy,all you do is
. . all the ingredients
together. A sprinkle spray dust
..... the eggsuntiltheyare I Don'tusewhipped creamthat),ou... .... fromacan
light and fluffy. homemadeis muchnicer.
2 . .. . . . . . the top of the cakelightlywith icingsugar.
Beforeyou .. an onion,cut
3 To finishyou can . . . . a handfulof crushednutson top
off the root end and ..
awaythe skin. B whip beat mix blend
Youhaveto .... .. a saladto I .......... allthe ingredientstogetherand stirwithawooder
makesurethe dressingcoatsall of it. sPoon.
When you ... .... garlicthe 2 You haveto . . . . . the creamuntil it's thick.
flavourreallycomesout. 3 Youcanusea food processorto .... . everything
intc
t0 .. the butter in a hot a creamymrxture.
.. the butterandsugartogetheruntiltheyare smooth
Match the food/drink items to raw nPe rotEen
their flavours.
I We haveto throw this fruit away,it is all
2 The only . . . . . vegetablesshe likesare carrots.
trTt fruit cake 3 Dont eat thesebananas, they arent . . . . . yet.
ITTI plainrice :1! instructions recipe prescription receipt
I]TI chillipepper a sweet I Can you get this . . . . . filledat the chemist's please?
[4n lemons b sour 2 I'm usingmy grandmother's. . . . . to makea cake.
trTt orangejuice c bitter 3 How muchdid you payfor thesemushrooms? Do you have
l6T-l pizza d hot & spicy the ............ ?
e mild 4 All you haveto do is follow the . . . . . on the packet.
Peanuts
T bland
ITT-I grapefruit
g salty ) Fi l l i n: ba" .,.- ,i
FTI chocolate h susary Which nouns are countable/uncountable?Give examples.

FT|-lhoney I savoury | ........ of bread 4 ........ of suSar 7 ....... of cheese

|
i rich 2 ........ of milk 5 .....ofchocolatel 8 .ofchips
3 ........ of cake 6 ........ of doughI I ...... of yoghurr

1 12MODULE4
 o Wordsoftenconfused
Listening
s-
Fillin: (1 ID 1;ra.n to a dialogue between two friends.Where
.,... , '..Thenr use a verb ii does it take place?Why are they there? What do they
to complete the joke.
decide to have?
We shouldalways ..... our
food properly. Everyday
English
Youshould ...... itslowlyif o Decidingon food/drink
it's too hot to drink.
Please dont .... yourteeth, I- lmagine you are at a restaurant with your friend. Use
h's very annoying. the phrases below to act out your dialogue deciding
CanI havea ... .. . . of your what to eat/drink.
chocolatebar?
I hate it when people . Haveyou decidedyet? . Yes,I have./No,I havent.
popcornnoisilyall throughthe film . l'll have.... How about/Andyoul . That sounds... I think l'll
at the cinema. . What would you like to start with?
. have...
Don't. .... itall atonce.eat Would you like ...? . ld likea...
. And to follow?
it slowly! . No, thankyou.I'm fine.
. What about somethingto drink?
Dont....... your cerealso loudly.
ct fls
ask partner if decided respond positively,ask about
(Hoveyou ...?) $ partner
explainyour choice - (Yes,I'il hove... Andyou?)
1-
( think fll ...) -\ approveof partner'schoice,ask
Stateyour preference aboutdrink (Thot...What...?)
^e{
IA fl<eo....Wouldyou..? - L state your
respondnegatively,
$ preference(Nq thonks...)
'-l n . &kx(!.r,t]r--:?:-fi$sr\MNr.!j ,::i,1+s% 4:MiN"

Complete the sentences using

the words in bold. Use two to
five words.
For questions l-10, rcad the text below. Use the
I h raineda lot this year.
10word given in capitals at the end of some of
deal We've had the lines to forrn a wold that fits in the same
this year. line.There is an e><ampleat the beginning.
2 The two brothers lookthe s:tn'leto me.

between the
two brothers. Mangoesarea 0) tropicalIruitthatarethousandsof years TROPIC
old.They1) . . . . . . in Indiaandsoutheast Asiain ORIGIN
It's his duty to dealwith customers' the 4th and 5th centuries. Theirnamecomesfrom the
complaints. Malayanword for the fruitmanga.Thisword was then
rcsponsible He translated into2) . . . andthenintoEnglishin the PORTUGAL
16th centurywhere it got the final 'o'. Mangoesare
distributed 3) . . . . . . aroundtheworldandtheyareavery WIDE
:;,il,;[:'stomers' popularfruit.Theycan be yellow,green,orange,red or
{ Therel almostno pizzalefc purpleandalthough theyaregenerally oval4) SHAPE
hardly There's theycomeina5). ...... ofsizes.Theyareeaten VARY
astheyareor usedforflavour,6)...........orcolour. FRAGRANT
ft is a very7l . . . . fruitwitha uniquetaste.The JUICE
5 They say that the ruins were fleshisS)..... ... sweetandithasahighwater SPECIAL

lI
discoveredby a youngboy. content.Mangoesalso containa high percentage of
9).... .... fibreandcarbohydrates. ln addition, DIET
said theycontainthe vitaminsA, C, E and 86 as wellas the
mineralspotassiumand copperand seventeen amino
by a youngboy. acids. A 10)........foodindeed! HEALTH

MODULE4 113
 Listening Skills

Listening
Part1
n
ttl PDyou will hear peopte talking in eight difrerent situations.For questions l -8, choosethe
1
best answer (A, B or C).

You hear a young woman talking.What changehas You hear a man on the radio giving advice to
she recentlyexperienced? listeners.Whatis he givingadviceabout?
A Shemoved house. A helpingthe police
B Sheboughta pet. B working for charities
C Shegot a new job. C donatingmone),

You hear a man talkingon the radio.What is hel You heara womantalkingabout her neighbourhood.
A a publicspeaker From her point of view,how could it be improved?
B a teacher A lesslimer in the streets
C a banker B more treen spaces
C lessnoise
You heara mantalkingon a radio programmeabout
a biographycalledTheLostAstronout.Whatdoes he
sayabout it?
A lt is rather difficultto read.
B lt describesman),aspectsof the astronaut'slife.
C lt doesnt includeenoughdetails.

In a supermarket,you overhear a conversation

betweena woman and her teenageson.What does
the woman want her son to do?
A exchangea product for another one
B checkthe ingredientsof a product
C comparethe pricesof two products

You hear a photographertalkingabout the wildlife

photographycoursethat he runs.Whatadvicedoes
he giveto his students?
A not to focus on takinghigh qualityphotographs
B to buy the best equipmentthey can afford
C not to take the coursetoo seriously

You hear a man being interviewed on a radio

programmeabout a recent oil spill on a beach.Why
did he go to the beachl
A to support the peoplecleaningup the beach
B to help rescueinjuredanimals
C to report on the disaster

114MODULE4
 Part2
Listening Listening
Ltstming S*ft

Part4
5
(1 ID yo,, will hear a radio
, *O, You witl hear an interview 4
with a woman called fane report about overfishing. For
Hargreaves who works atazoo, questions 24-30,choose the
where she organisesa summer best answer (A, B or C).
volunteer prcgramme for
teenagers. For questions 9- | 8, 24 Most peopleknow about overfishing
complete the sentences. but
A are unawareof its seriousness.
B tend to ignorethe problem.
C dont think it's a globalissue.

Janesaysthattheyoungpeopletakingpartin thezoo'svolunteer 25 What change has occurred in

programme mainlyhelpto talkto visitorsabout Newfoundland.
Canada?
-Til A The number of cod caughthas
t0 started to decrease.
Fornewvolunteers, thetraininglastsfor
B Cod are no longercaughtthere.
Duringtheirtraining,theteenslearnaboutthe environment
but
C An increasein crab is threatening
theyalsolearnmany il
cod.
'Tossit in' is a gamethataimsto teachchildrenabout
26 What istlre maincauseof overfishing?
A Fishingtechniqueshaveimproved.
Zoovisitorscanleavephonebooks
at thedrop-ottcentre,
butthey
B Peoplehavestarted eatingmore
nustn'tbe in t3 fish.
projectsgivestheteens
Beinginvolvedin a rangeof conservation
C The number of fishermen has
:hechanceto t4 and learnhowto increased.
workin a team.
27 What does the reporter sayabout
Thezooorganises specialdayscalled t5 ' wh ic h 'Bycatch'l
nelpteenagersdecideif theywouldliketo jointhe programme. A lt is causingmany speciesto
Th. ffind oneof thesedayswillbe in the monthof becomeendangered.
-TE B lt is endangering tuna stocks.
A 12-year-old
-m
maybe acceptedas a volunteer
if theyhave C lt is causinga largenumberof sea
creaturesunnecessaD/ suffering.
get
Allzoovolunteers t8 anddiscountsat 28 What can be done to make sure
:ne that fish stock revive?
A Fish must be allowed to
reproduce.
Listening
Part3 B Fishingshouldbe stopped.
C Current rules must be changed.
, tO,l You will hear five difrerent people talking about
animals. For questions l9-23, choose from the list (A-F) 29 What does the reporter say about
what each speaker says.Use the letters only once. MSCeco-labelsl
There is one extra letter which you do not need to use. A They show that a fishery has
met the MSC'srequirements.
A Endangered species are everybody's SpeakerI l-Itl
responsibility. B They must now be displayedon
2 l-ltol
Speaker all fish products.
B Animalscan be so muchmore than pets.
Speaker
3 l-ffl C They were introducedin 2007.
C Savingwildlifeis his/herlife'swork.
D Zoos are not the solutionfor endangeredSpeaker 30 In the long run, who will decide
4 aTzl
sPecres. which fish are purchasedl
Speaker5 [-f2]l A the MSC
E There is worldwide effort to help species
recover. B the consumer
F One shouldthink carefullybeforetetting a pet C the fisheries

MODULE4 115
 SpeukinglS1:-lll:

Speaking Part 1 (3minutes)

monorogue
What's your favouritefood/drink? . Where do you gol Who withl
How often do you eat outl

Speaking ParI 2 gminutes)

monotogue
GrowingVegetables
work in garden
must be satisfying
a lot cheaper
a lot fresher
feels proud
BuyingVegetables
carefulto choose the best
wonder how fresh they are
sprayedwith pesticides
shoppingcan be tiring
\ ./

Expressing Probability
It seemsthat ...:lt coulo ..
Candidate B: Do peoplein your countrygrow their own vegetables? I thi nk she prob ably. . .
It is probably...;lt might .
I'm pretty sure ...

City
. everythingclose at hand
. more economical
. better chancesof career
. crowded streets
. no gardens
. ugly views
. little privacy
Country
quiet/peaceful
environment- privacy
beautifulsurroundings
Candidate A: Which placewould you most like to live inl lack of services
expensive
n feel isolated
(1 lt,l) Lirt"n to a model answer.How does each speaker justify travel long distances
their points?

116 MODULE4
 speu!'inqrl,ilrrY6k
Speaking Paft 3 tl minutes)
pairwork
I Speculating and Making a Decision

-agine that the neighbourhood you live in is dirty and ugly.Youand your neighbours want to improve
:e situation. Here are some of the ideas you are considering.First, talk together about how each of
:ese ideas would improve the area.Then decide which idea would be the most successful.

How would these ideashelp improve the area?

Which idea would be the most successful?
adventure playgrnound/park:
atcractive,safe,placesto play,relaxing
clean up grafiiti: expensiveto
clean up,awful,artistic
plant trees: improve atmosphere,
keep city cool in summe[ attractive
car park no crowded streets,
exPensrve
rubbish bins: cleaner,tidierirecycle
pedestrianised street lessnoise
& air pollution,cleaneratmosphere,
safer place to play/walk- shop
ownerslosebusiness

Approving
. I think this would be an excellent
choi ce ...
. This seemsto be very effective...
. I don't think we could find a better
choi ce...
. I definitelyrecommendthis one ...

'{ }t'rl 1;r1.n to a model interview. Which idea do the speakers decide on?What reasons do
they give?

Speaking PafI 4 r+minutes)

pairwork
In pairs discuss:

How would you improve the area you live in?

What do you think cities will be like in the future?
Why do you think there is so much crime in large citiesl

n )DListen to a model interview. What are the speakers' answers to the questions?

MODULE4 117
 WrttEw{Jfteyss r ts/? r op osuJs

' l
' d{ifire"'
o Reports .rfrl$

Reports and proposalsare normally written to someonein lntroduction

thelocalc'ouncil,theheadol a contntittaa
authority(e.g.your employer, ParaI statethe purposeand
or a peergroup (e.g.
members a tennisclub), etc) and contain factual
of contentofyour report/
information. Information is presentedin separatesections.Each proposal
sectionhas an appropriateheadingto help the reader identify what
Main Body*
the report/proposalis about.
Paras2-5 summarise eachpoint
Reports presentand evaluatethe positive and negativequalities of a undersuitable
person(e.g.a teacher)or a building/place(e.g.a museum,a campsite,a
subheadings
restaurant,a shop,a cinemacomplex,etc) in order to assesstheir good
(assessment:positive
andbadpointsandmakea judgementor recommendation aboutthem.
and negativepoints
plansor decisionsaboutfuture actions.
Proposalspresentsuggestions, prcposal: suggestions/
shouldconsistof:
Reports/Proposals
recommendations)
a) an introduction in which you statethe purposeand contentof the Conclusion
report/proposal.This sectionis entitled Purposeor Introduction. Finalpara generalassessment
and/orrecommendation/
b) a main body in which you present each topic in detail under
suSSestlon
suitablesubheadings.
* Thenumberof the main body
c) a conclusion which summarisesthe information from the main
bodyand statesyour generalassessment and/orrecommendation porogrophsmoy vory depending
for future action. This section is entitled Conclusion/ on the rubric.
Recommendation.
. Reportsand proposalsare written in a formal, impersonalstyle. o Rubricanalysis
You should use factual language,the passivevoice and full verb
forms. You should also write fairly short sentencesto help your Read the rubrics and underline
reader pick out the information easily. Present tenses are the key words.Answer the
normally used for reports. Modals, conditionals or would are questions.
normally used for proposals.
You are a volunteer for a
o A report or proposal usuallystartsby statingwho it is addressed
conservation group. The group
to and what their position is, the writer's name and position,
leader had asked you to visit a
what it is about and the date.
local school and assess how
e.g. To: JamesHanis, Headmaster environmentallyfriendly it is in
From: Louis Stevens,Teacher terms of waste disposal, water
Subject: SunshineCampsite consumP ti on and ener gy
Dqte: 3rd March 20..... efficiency. Write your report
Ideas should be linked using linking words and phrases. for the group leader.
r To list points: Firctlylln thefirct placelTobeginwith...;Second$l
ThenlFurthermore...; FinallylLast ... You want to open a small
o To make concessions:llthough...; while...; despitethefact that . souvenir shop in a busy tourist
o To add emphasis:Especially. .; in particular.. ; particulnrly;etc area in your town and want to
o Toexpressyouropinion:I feel .; I believe...;I am convinced ; get a loan from the bank.Write a
I am confident... proposal to support your loan
o To make suggestions/recommendations:1 (would) (strongly) application. Give details of why
suggestlrecommend- ; If we (did thislwere to do this) ; One you need the loan and what you
solutionlsuggestion would be to ...; it would be a good idea to intend to spendthe money on.
o To express cause and effech By (doing this), we couldlwould .. ;
(Doing this) would (solvetheproblem, etc) ...; In this way,we could I What are you going to write?
...; in orderto ...; so that . .' (thk) wouldmeanthat ..; As a result... 2 Who are you and why are yo'
o To conclude: In short, In conclusion,On the whole, To sum up. writing each piece?
All in all
What informationshouldyou includ:
in each piecel

118 MODULE4
 a) Read the report and the paragraph plan.Then fill in
the appropriate headings from the list below.
Wri'ti n g Rep ort s/Pro p ossls

b) Complete the table with

ideas from the report.
s
Recommendation

Find examples of formal style

in the report. Compare with a
partner.
To:
,l Which linkers have been used
From: in the report in Ex.2a to:

Subject: . list points?

Date: . add emphasisl
. makeconcessions?
. expressan opinionl
The purposeof this reportis to assesshow . makerccommendatjons/suggestionsl
environmentally
friendlyGreenhillSchoolis. o expresscauseand effect?
. conclude?

Theschoolhas a recyclingschemein place. Suggest other synonymous

Main Body ones.
However,not many pupils participate.Also,
Para.2
,vastefrom the school kitchensis thrown
positive/
straightintothe binsinsteadof beingseparated Complete the sentences with:
ntocomposting bins. negativepoints )
!:"a1,;" rt' .1.:':,L,)' : : :.'
relatedto first 'l'Jur'\r'i

i,j'- i. ,:!Ja)*:ttj',.1:(" V .t' : !,t' l: ,t 'r.

Althoughtherewerevery few energyefiicient Thereis a wide choiceof courseson

light bulbs installedin the school, most offer and short coursesare available
classrooms had sufficientdaylightso artificial at reasonablerates.
lightwasnotnecessary. In addition,theheating part-timecoursesare not available.
systemis relatively
new and moreimportantly
rncorporates . . it is quite closeto
solarheatingpanels.
the city centre,it is difficukto find
parking.
Whiletherearesignsintheschooltoiletsto turn Para.4 feesarequitereasonable.
Membership
offthetapsafteruse,I foundseveraltapswere positive/ there is no discount
drippingor even left running.Futhermore, a negative points for studentsor the unemployed.
groundsman watersthe lawnseveryday in the related to third I would highly
summerwith a hosepipe,which I feel is recommendGrangeManor for the
especially
wasteful.
recePtion.
havinghighlytrained
Insummary, therearea numberof areaswhere and polite staff,the centrealsohasa
Conclusion
improvements couldbe madesuchas energy first-aid station with a qualified
Para.5
etficientlight bulbs, increasedrecyclingand overall
nurse on duty 24 hours a day.
savingwater.I stronglyrecommend a visitfrom The park is convenientlylocated
assessment&
a representativeof our groupto givea talk.This . it is only45 minutes
waywe wouldraiseenvironmental awareness. by coach. , if travelby
train is preferred,this journey will
take 50 minutes.

MODULE4
 Writin# Re{}r"trts/ Pr0 p osttJs

o Stylein reports
Read the rubric and underline the key TODEL B
words.Then read the two models.Which is
not appropriate? Give reasons.Think about: To: Dan,the manager
layout, grommor, style, points not covered. From: Jane
Subject: DoricHolidayApartments
Youwork part-timefor a travelagencyand have Date: gth.luty20....
been askedby your employerto visit Doric
HolidayApartments, rate its facilitiesandassess Here's that report you asked for about the
its suiability as familyaccommodation. Write suitabilityof the Doric Holiday Apartmentsas
your repott. familyaccommodation.
Firstof all, it's in a great locationon OceanDrive
only50 metresfromthe sea.lt's handyfor the train
MODELA stationwhichis 10minuteson footor 3 minutesin
To: Mr Brown,Manager,'TravelRight' a cab. There's loads of restaurants,caf6s and
From: JaneSharp,AssistantTravelAgent other stutf close by and there is lots of parking
Subject: DoricHolidayApartments availablefor guests,too.
Date: athJutye0.... It's got quitea few apartmentsand theyall looked
OKto me.Theyall hadcookingfacilities as wellas
a washingmachine,a W and a hairdryer. There
lntroduction was no restaurant thoughwhichis a pity.
The purpose of this report is to assess the All in all, I thinkDoricHolidayApartments seems
suitabilityof the Doric Holiday Apartmentsas alrightfor familyaccommodation. lt is everythinga
familyaccommodation. familyneedsfor a niceholiday.
Locationand Access
DoricHolidayApartmentsis conveniently locatedon
OceanDriveonly 50 metresfrom the sea.The train
stationis 10minutesonfootor 3 minutesbyta,xi. There
are numerousrestiaurants,caf6sand amenitiesclose
by andthereis parkingavailable for guesb.
Facilities
The accommodation consists of 4 large
apartmentsfor 6-8 people and 6 medium-sized
apartmentsfor 3-4 people.Eachapartmenthas a
fullyequippedkitchenand thereis alsoa washing
machine,a W and a hairdryer.Thereis no maid ) Complete the table with phrases from the
serviceor restaurant and only someroomshavea models.
sea view.
Cost
Pricesare reasonablein low seasonbut are rather
expensivein July and August. There is a 10olo
discountfor staysof 10 daysor more.
Recommendation
In conclusion,Doric HolidayApartmentswould be
forfamilyaccommodation.
suitiable lt is ideallylocated
and easy to access with plenty of parking.The
apartments are roomyand offereverything a family
needsforaself-catering holiday.However, those on a
tightbudgetshouldavoidstaying in July or August.

o Proposals
Read the rubric, underline the
key words and answer the
questions.
Youare the secretaryof a local
youth club which needs to
moYesomewherebigger. Write
a proposal in supportof your
applicationto the town council
to make use of some disused
officespacefor the youth club.
lnclude what changes you
wouldmakeandhow you could
help to reduce the cost of
convertingthe space.
I What are you goingto writel
Who is goingto readyour pieceof
writing?
Which of the following ideas can
you usel Decidein pairs.
. sellthe old officefurniture
. hold a bakesale
. buy second-hand furniture
. chargea membershipfee
. ask localbusinesses to donate
services for free
. organisefundraisingactivities
with youth club members
Read the model and complete
the paragraph plan.
Replace the linkers with other
appropriate ones.What style
has been used? Give examples.
ltepar ts/Propt,su!s?e-
ri ti, y.1
ltV
To: BramleyTownCouncil
From: JamesSmith,Secretary,
BramleyYouthClub
Subject: The conversionof MillStreet
officesintothe newyouthclub
Date: zothJurye0....
Purpose
This proposaloutlinesour plansfor converting
the disusedofficespaceon Mill Streetinto the
new locationfor BramleyYouthClub and offers
suggestions for saving money on the
renovations.
Renovations
The exteriorof the buildingonly needspainting.
Wewouldlike,however, to put up a signto show
that this is wherethe youth club now is. The
interior,on the other hand,would requiregreat
changessuch as replacingthe furnitureand
carpetsand repairingthe lightingand plumbing.
ProposedCost Cufting
One way of reducingthe cost of the renovations
would be to ask youthclub membersand their
familiesto help in their free time. Another
suggestionwould be to ask local tradesmento
offertheirservicescheaplyor evenwithoutcharge.
Also, if the furnitureand fittingswere bought
second-hand, thiswouldcut costsconsiderably.
ProposedFundraisingActivities
Wecouldholda numberof eventsto raisefunds.
Firstly,we could organiseeventssuch as a fun
run or a familyfun day and barbecue.We could
also sell refreshments to raisefunds.Secondly,
we couldinvolvethe localpressto publicisethe
eventsto attractparticipants and donations.
Conclusion Conclusion
I hopethatthe plansI haveoutlinedabovemeet Para.5
withyourapprovalandwill receiveyourserious
consideration. !
.,/
MODULE4 121
 lVri tlnE tteytcr is/? r0 p osuJ:

Mark the statements below as r Introducing/Concluding

a report/proposal
f (true) or F (false).
In formalstylewe use: You can start a report/proposalwith thesephrases:
I sophisticated
sentences .... The purposcluinto.l'tltisrcltort is to .., As requestetl, r
this rc1tr.,t
2 factuallanguage proposal

3 colloquial
expressions .... You can end a report/proposalwith thesephrases:
On thc w'hole, lAll in ull, 7it ttp. . lltt concltt,sirut.
4 formal linkingwords/phrases
Therefore, .lAs o re.utlt ?t(
5 short forms
vocabulary
6 advanced
7 personallanguage a) Read the rubric and underline the key words.What
information do they give you about type of writing?
8 everydayvocabulary
topic and intended reader?
9 passivevoice
l0 impersonallanguage You are in a sports team which has been invitedto play in a
tournamentin anothercity.Thecoachhasaskedyou to help
organisethe accommodation.He has askedyou to write a
The extracts below are report about the suitabilityof The Aqua Hotel.Write your
written in a wrong style. Use report, includinginformationabout the location,rooms,
the phrases in the list to facilitiesand the good and bad pointsabout the hotel.
rewrite them in a more
suitable style.
b) Complete the table with the points in the list.Which
A . finally . for example . excellent points are positive/negative?
. in addition . therefore . wealth
. specialrate for groups . every room hasan ensuitebathroom
Thornton Spors Centre is one of . in nice areawith a variety of entertainmentnearby
the best sports facilitiesin the city. . largecomfortableloungeand bar area
l) | mean, it is locatedclose to . all rooms haveTV and phone . no room service
publictransportlinksand 2) so it is . l0 minutesfrom stadium . 24-hourreceDtion
easilyaccessiblefrom all over the . no safeavailable. no air-conditioning. maidservicedaily
city.3) And, it hasa 4) lot of sports . closeto publictransportlinks . reasonable room rates
on offer as well as professional
fitnessinstructorson hand.5) The
last point I want to make is,
there are 6) good facilities for
peoplewith specialneeds.

B . the suitabilityof . the purposeof

this report is . assess
l) I'm writing this report to
2) think about 3) how good it
would be to have The Grande
Hotel as a Yenuefor the company
Christmasparty.
C . attract . to sum up . mentioned
l) In a nutshell, Bistro Paris
would 2) get more customersif
the changes3) that I told you
about before were made to the
d6cor and the menu.
c) Think of a suitable introduction.What
recommendation would you give?
a) Read the rubric and underline the key words, then
answer the questions.
Youhaverecentlystartedworkingat a caf6.Themanagerwantsto
makeit more popularwith teenagersand hasaskedyou to write
a proposal makingyour suggestions.Writeyour proposal.
I Who is goingto readyour proposall
2 What is the purposeof the proposal?
3 What subheadings couldyou usel

122 MODULE4
 b) Match the main points
to the suggestions.
I The headmasterof the school where you teach
i has asked you to write a report on the after-
w
Writi ng Rep $ fts/ F {$ p {ts{tJs

Then make sentences

school activities the school offers.You should
using appropriate
include information on the facilities provided
linking words/phrases.
] and make suggestionsabout how the activities

P6iiffiX', q i could be made more popular. Write your

"not many teens know about caf6 i report. ( 120-180words)
I
2 d6cor is not attractive to teens A largedisusedbuildingin your areais goingto
be modernised and usedfor youngpeople.The
3 teens need more than food & drink for
council has asked people to send in their
entertainment
proposalsfor two mainusesof the buildingand
4 teens-.likeinternational food how they would improve life for local young
people.Youare a localyouth group leaderand
9rggestions
havedecidedto sendin a proposal.Writeyour
t installa videogameor a pinballmachine,
play proposal. ( 120-180words)
modernmusicor show MTV

il offer more international dishes (e.g. pizza,

kebabs,hot dogs,tacos)
t use bright coloursand add modernfittings
il giveout leafletsat schools/colleges
to publicise
caf6
c) Choose suitable subheadings for the
main body paragraphs of the proposal.
Then match them to the main points
(l-4) in part b, as in the example.
A l'fenu
Z A
D D6cor E r
c Publicity E E
D Openinghours r E
E Location& Accessibility E E
F Entertainment E E
o Discuss& Write
Read the rubrics l-4, underline the key
words and answer the questions.
Your local town council wants to celebrate the
history and culture of your town by
commemorating the achievements of well-
known local people.They haveinvited the public
to send in proposals stating who they think
should be chosen and in what ways his or her
life should be celebrated.Write your proposal.
( 120-180words)
I You work for the local tourist officeand your i
manager has asked you to write a report on the
information provided for tourists concerning
public transport in the area and suggestingwhat
improvements could be made. Write your
rcport. ( | 20- 180 words)
I Who is goingto readyour pieceof writing?
2 Who are you in eachpiece?
3 Why are you writing eachpiece?
4 What styleshouldyou use?
5 canyou use?
What subheadings
6 What linkingwords canyou use?
Choose two of the tasks from Ex. 5 (one
6 report, one proposal) and write them. Swap
with your partnen Evaluate your partner's
piece of writing using the checklist below.
. Does the report/proposalfollow a specific
layoutl
. Are there subheadings?
Are they clearto you?
. Doesthe introductionclearlystatethe purpose
of the repordproposal?
. Do the main body paragraphseach presenta
separatepoint?
. Doesthe conclusion summarise the
report/proposaland givea judgementor
recommendation?
. What style is the report/proposalwritten in?
. Do the sentencesusepolite,factuallanguage?
. Which tensesare used?
. Hasadvancedvocabularybeenusedl
. What linkershavebeenused?
. Are there any spelling,grammar and/or
punctuationerrorsl

f' uJ.itvre C'lip
tO,l Look at
the pictures and the
title of the article.
What do you think the
article is about? Listen, read and check.
Read the text and mark the sentences(l-5)
as f (true) or F (false). Correct the false
statements.
I Plantshelppreventsomenaturaldisa:,.ers.
2 The diversityof the world's plant life is increasing.
3 Manyspeciesof plantscouldsoon die out.
4 The KewGardensMillennium SeedBankhasseeds
from plantspeciesnot found in the wild.
The writer stronglysuggeststhat we care more
for the environmentand take action.
Match the words/phrases in bold in the text
to the meanings below.
. misuse . to restore sth that existedbefore
. homes . longperiodwithout rain . protect
againststh unpleasant. startingthe growing
process . plantsand animalsandthe relationships
betweenthem andthe placethey exist in
FfujS$[i
Complete the sentences with information
from the text.
I Plantsare important because
2 Plants are under threat because
3 The MillenniumSeedBankwas startedwith the dm
4 Accordingto the projectdirectors,.
1241 MoDULE
4
I
I
I-
' euLm[um
Everylivingcreoturedepends
on p,onisto survive.Plontsore the bosisof
th; eccy$ems in which onimolsliveond grow,
Plonrsprovroenumonbeingswith food, moteriols
ond medicinesEnvironmentolly, plontsore essentiol
for renewingoxygen levelsond protecting us from
floodsond drought.Plonts olsoployon importontrolein
cultureond ort
Theworld'splontlife,however,isunderthreot.Every
plont requirescertoin condiiionsin order to grow.
Climotechonge ond humon exploilolionore ropidly
reducingthe oreosof the worldwheresuchconditions
ore present.Mony uniqueond usefulwild plontsore
strugglingto survivebecousetougherforeignspecies
hove been broughtinto theirhobilols.In foct, experts
predictthot up to holfof the world'splontspeciescould
be extinciby 2080,
It wos in responseto this thot the Kew Gordens
MillenniumSeed Bonkwos set up in 2000 in Sussex,
Englond.The project oims to gother ond mointoin
somplesof seedsfrom wild plontsoll oroundthe world
to insureogoinsltheir extinction,Collectedseedsore
storedof sub-zerotemperotures. Thecollectionis kept
oliveby periodicollygeminolingthe seedsto produce
new somples,The totol number of seeds collected
reochedone billionin 2007includingmonyfrom plonts
now extinctin the wild,
Asglobolthreotsincreose, the projectdirectorshope,
together with their internotionolportners,to hove
bonkedseedsfrom25oLof the world'splontspeciesby
2020.Yet,the directorsore the firstto odmitthot simply
collectingseedsisnot enough,Evenif o plontbecomes
extinctin the wild, the reosonsbehindthis los would
hove to be knownond deolt with beforethe project
couldsuccesfullyreinfroduce the plontintothe wild.So
the SeedBonkiso greot resource, but it connotsingle-
hondedlysovethe world'splontlife.Theonlylong-term
solutionisfor oll of usto 'turnovero new leof' ond stort
octivelyprotectingthe environmentl
J'" ' r'
-
Collect information about the plant life in
your country and present it to the class.You
may consider:
. plants that are unique . what some of the plants
are used for . the importance of plants in your
country's culture (festivals,clothes, food etc)
. plants that are under threat and what is being
done to protect them
 ,engr .q l

GreertAsse.des
What do you know about deserts?What else would you like to learn?Think of three questions.
Read the text and see if you can answer them.

Desertscoverapproximately theareasof fragilelandat theedgesof deserts, fieldsareover-

0) one quarter of the farmedand lose their nutrientsand moretreesare cut 7)

SBrts n["",f'Hy':;
{jf*-*"*q*- . morethan500
. for firewood or to makesoacefor develooment.
causesthe soilto erode'awayand becomeunusable,
but surelyturningto deseft.Damaging
This
slowly
duststormscan also
millionpeoplein the world. blowawaysoilandcausebone-dry sanddunesto 'spread' onto
Theyare alsoamong,the world'smostimportanteco-systems previously usableland.
andarefilledwiththou\ands of rareandusefulanimalandplant Inthe8) . . . . . . fiftyyearsalone,theSahara deserthasspread
specres. by 65 millionhectares. And non-desert areasare 9).
As manyof the world'sfragileenvironments are suffering risk,too. 31o/o ol Spain,for example,is underthreatof
becauseof climatechartge,it's 2) . surprising
that desertification'. In fact,entirepartsof the worldcouldbecome
deserts areunderthreattoo.In lran'sDasht-e KavirDesert,for uninhabitable, forcingpeople tofleeto alreadycrowded greener
example, rainfallhas3) / . . . . . dropping by 16'/.perdecade. countries.
Reducedmoistureand,trighertemperatures in areasthat are So,whatcan be 10)........ aboutthisworrying situation?
already verydry meanfthatanimals struggleto survive,crops Well,unfortunately desertification is irreversiblebutwe canall
fail,waterreservesQf up and as a 4) lifebecomes continueto helpstop globalwarmingsimply 11)........ using
generally moredifficirlt forthepeoplewholivethere. lessenergy.Or why not donatemoneyto a projectthat
5) ... ..... jd'perhaps moresurprising, is thatdesefts are plantstreesto stoperosion in desertareas,or
alsoexpanding atanalarmingrate! even12) . partyoursel?
As populations 6) .., .....
cigger,especially in

Read the text again and fill in

tO'l Listen to and read the text.In pairs, discuss
the gaps with an appropriate
word. Compare your answers what you have learnt about the following:
with a partner. . why deserts are important
. how deserts are being affected by climate change
. why and how deserts are expanding
Match the words/phrases in
. what may happenin the future
bold with their meanings below.
. what can be done about: desertificotion,globol warming
. easilydamaged. gettingbigger
. work/try hardunderdifficult
circumstances . whole . not fit
for livingin . escape. gradually
. in danger . supplies
. shockingrate . final ICT tn groups collect information, then write a short
article about ways to help slow down global warming.
You can visit this website: http://w_ww.epa.gov/climate
change/ Go to What )rou can do

MODULE4 125
 Check 4
Progress 6 Thereare eightplanetsin our space/solarsystem.
F ill in: beenanyfoodstoppages/shortages
7 Therehaven'c
for manyyearsin the UK.
to maintain/sustain lifeon
8 lt is almostimpossible
I Moving to another planet would be the the moon.
move. 9 Cakesrise/arisewhen you bakethem in the oven.
2 The media alwaysmake . .. . . . . claimsto l0 Manypeopleare caughtJcaptivatedby the ideaof
catch the public'sattention. spacetravel. / Pointr,
3 The animalsare kept in . . . . . . in the park. \ r o xz n
4 T he t r ut h t e n d s to b e . ..... w h en a l i e Complete the sentencesusing the words in
sells more magazines. bold. Use two to five words.
5 Lonesome George is . . . . the rarest
I Therehasbeena lot of sunshinelately.
creature on Earth.
deal We havehad... . lately.
6 Human of the Earth's natural
2 She went to the Galapagoslslands to see giant
resources is behind many environmentalpr"bb;;.
toruorses.
7 l am " " grateful for all your help' view She went to the Galapagoslslands. . .
8 The Earth has suffered under the gtant rorcolses.
of humanity.
3 lf we could travel at the speed of light, we could
9 The MillenniumSeedBankhopesto colonise space.
somerare plantsinto the wild. provided We could colonise space .
l0 Thereisa lot of . . . surrounding
GM foods. . . . . at the speed of light.
/ Points:_ \ 4 | dont know what the book is about" as I haven't
\ r0x2 20 I read it.
having I dont know what the book is about
Fill in:
...... rt.

| .... relatives 6 .... .... time 5 With more funding, the project could have been
successful.
2 .......... solutions 7 .... sapiens
succeeded
3 .... system I .... surprise lT :::::::li 1 ;;; ;;;i;,;,
4 ......... wasteland 9 .... climate / Poin,t'

5 .... samples l0 .... ancestor \ sx+ 20

/ Points:_ \
Complete the sentenceswith a word
\ t0xt t0 i formed from the word in capitals.
I LonesomeGeorgeis a .. CONSERVE
Choose the correct preposition.
tcon.
I Marypassed
on/over hergoodlooksto her daughter. 2 Sofar therehasbeenno ... DISCOVER
2 All life followsthe basiclawsfrom/of nature. of a Pintafemalefor him.
3 We all take planetEarthwith/for granted. EVOLVE
3 .......... isaboutchangesingenes
over long periodsof time.
4 Shecriedwith/in despair.
5 The humanraceis livingwith/on borrowedtime. 4 lt'sone smallstepfor man,one giant
leapfor MAN
/ Points:_ \
\5 X4 20 I 5 ...... modifiedfooddividesopinion.G.ENE
/ Po'ntt,
Choose the correct word.
\sxz ro
I The charity has had a direct impact/contact on
No w I c a r t . . . _
/ v ) r .o r ",
\ r 00
the local situation.
. talk about evolution and conservation
2 Ylany GM foods are reluctant/resistant to . talk about food & drink
disease. . make & respond positivelyto suggestions
3 Natural/National selectionis part of evolution. . expressagreemenr/disagreement
4 The house was put up for sale by the tenants/ express probabiIityladvantages/disadvantages
owners. . write repons and proposals

5 lt paysto be on the sure/safe side. . . . in E r r g l i sl

en n l
lzo I Mo D U L4E
 Module 5
Units

/?\
Q/

forchoice
Spoilt
Look at Module 5 . make suggestions& give alternatives
'
Describethe pictures. . reach a decision
'
Which units are the pictures from? What is . expressannoyance/sympathy
'
each unit about? . compliment/thank

Find the page numbers for . the definitearticle the

' a London shoppingguide . relatives
article headings . quantifiers
a book review E . linkers
souv enir s
placesto shop r Write ...
. a diary entry about your first day at school
. revtews
Listen, read and talk about ...
. articles
' teenageproblems
. travel & shopping
. weather
. spendingm oney
' shoppinghabits
Culture Clip: London-A Shopper's
Paradise!
Learn how to ...
' make assumptions Curricular Cut (Science):Clouds

MODULE5 127
 ffi
'!

T"
Fromthemoment we returned fromtheviolent heatof EastAfricawewere
Lead-in soaked bythecontinuous drizzleofa fineEnglish summer. lt wasnota particularl,
promising introduction to lifebackinEngland afterthree years ofbeing baked under
Work in pairs.lmagine it's the theKenyan sun.Nevertheless, theleaden skiesof August couldnotmakemean,
first day of the school year. lessenthusiastic about myfastapproaching return to Britisheducation. I wasabout
There's a newcomer.You want to enter a South London comprehensive.
to be friendly.Ask and answer AtthetimeI wastotally unaware oftheshock thatwasawaiting me,onemuch
questions to get to know each worse thanadapting to thedismalclimate. I wasjustlooking fonruard to making
other. lotsof newfriends andgetting stuckintoschool life.I wasunder theimpression
10 thattheotherpupilswouldbe interested in my stories aboutAfricaandwould
.What'syour ...? .Where are ...1 instantly warmto my sparkling personality. Unfortunately, however, I hadreall,
. Do you like...? . Where do ...? beenlooking at thingsthrough rosetinted glasses andit wasn'tlongbefore I
. Haveyou got any ...1 experrenced a muchdarker, unappealing sideofthings.
. How old ...1.How do you ...? 0nthefirstdayoftermI bounded intothenoisyassembly halleagerto sizeup
. Which class...1 tl my newclassmates. As I scanned theroom,whrchwaspacked withhuddled
clusters of teenagers, I gotmyfirstsuspicions thatbecoming paftof theircosy
groupings mightnotbeaseasyasI hadimagined. Theyallseemed to haveanair
Read the title of the text.The of belonging as theylaughed andchatted together. I triedto lookrelaxed and
fol lowing words/phrases carefree butnoonesomuchasglanced inmydirection, letalone triedto introduce
appear in the text.What can 20 themselves. lt turned outto beanuncomfortable morning in mynewclass, butas
the text be about? thehours dragged by,I triedto workoutwhatwouldbea goodplanof attack for
getting in ontheaction.
. violentheat . continuousdrizzle
. It began to dawnonmethatwhatwasneeded wasa littleeffort onmypart.So
promisingintroductionto life
.
atbreak, I swallowed mypride andstrolled overtoa group of boysstanding bythe
unawareof the shock 25 gates to sayhello. Thetallest wasa dark-haired ladwitha permanent sneeronhis
. lookingforwardto makingnew face."Where didyougetyourshinyshoes, mate?" wasallhesaid.I looked down
friends . first dayof term at my newleather shoesandnoticed thateveryone elsewaswearing thelates:
. clustersof teenagers trainers. Before I couldthinkof something amusing t0 say,theyhadbegun to
. laughedand chattedtogether wander backto classleaving meredJaced anddumbfounded bythegate
. no one glancedin my direction 30 Attheendof myfirstday,I stormed outoftheclassroom assoonasthefina
. swallowedmy pride bellrang,almost knocking overa girlwhowaspassing along thecorridor. I was
. strolledover to a group of boys fuming. I hadarrived thatmorning fullofhopes fora bright newfuture, onlyto have
. a permanent themdashed onthehardrocksofteenage indifference. Thedarkclouds above mr
sneeron hisface headseemed to settle around measI trudged backhome, reminding meof hov,
. teenageindifference grimthedayhadbeenI wassoenraged
35 thatI almost didn'thearsomeone calling
. beenmadeto feelwelcome mynameandI turned round to seea boyfrommyclass, Brian, running to catc'
. my heartsinkingonceagain upwithme.
"Youhaven't exactly beenmadeto feelwelcome today, haveyou?"hesaic
f(r(l,l Listen, read ,and check. beaming at me."Youcouldsaythat,"lreplied sarcastically. Helaughed an:
suggested I givehimmymobile number andhewould textmelater. "ButI haven '
gota mobile!" I toldhim,myheart sinking onceagain. A lookof utteramazemer'
Reading - Partl spread across hisfaceandhesuddenly wentveryquietwhileI waited
"Look,
forhimr.
reply. Finally, hetooka deepbreath. if I wereyou,I'dgeta mobile. Everyon.
Read the article in which a hasone!Andwhileyou'reat it, sorlyourself outwitha decent pairof trainers
student describes returning to
A\ Thenhewasgone.
school in his own country after I walked intothehouse andflungmyblazer andbagdowninthehall.Mymu-
some years abroad. For popped herheadround theliving roomdoorandasked howmyfirstdayhadgor;
questions l-8, choose the answer "Can youplease tellmewhyI need a mobile phone andtrainers if lwanttomaf.
(A, B, C or D) which you think anyfriends?" I replied I wasso stony-faced thatI thinksheknewbetter than
50 reply, so shejuststoodtherelooking confused as I stomped upthestairsar
best fits according to the text.
slammed mybedroom doorshut.
-{ r'\r)
| /_6 MODULE5
 How did the writer feel about being
back in England?
A He was pleasedto be back in a cooler
climate.
B He was unsureof hisfeelings.
C He wasoptimistic,despitethe badweather.
D He was nervousaboutstartingschool.
The writer uses the phrase 'l stormed
out of the classroom' (line 30) to show
that he left a room
A quicklyand noisilybecausehe wasangry.
B as soonas he could.
C without anyoneseeinghim leave.
D without lookingwhere he was going.

The phrase 'bokng at things through

rose-tinted glasses'(lines l2) means @ On the way home,a boy from the writer's
class
A only seeinga situationfrom your own A offeredhim an apology.
point of view B gavehim someadvice.
B seeingthingsin a very simpleway. C lost histemperwith him.
C only seeing the pleasant aspects of D criticisedhis attitude.
something.
D havingtoo muchconfidence
in yourself.

When the writer first met his classmates,

c When the writer spoke to his mother,
he
A quicklyregrettedit.
he
B wishedhe had saidit in a differentway.
A felt a little afraidof them.
C felt annoyedby her response. ii
B suspectedhe had little in commonwith
D understoodwhy shedidnt reply. ,
them.
C realisedit might take some time before
they acceptedhim.
@ How did the writer's attitude
during the passage?
change ..:

D foundhe lackedthe confidence

to introduce A He beganto loseconfidencein himself.
himself. B He beganto seethingsasthey reallywere.
When the writer approached the group C He beganto realisethe needto change.
of boys,they responded by D He beganto understandhimselfbetter.
A makingfun of him.
B makinga joke.
C ignoringhim.
D complimenting
him.

Fill in: leaden, Explain in your own words the following.

rse,swallow,
air,bright,slam,sparlding,
latest,
feel,deep.Make sentencesbased
6
on the text using the phrases. I "lt wasnot a particularly
promising
introductionto
life backin England."
(1.2-3)
| .... . . . s k ies 7 ......... new future would instantly warm to my sparkling
I ......... per s onalit y I make sb personality''(1.l0-l l)
J to ....... his t em per welcome 3 "...to havean air of belonging." (1.l7- l8)
4. ... . t r ainer s 9 take a(n) 4 "...only to havethem dashedon the hard rocks of
breath teenageindifference." (1.32-33)
5 a (n ) ...... of
belonging t0 the door
6 .... m y pr ide
shut Speaking
& Writing
Read the text again.lmagine you are Brian.
Explain the words in bold.Which of the Use the information in the text to tell your
following teenage problems is the text family about the newcomer.
about? Give the text another heading.
B lmagine you are the writea In five
'anorexia . peer pressure. movingout minutes, write a diary entry describing
. lossof a friend . bullying
your first day at school and your feelings.
Read your entry to the class.

MODULE5 129
 Control or Check?Fill in the o Making deductions
gaps.Use the completed phrases
in sentencesof your own. I { t Loot at the pictures.
Make sentences using
| ......... the examanswers.2 .......
your dog,3 ......... the information,
4 ......... your temper,5 .........
your actions
o Preoositions
Fill in: at,tc, io', abo'- ','r.h,ir.
Check in Appendix ll.

I Janesmiled .... himpolitely.

2 Shesmiled . . herselfas she
lookedat the mirror.
It didn't take him long to adapt e.g. A - lt rnust be verycold.lt can't be summer.
his new life.
Tom felt Yery sorry . . himself
and didnt feel like talking to anyone.
5 I'm sorry . . what happened.
5 The coach was packed
II For questions l-10, read the
tourists.
text below. Use the word
Sh ewas n' t v er y ent h u s i a s ti c....... given in capitals at the
the trip. end of some of the lines
It took us a few daysto get used to to form a word that fits in
the increase . temperature. the gap in the same line.
There is an example at
o Relatives the beginning (0).

Complete the sentences using

the words in bold. Use two to
five words.

He has three sisters,two of them

livein Paris. Boasting the0)/afeslin engineering technology, thenew LATE
whom He hasthree sisters.. . . railway linking Tibetto Central China isthehighest railwayin
. . in Paris. theworld. Thelinerunsthrough anenvironment thatis so
You met my brotherTomyesterday. 1). . . . . . thatmany oftheworkers fellcritically
ill F RI E N D
who The boy during2) Insidethe carriages,CONSTRUCT
....wasmybrotherTom. however, an arTay of electronic sensors protect the
It was Paul'sbook that Janetook. 3) . . . . . . o f t h e p a s s e n g ea rs
nd SAFE
which The book monitor theair4) andthelevels of CIRCULATE
. . to Paul. oxygen. Thetrains arealsodesigned tocope withlightning
Brigg'sBakery is over the road; it
strikes, since the5) . . . . . . 0felectrical stormsis PROBABLE
hasgreat cakes.
highonthemountain slopes.
where Over the road is Briggs' However, thisnewHimalayan railway 6) ..... is DEVELOP
Bakery highlycontroversial. Although most people agree thatit will
.....greatcakes. bringgreater 7) . . . . . totheregion, manyworrythat PROSPER
Thisis Pete:hissisterwork with me. Tibet'sunique culture willbelost.Moreover, 8) . . ECOLOGY
whose This is Pete . areconcemed about theeffects ontheHimalayan wildlifesuch
with me. as the Tibetan antelope, whichis amongthe most
He's afraid of water so he never
9)..... .. species inthewodd. Theanimals are DANGER
swims in the sea.
extremely timidandeasilydisturbed by anyhuman
which He's afraid of water 1 0 ). . . . ACTIVE
....n e v e r
swims in the sea.
 il il

Lead-in
(r't{ I,l) Listen to four people
talking about travel.Who
flohn, Lynda, Steve, Marta)
travels for:
. fun? . their goals?. relaxation?
. experiences?

Why do people travel? Discuss

in pairs. Use the ideas below.
. to participatein incernational
tournamenfs
. volunteerfor environmental
projects
. experiencelocalcustoms/
ltures
traditions/cu
. look for work
visit friends/familyfar away
enjoy beautifulscenery/diverse
wildlife/naturalwonders
see magnificenttemples/
landmarks/unusual architecture
col lect strange souvenirs/crafts
s am plelo c a l d i s h e s
F
L,
Read the title and the
introduction to the article. (7 -
Why does Frans Lanting "l was terribly disappointed.lt's hard to squeeze.a giant
travel?Think of three
questions about Frans.Read @ redwood into a snaoshotframe."

the article and see if you can Other effectsof this approachto photographyhavebeen
answer them. O almost as impressiveas the picturesthemselves.
It is perhapsthis that distinguisheshis photographsfrom

ReadinQ- ParI2
@ our hol i daysnapshots.
His travels have taken him from Borneo to the Outer
Read the article about a travel
and wildlife photographer.
O H ebri des, and from C entral A fri ca to A ntar ct ica,
sometimes in the same weel<.
Seven sentences have been Having spent two days standing neck-deep in water
removed from it. Choose from
the sentences(a-h) the one
O watching fish eagles,Lanting returned to the same spot
the next day.
which fits each gap (9- l5).
There is one extra sentence
which you do not need to use.
O But as far as Lanting is concerned,the biggestrisks are
havingto trust the people he works with.

O "lt's essential,"he says.

"l never envisaged that I could make a career out of it,"
O he says,"butwe've witnesseda tremendous increasein
concern for the natural world."

.{ na\ |
I JZ ] MODULE5
 :ransLantingtravelsto theendsof the earth- andeveryone

It whoseeshispictureswantsto follow
^im.JamesOwentalksto the world'sgreatesttraveland wildlifephotographer.

canbetoughat thetop.lf youareFransLanting, theworld's helpedto stimulate awareness of the country'sextraordinarily

:adingtravelandwildlifephotographer, naturally youwantto diversewildlife. Thisthenprompteda groMhin tourismand
--3tpicturesof something thathasneverbeenseenbefore, say foreignaid,whichhasenabledthe Malagasy government to
'^e annualgatheringof hundreds of raremacaws deepin the increaseits annualconservation budgetfrom very littleto
':restsof the AmazonBasin.You haul a canoe,supplies, millions of oounds.
:ameragearanda steelscaffold weighing morethana tonover Lanting seemsso obviously an outdoortypethatit comesasa
'^e Andes.Thenyou paddlemilesup theTambopata Riverin surpriseto findthathetrainedasan environmental planner. He
-^eManuNational Park,Peru,beforeerectinga hightowerthat did not pick up a camerauntilhe wasin hisearlytwenties. "l
:etsyouto wherethebirdslivein thetreecanopy. That's90ft travelledto Americaand took alongmy mothe/ssnapshot
-c. andyouhavea fearof heights. camera," herecalls. [tn
:or thenextmonthyouspendtwelvehoursa dayina spacethe
Boredby sittingin an officereadingreports, he taughthimself
. ze of an officedesk.lt is intensely humid,and sweatbees photography andin theearly1980smovedto theUS.f|3T-l
:'inkfromyourskin,makingit difficult to focusa lenswithout Headds:"Photography playsa significant
roleinshaping those
:eingstung.Things areno easier on thejunglefloor.Fungus perceptions."
onyourequipment andleaf-cutterantseatthrough your
-crouts So Lanting hastravelled all overtheworldin pursuitof quarry
::nt overnight. tgT--] "someone comesto pick you up in a
suchas the lastwhiterhinoceros in Zairein the hopethathis
.'nall,single-engine planeat an Indian village in themiddleof
photographs can playa partin increasing awareness of the
rowhere. Theplanedoesn'tlooktoogood,"hesays."Youhave
worrying rateof extinction of bio-diversity,
andcanencourage
, ourdoubtsaboutthepilot,too.Butwhatcanyoudo?Askto
tourismto threatened places.fizl-l "ff thereis a futurefor
.eehislicence? No.Youjustgo." placessuchas the Okavango or the fabulousforestsin the
/oujustgo.lt isthisattitudethathasmadeforty-nine-year-old
foothills
of theAmazon, or foranyof theothergreattemples of
-antinghisgeneration's greatestphotographer of landscapes nature, thenit isvitalthattheyarerecognised aspartof ourjoint
:nd thenaturalworld. F0T--l Hisphotographs areunlikeany heritage."
:thers and includeshots of serpentinejungle rivers,
Peoplearealsoimportant to Lanting's
work,andhe nevertakes
:hameleons caughtasleep,a seedfallingto earthandalmost
on a project withoutinvolving thoseon thespot,frombushmen
re lastwoollyrhinoceros
to American Indians. fiEf-l "l thinka photograph, of whatever
'/ore remarkable yet is thatLanting's images- manyof which
t :re takenas close-ups
asindividuals,
- arein factattempts
asdistinctintheircharacters asyouandl. As he
it mightbe - a landscape,
to portrayanimals involvement. Thatmeansknowing
a person- requirespersonal
yoursubject, notjustsnapping

i at what'sin frontof you." Andwiththathe risesquicklyfromhis

cutsit,"a lionis nota lionis nota lion.Asindividuals, asmates, chairandheadsforthegreatoutdoors, boundforan encounter
asmembers of a society, they'reallverydifferent." I lT-_l His withthelocalwildlife - taxidriversandtheLondonpigeons.
:ssayin 1987on the landscape and peopleof Madagascar

t
Fill in: Which of the following adjectives best
describe Frans?Give reasons.
. Make sentencesusing the phrases. . determined. strong . brave . proud . sceptical
I ...... phot ogr aphe r 7 .... g a th e ri n g . shy . confident. adventurous. impatient
. insincere
2 in the forests I to be . asleep
3 ...... c anoPy 9 ...... ty Pe e.g. Fronsis determined. He con spendhourseveryday
4 ...... f loor t0 to p l a y a ....... ro l e woitingto get the best shot
5 . . . awareness tl .. involvement
lmagine you are Frans Lanting. Use the
6 . . . . wildlif e a2 .... s n a p s h o ts
information in the text to present yourself to
the class.
Explain the words in bold. Give the text
another title. Writing
Listening
& Speaking What qualities should a wildlife
photographer have?In three minutes write a
((t{ ;t,t) Listen to and read the text. How does few sentences explaining why each quality is
Frans feel about his iob?What difiiculties does important. Read your sentences to the class.
he face while at work?
MODULE 133
'
I
 c . brochures . leaflets . booklet . prospectus
. guide
I buysa travel
Julieaharays . . to get a rough
idea about placesshe is visitingfor the first time
2 All course details are availablein the university

Vocabulary
& Grammar I goc lots of ideasfor this year'sholidaylust by
o Travel browsingthrough the . . . . in the travel agent's
Thousands of ......... fl utteredthrought he air .
Choose the correct word. urging people to vote for William Clegg in the
forthcoming election.
Greeceis one of the best A diagram of the digital camera parts is shown
placesto go to visit aged/ on page5 of the accompanyrng..... . . . . .
antique/ancient/archaicruins.
The beautifulhotelgrounds had lush/
unique/scenid rich vegetation.
Listening
& Speaking
Therearefew countriesin Europewhereyou needto ,O , Listen to two people trying to
exchangecash/cunnency/money/notesthesedays. decide where to go on holiday.Which place
We had a fantasticlooldsight/view/scenery from do they decide to go?Why?
our hotel room.
A largenumberof touristsgo on packed/charter/ Englisl^r
Everyday
pocket/package tours eYen/year.
o Reaching a decision
In Americayou haveto paya tax on any remote/
external/foreign/alien goodsyou buy on holiday. Work in pairs and use the languagebelow
What d i rects/affects/influences/controls your to decide where to go on holiday.
decisionaboutwhereto go on holiday?
AcceptinlRejecting
Englandis a place of outstandingnatural/real/ . Let's ...,shallwe? We could ...I suppose.
genuine/unafrected beauty. . D on' t you thi nk ...f It doessound interesting,
Tom hopesto seesomestrange/rare/odd/unusual . HowAiy'hat about ...? fun ... etc
birdson hisholiday. . I hncy ... It look interesting,but ..
l0 Planetickets/fares/fees/charges are becoming . Why don't we ...? I'm not that keen on ...
so expensive,I may not be able to afford to go ld love to (but) ...
abroadnext year.
Choose the correct word.
) Fill in:
They showed their boardingcards/tickets to the
A . border . boundary . edge air steward and took their seats.
I Therewas a long line of trafficwaitingto cross 2 Most flightsonly allow one pieceof hand/arm luggage
the US/Mexico ... 3 The best way to really see a place is to take a bus
2 Sallyliveda longwayawayright on the......... ride/tour to different areas.
of town.
There are often long queuesat passportcheckout'
3 The forest servedas a natural
control.
betweenthe two countries.
It's a good idea to take traveller'scheques/bills
B . journey . expedition. excursion. trek' hike insteadof cashon holidaywith you.
I Theyhireda guideto helpthemon their 6 Zurich is the perfect placefor a winter stop/break
throughthe jungle.
7 Lorries and coaches are not allowed to drive -
2 Yy grandmagoeson a(n). .
the fasr line/lane on the motorway.
everymonthwith the pensioners club.
. . . across the city He took an internationalflight from London ::
3 The
Sidney and then an internal/inside flight ::
took two hours by car.
Mel bourne.
4 BobandSuewent on a two-hour
alongthe cliff path. April was stayingin a remotellar areamiles frc-
5 Next year Billwantsto go on an anywhere.
to the North Pole. t 0 Hugh likes to find places that are off the beater,
walked track.

134M O DULE5
 Fill in:
s.
I bees 5 scorProns
2 ....anapple 7 dogs.. Keywordtransformations
3 ...yournails 8 a ........... to eat () Complete the sentencesusing the words in
4 mosquitoes I snakes bold. Use two to five words.
5 neftles The weatheris becomingwarmer dayby day.
getting lt . . . as rhe daysgo by.
r Phrasal
verbs We haveneverbeentoAustralia before.
first lt . . . . we haveever beento Australia.
Choose the correct verb. Check inAppendix l.
Paulstartedtravellingon his own three yearsago.
Bill set/made off in plenty of time to get to the been Paul . . for three years.
arrpoft. "Why don't we go to Parisfor the weekendl"John
When they arrived at the hotel, they checked/ said.
picked in and went straightto their rooms. going John .
The coachmade/broke down on the M6 and the for the weekend.
passengershadto waitfor an hourfor a replacement Althoughit had a good location,I didn't like the
to takethem home. hotel.
Janealwaysgetsa bit nervouswhenthe planesets/ despite I didnt likethe hotel
takes off,then shecalmsdown. good location.

r Thedefinitearticle r Ooencloze
Fill in where necessary.Give reasons. 11; For questions l-12, read the text below and
think of the word which best fits each gap.
Use only one word in each gap.There is an
example at the beginning (0).

1 ) .. . . . . . T hai peo p l e
ca l l2) . . . . . . .
Ba ngk ok , 3). . . . . . .
capital city of 4)
sou\ruNxRs
youcanpayfor-twice
Thailand,Krung Thep
whichmeans'Cityof Angels'. Travelcan be oneof lile'sgreatest pleasures 0)as you
experience theexcitement of discovering andexploring new
5) ....... riverthat
runsthrough
6) ...... places. Quitenaturally, touristswantto takesomething home
Amsterdamis called with1). . . . . . . aftera marvellous holiday to showtheirfriends,
71....... Amstel.
but everyyearmanytouristsget an unpleasant shock
Around15 millionpeoplefrom 8) UK go 21....... theystartthejoumey home. For3).. ... reason
on packageholidayseveryyear. or another, theirsouvenirs turnoutto havebeenpurchased
9) Museo Nacional del Prado in illegally, resulting 4)....... heavyfinesor evenprison
10)....... Madridopenedin 11)....... 1819. sentences.
121....... MGMGrandLasVegas is 13)....... Morethanonetouristhasbeensentto prisonfor picking
biggesthotelin 14)....... USAwith5,700guest 5) . . . . . . . aninnocent-looking pieceofpotteryincountries rich
roomsand suites. in archaeological artefacts, or potentially
dangerous weapons
Venicehassunk25 cm into15)....... seaover 6).. . .. . . as samurai swords. Travellersneedto remember
16)....... last100years. that,just7l . . . . .. . itemsareoffered in marketplaces, it does
notmean8)....... arebeingsoldlegally. lllegalsouvenirs
171..... .. Copacabana Hotelin 18)....... Rio whichhavebeenmade9)....... endangered species are
becamefamous after Fred Astaireand Ginger
oftenofferedfor saleto unsuspecting tourists.The most
Rogers danced there in 19) tilm Flying
Down to Rio.
common itemsinclude coral,ivoryandanimalskinproducts,
trade in10)....... putsthe survivalof thespeciesat risk.
20) . . . . .. . statue of Christ on 21) In conclusion, whentravelling to foreigncountries, it is
CorcovadoMountainis 38 metrestall. important to 11). . . . . . . outwhatsouvenirs canbepurchased
22) ....... tall blackhatswornby 23) . . . . ... legallyin 121. . . .. . . to avoidpayinga heavypricelater.
guards at 241 BuckinghamPalaceare Remember, it istheendangered species thatwillultimatelypay
calledbearskins. theheaviest priceofallifweignore thelaw.

MO DULsE I 1
 Lead-in
a) Look at the pictures.Which
shows:

. a shoppingmall

. a cornershop I
. a street market
I
. sb buyingsth online
\

uy {tOU Listento four

people (Laura, Clifr,Ann,
Dave) talking about their
shopping preferences.
Where does each enjoy
doing their shopping?

How often do you go shopping?

Where?Who with?What do
you mostly buy? How much do
you normally spend?Tell your
partner.

doesntthink otherswould enioy

Reading
You are going to read a
magazine article about people's
shopping habits. For questions
l6-30, choose from the people
(A-D).The people may be
chosen mone than once.
Compare with a partnen
4 Match the words in bold to
their meanings.
. trendy . linesof peoplewaiting
. spendinga lot of moneyon sth
special. without harminganimals
in the production . livenup
. searching. easy . thingsyou
haverecentlybought . feelings
. very little money
. senseof right and wrong
. encourages peopleto buy things
with them?
shopping E
findsgoingto the shopstiringl trf1
are happyto buy usedgoods? trrl
feelsthey haveearnedthe right to shop? trL l
usesan unconventionalmethodof payment? Eil
shopsin an alternativeway when they
can'tfind what they want? E
mentionsbeingcarefulabout where they
shopfrom? trr
finds shoppingrelaxing?
doesnt liketo spendmoneyunnecessarilyl
mentionsavoidingproblemswith other
people'sattitudesto shopping?
dont mind spending guitea lot on
the goodsthey buy? fl
thinks it's easierto find certainkinds
ofgoods nowadaysl U
enjoysother socialactivitieswhile shopping?@|

136MODULE5
 @ 5andraftainos

Kobcooa Lowo€
Havinga well-paidjob and working long,hard hours I feel
I'm entitled to spenda lot of money shoppingwhen I feel
like it. Not only that, but shopping helps me unwind. I
enloy splashing out on the best money can buy, so
most of my purchases are from designershops.I don't
Justmean clothes,but also shoes,handbagsand thingsfor
my house, like a piece of furniture or some kitchen
equipment. I don't feel guilty because I can afford it.
Sometimesl'll just pop alongto the shopson my own or
I'll go with friends and make a day of it, with lunch at a
nice restaurant.lt depends on my mood. Of course, I
alwayspay for goods with a credit card as it's not a good
dea to carry large amounts of cash around.

Viotor TcmTloton Marl Markc

dont actually see the point in going to shops and I think that the consumerist society
we live in is very
sanding in long queues to Pay for goods any more' selfish.People will buy things that
are cheap without
There'slust no-need to do that nowadaysbecauseit's thinking about the social issuesinvolved,
such as the cost
so easy to shop online. In any case, I'm iust not to the environment,or whether a
child was forced to
nterested in wearing myselfout walking around town make the goods. I'm very careful
I about every product I
all day iust to buy a new shirt or pair of ieans' No' buy. For example, I buy Fair Trade
could clothing made from
get everything I need from the Internet'What organic materialsand all the beauty
products I buy are
b" tot" convenient than being able to shop twenty- cruelty free. I simplywouldnt *"ni
iour hours a day and getting everything delivered to buy products that
.Ts" in anyway.Generally,
,top, i"it a tor more
it's l..rr
straight to your door? | buy everything,whether ethically produced goods than in
hi-fi equipment, straight off the past, so it,s not
cloth-ing,books or even difficult to find fashionableand stylish
auction sites because you items rhese days.
the Net. I particularly like And if I dont haveany luck in the shops
then I can always
can get things people no longer want at terrific prices go online to get what I'm looking
for. euite a lot of the
and a lot of it is top quality,too' I've never had any goods I buy cost rather more than
mars_producedones,
worries about my orders becauseI always buy from but this doesnt bother me at all because
I believethat it,s
reputable sites.And as I use a special pre-paid card' worth it in the long run. I mean,I couldnt
let my pocket
rather than an ordinary credit card, I'm not worried tell my consciencewhat is right or
wrong, could l?
about Internet fraud, either.

Fi l l in: & Writing

Speaking
AV
('t{ }t,)) List.n and read the text again.
. Make sentences based on the
text using the phrases. Which person best matches your shopping
habits?
| .... ...... iob 7 .... ...price
2 work . hours I .......... of money Rebecca always pays for goods
3 .... ... shops 9 .... products with her credit card. Do you think credit
4 to shop l0 ....... items cards are a curse or a blessing?In five
minutes, write a short paragraph on the
5 .... .... card || in the long
topic. Read your paragraph to the class.ls
6 to be .. offer 12 ...... quality there another person in the classwho
shares your opinion?

.t
N 4OD U I.E
5 tJ^ -l/

Vocabulary
& 2 There are numerous . . . . .
Grammar
o S h o p p i n&
g Mo n e y
In a minute, write down what
you spend your money on.
Compare with a partner.
e.g.l usuollyspendmy moneyon CDs,book
ond clothes.lneverbuy newspopers.
Choose the correct word.
I These jeansare on bargain/sale/
offer/demand.
2 Thereis 30%offwhateverthe price
label/note/ tag/mark says.
3 | can't see the reason/point/
matter/goal in buying designer
clothes.
The expense/charge/amount/
cost of a CD hasgone down a lot
recently.
The man on the marketstall told
me to offer him a right/just/fairl
ProPer Pnce.
The salesman made me an offer I
couIdn't refuse/deny/turn/reject.
people
I hateit when telesales
bother/an noy/distu rb/trouble
me with calls.
That dress really suits/matches/
fits/goesyou.Youshouldbuy it!
A lot of peoplebuy clothesduring
the bids/auctions/sales/offersas
they cost less.
t 0 You can buy this now in advance/
in cash/oncrediUby cheque and
payin instalments.
Fill in: or
| ....... quality 7 ........
2 ........ outfit I .........
3 ........ speed 9 .. ... c o m p a n y
4 ........ chain l 0
5 ......... floor | |
5 ....... names a 2
138MODULE5
o Wordsoftenconfused
Fill in:
A valuable priceless worthless worthy
I My mum has a l ot of . .. .. j ew el l ery.
. artefactsin the museun'
3 This ring is . . . . . . but it has sentimentalvalue to me
4 The bank managerdeci desw ho i s ...... of a l oan.
asleep sleeping awake
I B e qui etthe babyi s............. !
2 Janew as... ... on the couchw hen I got home.
3 | had a bad dreamthat kept me... ... all nightlastnigh:
c alive living
I The market was . . . . . . with the sounds of traders anc
hawkers.
2 H e earnshi s ...... byw orki ngas a markettrader .
D luck fortune
| | coul dnt bel i evemy ... ... w hen I found f5 in t he
street.
2 H i l aryspenta ...... on new cl othesforherholidays.
Everyday
English
o Complimenting/Thanking
Use the useful language in the box to act out exchanges
for the situations below,as in the example. Continue the
dialogue.
Complimenting
. lt looks reallygreat on you. u l/ r eally
. Wow!That looksreallygood. ntce.etc
. lt reallysuitsyou. . I didn'trecogniseyou.
. You look fantastic/great,
etc
Thanking
. Thanks.I'm glad you like it. . Thanksfor sayingso.
I Your friend is wearing a new
outfit.
A: Is that new?
B: Yes,do you like it?
A: Mmm. /t /ooks reollygreot on
you.
B: fhonks.
A: Where dtd you get it?
mo v e B: /t wos d presenrf,om my rnum
shelf 2 Y our mum hashad a new hai r cut.
3 Your best friend is wearing a
model new pai r of gl asses.
... s e t Y our cousi ni s w eari nga new pai r
of trai ners.
choice
 Listening
& How long ago did you buy somethingnew?
time When was .. .. something newl
s'
Speak ing The dressmight be expensiveso take plentyof money.
case Takeplentyofmoney ...... expensive.
*O, Listen to two
Janewould rathernot comeshopping with us.
dialogues.Where does each
feel Jane.. shopping with us.
one take place?Act out similar
dialogues for the rest of the It costsa lot more to buy designerclothes.
pictures. much lt is . . . designerclothes.
How much is this outfit?
of What . ... outfit?
The shoeswere not as expensiveas she expected.
far The shoes than she expected.
Lee cannotaffordto buy designerjeans.
too Designerjeans. .... Leetobuy.

() For questions l-12, read the

-
text below and choose the
word (A, B, C or D) which best
fits each gap.There is an
example at the beginning (0).
o Quantifiers

Choose the correct word.

Neither/Either John nor Claire Thetroublewithcreditis thatsomepeople0l borrowmoremoney

cameto the party. thantheycan pay back.Thisbecomes a problemwhenthe interest
I wanted to buy a ticket for 1)......go up andtheyfindtheycan'taffordthe repayments. Usually,
Saturday'srock concert but each/ 2) ......peopleboughtwiththeborrowed moneyis 3) ......andtheyfind
every singleone hadbeensold. themselves in debt.Theworstcase4) ......is whentheyendup 5) ......
moremoneythantheyborrowed inthefirst6) ....... Whenthisis 7) ......
Every/Each of the childrenat the
to a mortgage ona houseandthehouseisworthlessthantheypaidfor
parq/ was givena smallpresentto it,thisis 8) ......negativeequity.Somepeoplearenervous about9) ......
take home. intothishap andso refuseto usecreditat all andalwayspayin cash.
He wasso hungryhe atethe whole/ This is definitelywiserbut thereare someadvantages to credit,
all pizzzby himself. especially intheshort10)......,suchasinterest-free credit,andsothese
Both/Either Jim and Karl left for peoplemissouton makingthemostof theirmoney. Also,whenpeople
Madrid. stopbonowing altogether,
theeconomy is severely as in
11)......and,
thecurrenteconomic climate,
manycountries 12)......a creditcrisis.
None/All of us knewwhat time the
party started so we calledto check.
0 @ borrow B lend C glve D ask
7 He only hada lot/a little moneylefr
1 A charges B rates C costs D fees
8 Shehadspenta gneat ded oflmuch
2 A however B whichever C whatever D whenever
moneyon CDs latelyso shedecided
3 A regained B recalled C repossessed D restored
to takeit easyfor a while.
4 A scenario B situation C scene D setting
. Keywordtransformations 5 A loaning B borrowing C repaying D owing
Complete the sentencesusing 6 A position B point C place D location
the words in bold. Use two to 7 A connected B related C attached D associated
five words. 8 A stated B described C called D named
9 A falling B moving C dropping D slipping
Sarahdidnt come home until she
10 A run B time C term D period
hadfinishedher shopping.
11 A forced B damaged C disturbed D affected
when Sarah.
finishedher shopping. Ui:r-rr B face C confront D tackle

MODULE5
 Lis teringl S1'-lll:

You orerhe,r a woman talking on the phone about

MultipleGhoice
Whiledoingthe listeningtask try not to be
distractedby hearingwordsand phrasesthat
appearin one of the options.Listencarefully
anddecideon thecorrectoption.
a parq/ sl r is organising.Whatis she worried about?
A havinga small number of guests
B o'dering the right amount of food
C organisingthe entertainment
You hear a young woman talking about her hobby.
How does she feel about it?
A embarrassed B impatient C proud

Listening
Part1 Part2
Listening
You will hear aTV interview with a man
tt'l I,t) yo, will hear people talking in
called Toby facobs who is talking about Buy
eight difrerent situations. For questions l-8, Notfiing Doy.For questions 9-18,
choose the best answer, (A, B or C). complete the sentences.
You hear an actor being interviewed on the radio.
Why did he decide to move to Los Angeles?
A to be with a family member
B to escapethe British weather
C to live closer to his work Tobyrflrts peoplenotto buyanything
You hear a man talking to a colleague.How on&ryllofrngDaywhichison
--ril
the man feel about his jobl _______________[=
A He feels unsure about his career choice.
Thepurpmeof he dayis to focusonthe
B He feels proud of his achievemer, -Tt
C He feels bored and ready for something new. o lof consumerism.
You hear part of a talk about climate change.Where Thepogtlation countries
indeveloped to
amounts
is the talk taking placel of thepeople
on
A in a school orr planeL
B at a factory
C on a farm
Hapginess. to Toby,is
according

You hear two teenagers talking about a summer

camp. How do they plan to travel therel thatpeople,will
Theintervi*ersuggests buy
A by bus either
sideof Buy
B by car
C by train
Tobydoesnt justwantpeopleto takepartin BuyNothing
You hear a teachertalkingto a pupil.Whyis she Day.hewanbto dnnge
talkingto her? -T'4-l
A to congratulateher
B to warn her Flesqo $ropprEmallsand
C to giveher advice
You hear a man and a woman talkingabout a film :il?il,,:3ll?.,
they havejust seenat the cinema.Whatdoes the havegoodsmadeabroadin orderto
Cornpanies
mansayaboutthe film?
A lt was funnierthan he thought it would be.
B He foundthe humourin it difficultto understand. Ead pesonh fle UKproduces
almost
650kgofcarbon
C He enjoyedthe fact that it was in a foreign
dnxib at
language.
Buyt/rd:W Dayoriginated
in

140 MODULE5
 i,t,;t
:irj;t:):,1::ll,
6'
Li s t e n inP
g a r t3
((O, You will hear five people talking about shopping
problems they experiencedwhile on holiday.For
questions 19-23,choose from the list (A-F) what each
speakersaid.Use the letters only once.There is one
letter which you do not need to use.

A Somethingwas missing. S p eaker| |9

B Shoppingwasn't as pleasantas usual. Speaker
2 20
c They didn't haveenough money.
Speaker
3 2l
D They had made a mistake.
Speaker4 22
E They bought somethingto keep others
haPPy. Speaker5 23
Somethingwas broken.

Listening
Part4
o,
((t
You will hear an interview with a travel writer called Simon Faria. For questions 24-30,
c h o o s e the best answer (A, B or C).

24 When Simonwas younger,he 2 9 W hy doesS i monl i ke S evi l l eso much?

A was encouragedto be a photographerby hisfather. A l t remi ndshi m of hi s fi rst story.
B learntto take picturesby himself. B lt is closeto home but still feelsexotic.
C didn't think about being a travel writer. C He likesthe weatherand localculture.
25 When Simonwas at the newspaper,
he 3 0 S i monthi nksthat i n the future
A worked only as a photographer. A mosctravelwriting will be postedon blogs.
B realisedthat he was a better writer than a B peoplewill still readbooks,if the storiesare good
photographer. enough.
C was soongivenmore responsibilities by hiseditor. C peopl ew i l l onl y readthe cl assi cs.
26 When Simonis strugglingto begina project,he
A works on a simplepart of the text.
B startswriting anpvay,without worrying aboutthe
quality.
C works on somethingelse instead.
27 The problemwith a lot of moderntravelwritingis that
A the styleof writing does not vary enough.
B there aren't many placesleft that haven'tbeen
written about.
C the storylinescan be very predictable.
28 In order to be successful,
Simonsuggests
that aspiring
writers should
A makeuse of all their contacts.
B givetheir articlesa uniquestyle.
C mal<esure they are followingthe editor's
Ins t r uc uons .

N /OD U LE5 1t -t4 1I

 !pecl:irtg S1'-ll1:

Speaking Part 1 p."inut",;

Can you describeyour homefor us? Tellus a little aboutyour bestfriend.
What do you normallydo at the weekend? What sort of job would you liketo do in the futurc

Speaking Part 2 g monorogue

^inures) Making assumptions
. Youcouldsay,
. I imagine
...
. l.wouldguess

E ,oty smalllivingroorn \
. friendlyatmosphere
. quietlyreading
. seemsto be enjoying
. relax& enjoy
. enloyingthe outdoors
. completelyalone
. freshair
. listeningto the sounds
+
of nature
;
. peaceful& quiet
relaxing
Candidate B: What do you enjoydoingto helpyou relaxl i ,/

7. \
classical
concert
. professionals
. relaxing
. formaloccasion
colourful costumes
traditional folk music
promoting local culture
tourist attraction
\ ./

Candidate A: Which musicdo you think would be the most enioyableto listento?

n
('t{ Irr) Listen to a model answer.How does each
speaker justify his/her points?

142 MODULE5
 . ; t,: Ltl'.in L11 I' i I I ;

Speaking Paft 3 1lminutes)

pairwork
A school in your area has been given a sum of money to make improvements and you have been
asked to recommend ways in which the money should be spent.The pictures show some
suggestions.First, talk about the ways in which these suggestionswould improve the school and then
decide which two you would recommend.

. How would each of these suggestionsimprove the school?

. Which two would you recommendl
. opportunity for studentsto
socialiseand relax
. obtain information/readfor
pleasure
. develop students'theatrical
talents/learn to take
responsibility
. learn from experimenting/
understandinghow things
work
. improve students' health/
physicaldevelopment

Suggesting Giving alternatives

. I th i n k ...w oul d be ...
. To me it's very important ...
. Wh a t d o you thi nk ...1
. So,we'll probably.
. I th i n k ...w oul d be .
. l t m i g h t b e an i dea ...
. T h i s w o u l d be ,..
. Tell you what, though,we could
always...
. Otherw i se,w e coul d ...
. I w oul d certai nl yl i ke ...
. l t soundsOK , but ...
. That's a thought.We could also ...
. I suppose.In fact, it might be ...

n )) Listen to a model answer,

' Which improvementsdo the speakersdecideon?What reasonsdo they give?

Speaking Pafl 4 gminutes)

pairwork
l n p a i r s dis c us s :
. How else could the money be used to improve the school?
. How important is it for children to participatein sportsl
. What do you think makesa good teacher?
' How well do you think a school educationpreparesyoung people for the modern world?
. ls it possibleto learn things without the help of a teacher?

n i))Listen to a model interview.What are the speakers'answers?

.4 At1
N /OD U LE5 t4J
4rr lVriiinlJ:Ar iicJes
o Articles
Articles arepiecesof writing published
in newspapers, magazines, leafletsor on
the Internet.They canbe semi-formalor
friendly depending on the intended
reader. An article is usually written to
expressan opinion or describea person,
place, event or experience.It can also
include suggestions, advice or a
recommendation.
According to the purpose(s)for which
an article is written, it should contain
argumentative,narrative or descriptive o Titles
techniques.
An article should consistof: An articleshouldhavea title which summarisesthe main
. an interestingtitle, topic in an interestingway.The title shouldbe eye-catching
. becauseits purposeis to arousethe reader'scuriosity.
an introduction which clearly
presentsthe topic,
o a main body which develops the
theme,
Read the titles.Which title best matches the articles
below? Give reasons.
o a conclusionthat summarisesthe
main points and/or restates an D1
opinion, makes a suggestion/
loear
I nrry MusicShow I WHAI TOWEAR
recommendation etc. t, tt t,
To grab the reader'sattention and keep ^-"r,t-^.
their interest,an articleshouldhave: clYlrylLiFl-*
o an eye-catching title.
o a wide rangeof vocabulary.
Youseethisannouncement
o a varietyof adiectives/adverbs. magazine.,lf you
in an international
couldchangeplaceswithany livingfamousperson
for one day,
who wourd you choose,and wh14'
The bes articrewiil be
publishedin nextmonth'sissueof
themagazine.Writeyourarticle.
"!t"u +.- * * \* - - _ * .*
TITLE r-__*-

lntroduction
ParaI introducethe topic
whatyoungpeopleliketo wearin yourcountryandwhy'Whatadvice
you wouldgiveto someonewho wantedto be fashionable? Thebest
Main Body*
Pa"a24 developthe topic (covering Write
articleswillbe publishedin the magazine' yourarticle'
allthe pointsmentionedin
the rubric)
Yourlocalradiostationhasaskeditslisteners
to writeabout
Conclusion theiridealmusicshow.Thebestarticlewillwin
& makefinal {500worth
Finalpara summarise of CDs.Wite an articlesalng whattype
of musicyou tike
comments(restateyour and makeyoursuggestions to maketheshowpopular._-
opinion/advice/suggestion/
recommendation etc)
t4T_-] onthetoptc
fromstudents
hasaskedforarlicles
Yourschoolmagazine
' i' T henLr m beor f p a ra g ra p hi sn th e
- r . , 'i " '- r - 'r " r 'n '1 " 1 ': l r l d e n t s i o 'r ; r 'i t e a b o u t w h a t t h e y c o l l e cta n d
 o Interpreting
rubrics
Look at the rubrics below and underline
Loo& at tiire prragnp+r"Wtrri<ir are
r:,t!eS

i ntrodr.rcti<xts c oodtrsions? What tech n i q ues

s'
have been used in each?
the key words.What type of article does
each one ask for?
A
I a I A descriptivearticle givingan opinion Qn I^e \' ,f o e, A msterdam i s a
E nn opinionarticlegivingjustifications l vonderfulcty w i th a l ot to offer
] c I A descriptivearticle givingadvice W Fethe' youl ovenrghtcl ubs,cafes
ar^dba.s,or i f you preferparks,
E nn opinionarticlemakingsuggestions
museums and cul ture,A msterdam
ca1caterto yourtastesH i ghbrow
or owbror'v, there is somethingfor
You see the followingonnouncementin on everyone, andI recommend i t asthe
internotionoltrovel mogozine.'Whot does pe.' ecl crty desttl ati onto sui t al l
your town hove to offer visitors?
Describeits tr ( to( :n.l hr el natc

best feotures.Con onything be done to

improveit? Thebestonswerwillbe published
nextmonth.'Write yourorticle, B
You see this notice on vour school All in all. I think Bill Tilden.a greatplayerfrom
noticeboord. 'Whot is your fovourite sport the earll dals of the sport.saidit best:"Tennisis
ond why? Whot odvice would you give morethanjust a sport.It's an art. like the ballet,
someonewonting to toke it up? The best or like a performance in the theatre."
odiclewillwino 9.l00voucherto soendot JM
Sports.'Writeyourorticlefor the competition.
You see the following notice in on c
Morethan any otherV pe of musi cI
internotionolmogozine,'Wherein the world
enjoy classicalmusic Contraryto
wouldyou mostliketo go ond why? Sendus popul arbel i efi t i s not j ust for ol d
yourorticlesond you moy win o trip therel' peopl e. C l assi cal musi c has
Writeyourorticlefor the competition, structureand beauty,lt is complex
and di verse and i t i s more
A populor teen mogozineis lookingfor its mai nstreamthanyou may real i se
reoders' fovourite celebrity. Describeyour
fovouritecelebrityond soywhyyou thinkthey
shouldbe voted 'Celebrifuof the Yeor'.Write
vourorticle. D
Anywherein the worlc co^ be 'te most beoutiful
ploce in the world depenc^g c'r ,,/hoseeyesit is
beingseenthroughTherefc'e^ ':y opinionthereis
o Introductions
& Conclusions no plocemorebeoutiful tr3r'he smollvillogein the
heorlof the English
coun:rvs
de wnereI wosborn.
,:reningandclosingparagraphs canbe the mostdifficult
,rtsof an articleto write.It is herethat you shoulduse
-rhniquesand devicesto eitherdrawthe readerin to read
'' rrc of your article (in the introduction)or leavethe reader Ei
, elingsatisfiedand/orleavethem with somethingto think of all the people:^'c-c^o-i
Overall,
.out (in the conclusion). history,NelsonManoea -as -.,
", admiration andrespect,no: o^ , 'c'
:resetechniques include:
oerng a grear sratesra- a- j
h ^ ;^ ^
- ^ ,^ 1 +
. ()ffering a general thought or objective statementc.g
peacemaker but alsofgr'I s r',c'<
iittt h's tlrc cln,erpeoplebehind the scenesthat make a
for socialand human r c^:s s
,,ri rtl hurvlsuc:t'cssJttl.
ruthertlt(tntlrcmLLsicians
themselves. -
commitment to frghtr^cAiDS:^:
o addressingthe readerdirectlyc.g.Hat,eyou et'er ? Can
his supportfor worthyca-se>a^c
i i trtu,Jine ? ', charities
is unsurpassed
rrsinga quotationeg.As SumuelJohnsonsaid."llhen a num ' tllii,tNN$lilrri'
:-
;t'r'titl hndrn lrc is tiretloJ-hfe."
. askinga rhetorical questione.g.Most peoplewotrkl Iike
t' u house of their ow'n Wbuldn'l yvru?
",ri',
M oDULE
5 145

|
 Writing: Articles
o Model Analysis
a) Read the rubrics.Which
asks you to:exploin ond
suggest?describe and
explain?
. Why do you enjoy reading?
. What book wouldyou advise
someoneyour ate to read?
We will publishthe bestarticle
and givethe writer f 100.
. What is the best conceft
you'veever beento?
. Why did you like itl
. What wasso specialaboutit?
Write an article answering
these questionsand the best
one will receivetwo ticketsto
the RockwaveMusicFestival.
b) Read the models and
match them to the rubrics.
What plan does each
model follow? Which
techniques have been used
in the opening and closing
paragraphs? In pairs, write
alternative opening/closing
paragraphs for each model
using a difrerent technique.
c) Think of an appropriate
title for each article.
146MODULE5
Thereis nothingI enjoymore
thangetting
lostinthepagesofa
goodbook.Reading material
is
all aroundus all the time and
booksarenotonlyan important
learningtool but also a great
meansof entertainment.
Reading opensup wholenewworldsto the reader.lf you readfc
studypurposes thenyou can learnaboute
or to find information,
million
thingsfromhistorical to howmuchteathereisinChina
events
Perhaps youpreferfictionor adventure Youcanbea hero,i
stories.
pirate,a wizardor anyoneyouwantinthepagesof a book.
Reading alsohelpsbroadenthemind.Thereis muchmoreto it thar
simplyunderstanding what is written.Readersquicklylearntc
analysewhat theyreadand developa criticalapproach
thathelps
themto formulate
theirownideasandopinions.
Therearea number of booksthatI wouldrecommend to a readerm,
age.I lovedtheHarryPofferbooksandHlsDarkMaterials by Philic
Pullman.Theyarefullof actionandvividdescriptions.
Thecharacters
aregreat,too.
To my mind,thereis nothingbetteryoucando withyourtimethan
read,Afterall,asSirRichard said,"Reading
Steele isto themindwha:
exercise
isto thebody."
r9?rl :-y'
,'.-\-
i
I Morethananything
elseI lovelistening
to music, live
especially
music.ThebestconcedI haveeverbeento wasHydeParkCallingin
Londonlastyear.
It tookplacein Junein HydePark.lt startedin the afternoon
anc
Therewasan impressive
carriedon intothe evening. programme
Topof thebillwasPeterGabriel,
thenCrowded House, TheFeeling
andGhosts.
Theperformanceswereexcellent. Thesoundqualitywasfantastic
and the atmosphere was brilliant.
Therewerehugecrowdsof
peopleandwealldanced andsangalongto themusic.lt actually
rainedat onepointbutit didn'tdampenourspirits
onebit.
Whatmadethisconcertso specialwasthefactthattwoof myall
timefavouriteperformerswereinthesameplaceatthesametime
I havelovedPeterGabriel sinceI wasa kid andneverI thoughtI
wouldgetthechance to seehimperform liveasheisquiteoldnow
Also,Crowded Househadactually splitup butreformedagainanc
wentontourto promote theirGreatest
Hitsalbum.I wasverylucky
to getto seethemboth.
I hada wonderfultime
andanunforgettable
experience.I can'twait
to go againthisyearandif yougetthechanceto go youshould
too.
 a) Read the extracts below.Which uses
n arrotive, descriptive, argumentotive)
techniques?
.!) lbizais an islandof extremes.
For the person who likes
nightlife and a party
atmosphere,San Antonio
offers all this and more. lf,
on the other hand, you
prefera quiet relaxingholiday
with sandy beaches and
beautifulscenery,then Portinatxon
the othersideof the islandis the placefor you.
Q tn my opinion, eating junk
food is self-destructive
behaviour. There is no
nutritional value in food
that is full of sugar;saltand
fat. lt simplymakessenseto
eat a well-balanced healthy
diet with plenty of fresh fruit
and vegetables.You will look
good,feel good and livea lot longer.
O t have never had such a
- fantastic time. The stage ,
show was excellent.The
musicwas fantasticand the
atmospherewas amazing.
The audiencewas on their
feet the whole time dancing
andsingingalongto the music.I
felt energisedand reallyhappyand if
you everget the chanceto seethem perform,l'm
sureyou will enjoythe experience
asmuchasI did.
@ rfre \ain ctrangelwould suggest
for the evening television
scheduleis that the current
excess of vintage comedy
programmesbe replacedwith
quality documentariesand
dramas.Children'sprogrammes
and family entertainmentwould
be best scheduledbetween4 pm and
6 pm followed by the early evening news
signalling a change to more serious
programming.
b) Which extract(s) express an opinion,
make a suggestion,describe an
experience, describe a place,give advice,
recommend something?
o Discuss& Write
Writing:Articles
s-
a) Read the rubrics, underline the key
words and answer the questions.
entertainment?Write us anarticletellinguswhat
you think.Thebestarticlewill receive€ 150.
Write your article ( 120-180words).
An internationalmagazine is lookingfor articles
aboutartists/musicians/writers/dancers/
filmmakerswho havemadea big impacton
cultureandthe ars in the last50 years.
You have decided to write an article about
someoneyou think has made an important
contributionto modern culturethroughtheir
work.
Write your article givingexamples(120-180
words).
You seethe followingnotice on your school
noticeboard.
ilVow experience?
\Wl-lt -ott ^"_\o:1ble
Can you write an afticle describingyour most
vividmemory?Explainwhat happened andwhy it
wasso memorable.The bestarticlewill appearin
the school magazine.
Write your article (120-180words).
I What doeseachrubric askyou about?
2 Who is goingto readyour pieceof writing?
3 What paragraphplanwill you follow?
b) Choose one rubric and write your article.
I Swap papers and evaluate your partner's
piece of writing. Use the following
checklist.
I Doesthearticleanswerthe rubric?
ls therea titleto thearticle?
1
I ls thearticledividedintoparagraphs?
I Whattechniques havebeenusedin theopening/
closingparagraphs?
Ja ls thestyleappropriate?
ffi Hasa widerangeof vocabulary beenused?
I Are thereanygrammar/structura[ mistakes?
MODULE5 147
 ItVriiing: Ile yie h/s
o A reviewis a brief descriptionof a book,film, play,
album, restaurant,PC game, etc. A review gives
the main pointsof the plot, event,etc includingthe
writer's comments/recommendation.
. Whenwriting a review,considerthe tensesyou shoulduse
for each paragraph.When describingthe plot, present
tensesshould be used.Paragraphsshould include more
than one sentence.When a new topic is introduced,begin
a new paragraph.Your recommendationor judgement
shouldbe included in the conclusion.Always give good
reasonsto supportyour comments/opinions.
o The style of a review can be formal or informal
dependingon the intendedreader.
Useful language
Background
The film/story is set in ...; This well-written/informative/
fascinatingbook ...; This original first noveValbum...; The
film/ book tells the storyof ...; The book/novelwaswritten by
. .; The film is directedby ...; The work is basedon ...; It is
a comedy/horrorfilmilove story.
Main points of the plot
The plot focuseson ...;The storybegins/concerns/is about . .;
The plot has an unexpectedtwist ...; The film reachesa
dramaticclimax...; The plot is (absolutely)thrilling/(rather)
boring.
Generalcommentsand opinion
It is rather confusingAondsloflboring.;The castis excellent/
wealdawful/unconvincing.; The script is clever/dull/exciting.;
It has a tragicisurprising/dramaticend.; It is beautifully/
poorly/badlywritten.; It doesn't come acrossas ...; The
arrangements are simple/effective/complicated.;rich/dull
sound;catchytune;featuresa varietyof musicalinstruments;
powerfuVweakvoice
F-
,.,t,
lntroduction
Para.I Background(setting,type of story,
characters)
Main Body
Para.2 Mainpointsof the plot/event,etc
Para.3 Generalcomments
Conclusion
148 MODULE5
Choose the correct word.Which sentence
is about a film, a concert, a book, a festival,
a music CD, a school play,a console game?
Despite being a(n) amateur/professional
performance,
it waswell-acted
andvery entertaining.
It is set/situated in the English
countrysidein the
| 920s.
JamesMcAvoyportrays/acts the quietaccountant
who is transformedinto an assassin.
4 The albumis sureto be a bestseller/chart topper.
5 It has great designfeatures,superb pictures/
graphics and is reallyfun to play.
It was the worst live performance/appearance
I haveeverseenand I wasvery disappointed.
It was a fun occasion/occurrence with food.
musicand competitions- a greatday out for all
the family.
Read the extracts.What is each review
about? Which is part of a letter?
The stageshow was fantastic
and the atmospherewas
brilliant but the sound quality
was disappointing.That is to
say,he does not sing well live.
The audiencemade up for it
, though by singing along to every
ne of his songs.
You should definitely get this game. It's just the
sort of thing you'll like. It's got lots of action,5 skill
levelsand hidden bonuses.You can play as a hero
or a villain. I just know you'll love it. I just can't
stop playing it.
Wanted is an action adventure
film that follows the
transformation of Wesley
Gibson, a quiet accountant,
into an assassintrained to kill by
a secret fraternity so he can take revenge for his
father's death. It is a beautifully acted and fast-
paced thriller with lots of explosions and guns co-
starringAngelina Jolie. One for the boys!
 LV
r i ti, t1: Itevievv sS'

a) Read the rubric, underline the key words and a) Read the extract from a
answer the questions. restaurant review and
replace the words in bold
Your schoolmagazine hasaskedstudentsto submitreviews with words from the list.
of booksthey haveread recently.Writeyour reviewgiving . helpful . comfortable. colourful
a briefsummary/of the plot andsayingwhy you think other . modern . impressed. delicious
peoplemaylike it. . varied . quick
I Who is goingto readyour reviewl
2 Which tensesshouldyou usel
3 How couldyou recommendid

b) Read the model. Complete

the paragraph plan. How
does the writer
recommend the book?

NorthernLights, the first book of His Dark

Materialstrilogyby PhilipPullmanis a fantasy
adventure for youngadults.lt is set in a parallel
universewhere everyone'ssoul is an animal b) Read the extract from a
thatfollowsthem everywhere calleda daemon.
theme park review and
Themaincharacteris LyraBelacqua,an orphan
livingat JordanCollege,Oxford. insert adjectives/adverbs
from the list to make it
Lyra becomesinvolvedin a seriesof strange
more interesting.
eventsthat she unintentionally sets in motion
when she savesher uncle'slifeby chance.Her . enjoyable. gentle . relatively
best friend, Roger, is kidnapped by people . traditional. sensational
known only as 'gobblers' who are . wide . exciting
experimenting on childrenand theirdaemons.
Lyrajoinsforceswitha raceof peoplecalledthe
Gyptiansto try and rescue all the stolen
children.On her journey to the north, she
becomesfriendswith a warriorpolar bear, a
witchand a sky pilot and usesa compassthat
answersquestions.She finds out that her
mother,MrsCoulter,is in chargeof the gobblers
and discoversthat her uncle. Lord Asriel. is
reallyherfather.
The book is a well-written fast-paced
adventure.The heroine is inventiveand
independent.lt is an epic story with many
memorablescenesthat feed the imagination
thoughsomepartsare a littlegloomy.
The ridescateredto a rangeof agegroups
Overall,lfoundthisbookto be highlyenjoyable
and included thrill rides such as
and entertaining. Althoughit was a littledark in
parts,it is a thrillingstorythat takesyou on an rollercoastersaswellasotherridessuchas
excitingmagicaladventurewhich makes you merry-go-rounds anda miniaturerailway.In
eagerfor the sequel. addition.the stallsand sideshows offered
funfor allthe familywith gamesof skilland
gamesfrom timesgoneby.

vooure
s_[l
 Qrr
ItVrttitr{,1:
IIe vietvs

a) Compare and contrast the two models.

Which seems more appropriate to you?
Whv?

b) Which model:
. uses a variety of adjectives?
. is informal in style (e.g.usesshort sentences,
contractions,colloquiallanguage) ?
. doesnt give reasonsfor its recommendationl
. usessimplelinkingwords?
. doesnt haveparagraphs?

COLDPLAY: VIVA LA VIDA

COLDPLAY:VIVALA VIDA
Coldplay'slatest CD Viva la
Vidais reallygreat.Thereare
ten main tracks and two
bonus tracks.The CD's first
singleVioletHillisreallygood.
Viva la Vida is the second
single and it is reallygood,
too.Cemeteries of Londonis a
reallycatchytune.I reallyliked
thissong!lt was my favourite.
I alsolikedLoversin Japan.lt
remindedme of the Far East.
This album is alreadyin the
top ten in the UKandthe USA.
lf I were you, I wouldgo out
and buythisCD rightaway!
VivalaVida by Coldplay is a fantasticCD and rn€l! poSS:l', :"
their best to date. There are ten main tracks and twc :,:r-
tracksto enjoy, each one offeringsomethingunique
the wholealbumtakesa new directionfor the band anc
titlesuggests,there is a Hispanicinfluence.
The CD's first single, VioletHill, is an anti-warprolesr s:r :
with a soft beat and a steady rhythm. The rich sounc :ri -,*
titlesong and second single,Vivala Vida,is interest-,: a- :
unexpected. Actually, so is the whole album. ',',':- --
unusualblend of moody instrumentalsand techno s:r-- r:
in a mixture of emotional songs and cheerful --,r-+
Cemeteriesof London starts off softly with dark lyn::s r- :
lots of atmosphereand then changestempo into a :=;'
tune that will have you singingalong with it. Then Lc.,:'.
Japan is a melodicsong with a rich sound and an in'-e- : .
from the Far East.
This album has alreadyreachedthe top ten in both :-E -,L,,
and the USA album charts and is not about to stoc :-e",
Coldplaywill continueto captivateaudiencesall cr'?- -:
world with their unique sound and alternativerock :--e..
definitelyrecommendthat you buy this CD. lt's a rJ- :
any collection.

2 Look at Model B.What is each paragraph about?Think of another way to recommend =r 3

3 Think of your favourite CD.

. What is its name? . Which are the bestsongs?
. Who is it by? . How wouldyou recommendit?
. How manysongshasit gotl
. What is the albumabout?

Answer the questions.Use your answers to tell the class.

:rnl
I CUI vooules
I
I
 Read the film review below and put the paragraphs into
the correct order.What is each paragraph about?
o Discuss& Write
Writing #eviews

a) Read the rubrics, underline

s"
the key words and answer
the questions.

The Dark Krrfght Your Englishteacher has asked

your classto write a review of a
film they haveseen recently.The
best one will be publishedin the
f, The film is a fantastic film full of spectacularchases
"*,on school magazine.Write your
and amazing special effects.The actors, in particular
review including details about
Ledger,give magnificentper{ormancesand the directingis
the characters and plot and
first class. whether you recommend it.
B| | The Dork Knightis the latest Batmanfilm in which he joins
forces with the chief of police and the DA to fight a bank An English language magazine
robber who callshimselfthe Joker.Thefilm is directedby has asked its readers to send in
reviews of their favourite
Christopher Nolan and stars Christian Bale as Batman/
books. Write your review
Bruce Wayne, Gary Oldman as Lt Jim Gordon, Aaron
giving details about the main
Eckhartas DA Harvey Dent, MaggieGyllenhaalas assistant characters and the story. Say
DA RachelDawes,the woman Batmanloves,and the late why you like it and make a
Heath Ledgeras the Joker. recommendation.

il Thisfilmis a mustsee.lt will keepyouon the edgeof your
seat and haunt you long after it's over.Dont miss it!
Dl-l Set in Gotham City, the story starts right where Batmon
Beginsleft off. BruceWayne teams up with
Lt Gordon and DA, Harvey Dent to rid
the city of organisedcrime,but a new
criminal mastermind who calls
himselfthe Joker starts a reign of
terror and brings chaos to the
city. The five main characters
weave in and out of a
complex and unforgettable
story which twists and
turns to an ultimate
showdown between
good and evil.
I What does each rubric ask you to
write?
2 Who is goingto readyour pieceof
writing?
3 What paragraphplanwill you follow?
4 How wouldyou recommendit?
b) Choose one rubric and write
a review.
6- Swap papers and evaluate your
partner's piece of writing. Use
the following checklist.
Cxecrlrsr Fon REVIEWS
-:.:.iai:iitii:::l:f ii:ix:X*::iti::::1tx:i;i:i!!!i{lii::}:1.
. Does the piece of writing answer
: the rubricl
. ls the review divided into paragraphs?
;
. What paragraph plan has been r
:
followedl
. ls the style appropriate?
. Has a wide rangeof vocabularybeen
used?
. Are there any grammar/structural
mistakes?
::: ;,,,;:;:lff:liiii:ii:::ii:3i,,
 *O, The picturesshow
1
three London shopping
locations.What do you think a
tourist might find there? Listen
and read through to find out.
2 Read the text and choose the
correct market (A-C) for each
question (l-6).
Which place:
. suits people with different
financialmeansl
o has a buildingused for
two different purposesl
o sellssome very unusual
itemsl
o is better known for
somethingelse other
than shopping?
. might not be very pleasant
at a particular time?
o is made up of several
different parts
Match the words/phrases in
bold to their synonyms below.
. closeness. keeptrying
. itemsof clothingworn especially
by Indianwomen . very good
indeed . means(financial)
. smalldecorativeobjectsof no
realvalue . chicand expensive
. customers . provides . different
. joined . havea look at
4 Choose a market and describe
it to your partnen
In pairs, talk about where you
) facl, severalconnected markets,
like to go shopping in your
town/city.What can you buy
there? Are the places famous
for anything in particular?
Work in groups. Collect
information and produce a guide
to shopping in your town/city.
MODULE5
With over 4O,O(X)fantastic shops and plenty
of markets to choose from, London is a shopaholic's
Thebuzzonmarket dayaround BrickLane, in
theheartof London'sEastEnd,ishardto beat.
EverySunday, aswellastheusual stalls
selling
bric-a-bracandclothing,youwillcome across
many - moresurprising- offerings.
Silks,
saris
ttTt andspices areallto befoundhere,butBrick
Laneis mostfamous foritscurryhouses, run
ETI by the area'slargeSouthAsianpopulation.
Morerecently,BrickLanehasbecome hometo several
exhibition
spac-
andisalsopopular withfashionstudentswhoselltheircreations
onmark.
FTI stalls
andin shops. Notalltheartyou'llseeis forsale,though.
Youca
havefunas youshopby looking outfor grafiiti
byfamous streetartis.
suchasBanksy.
FTI
ts]-l @ Orc"td Street
Whether youarelooking
forclothes
orcameras,perfume you'
orpottery,
FTI suretofindit somewhere
along0xfordStreet,
Europe's highstree
busiest
Withover300shops, there's somethingto sL
everytasteandbudget. There's lc
Selfridges,
example, closeto BondStreet's erclusive
stores,whichattractsa wealthyclientele
whereas Primark,just opposite, catersfc
thoseona tighter
budget. Thisstreet'scentra.
locationand proximity to London's t0uris
means
attractions thatit is oftenovercrowdei
and noisy,especiallyduringthe sales,bL
persevere andyou'resureto findyourself .
bargain.
(9 Gamden tlarket
lf yourtastesaremore perhaps
alternative, you
should try Camden
Market.Thismarket
is, in
eachone
in something
specialising different. market
The
hall,for example,is packed full of jewellery,
ceramics andart.Musiclovers, on theother
hand,willwantto checkoutthestallsby the
canal.Also,don'tforgetto visitTheElectric
Ballroom (whichturnsintoa nightclubin the
evenings!),whereyou'llfindallthelatest andgetto meetthe
fashions
people whodesigned themlThen, if allthatshopping
makes youhungry.
thereis delicious
foodfromaround theworldavailable
atthemanvstalls
under therailwav
arches.

What do you know about
clouds?What do you expect
to learn from the text?
Read and check.
Read again and complete
the gaps l- l2 with the
correct word. Compare
answers with a partner.
Answer the questions.
How do clouds form? Placethe
notes in order:
The air rises and cools.
The sun heatsthe oceans.
The water vapour changes
into droplets which join
together.
The droplets become heavy
and fall as rain.
Currents of warm air and
invisiblewater vapour are
formed.
How are clouds both vital and
terrifying?
What could new technology
enableus to do? Do you think
chisis a good idea?
Match the words/phrases in
bold to their synonyms
below.
. weak . jointogether . huge
. terrible . veryfull . contents
. shiningbrightlyandhotly
. thingssth cando
. very bright
. increases gradually
. lowest part
o very tmPortant . beingdiscussed
. grvtngmoney to
t0,rl Readand ristento the
text.What did you learn from
the text?What else would you
like to know about the topic?
t' LJrri c til ur ('tJ.t
Science
The cloudsyou see in the sky are by 0) no meansjust pretty
decorations. Theyplaya vital partin maintaining lifeon Earthand are
responsible forsomeofthe1) terrifying
actsof naturaldestruction.
E Cloudsform2) thesamereasonthatmistappears on a cold
metalspoonwhenyoubreathe on it.Tinydroplets of waterformwherethe
E
aircools,because coldaircannotholdas muchwatervapour 3) ..............
warmair.In theEarth'swatercycle,the heatfromthesunbeatingdown
on the oceanscreatescurrentsof warmair loadedwith invisible water
vapour.As the air rises,it 4) .............
cools,and so the vapourforms
millionsof dropletsaroundpiecesof atmospheric dust.Whendroplets join
together, theyeventually becomeheavyenoughto fallbackto theground
5) ..............
life-giving
rain.
Cloudsmaylookfragile,6) ..............theyareactually oneof nature,s
giants.A typicalcloud holdsmillionsof tonnesof water.Disastrous
flooding canresult whenhugecloudsrelease theirload.7) ..............
oftheir
mostdangerous capabilities
isthethunderstorm. lf youhaveeverrubbed
yourbarefeetacrossa carpetandthentoucheda metaldoorhandle, you
may 8) felt an electricshock.Lightning occursin muchthe
9) ..............
way,buton a giganticscale.As waterparticles rubagainst
eachother,a negative chargebuildsup at the baseof the stormcloud.
Whenenoughchargebuilds up, it is releasedin a dazzlingflashof
electricityconnecting the cloudto the ground.Theenergyreleased in a
thunderstorm wouldbe 10) ...... .. to powereveryhomeintheUSAfora
wholeday!
Attemptshaverecentlybeenmadeto bringthesegiantsunderour
11).... ..... Usinga technology called'cloudseeding', aeroplanes spray
cloudswitha substance thatencourages thedroplets to combineandfall
as rain.Althoughthe resultsare stillunderdebate,countries including
Australia,ChinaandtheUSAareallinvestingin research. So,maybeone
daywewillbeableto havea partyandordernot12) thefoodand
drink,butclearskiesaswell!
i::*
:::
"
stni*$ji
i ICT In pairs collect information about clouds.Present it
; to the class.Youcan visit this website:
-
MODULE
5 1 53
 Check 5
Progress They were staying somewhere off the walked/
F ill in: beaten track.
They decidedit would be for the best in the short/
long run.
I think shoppingonlineis the most . . rn".nod
Paul buys lots of things online from auction sites/
of shopping.
shops.
2 He had a loo k o f ......... d i s b e l i e of n h i s face.
t0 I offered what I thought was a proper/fair price
3 M y f ir s t day a t w o rk w a s a ......... e x p eri ence
/ Poin,r,
that left me feelingdepressed.
\sx3 r s
4 Unf or t unat e l y ,w el i v e i n a ......... s o c i e t y.
Complete the sentences using the words in
5 There are many . shops on Bond Street
bold. Use two to five words.
and RegentStreet in London.
6 I only buy on l i n efro m .. s i te s . She has two brothers,one of them is an actor.
w hom S hehastw o brothers,....
7 I was disappointedwhen I arrived in Franceby the
...... an act or ,
climate.
She hates shoppingso she never goes to the mall
8 We chosethis hotel becauseof its . . . . . to the beach.
which She hates shopping
9 Janelikesto wear . . clothes.
..... goestothem all.
l0 Placesof natural beauty and the wildlife are as
It's a pity I can't afford to buy these shoes.
much a part of the .. of a country as
onl y l f ....
historicalbuildingsand traditions.
.... to buy theseshoes
/ poin.r, \
\ro x z N ) "Why don't we go to the mall on Saturday?"Jane
sai d.
Fill in: goi ng Jane .
... on Sat ur dav
| .... ....type 5.... ....price The dresswas not nearlyas expensiveas she expected
2.... materials 7 .... .....role tar
3 .... ..... shut 8 .... .. glasses ':: ::::: ;;; il;;0".*o
/ Points:
4.........personality 9.... ....card
\ roxz zo
5.... ...travel l0 ......quality
/ Poin,r' \
Complete the sentenceswith a word
formed from the word in capitals.
\rox r i)
Hurricanescan cause terrible
Choose the correct prepositions.
amountsof.... DESTROY
I The resultsare stillunder/in debate. One of the most dangerous
2 The marketwaspackedbylwith shoppers. of clouds CAPABLE
is the thunderstorm.
3 Tracywasvery enthusiastic abouUfor the shopping
trip. "Thatb so kind of you," I replied

4 How muchdo you spendon/for clothesper month? SARCASM

5 The other kids had an air forlof belongingthat I Madagascaris full of ORDINARY
diversewildlife.
wantedto feel,too.
/ Poinrr' \ The hotel was in a perfect
\sxz i ) LOCATE
/ Poin,t,
Choose the correct word.
\sx+ n
I lt was a dull day with lots of heavy/thick clouds. Nt ; w | . . rr / M, ,.or",
\ r oo
2 They like to go campingin all/every weathers.
. talk about teenageproblems
3 Scotland has many places of outstanding nature/ . talk about travel & shopping
natural beauty. . talk about the weather
4 The country's boundary/border has changed . make decisions
many times in the last century. . expressannoyance/sympathy
5 You need a boardingcard/ticket to get on a plane. . compliment/thanksomeone
. w ri te revi ew sand arti cl es
6 Traveller'sbills/cheques are safer than cash. .." i tt E l t, .

154 MODULE5

' r d ul e I
)arati v e sa n d Su p e rl a ti ve s
,l,q:.se the comparative to compare one person or
*1|"E .vichanother.We use the superlative to compare
ir"E:€rson or thing with more than one person or thing
rrlr€ samegroup.We often use than after a comparative
.irr Cre before a superlative.He is younger thon rne.He's
ilrr r.oungest personin the room.
:)-E:i{cn of comparativesand superlativesfrom adjectives
rr: rircrbs:
r *ith one-syllableadjectives,we add -(e)r to form the
:cmparative and -(e)st to form the superlative.
:ose --closer- closest
Hote: for one syllableadjectivesending in a vowel
+ a consonant. we doublethe consonant.
= -fo n e r-f ot t es t
r .'th two-syllableadjectivesending in -ly, -y, -w, we
iso add -er/-est. lively- livelier- liveliest
Note: for adjectivesending in a consonant + y, we
=place the -y with an -i.tidy - tidier - tidiest
.'th other two-syllable adlectivesor adjectiveswith
'
-ore than two syllables, comParatives and
;,-oerlatives are formed with more/most.
=-rDensjve -
- rnore expensive tnost expensive
I o
adverbs that have the same form as their
-'rh
iljectives, we add -erl-est. fost - foster - fostest
" :e'o'syllableor compound adverbstake more/most.
-"l;rrly- more slowly- rnost slowly
Note: clever, common, cruel, friendly, gentle,
pleasant, polite, shallow, simple, stupid, quiet
:an form their comparativesand superlativeseither
.'th -er/-est or with more/most.
r lrregular forms:
=cod - better - best / bad - worse - worst /
-uch - more - most / little - less- least/
e: - farther/further - farthest/furthest /
- a n y/l o ts - m or e- m os t
-,rscs of comparisons:
+ adjective + as (to show that two people or
'
-s
?;ngs are similar in some way) In negativesentences
re use not as/so ...as.This jocketis os exPensive os
rot one.
Ess + adjective + than (expressesthe difference
:erween two people or things)The opposite is more
- dran. Poulis less successful thon hisfriendAdom.
dre least + adiective + oflin (compares one
:erson or thing to two or more people or things in
=€ samegroup)The opposite is the most ... oflin.
-e is the leost hord-working person I've ever met.
.rruch/a lotllarla little/a bit/slightly + comparative
srPresses the degree of difference between two
:eople or things)/ock is slightly older than Jerenry.
comparative and comparative (to show that
irrnething is increasingor decreasing)lt ger wormer
cnd wormer everyday.
Reference
Grammar
the + comparative ..., the * comparative (shows
that two things change together, or that one thing
depends on another thing). The morc I proctise
the eosier rt becomes.
speolcngSponish,
by far + the + superlative (emphasises the
difference between one person or thing and two or
more people or things in the same group). Lost
summerwos by for the hottest we have everhod.
The to-infinitive is used:
. to express purpose. Shetook o toxi to orrive eorly.
o after certain verbs (agree, appean decide, expect,
hope, plan,promise, refuse,etc). Ihey expectto stort
printing next Mondoy.
. after would like, would prefer, would love, etc to
express a specificpreference.I wouldprefer to go to
the cinemo tonight
o after adjectiveswhich describefeelings/emoaons(hopry,
sod,glod, etQ; express willingness/unwillingness (willing
eoger,relucton[etQ; refer to a person's character (clever,
kind,etc)and the adiectiveslucky and fortunate. I wos
veryhappyto hear thot Jenniferond Derekhod pt engoged.
Note: With adiectivesthat refer to characterwe can
also use an impersonalconstruction.lt wos kindof you
to let me know.
after too/enough. Cothy isn't old enough to drive o
cor.
o to talk about an unexpectedevent,usuallywith on[y.
I finolly orrived home only to find that my househod
beenburgled.
o with it + be + adiective/noun. lt wosn't eosy to
find o new bobysitter..
o after be + first/second/next/last etc. She wos the
ttrst person to talk otthe conference.
. after verbs and expressions such as ask, learn,
explain, decide, find out, want, want to know
etc, when they are followed by a question word. In
the end,they decided to go to the theote.
Note: why is followed by subject * verb, NOT an
infinitive.I wonderwhy she didn't show up.
o in the expressions to tell you the truth, to be
honest, to sum up, to begin with etc. To tell you
the truth, I wos scoredto deoth.
Note: lf two to'infinitives are linked by and or or,
the to of the second infinitivecan be omitted. I would
like to go ond see for myself.
" . - , s es : i{ t h e I n f in it iv e
Presenfi (to) work
Present Continuous: (to) be working
Perfect (to) have worked
Perfect Continuous: (to) havebeen working
o The Present Infinitiverefers to the present or future.
Josonwontsto seeyou nM.
155
 Reference
Grammar
o The Present Continuous Infinitive expresses an
action happening now. Aren't you supposedto be
looking after your brotherat the moment?
o The Perfect Infinitiveis used to show that the action
of the infinitive happened before the action of the
verb. She cloimsto hove been toVenicetwice.
o tum off the n.
The PerfectContinuousInfinitiveis usedto emphasise
the duration of the action of the infinitive,which
happenedbefore the action of the main verb. He seems
to have been studying oll night His eyesore red.
The infinitive without to is used:
a after modaf verbs. Beth con Ptay the cellowell. 'a
a after the verbs let, make, see, hear, and feel. Ihey
mode him Poy for the domoge.BUT we use the to-
infinitive after be made, be heard, be seen, etc
(passiveform). He wos made to Poy for the domoge.
Note: When see, hear and watch are followed by
an -ing form, there is no changein the passive.He
sow me reoding the letter.I wos seen reoding the
letter.
after had better and would rather. We had better
go home now beforeit storts roining.
help can be followed by either the to-infinitive or
the infinitive without to. She helped me (to)
colry my bogsup the stoirs.
- i n gf o r m
The -ing form is used:
a as a noun. Swimming is o greot form of exercise.
o after certain verbs: admit apprr''-te, ayoid,
continue, deny, fancy, go (for activities),imagine,
mind, miss, qui( save, suggest, practise, consider,
prevent He suggested going outto dinner.
after love, like, enjoy, prefer, dislike, hate to
express general preference. Billyloves eotingchocolote
ice<reom.BUT for a specific preference (would
like/would prefer/would love) we use a to-infinitive.
after expressionssuch as be busy, it's no use, it's
(no) good, it's (not) worth, what's the use of,
can't help, there's no point in, can't stand, have
difiiculty (in), have trouble, etc. There is no point
in chonging your mind;it is too lote now.
after spend, waste or lose (time, money,etc). He
sqent o lot of moneyrenovoting his house.
after the preposition to with verbs and expressions
such as look forward to, be used to, in addition
to, object to, prefer (doing stfr to sth else). He
prefers reoding o bookto watchingTV.
o after other prepositions.He wosthinkingof mwing house.
o after the verbs hear, listen to, notice, see,watch, and
feef to describe an incomplete action. I heod John
talbng to Amondo. (l only heard part of the
conversation.)BUT we use the infinitive without to
with hear, listen to, notice, see, watch, and feel to
describe the complete action. I head John tolk to
Amando.(lheardthe whole conversation.)
156
Difference in meaning between the to-infinitive
and -ingform
Some verbs can take either the to-infinitive or the -ing
form with a changein meaning.
o forget + to-infinitive = not remember.He forgot to
forget + -ing form = not recall. lll never forget
trovel li ng oround Chino.
o remcmber + to infinitive = not forget. Did yot,
remember to poy the bllb?
remember + -ing forrn = recall.l rcmember heoring
her soythot
mean + to-infinitive = intend to. l'm sorry,I never
meont to hurt your feelings.
mean + -ing form = involve. lf I toke the job,it wii
meon moving to NewYork
regret + to-infinitiye = be sorry to (normally usec
in the present simple with verbs such as say, tell
inform). We regret to inform you thot you hove na:
been short listed for interview.
regret .t' -ing form = feel sorry about. I regret
Iosing touch with my old friend Steven.
try + 1s-lttfinitive = do one's best, attempt. She
tried to tolkto him but he just wouldnt listen.
try + -ing form = do somethingas an experiment
Why donl you try getting uP eorlierin the morning?
Clauses of result are used to express result.They are
introduced with the following words/phrases:
os o result, therefore,consequentlylos o conseguence, so,
so/such...tho\erc
"
. as a result/thereforc/consequently/as a
consequence lhe hole in the ozoneloyeris becomini
biggerond bigger.As o rcsult/thereforelconsequently
os o conseguence the Eorth\ temperotureis risingat o,
olarming rote.
o so I wos tired,so I hod on eorly night
o such alan + adjective + singular countable noun
Annie is such o good girl thot everybodyloyesher.
o such + adiective + plural/uncountable noun lhe
were such nice people thot I will olwoys remembe
them.lt wos such bod weother that we didn't go out
o such a lot of + plural/uncountable noun fher.
were such a lot of people in the room thot I couldn'
count them oll.There wos such o lot of work to do
thot I couldn't finishon time.
o so + adjective/adverb lhe knife wos so shorp thc-
funilycut herself.Shedrivesso corelessly thot shecoul:
hoveon occidenL
o so much/little + uncountable noun
so many/fey + plural noun There is so much
troffic thot we won't get to the oirport on time. l've gc
so fittle money thot I can't poy the renL She mode s.
many mistakes thot shefoiled the exom.Thereore sc
few pondos left we hove to protect them.

llausesof Purpose
Ctauses of purpose are used to explain why somebody
&es something.They are introduced with the following
rcrds/expressions:
o to-infinitive .fessicophoned the dentist to make on
oppointmenL
o in order to/so as to + infinitive (formal) Ihe
mdnoger reguested thot everyone work overtime in
order to meet the deodline.
o so that + can/will (present/future reference) Tokemy
numberso thot you can coll me whenyou onive otthe
hotel.
o so that + could/would (past reference) He gove
Judy direaionsso thot she could find hishouseeosily.
o in case + present tense (present or future reference)
Tokeyourcreditcordwittyou in coseyou run out of money.
. in case + past tense (past reference) Moggie had
token her mobilephonewith her in cose she needed ie
Note: in case is never used with will or would.
o for + noun (expressesthe purpose of an action)
John wentto hospitolfor his regulor'check-up.
. for + -ing form (expressesthe purposeof something
or its function) Losers ore olso used for trc,ating
gloucomo.
o with a view to + -ing form TheToylorssovedmoney
with o view to buying o biggerhouse.
AG can expressnegative purpose using:
o in order not to/so as not to + infinitive He sttdied
hord so os not to foil his exoms.
o prevent + noun/pronoun (+fpem) + -ing form
Strongwinds prevented the plane from toking off.
ruseso f Re a so n
Sbusesof reasonare used to expressthe reasonfor
;omething.They are introducedwith the followingwords/
zpressions:
o because I decided to suy ot homebecouseI wosfeeling
ilLBecouseI wosfeelinglll,l decidedto stayot home.
o as/since(=because) Theyboughthero ptesentos/since
itwos herbirthdoy.AslSince rt wosherbirthdoy,they
bought
hero present
o the reason for + noun/-ing form
the reason why + clause
7he reoson for his promotion wos(the foa) thot he
hod beenworkingveryhord.
Thefoct thot he hod beenworkingveryhord wosthe
reoson for hisbeing promoted.
The reoson why he wos Promoted wos (the foa)
thothe hod beenworkingveryhard.
o becauseof/on account ofldue to + noun because
of/on account of/due to the fact that * clause
Mory woslotefor workbecauseoflon account of the
heavy troffic.
Mory woslotefor workdue to the heovy troffic.
He oskedforo few doysoffbecauseoflon occount of
the fact thot he wos extremely tired.
Reference
Grammar
He oskedfor o few doysoff due to the foct thot he
wos eritremelytired.
now (that) * clause Now (that) she hos o fomily,
shehoslessfreetime.
for = because(in formalwritten style)
A clause of reason introduced with for always
comes after the main clause.
The dtizensof Abingdonwere extremelyworried,for o
newfoctorywosto be builtneortheirtown.
ll. lu s e : o f T t -e
Clausesof time are introduced by: after, as, as long
as, as soon as, before, by the time (= before, not
later than), every time, immediately, just as,
once, the moment (that), until/till (= up to the
time when),when,while, etc.
The thief hod to serve two yeors in prison until he wos
released.
Clauses of time follow the rule of the sequenceof
tenses;that is,when the verb of the main clause
is in a present or future form, the verb of the time
clauseis in the present form, and when the verb
of the main clauseis in a past form, the verb of the
time clause is in a past form too. Note that will/
would are never used in a clauseof time.
I'll go out os soon os l've finished cooking.(NOT: ec
seen<s-l-will-eee*)
She feft home os soon os she got dressed.(NOT: es
When the time clause precedes the main clause,a
comma is used.When the time clause follows, no
comma is used.
By the time he called,shehod left BUT Shehad ieft by
the time he colled.
Clr ' - ,sesof Cor ditio.r
Clauses of condition are introduced by:if, in case,
assuming (that), on condition (that), provided
(that), providing (that), unless, in the event
(that), in the event of, as/so long as, whether,
whether ... or (alternative condition), only il
even if, otherrvise, or (else), in case of
Kote told the children they could wotch TV provided
thot they didn't misbehave.
When the clause of condition precedes the main
clause.a comma is used.Whenthe clauseof condition
follows,no comma is used.
UnlessJohn colls,l'il stay in.BUT ,7 stoyin unlessJohn
colls.
They follow the rule of the sequenceof tenses,that
is,when the verb of the main clauseis in a present or
future form, the verb of the clauseof condition is in
the present form, and when the verb of the main
clause is in a past form, the verb of the clause of
condition is in a past form too. We dont use will/
would in clausesof condition.
l'll toke on umbrello in cose it rains. (NOT: in+eser+w#
rdF)
157
 Reference
Grammar
M odule2
THINK
PresentSimpleand PresentContinuous I think he willbe back We ore thinking about going
soon.(= believe) to Rome.(= are considering)
We use the present simple for: HAVE
o fucts and permanent states.Poulworlcs os o chef. He hos o newcor. He is hoving fun.
o general truths and laws of nature. Ihe sun rises in the (= own,possess ) (= is experiencing)
eost Sheis hoving a breok.
o habits and routines (with always, usually, etc). He (= is taking)
usuollytrovels obrood twice o yeor. We are hoving lunch.
o timetablesand programmes(in the future). His flight (= are eating)
leoyes ot six o'clock next Fridoy. SEE
o sporting commentaries, reviews and narrations. I con see my cor from here. I'm seeing Mr Brownot four
Johnsonwins the boll,crossesond kene scores for Ctty. (= it is visible) o'clock.(= am meeting)
o feefings and emotions. I love Madonno.Her music is I see whot you'resoying.
greaL (= understand)
TASTE
The time expressions we use with the present Thefoodtostesgreot Ion is tasting the soup to see
simple arez usuolty,often,olwuys,ercry doylweU monthlyeor (= it is,hasthe flavourof) if rt needsrnoresolt
etc,in the mominglaftemoon I ercningot nlghtldrcwelcend,on ts
Fridoys,ar
SMELL
We use the present continuous (to be + verb -ing): Dinnersmelfsdelicious. Sheis smellingthe milk
. for actions taking placeat or around the moment of (= hasthe aroma) (= is sniffing)
speaking.Anne is wotching TV. APPEAR
. for temporary situations.We are pointing the house Sheoppearsto be lost Sheis oppeoring in the
todoy. (= seemsto) schoolploy.
. for fixed arrangements in the near future. l'm (= is performing)
meetingJone tomorrow. FIT
. for currently changingand developingsituations.Ihe Ihe dressfits her perfectly. The elearicion is fitting o
weotherfs getting hotterond hotter. (= is the rightsize) new light in the holl.
o with adverbs such as always to express anger or (= is attaching)
irritation at a repeated action. He is olwoysbiting his
noils.
Note:
o The verb enjoy can be used in continuoustensesro
The time expressions we use with the present
continuous atez nor, ot the momenqot presenqthese express a specific preference. My dod reolly enjoys
d oys,nowodoys, still,today,toni ghg etc clossicolmusic.(generalpreference)BUT Het enjoying
theconcertvery much.(specificprrference)
o The verbs look (when we refer to somebody's
StativeVerbs appearance), feel (experiencea particular emotion).
hurt and ache can be usedin simpleor continuous
Stativeverbs are verbs which describea state rather than tenseswith no differencein meaning.
an action,and so do not usuallyhavea continuoustense. I feel very hoppy. = I om feeling very hoppy.
These verbs are:
o verbs of the senses(see, hear, smell, taste, feel, look, PresentPerfect
sound, seem, appear, etc). Theseflorers smell lwety.
. verbs of perception (knoq believe, understand, We use the presentperfect (have + past participle) for:
reaf ise, remember, forget, etc).I know whotto do. o an action that happenedat an unstated time in the
. verbswhich expressfeelingsand emotions(like, love,
past.Theemphasisis on the action,thetime when it
hate, enjoy, prefer, detest, desire, want, etc). Nino occurred is unimportant or unknown.l have woshed
enjoys rock music. the dishes. Lyn hos been toVenicetwice.
. some other verbs (be, contain, include, belong, fit . an action which started in the past and continues up
need, matter, cost, own, want, owe, weigh, wish, to the present, especiallywith stative verbs (see
have, keep, etc) This holidoycost me o fortune. above) such as be, have, like, know, etc. / hove
Someofthese verbs can be used in continuoustenses.but laown Sorohfor ftveyeors.
o a recently completed action. I hove closed the door.
with a differencein meaning.
o personal experiences or changes.She hos hod o
boby.

158

The time expressions we use with the present
perfect are: for, since,olreofr, olwoys,jus\ ever,neyer,so
for,todoy,this weeklmonthetc,hw long lotety,recentJy, still
(in negations),erc
D re s e n tPe r f e c tC on ti n u o u s
We use the present perfect continuous (have + been +
verb -ing):
o to put emphasison the duration of an action which
started in the past and continues up to the present.
We hove been boking cokesoll morning.
o for an action which started in the past and lastedfor
some time. lt may still be continuingor has finished
already with the result visible in the present. Hel
tired becousehe hos been working night shifu.
o to express anger, irritation or annoyance.He hos
been using my iPod ogoin!
o for repeated actions in the past continuing to the
present She got promoted becouse she hos been
wot*inghard.
The time expressions we use with the present
perfect continuous arez for, since, how long oll
doyI mominglmonth etc, lately,recentJy
Note: with the verbs live, work, teach and feel we can
use the present perfect or the present perfect continuous
with no difference in meaning.She hos livedlhos been
living in Londonfor the lost four yeors.
) ast S imp le
We use the past simple:
. for an actionthat occurredat a definitetime (statedor
implied)in the past.Shewent to thedentrstyesterdoy.
o for actionsthat happened immediatelyafteroneanother
in the past I got up,hodo showerond otebreakfost
o for habitsor stateswhich are now finished.My dod
wo*ed oso pilotbeforehe gotmarried.
Note: Used to canalsobe usedinsteadof the past
simplefor habits/repeated actionsin the past.
The time expressionswe use with the past simple
Erezyesterdoy,
then,ihen, How longogo...?,last nightlweekl
monthlyeorlFridoylOctober
etc,three dayslwxlcsetc ago,in
1999etc
)ast Continuous
We use the past continuous:
o for an action which was in progresswhen another action
interrupted itWe use the past continuousfor the action
in progress (the longer action),and the past simple for
the action which interrupted it (shorter action). We
were sleepingvvhenthe olormwentoff.
Reference
Grammar
for two or more simultaneousactions in the past &ll
wos listening to music vvhllehe wos doing his homework
for an action which was in progress at a stated time in
the pastWe dont mention when the action started or
finished.At 7 o'clockiost nightI wos watching TV.
to describe the atmosphere,setting etc and to give
bacfground information to a story. The dogs were
barking ond the wind wos blowing os we were
walking throughthe woods.
Note: When there are two past continuous forms in a
sentence with the same subject,we can avoid repetition
by just using the present parciciple(ing form) and leaving
out the verb to be.He was walking home;he wos listeningto
music.= He wos wolkinghome listeningto music.
The time expressions we use with the past
continuous arez ihile, when, os, all momingl eveningldoyI
week etc
Past Perfect
We usethe pastperfect(had + past participle):
o for an action which happenedbefore another past
actionor beforea statedtime in the past.Mikehad
finished workingby six o'clock
o for anactionwhichfinishedin the pasgandwhoseresult
wasvisibleat a laterpointin the pastHe had hloken his
onUeo monthogoondhe stillcouldn\wolkpropeil.
. for a generalsituationin the past Everyone
hod seerned
notto notice.
The time expressions we use with the past
perfect ate: before,ofter,alreody,jusgfor, since,tillluntil,
when,bythe time,neveretc
PastPer fectContinuous
We use the past perfect continuous:
o to put emphasison the duration of an action which
started and finished in the past, before another
action or stated time in the past,usuallywith for or
since. Iom hod been sleeping for obout on hour
before the phone woke him up.
. for an action which lastedfor some time in the past
and whose result was visible in the past.He had been
ploying in the gordenond hisclotheswere coveredin mud.
The time expressions we use with the past pelftct
continuous are: Br, sincg hwr long before,until etr
e
 GrammarReference
Time expressionsto talk about the past:
ago (= back in time from now) is usedwiti tlre past
simple.I colledyou obouton hour op.
since (= from a starting point in the past) is used
with the pnesent perfect (simple and
continuous).I hovenl beento Morylebonesince
I movedn Hompsteod.
for (= over a period of time) is used with the
present perfect (simple and continuous).
They'vebeen listeningto CDs for hours.
already is used in statements and questions (to
show surprisel.l hove olreodycalled her.Hove
you ftnishedolreody?
yet is usedwith the present perfect in questions
and negations.Hove you finishedyet?I hoven't
donemy homeworkyeL
FutureSimple
We use the future simple (will + bare infinitive) for:
. decisionsmade at the moment of speaking.Thedoor's
open.l'll close it
o predictions about the future, based on what we
think, believe or imagine, using the verbs think,
believe, expect, etc; the expressionsbe sure, be
afraid, etc; and the adverbs probably, certainly,
perhaps, etc. She will probobly go home eorly.
. promises, threats, warnings, requests, hopes and
offers. Will you help me with the shopping?
. actions,events,situationswhich will definitelyhappen
in the future and which we cant control. Ryonwill be
ten yeorsold in Moy.
Be going to
We use be goingto:
o for plans,intentionsor ambitionsfor the future. She's
going to be o vet when she groduotesfrom university.
. actions we have already decided to do in the near
future. Lynis going to visit Disneylond.
o predictions based on what we cirn see or what we
know,especially when there is evidencethat something
will happen. Look ot thot boy on the skoteboord.He's
going to foll.
The time expressions we use with the future
simple and be going to aflu tomorrcw,the doy ofter
tomorrow,tonighqsoo4 next weeUmonthlyeorlsummeretc,
in o weeklmonth etc
. when we ask politely about someone'spbrs ftn um
near future. Will shebe stoying qtthe Hilton?
Future Perfect
r We userhefuture perfect (will have+ past F.Drbl
for actionsthat will havefinishedbeforea sErEBc
urft n
thefuture.She will hwe leftfortheotuprtfidan
The time expressions we use with the h
perfect arezbefore,by,by then,by the time,undfil nn
in negotive
sentences)
Future Per{ectContinuous
o We usethe future perfect continuous (urf tsi-
been f verb -ing) to emphasise the duratiorrl .urrr
actionup to a certaintime in the future.Theiualrrr,
perfectcontinuous is usedwith:by ... for.
By the endof lune,shewill have been wor*h3 rnlr:nt
for sevenyeors.
Time clauseswhen talking about the firtrru
When we use words and expressionssuchas *
before, after, until/till, as, when, whenerer,tr
as soon as,as long as,by the time, etc to inofu
time clauses, we usethe present simple or pr:il
perfect, NOT future forms. By the tfrne rc r
there the troin will hoveorrived.NO]l. 4.a|rc-fu'r
ndfk€t+fr€re..,
We also use the present simple and prrt
perfect, NOT future forms, after rvords a
expressions suchasunless,if, suppose/suppcigLr
case, etc. Tokeo cootin cose it gets cold loter.(iltr -
i@
We usefuture forms with:
o when, whenit is usedasa questionword.
When will he be leoving?
o iflwhether after expressions which erm##'
uncertainty/ignoranceetc,suchas I don't lou
doubt, I wonder, I'm not sure,etc.
Wedon'tknowwhether he will leoveor not
Typ" 0/ | Conditionals
Type 0 Conditionals are used to express a telrrul',..-.i
truth or a scientificfact.In this type of conditionalw ar
use when insteadof if.

F u t u r eC o n t i n u o u s lflWhen + present simple +

lflWhen you heot woter,it boils.

We use the future continuous(will be + verb -ing):
. for actions which will be in progressat a stated future
time. Thr'stime nextweeNl'll be lyingon o beoch.
. for actions which will definitelyhappenin the future
as the result of a routine or arrangement.Hewill be
going home to visithis porentsot the weekend.

160
 Reference
Grammar
Type I Conditionals are usedto expressa realor YerY
rrobablesituationin the presentor future. Wishes

o We canusewish /if only to expressa wish.

lf + present --+ future simple, imperative, can/
simple must/may etc + bare infinitive
I wishI wos on n soythotwe would lil<e
lf I lie down,lwilllmightletc fall osleep. holidoynow.(but somethinga be
i/hen the hypothesiscomes before the main clause,we I'm not)lf onlyI differcntobouto presem

i€paftrte them with a comma. When the main clause werc rich.(butl'm sitrotron

:ornes before the if-clause.then we do not use a comma not)

:c separatethem. + past perfect I wish I hod to expressrcgretabout
posed the exom. something which
Note: with type I conditionals we can use unless *
(httl didnl) hoppenedor didn't
firrnative verb (= if + negativeverb). We will notcdtch the
lf ontyhe hadn't happenin the post
rir unlesswe leovenow.(= lf we do not leave now)
moved to London.
- l DeZ an d 3 Co n di ti onal s (but he did)
I wishyou would to express;
. Type 2 Conditionals (unreal present) are used to stoP tolking. . o politeimperoilve.
express imaginary situations which are contrary to o o desirefor o
lf onlyyou would
hcts in the preseng and therefore are unlikely to situotionor person3
stoP comploining.
happenin the presentor the future.We can use either behoviour to chonge
wils or were for l, he, she, it, in the if-clause.Wecan
also use the structure lf I were you ...to give advice. Note: o lf only is used in exactly the same way as wish
but it is more emphaticor more dramatic.
o we can use were instead of was after wish
and if only. I wishI werelwos on holiday.

lf I hod the money,lwould buy it myself.

UnrealPast- had better/wouldrather
lf I wos driving,we would get therequicker.
The Past Simple can be usedto talk about imaginary,
I were vou.lwould hoveon
unrealor improbablesituationsin the presentand the
r Past Perfect canbe usedto talk aboutimaginary, unreal
Type 3 Conditionals (unrcal past) areusedto o<Pness
or improbablesituationsin the past.Thisis calledUnreal
imaginary whicharecontraryto factsin the past
situations
Past.UnrealPastis usedasfollows:
Theyarealsousedto o(pressregretsor critjcism.
Past Simple to refer to the (unreal) present:
o Type 2 Conditionals lf I werc you,lHoskfora poyrise.
lf + past perfect/past _*would/could/might +
o wish/lf only I wishpeoplewere morepolite.
perfect continuous bare infinitive
o f 'd rather/sooner sb ... I'd rother we left
lf they had called him,he would horzelo,olrrnafuut o Suppose/SupposingSupposeyou were told you
Nr1y. wonthe ioftery,whotwouldyoudo?
lf he hadn't been feeling ill todoy,he would o as iflas though Sheoctsos if shewere Queen.
gone to work o lt's (abouUhigh) time ... ft's time you stopped
smoking.
'rxedConditionals Past Perfect to refer to the (unreal) past:
Type 3 Conditionals lf you hod been hereon time,
rry'ecan form mixed conditionals,if the context permits it,
we wouldn'thovebeenlate.
:y combining an if-clause from one q/pe with a main o wish/lf only. If only I hodn't told hermy seueL
:ause from another. o lU rather/soonen I'd rather you hadn't told
everyone.
Type I Suppose/Supposing.Supposeshehod left without
you,whotwouldyouhovedone?
hewon\fu abletnwdl<e
as if/as though. He iookedot her os if he hod no
up eoilytoday.
ideo whotshewostolkingobout

had better = should

I had better + pr€sent barc infinitive (for present/
future reference).
You'dbetterget on eorlynight

161
 Reference
Grammar
o lt would have been better if + Past Perfect (for
past referencel.ltwould hove been better if we had
soid nothing.
would rather = lU prefer
o When the subject of would rather is also the
subject of the following verb we use I'd rather +
Present bare infinitive (for present/future
reference) or I'd rather + Perfect bare infinitive
(for past reference). IH rother eot now.l'd mther
hove gone out to dinner.
o When the subjectof would rather is differentfrom
the subject of the following verb we use:I'd rather
sb + Past Simple (for present/future reference) or
I'd rather sb + Past Perfect (for past reference).
I'd rother you wone o suit tonight I'd rother you hod
told me sooner.
Note:
o prefer + gerund/noun * to + gerund/noun (general
- prefeience).1prefercookingto rcoding.
o prefer + full infinitive + rather than + bare
infinitive (generalpreference).I preferto wolkrcther
thon toke the.bus.
o would prcfer + full infinitive * ratherthan + barc
infinitive (specific preference).lA prefer to go skiing
rctherthon go wimming.
o would rather + bare infinitive + than * bare
infinitive. lH rothergo out thon stoy in.
Module3
T h e Pa s s i v e
We form the passive with the verb to be in the
appropriate tense and the past participle of the main
verb. Only transitive verbs (verbs which take an object) can
be used in the passive.(livedoes not havea passiveform.)
We use the passive:
. when the person or people who do the action are
unknown,unimportant or obviousfrom the context.
Tom\ cor wos sto,en.(We dont know who stole it.)
The fenceis beingfxed. (lt's unimportant who is doing
it.) The thief hos been orrested.(lt's obvious that the
policearrestedhim.)
. when the action itself is more important than the
person/people who do it, as in news headlines,
newspaper afticles, formal notices, advertisements,
instructions, processesetc. Ihe meet)ngwill be heldot
l0 om .
. when we want to avoid taking responsibilityfor an
action,or when we refer to an unpleasantevent and
we do not want to say who or what is to blame.Four
people were killed in the crosh.
Changingfrom the active to the passive:
o the object of the active sentence becomes the
subject in the passivesentence.
o the active verb remains in the same tense i -
changesinto a passiveform
. the subject of the active sentence becomes t-:
agent, and is either introduced with the prepositr:-
by or is omitted.
Subject Verb Object
ACTIVE The author was writing a novel.
Subject Yerb Agent
PASSIVE A novel wasbeingwritten bythe author
Only transitive verbs (verbs that take an object) can
be changed into the passive.Active: Uons live in
Africo. (intronsitive verb) no passive formz Afrr<1s
tiv*la+yliea*
Note: some transitive verbs (hove,exis[ seem,ft, suir
resernble,locNetc)cannot be changedinto the passive
Mollyhoso newdoll.NOT @
we can usethe verb to get insteadofthe verb to be in
everydayspeechwhen we talk about thingsthat happen
by accidentor unexpectedly.She got hutt urhenshewos
(instead of Shewos hurt . . .)
ridingher bil<e.
By + the agent is usedto saywho or what carriesout
an action.With + instru ment/material/ingred ien t
is usedto saywhat the agentused.Thepkurc wosdrown
by Rose.h wosdrown with uoyons.
The agent can be omitted when the subject is they,
he, someone/somebody,people, one, etc. Somebodyhos
closedthe door.=Thedoorhos beenclosed.
The agent is not omitted when it is a specific or
important person, or when it is essentialto the
meaning of the sentence. Stor Wors wos direaed by
George Lucos.
With verbs which can take two objects,such as bring,
tell, sen4 shwt, teoch,promise,buy, sell,reod,offer, give,
lend,etc,wecan form two differentpassivesentences,
Doug gove Helen chocolotes.(oaive)
Helen wos given chocolotesby Doug. (possive,more
usuol)
Chxolotes were givenn Helen\ Doug.(possrvglessusuol
lf in an active sentencea preposition follows a verb,
then in the passiveit is placedimmediatelyafter the
verb. A dog bit Bobon the leg. Bob wos bitten on the
leg by o dog.
The verbs hear, help, see and make are followed by
the bare infinitivein the active,but by the to-infinitive
in the passive.Mum made me tidy my room. I wos
made to tidy my room.
Let becomes be allowed to in the passive.Ihe
teocherlet the studentsgo outside.Ihe studentswere
ollowed to go outside.
To ask questionsin the passive,we follow the same
rules as for statements,keepingin mind that the verb
is in the interrogative form. Hove you receivedthe
porcelyet?Hos the porcelbeen received(\ you) yet?
When we want to find out who or what performed
an action,the passivequestion form is Who/What
... by? Who wos the film direaedby?

Causative
Form
We use have * object + past participle to saythat
we arrangefor someoneto do somethingfor us.He
osked the mechonicto fix the cor. She hod the cor
fixed. (Shedidn't do it herself, The mechonicdid it)
PresentSimpleHe hos his hoir cut everymonth.
Present Continuous He is hoving his hoir cut ot the
momenL
PastSimple He had his hair cut lost month.
Past Continuous He was hoving his hoir cut when I
colled.
Future Simple He will hove his hoir cut nextMondoy.
Future Continuous At l0 o'clocktomorrowhe will be
hoving his hair cut.
PresentPerfectHe hosjust hod his hoir cut-
PresentPerfectContinuous He hos been hoving his
hoir cut for the lost l0 minutes.
Past Perfect He hod hod his hoir cut beforehe went
on holidoy.
Past Perfect Continuous He hod been hoving his
hoir cut ot the some plocefor ten yeors.
fnfinitive He moy have hishoir cuttomorrow.
-ing form His hoir is so short thot tfiere's no point in
hoving it cut.
The verb 'to have',used in the causative,forms its
negations and questions with do/does (Present
Simpfe) or did (Past Simple). She didn't hove the
housepainted.Did he have the lawn mowed?
The causativeform can be usedinsteadofthe passiveto
refer to accidentsand misfortunes.He hod hE legbrcken
in the ocrident(= Hrbhg wos brolen in the occident)
Make/Have + obiect + bare infinitive are usedto
express that someone causessomeone else to do
something,but their meaning is slightly different. I
made him paV for the domoge. (l insisted thot he
should poy for the domoge).I hod him poy for the
domage.(l oskedhim to poy for the domoge.)
Grammar
Reference
o Get + object + to -inf shows that someone
persuadessomeoneelseto do something.e.g.Shegot
Tim to Pickher up. (ShepersuodedTimto pick her up.)
Concession
Clauses of concession are used to expressa contrast.
They are introducedwith the followingwords/phrases:
h4 olthutgfiI*n thouglrhhutglt in spite ofldes;q?c,
hwverer,
vvhilelvvherrc,teqnerrerfieles,on the otrcr hatd
o but
Shewos very copoblebut she hod no confidencein herself.
o although/even though/though * clause
Even though is more emphaticthan although.
Though is informal and is often used in everyday
speech.lt can also be put at the end of a sentence.
AlthoughlEven thoughlThough itwos cold,heworeo
I-shirt
He worc oT-shirt olthoughl*en thougltlthouglr it wos
cold.
It woscold.He wore oT-shir\though.
o in spite of/despite + noun/-ing form
ln spite oflDespite their differences,they weregood
friends.
Thq wae gndfriend in +ite oflde+izetheir differerrce.
o in spite of/despite + the fact that + clause
ln spite oflDespite the foct thot they hod
differences, theywere goodfriends.
. however/nevertheless
A comma is alwaysused after howeverlneverthe/ess.
He workedhord. However/Neyerthelesq he missedtfre
promotion.
o while/whereas
Sheis generous,whilelwhereos her brotheris meon.
o yet (formal)/still
It wos Oaober,yet it wos quite hoL
My car is old.Still it is in very good condition.
o on the other hand
My newcor is veryeconomicol. On the other hond,it is
much smollerthon my old one.
163
 Reference
Grammar
Summary of Functions of ModalVerbs
(hostheobility)
He can speokJoponese.
She'soble to mokepeoplelough.
possibility He con stillbe ot work(90% cenoin)
Shecould be ongry.(50% certoin;it'spossibleshe
is ongry)
Sollymoy be teoching.(50% certoin;it'spossible
tlrot sheis teoching)
Youmight needto cometomonow.(40% certain;
perhopsyou needto come tomorrow)
tt is likely thot Suewill giveup wo*ing.
Sue is likely to giveup wo*ing.
probability Theywill be in Spointomoffow.
( I 00% certoin;prediction)
We should seehim there.(90% cettoin;futureonly;
it\ propoble)
Sheought to be in Conodoby now.(90%certoin;
she will proboblybe in Conodo)
logical He must be exhousted. (90% cenoin- positlve;
assumptions I'm surehe'sexhousted)
Shecont be serious. (negotive;l'msureshet not
serious)
Theycouldn\ be on holidoy.(negotive;
I don't think theyore on holidoy)
Permrssron Youcanlcon'thoveo porty.(giving or refusing
permission;informol - ore ollowedto)
CouldI be exatsed? (morepolite;oskingfor
permission) (lsit possible
formeto ...)
Youmoybeexcused. (formotgiingpermrrssion)
(Youan)
Might I bringo friendto thewedding? (more
formal;asking for permission)(CouldL..?)
l'm ofroidyoucon\lmustn\ hovevr'sitors.
(informal;refusing permission- oren\ ollowed to)
6uestsrnoynot smokein theirrooms.
(formol;refusing permission- writtennotice- oren't
ollowed to)
I muJt returnthesebook soon.(l soyso)
Shehos to find o newjob.(necessrtycomingfrom
outsidethe speoker)(Sheneedsto)
Thet've got to sell their corovon.(informol)(needto)
The plontsneed wotering.orThe plonts
need to be wotered.(itt necessory)
Shedoesn't have toldoesn\ need tol
needn't leovewhen theydo.(rt isnt necessory-
obsenceofnecessity)
We ought to replya the invitation(itt necessory)
164
He couldlwos able to speok/oponese.
(repeotedoction- ob:ihtyin the post)
We were able to go on o threemonth tour of
Austrolio.(singleoaion)
We could have hadon occidenL(luckity
weftl
Johnmay hwe br*enhat vose.(perhops
lrc dil
Jonemight hoye lost ourtelephonenumfu.
(perhopsshehos lost rt)
It wos likely thot she hod tokenthe lost tnir
She wos likely to hovetokenthe lost troia
He shouldhave finishedby now.
(He hosprobobly
finished.)
Theyought to have swrtedthe coursebJtw
(Theyhoveproboblystortedthe course.)
He rnust hove won the competition.(positig,f-
surehe hoswon the competition)
Shecon't hove morriedTed. (negotive;l'msrc
shedidn\ morryTed)
Theycouldn\ have beenfnends.
(negotive;I don't think theywere friends)
He wosn\ ollowedtolcouldn\ boordtheft
He wos ollowedto seethe potienL
(NOIafl
I had to reum the booksto the librory.(l wa
obl,igedto)
Shehod to ftndo newjobofter shewos
dismissedfrom her post
Theyhod to selltieir corovon.
The plona needed wotering.orTheplont
needed to be watered.(it wosnecessory)
Shedidnt hove toldidn\ need to wo* os tur
os rne.(it wosnt necessory for herto workos
hordos me ond shedidn't- obsenceofnecess?
Sheneedn't hove goto toxi.(it wosnt necessrr
for her to geto toxi but shedid)
 Reference
Grammar

Summary of Functions of ModalYerbs

Youshouldtry to mol<e moreof on Youshould have poid more ottention.

effort(generalodvice;I odviseyou)
Youought to keepto thespeedlimit
you;mostpeoplebelieve
(l odvise this)
Youhad better notkeepherwoiting. (lt'snot
o goodidea;odvice on o s|ecfrcsituotion)
ShollI opptyfor thejob?(oslcngfor odtdce)
(but you didn't)
Sheought to hoye reseryedo nble.
(but she didn't)
It would hove been better if you hodn't
l<epther woiting.(but you diQ

criticism Shecould ot ,eostwoit until5 o'clock Shecoufd ot leost hove woiteduntil5 o'clock
Theyshouldwomus. They should hove wamedus.(but theydidnt)
Yououghtto be morepoliteto her. Yououghtto have beenmore politeto her.(lt
wosthe rightthingtodo,butyoudidn\ do it)

obligation I must get more exercise.(l needto;l soyso) to goinmuscle.

I hod to tokemoreerercise
I hove to get moreexercise.(l'm obl,iged I hod to tokemoreexerclse
becouseI wosunfo
to;the doctorscysso)
We oughtto givemorc moneyto chority. We ouglrtto hove gMenmoremoneyto
(lt's the right thing to do, but we don\ (lt wosthe rtghtthingto do butwe
charity.
olwoysdo it) didn'tdo tt)

rcquests Con I useyourphone? (informol)(lt is OKif ...?)

CouldI useyourphone? (polite)(MoyI ...?)
Moy I mal<e a phonecall,pleose?(formal)
Might I bonowyourpen?(veryformol)
Will you givemeo hond?(veryfriendly)
Would you mind helpingme?(politQ

Can llwe do onythingtohelp?(informol)

Sholl llwe helpyoutidyup?(informol)
Would you like me to do itfor you?

suggestions Shoflwe stopfot o drink?(Howobout...?)

llwe con olwoysleoveearly.
We could eotouttonightifyouwant He could hove oslcedfor odvice.

prohibition Youcon't weorjeonsot work(youoren\ Theycouldn\ weorjeonsot work(they

ollowedto) weren\allowedto)
Youmustn\ wolkonthegross.(it\ forbidden)
Youmoy not tolk duringthetesL(formol)

All condidotesmust toke o personolitytest All condidoteshod to tolceo perconolitytest

Peopleought to livein peoce.(lt\ the right thing Sheought to hove treotedus more foitf. (lt was
to do,but peopledon\ do iL) the righthing to do but shedidn\ olwoysdo it)

Module4 Seldom Only in thisway

Rarely Onlythen
Little Hardly(ever)...when
lvers io n Barely No sooner...than
Nowhere(else) Not only...but (also)
be.lhave/modal/auxiliary verb + subject + main verb
Never (before) Not until/till
h is used in the following cases: Not (even)once In no way
On no account In/Underno circumstances
. in questions. Only be Not since,etc.
Con you redlly fly o plone?
. after the following words or expressions,when they Never (before) have I seen suchon fontostkconcerL
come at the beginningof a sentence. Not only did they mol<eo lot of moneybn they
(olso) modeo goodnomefor themselves.

165
 Grammar
Reference
Seldom do we go out sinceI hod o boby.
BUT We seldorn go out sinceI hod o boby.(Thereis no
inversionbecousethe word seldom does not come ot the
begjnningof the sentence)
Note: When the expressionsonly after, only by, only
il only when, not until/till come at the beginning
of a sentence,the inversionis in the main clause.
Only ofter studyinghord for weeks wos she oble
to poss her exoms.
Only if you studyhord will you possyour exoms.
o with so, neither, nor, as to express agreement.
I lovechocolotecoke.So do f. (We use so to ogreewith
on offirmotive stotemenL)I conl stond bononos.
Neither/Nor can l. (We use neitherlnor to ogree
with o negotivestotemenL)
She wos o goodsinger,os wos her sisterlond so wos
her sister.
o with should, were, had when they come at the
beginningof an if-clauseinstead of if.
Tpe l: Shouldshecoll,tcllher l'll meet herottwo.
(= lf sheshouldcnll...)
Type2: Were I you,l wouldgo u the dnpr
(= If Iwereyou...)
Type3:Hod I knwn,l wouH hove beenoblen help.
( = lf l h o d l n w n ...)
main verb + subiect
It is used in the followingcases:
. after verbs of movement or adverbialexpressionsof
placewhen they come at the beginningof a sentence.
Outsidethe house sot o big dog.
On the choir wos on envelope.
Here cornes the Uralin.
Ihere goes the bus.
lf the subjectis a pronoun,there is no inversion.
H ere they come.(NOI' tlerc<cme+he7)
Out you go.(NOT:e*ge.fot)
o in direct speechwhen the subjectofthe introductory
verb is a noun.
"l donl lirkethis fiIm," soid Clore.
(OPc...Clore soid)
"17 seeyou tomorrow,"soid her dod.
(OR... her dod soid.)
BUT 'How con I helpyou?"she osked.
(NOl'esked*fiq becousethe subjea of the intoduaory
verbis o pronoun.)
Emphaticstructures
Emphatic structures are used to emphasisea particular
part of a sentence.
o (why can be omitted).That's the reoson(why) I called
it is/was (not) + subject/object + who(m)/that
(used in statements and negations)
It wosn\ Bob wholthat called lost night lt wosn\ his
cor thot you sow.
It wos his bike thot wos token. lt's Suson who is
moing to Fronce.
1 66
o is/was it + subiect/object + who(m)/that (usec
in questions)
Wos it my fault that it hoppened?Wos it her sister
who got o first in Low?
o that is/was + question word (used in statements)
That's why he left work so early.
o is/was that + question word or question word +
is/was it + that (used in questions) Wos thot why
he wos running?Why wos it thot shegot so upset?
o question word + subject + verb + is/was (used in
statements) rl{hat I need is o holidoy.
o We can use do/does/did + bare infinitive in the
Present Simple, Past Simple or lmperative to give
emphasis.I do hope he will come.Do hove o seot He
did tell me he wos working late tonight
o To express admiration, anger, concern erc we
use questionwords with ever.
Whatever shallI do? Whoever is thot?
M o d u le 5
RelativeClauses
Relative clauses are introduced with either a relative
pnonoun or a relative adverb.
Relative pronouns
We use:
i. who(m)/that to refer to people.
ii. which/that to refer to things.
iii. whose with people, animals and objects to show
possession(insteadof a possessiveadjective).
o Who, which and that can be omitted when they
are the object of the relative clause.He\ the mon
(who) lives next door.
o Whom can be used insteadof who when it is the
object of the relative clause.Whom is alwaysused
insteadof who or that after a preposition.Thot'sthe
girl to whom he gavethe note.
o Who, which and that are not omitted when they
are the subject of a relative clause.The mon who is
toking now is my boss.
o Whose is never omitted. Thot's the mon whose cor
broke down.
Relative adverbs
We use:
i. when/that to refer to a time (and can be omitted)
That wos the doy (whenlthot) we movedhouse.
ii. where to refer to a place. The restourontwhere we
ote lost week is closingdown.
iii. why to give a reason,usuallyafter the word reason
you.

::n t if y in g a n d N o n - l d e n ti fyi n gR e l a ti vc
- AUSC S
An identifying relative clausegives necessaryinformation
essentialto the meaningof the main sentence.lt is not put
h commas and is introduced with who, which, that,
whose, where, when or the reason (why). The mon
rilro lives next door is o teacher.
A non-identifing relative clause gives extra information
nd is not essentialto the meaningof the main sentence.
h is put in commas and is introduced with who, whom,
rhich,whose,where or when. The mon,whowoswoiting
6r tlre bus,oskedrne the time.
-i ie def in i t ea r t i c l e t he
We use the:
o with nouns when talking about something specific.
Tino hos got o dog and o coLThe dog is block ond the
cot is white.
o with nouns that are unique (the su4 the Eorth,etc).
o with names of newspapers(the fioil), cinemas (the
Odeon), theatres (the Royol Theatre), museums/art
gafleries (the Naturol History),ships (the QueenMary),
organisations (the United Notjons).
with the names of rivers (the Seine),groups of islands
(the Chonnel lslonds), mountain ranges (the Alps),
desefts (the SoharQ,oceans (the Pocific),canals (the
C-orinthconol),countries when they include words such
as States, Kingdom, Republic (the UK), names or
nouns with of (the Houses of Parlioment), in
geographicafterms such as the AntorcticlAraklequotor,
the Nortlr of kotlond,the North/EostlSouthlWest.
with the names of musical instruments and dances
(the drums,the tongo).
with the names of families (the Erowns) and
nationalities ending in -sh, -ch or -ese (the Chinese).
Other nationalities can be used with or without the
(th e EgyptionsI Ancient Greeks).
with titfes (the Kng the Prime Minister) BUT not
with titfes including a proper name (Queen Hizobeth).
with adjectives/adverbsin the superlative form (the
best flm I have ever seen) BUT when most is
foffowed by a noun, it doesnt take the. Most people
enjoy reoding books.
with the words day, morning, afternoon and
evening. lt was eorlyin the morningwhen they orrived.
BUT at night,at noon,at midnight,by daylnight
with historical periods/events (the lost lce Age, the
KoreonWo). BUT WorldWar I But + personal pronoun/noun
with the words only, last and first (used as
adjectives). She wos the only one who offered to help to
me,
with the words station, cinema, theatre, library,
shop, coas( sea(side), beach, country(side), city,
jungfe, world, ground, weather. Lett go to the city.
Reference
Grammar
i,,t) 'r l' spTplone/W
, hole/Either /
All refen to morc than two people,things or groups.lt
is followed by a pluralverb.All of them ore goodfilms.
It can go after the verb to be,They ore oll very sod
obout the ocddent, or after the auxiliary verb, but
before the main verb. Ihey hove oll gonehome.
Afl can be followed by doylmorninglweeklyeor. He hos
been ill oll week.
Both/All can go a) after the verb to be,or b) after an
auxifiaryverb but before the main verb. Ihey ore olII
both hoppy.
Both refers to two people, things or groups. lt has a
positive meaningand is followed by a plural verb. Both
Nll ond Bob speok FrenchfluentJy.
Neither refers to two people, things or groups. lt
has a negativemeaningand is followed by a singular
verb in the affirmative. Neither techniqueis onolyticol
enough.Neither ef + plural noun phrase can be
followed by either a singular or plural verb in the
affirmative. Neither of the boolcsore interesting.
None of refers to two or more people,groups or
things and has a negative meaning.lt is used with
nouns or object pronouns and is followed by either a
singular or a pfural verb. None of his friends colled
him.
Whofe is used with countable nouns.lt took me two
doysto reod the whole book
Either refers to two people or things and meansany
one of two. Eitherled or Robis pickrngus up.
Every is used with singularcountable nouns.Every
member must poy o fee.
)o ) jciahr er /Nor- But
So + auxiliary verb + personal pronoun/noun
(positiveaddition to a positive sentence)
She ploys gofi So do f. (l play golf too.) Sue went to
Spoin.So did Don. (Dan went to Spaintoo.)
Neither/Nor + auxiliary verb + personal
pronoun/noun (negative addition to a negative
sentence)
Poulcon't donce.Neither/Nor con lon. (NOT: Se<rtt
l€+.)
But + personal pronoun/noun + afiirmative
auxiliary verb (positive contrast to negative
statement)
Peterhosnt been to Rorne,but I hove. He hosn\ visited
Poris,but she hos.
+ negative
auxiliary verb (negative contrast to positive
statement)
Korl loolcshoppy,butTed doesnt He hos seenthe flm,
but she hosnt
167
 Reference
Grammar
Far- Every- Each- Much-Too - Even
-A bit -Any
further/farther (adv)= longer in distance.e.g.He
swimsfurtherlforther everytime.
further (ad|)= more.e.g.Further moneyis needed to
ftnoncethe prajea.
yery + adiladv of positive degree. e.g.Sheis very
Hnd to people.
even/much/farla bit + adj/adv of comparative
degree. e.g.lt is evenlmuchlforlo bit hotter than
yesterdoy.
A Few/Few-A Little/Little
o large/small amount/quantity of are followed br
We use a fedfew with plural countable nouns.
A few means'not many,but enough'.
We've got o few opplesWe con make on opple Pie.
(We've got enough applesto make a pie.)
Few means'hardly any,almost none' and can go widr
very for emphasis.Ihe rc ore(very) few brbcuisin the jor.
It is ofinostempty.(fhere's only one or two biscuitsin
the jar.)
We use a little/little with uncountablenouns.
A little means'not much,but enough'.Shet got o
linle flour. She con moke o coke. (She'sgot enough
flour to make a cake).
Uttle means'hardlyany,almost none' and can go with
very for emphasis.Therel (very) ,ittle fod in the fridge.
We must go shopping.Cfhe.e is almost no food in the
fridge.)
most * adiladv of positive degree = very. e.g.You
ore most welcome to join us.Theyore most genenous
with their friends.
ar.ty + adiladv of comparative degree (used in
negations and questions). e.g. ls he coping ony
better?
too + adj of positive degree * for + to do sth.
e.g.Russionis too difficult for me to leorn.
Other and its forms
another = additiond, an extra one. lt is usedwith
singularcountablenouns.
Con I hove onother cup of coffee?
Ihese cokesore delicious.ConI hove onother (one)?
another + fedtwo,three etc * noun
We're going to woit for another few doyslonother
four days.
other/another = difierent, besides this/these
Hove you got any other trousers in grey?
I don't like this ring Can you show rne onother one?
other/others when other is used with a noun. it
has no plural form.
Where ore the other popers? (NOT! @)
BUT: l've got some files here.Whereore the others?
Note: Others can also be used to mean (the) other
PeoPle, Some people lik horror flms, others hote
them. I
168
each other = one another
We don't seeeoch other very often.
every other = every second
We go to the cinemo every other Sundoy.
the other day = afew days ago
Liz colledme the other doy; she soid she wos leovin.
the followingweek
Quantifiers+ Countable/UncountaL
nouns
Several, (a) feq many, a (large/great/good)
number of are followed by a countable noun. A
few students foiled the test
Much, (a) little, a great/good deal of, a
an uncountabfe noun. Therewos liule coffee left.
A lot of, lots of, hardly any, some, no, plenty of
are followed by a countable or uncountable noun
Ihere is hordly ony wine leftThere ore hordly ony
conots left
The Pluralof Nouns
Nouns are made plural by adding:
o -s to the noun. (cot- cots,etc)
o -€s to nounsendingin -ch, -s,-sh, -ss,x. (torch- torches
bus- buset bush- busheqgloss- glosses,Bx - foxes,etc
o -ies to nouns ending in consonant + y. (boby -
bobies,lady- lodies,etQ BUT -s to nouns ending ir
vowel + y. (toy - toys,boy- boys,etc)
. -€s to nouns endingin -o. (tnmon - tumotoes)BUT -s
to nounsendingin:vovel + o (ideo - wdeos), double o
(zoo- zoos),abbreviations (photogrophlphoto - Photos)
musical instruments (piono- pionos)and prloper
nouns (Nwojo -Nwojos).Note that some nounsending
in -o take either -es or -s. These are: mosquitoes/
mosquitos, volcanoes/volcanos, zeroes/zeros,
tornadoedtornados, etc.
o -v€s to some nouns ending in -fl-fe. (colf - colves
BUT chiefi,clffi rooft,sofesetc
. Some nouns of Greek or Latin origin form their
plural by adding Greek or Latin suffixes. (bosis -
boseq cnlsis - crises, criterion - criterio, medium
me di o, terminus- termi ni, etc)
Compound nouns form their plural by adding-s/-es:
. to the second noun if the compound consistsof wo
nouns. (schoolbog- schoolbogs)
. . to the noun if the compound consistsof an adjective
and a noun. (frying pon - frying pons)
. to the first noun if the compound consists of twc
nouns connectedwith a prepositionor to the noun if
the compound has only one noun. (brother-inJow -
brothercln-low)
o at dre end of the compound if this is not made up of
irny nouns.(runowoy- runowoys)
 Reference
Grammar
Lreguf ar Plurals: mon- men,womon- women,fcrf - feeg
&nth- teeth,louse- fice,mouse- mice,rhild- chifdren,goose
- geese,pe6on- people (BUT peqples = ethnkgutps),sh@
- sheep,deer- deerifsh - fsh (ALSO fshes)uor,rt- trouq or
- oxen,solmon- solmon,sPocxroft- qocerruft, oircroft-
&rrcfr, spm'es- qPecies,hwercmft- hoveruufr, buffolo-
b.ffilo (AI-SObuffaloes)

PluralNouns
objeca consisting of two parts:garments (pyiamas,
trouserc,etc),instrumen6 (binoculars,compasses,
etc),tools (plierc,scissorc,etc)

arms, ashes,barracks,clothes,congratulations,earnings,(good)looks,outskirts, people,police,premises,

ConI hoveo gfossof wine? needsto weorglosses to reod.

O*y peoplewih qPerience *ould WV for idlisposition. hoshad mony scoryexperiences in his life.
Thetobleis modeof wood. liveneor some woods.
Therain is pouringdown. 't isit in spring thot's when the roins come.
fll collyou ofterwork hoveseenmony work by Picosso.
fut somemorePoPerin the printer. outhoritiesoskedto seehispopers.
Ono scoleof l-10 lA rqrcthefilmon 8. step on the scofes onceo weekto checkrny weight
It is tlre custorn to hold doorsopenfor women. wos o big gueue to go through customs.
A cornpossconhelpyoufindyourway. usecomPossesin geometryto mol<eo perfeacircle.

-inkingwords
Unkingwords show the logicalrelationshipbetween sentencesor parts of a sentence.

and, both ... and, not onry ... (but also/as well), too,
Sheis toll ond beouiful.
moreover, in addition to, furthermore, further; also, not
to mention the fact that, besides,as well as + -ing
neither ...non non neither,either Neitherlom nor Mox speok French.
but, not...but,although,while, whereas,despite,even ll, l1e con't srng,vvner€os his Wle con.
even though, on the other hand, in contrast, however, Ned doesn't lil<erock music,but he
(and)yet, at the sametime, insteadof + -inE lovesiozz.
Atiretes ore very tX similorty, cloncers,
similarly,likewise,in the sameway,equally
ore very fit too.
but, even so, howevei (and) still, (and) yet, nevertheless,
Curryis o veryspicydishbut I l:ikeiL
on the other hand,although,(even)though,even if,
Curryis o veryspicydishond yet I like
despite/in spite of, regardlessof, admittedly,considering,
ft
whereas,wh ile,nonetheless
We could either go to the cinemoor
on on the other hand,either ...or, alternatively
rent o DVD.
besides+ -ing,not only thasbut ... also,as well, what is
He couldnloffordto buyo bicycle,let
more, in hct, as a matter of hct" to tell you the truth,
olone o cor.
actually,indeed,let alone,not only thag as well as + -ing
sucn as, ltKe, lor example, lor Instance, parttcularly, I eryoyed o,,ol 5teyensp,erDerys
l,ms,
especiallxin particular,this is illustratedby efi eci olly' lurossicPork'.
that is to say, specifically,in other words, to put it
Evidently, the heodmosterhos
another way,I mean,it is apparent that, it is evident thag
decidedn expelthe student
evidentlx it seemsthat
as,because,becauseof, since,on the groundsthat, seeing
Thefilm wosbonnedon the grcunds
that, due to, in view of, owing to, fo4 now thag so, such,by
+ -ing, basedon the fact thag enough,too thot it wosoffensive.

169
 Reference
Gramr.nar
as,(in) the way,how, the way in which, (in) the same way octs os if she is in chorge,but she's
as if, as though o
, in case,assuming(that), on condition (that), provided
(that), providing (that), unless,in the event (that), in the Mox told me I couldborrowhiscor
event of, as/so long as, whether, whether ... or prcvided that I put petrolin it
(alternative condition), only if, even if, otherwise, or

not, so, therefore, in that case,otherwise, thus, in doing me tonighL lf not,l'm afroidI wonl be
oble to go ouL
so that, so as (not) to, in order (not) to, in gotup so os not to
fear (that), in case work
... that consequently, for this reiuion, as a
Itwos very cold,ondthelefore we
consequence,thus, therefore, so, as a result of + -int, in
didnl go to the beoch.

as ,..as,(more) ...than, halt as ...as,

g J'..9 9 '\.''- '- ,...9 ||g ||'I ore my sisterg
twice as ...as,less ...than like rne.
when, wheneve[ as, while, now (that), before, until, till,
I will collwhen I finish.
aftel since,for by,by the time
Rosetendsto get ,ost wherever she is.
I invited everyoneto my potty except
but (for), except (for), apart from
for Derek

who, whom, whose, which, what, that .feonis the firl who I meton holidoy
Iostyeor.
..., at first, to start/begin with, Firstly,wm offthe gossupply.
first of all,firstly
continuing: secondly ..., after this/ thag second.., Then openoll the doorsond windwrs.
afterwards,then, nexg before this
concluding: finally,at last, in the end, eventually,lastly, Finolly,go outsrUe
ondcoll the fire
last but not least brigode.
concerning, regarding,with respect/ regard/referenceto,
I om writngwith rcfercnce to your
in respect/regard/ reference to this/to the hct that,
oppliation.
taking into account that
in conclusion,in summary to sum up, as I havesaid,as (it)
AII in all,l llkcdthe film,olthoughI
was previously stated, on the whole, in a!1,all in all,
altogether,in shorg briefly,to put it briefly
foundthe storylineweokin ploces.

Linking words followed by -ing verbs and nouns

BUT I bouglttthepinktje insteod of the red
instead of lnstead of hovingmeot,l'll orderfish.
one.(noun)
Despitelln spiJeof beingpoor,heis reolty BUTWe wentto the beschdespttelinspite of
despite/in spite of
generous. the cnolweother.(noun)
as well as/
As well oslln oddition tolBesides hoving BUT , sutdy ltolion os well oslin oddition to
in addition to/
three cors,Mr Block hos three motorbilces. Sponislr./ Besides ltalion, I stndySponrsh.(noun)
besides
fn the event of rny being lqte, stort without BUT fn the unllkly event of o fre, pressthis
in the event of
me. buapn.(noun)
Iheret nothing like hoing o hot drink when
nothing like BUT My dodis nothinglike hisbrother.(noun)
it\ cold.
after I wosslery ofter suyingup lote. BUT , wenthomestroiglttafter work (noun)
Apart fiom shoutingothim,sheolsogroundd BUT , om goodot everythingoPara frcm Moths.
apart from
himfor o week (noun)
When usingo ,q,fe you should olwoysbe BUT When Brcd Pitr storcin a film,l olwoysgo
when
coreful. to seeit

170

Linking words followed by -ing verbs and nouns
We olwoyswoshour hondsbefore eoting.
Since losingo lot of weighgl feelmuch bener
obout myself.
While drivingto wokl reolisedthot I hod
forgottenmy mobilephoneot home.
Rulesfor Punctuation
lapital Letters
A capitalletter is used:
o to begina sentence.Thisls my friend,Som.
. for daysof the week, months aryl public holidays.
Tuesday,Moy, Eoster,etc
o for names of people and places.This is PedroGorcio
ond he'sfrom Mexico.
o for people's titles. Mr ond Mrs Dixon; Dr Green;
Professor lhomos, etc
. for nationalities and languages.They ore French.Hel
fluent in Dutch ond English.
Note: The personal pronoun I is always a capital
letter.Johnond I ore goingouttonighL
:ull Stop(.)
A full stop is used:
. to end a sentence that is not a question or an
excfamation.We're hovingo fontostictime herein Poris.
We wish you were here.
3omma(,)
A commais used:
. to separate words in a list. I need opples,bononos,
corrotsond pototoes.
to separate a non-identifing relative clause (i.e. a
clausegivingextra information which is not essential
to the meaning of the main clause)from the main
clause.
Liso,whois o nurse,livesin London.
after certain linkingwords/phrases(e.g.in addition to
this, moreover,for example,however,in conclusion,
etc). lVoreover, drivingis o usefulskilL
when if-clausesbegin sentences.lf you needony help,
just osk
Note: no comma is used,howevenwhen the if-clause
follows the main clause,
to separate question tags from the rest of the
sentence.
lViss Brownis your new Englishteocher,isntshe?
GrammarReference
BUT , tooko nop before the porty.(noun)
BUT , won't be obleto tolk to Sorohuntil noon.
BUT I hoven'tseen./ocksince the NewYeor.
(noun)
Question M ar l<( ?)
A questionmark is used:
o to end a direct question.Who is thot girl?
ExclamationM ar k ( !)
An exclamationmark is used:
o to end an exclamatory sentence, i.e, a sentence
showing admiration,surprise,joy, anger,etc. Whot o
lovelydress!How terrible!
Quotation Mar ks ( ' ' or " ")
Quotation mark are used:
o in direct speechto report the exact words someone
said.'Whott your address?"he osked.
. around the titles of films,books or songsor around a
word or phrasethat is beingdiscussed. I sow'Mommo
Mio'lost night
Colon ( :)
A colon is used:
. to introduce a list. There were four peoplein the room:
MorlgJone,Joonneond Soroh.
Br - ecl<er( s)
Bracketsare used:
o to separate extra information from the rest of the
sentence.The top fiveTVchonnels(i.e.BBC l,BBC2,lTV,
Chonnel4,Chonnel5,etc) hoveo 9 pm wotershed.
Apcstr ophe( ' )
An apostropheis used:
. in short forms to show that one or more letters or
numbers have been left out l'm (= 1 am) thirsty ...
Sheleft for Austrolioin the springof '01. f)4417
o before or after the possessive-s to show ownership
or the relationshipbetween people.
Bob\ wife,my sister'sson (singular noun + 's)
my porents'phonenumber(plural noun + ')
men'sshoes(irregularplural + 's)
171
 English-British
American Guide
English
A m er ic an E ng l i s h British English American English B ri ti sh E ngl i sh

A P
account bill/account pants/trousers trousers
a ir plane aeroplane pantyhose/nylon s tights
re
anyplace/anywhe anywhere parkinglot car park
aPartment flat Pavement road surface
pedestriancrossing zebracrossing
B (potato) chins cflsPs
bathrobe dressinggown p u b l i cs c h o o l stateschool
bathtub bath Purse handbag
bill banknote
billion= t hous am
n idl l i o n billion= m illionm i l l i o n R
busy(phone) engaged(phone) railroad railway
rest room toilet/cloakroom
c
cab taxi s
call/phone ring up/phone salesclerk/salesgirl shop assistant
can t in schedule timetable
candy sweets shorts (underwear) Pants
che ck bill (restaurant) sidewalk Pavemenr
closet wardrobe stand in line queue
connect (telephone) put through store, shop shop
cookie bis c uit subway underground
corn sweetcorn,maize
cf zz\/ mao T
truck rorry, van
D two weeks fortnight/two weeks
de sk clerk receptionist
oessert pudding/dessertlsweet v
downtown (city) centre vacation holiday(s)
drapes curtatns vacuum(v.) hoover
d rugstore/pharmacy chemist! vacuumcleaner hoover
du ple x semi-detached ves! waistcoat

E w
eggplant aubergine with or without (milldcream black or white
elevator Iift in coffee)

F Y
fall autumn yard garden
faucet taP
first flooc secondfloor,etc groundfloor,firsr floor,etc z
flashlight torcn (pronounced,"zee") (pronounced,"zed")
Frenchfries c hips zero nought
front desk (hotel) reception zip code postcode

G
garbage/trash r ubbis h Grammar
garbagecan dustbin/bin
gas Petrol He ius!_!ycn! out./ He has iust sone oul
gas staflon petrol station/garage He has iust qone out.
grade class/year
Hello,is this Stevel Hello,is that Steve?
I
tntermrssron interval Do you have a carll Have you sot a carl
intersection crossroads Have vou sot a carl

tjanitor caretaker/porter Spelling

aluminum aluminium
K
paraffin analyze analyse
kerosene
center centre
check cheque
L
solicitor color colour
lawyer/attorney
queue honor honour
lin e jewellery
lost and found lost ProPerty jewelry
practice(n,v) practice(n)
practise(v)
M
mail Posf Program Programme
book realize realise
make a reservation
gre tyre
motorcycle motorbike/motorcycle
film trave(l)ler ti'aveller
movte
movie house/theater c t nem a

N Expressionswith prepositionsand particles

news-stand newsagent
different from/than different from/to
o live on X street live in X street
office (doctor's/dentist's) surgery on a team in a team
one-way (ticket) single(ticket) on the weekend at the weekend
overalIs dungarees Mondaythrough Friday Mondayto Friday

172
Appendixl- Phrasal
Verbs
Cut
cut across = (tr) take a shorter way Cut
ocross this field if you'rein o hurry.
cut back (on) = (tr) reduce(expenses,
production);cut down on We must cut
bock on eotingoutwe justcon't offordit
cut in = l) (int) move suddenlyin front of
another car A cor cut in ond forcedus to
slowdown.
2) (inQ interrupt Would you mind not
cutting in untill've fnbhed speoking?
cut into = (tr) interrupt The childrenkept
cutting into our conversotion.
cut ofr = l) (tr) disconnectOur elearicity
wos cut off os we didn't pay the bill on
time.
2) (tr) isolate(usu places)Thefloodcut
off the villogefor o week
cut out = (tr) omit Yourofticle is fine proided
you cut out the fourth porogroph.
be cut out = be suited for (a profession)
I don't think l'm cut out to be o teocher-
I hoven'tgot enoughpotience.
cut up = (tr) cut into smallpiecesCut up the
meotfur Johnny- otherwisehe won't be oble
to eot iL
Do
do away *ialt = (tr) abolishtVost countries
hove done owoy with copitol punishmenL
do in = (tr) kill He threotenedto do her in if
shedidn't cooperote.
do over = (tr) do srh againfrom the
beginningMy bossdidn't liket/re report,so
I hod to do it over.
do up = (tr) fasten;tie Do uP your jockegit\
cold.
do with = (tr) want I coulddo with o cup of teo.
do without = (tr) live or continuewithout
havingsth/sb lhereS no milk left - we'll
hove to do without
Draw
draw back = (int) move awayOn seeingthe
snokeshe drew bockin terror.
draw in = l)(int) to end/shonen(days/
seasons)The dop orc drcwing in os wnter
opptofr-hes.
2) (tr) to causesb to becomeinvolved
Don't let him draw you in.
3) (tr) (of breath) breathe deeply
He drew in o deep breoth before
onsweringthe guestion.
draw on = (tr) to use previous knowledge
or experienceto do sth His songsdrow
heovtlyon his diftcult childhood.
draw out = l) (tr) encourate sb to be less
shy He3 very shy;someoneshoulddrow him
out
2) (tr) take money out of a bank account
He drew out some moneyto poy his renL
draw up = l) (of a vehicle)stop Thecor drcw
up ouuidethe buildingond turomen got ouL
2) (tr) write out (will, list,contract etc) My
grondfotherhod o lowyerdrow up hE will lost
yeoL
Fall
fall apart = (int) break into piecesThisbook
is so old thot it\ folting oport.
fall back on = turn to sb/sthfor help when
other planshavefailed Keepsomemoney
in the bonk to foll bock on in cose
somethinggoeswrong.
fall behind = (int) hil to keepup with lhe
componyconcelledhis credit cord whenhe
fell behind with his poyments.
fall for = l) (tr) hll in love with sb Gusfell
for Mory ot frst sriht
2) (tr) be deceived Everyb@ fell for her
l,'es.
faff in = (int) collapsel'm ofroid the roofwill
foll in if on eorthguol<ehits the oreo.
fafl in with = (tr) agreewith All membersof
the committeefell in with their suggestion
to build o new hospitol.
fall into = (tr) be divided into (categories)
This novelfolls into the cotegoryof
historicolodventure.
fall through = (int) fail to be completed
Our plons fell through due to lock of
money.
Get
get across= (tr) successfully communicate
ideaslhe teochergot his messogeocross
by usingdiogroms.
= 2) (tr) distribute Theywere giving out
get along (int) continuedespite
difficultiesSheis getting olong ftne
problems.
despiteoll her
get along with = (tr) be on friendlyterms;
get on with lhey get olong with eoch
other despitetheir differences.
get around to (tr) = find time to do sth I
hoven't got oround to wnting thot letter
yeL
get at = (int) mean I don't know whot you're
getting ot by soyingsuch tlilngs.
get away = (tr) escapepunishment
-;a|t
for a wrongful, illegalact He got owoy
with o fine of only80.
get back = (tr) recover possessionof She
monogedto get bock the ring shehod lost go away = (int) stop; cease lf you toke or
o month before.
get by = (int) manageto live (financially)fiy go back on = (tr) break a promise/
poy chequeis smoll,but I con get by on it
get down = l) (tr) swdlow with difficulty I
con't get thrc steok down. lt\ very tough. go by = (tr) baseone'sideason Youshouldn't
2) (tr) depress ThE niny r.reodrerget me
down.
get down to = (tr) start doing sth seriously
It\ time you got down to looUngfor o bener
iob.
get on = l) (tr) enter (bus,trainetc) Get
on the bus beforeit leoves.
2) (int) make progressHe'sgetting on
well ot school.
get on with = (tr) be on good terms with
Shegets on well with her friend Lucy.
get out = (int) (of news) become known
How did the newsof his promotlonget
out?
get over = (tr) recover from Heb tryinghorc
to get over the deoth of his wife.
get through = l) (tr) finish(a pieceof
work) l've got to get thtough this chopter
beforel go out
2) (int) go on livingthroughdifficult
times How did peopleget throughWorld
Wor ll?
get through to = (tr) reachby phoneDid yor
get through to your dentst or will you col
him loter?
get up = (int) rise from bed Whot time did
you get up todoy?
Give
give away = l) (tr) revealPromisenot to
give oway my sereL
2) (tr) give sth free of chargeShegove
owoy mostof her clothesto the poor.
give back = (tr) return Giye rne bockthe
moneyor I'll sueyou.
give in = (int) surrender;yield He ftnallygove
in ond odminedhe woswrong.
give ofi = (tr) emit (smells,heat,fumesetc)
The rodiotorsgive off lou ofheot
give out = l) (int) come to an end lherr
suppliesgove out holfwaythroughthe climb
free somplesof the new shompooot the
supermorkeL
give up = l) (tr) abandonan attempc/habit
He gove up smokinglostyeor ond hosn't
smokedsince.
2) (tr) surrender lhe thievesgove
themselyesup to the police.
Go
go after = (tr) pursue The policemonwent
ofter the thief ond cought him.
go ahead = (int) be allowedto happen
Althoughseyerolrnemberswereobsent,the
board meetngwent oheod os plonned.
ospirin,youtheodochewill go owoy.
atreement Althoughhe hod promisedto
help us,he went bock on his word.
go by whot he sop - he olwoyseroggerotes
go down (as) = (tr) be rememberedfor
doing sth noteworthy The presidentwill
go down os one ofthe greotestleodersof
our generotion.

go fov = l) (tr) attackA bigGermonshepherd
wentfor my linle dog.
2) (tr) applyfor (a job) Why don'tyou go
for this job?Youmoy getiL
go into = (tr) discussI oskedher whot the
problemwos,but shewouldn'tEo into it
until ofter the meeting
go ofr = l) (int) explode(bomb) Ihe bomb
went off, killing20 people.
2) ring (alarm)When the olarm went off
she wokeup ond gotout of bed immediotely.
go on = | ) (int) continue;carry on Go on,
finishwhat you were saying.
2) (int) happenAlot of peoplegotheredto
seewhot wos going on.
go out = (int) stop burningPutsomecoolon
the fire beforeit goes out.
go over = l) (tr) examinedetails;go
through The policewent overlthrough
the eidence mony tmes tryingto comeup
with something.
2) (tr) repeat Go over the detoils ogain
pleose.I wosnt follwing you.
go round = l) (inQ be enoughfor everyoneto
have a share lheret enougtr food to go
rcund.
2) (int) (news/disease) spread;circulate;get
round llre newswent rcund very quickly.
go thtough = l) (tr) experienceShewent
through o poinfultime whenher fother
died.
2) (int) (of a deal/arrangement) be
completed with successHos the soleof
your flot gone through yet?
3) (tr) discussin detail ThE went through
hrbsuggestrons ogoinbeforemokingo dedsion.
go up = (int) rise (price) Ihe priceofpetrol
went uP ogoin yesterdoy.
go with = (tr) match This top reollygoes with
your skirL
go without = (tr) endurethe lackof sth;
do without Sincethey hod run out of
milNtheyhod to go without.
r l o ld
hold back = l) (tr) control (tears,laughter)
Shetried to hold bock her teorsond not
cry in front of her porents.
2) (int) hesitate Don't hold bocktoke the fet on = (int) reveala secret He let on thot
opportunitywhile it\ there.
hold in = (tr) restrain He held his ongerin let out
ond didn't shoutot the boy.
hofd ofr = (int) keep at a distanceThe police
held off the crowd until the troopsorrived.
hold on = (int) wait (espon the phone)Pleose
hold on: Mr Blockis on the other line.
hofd out = l) (int) last lhe food supplies
won't hotd out untilMondoyso we'llhove
to find somefood beforethen.
2) (int) persist lhe minersheld out for
18 monthsbeforethey colledoff the strike.
t
Appendixl- Phrasal
Verbs
hold up = | ) (tr) delaySorrywe'relote;wewere look back (on) = (tr) considerthe pastMy
held up in troffrc. grondfaherlikesto look bock on hisomy
2) (tr) useviolencein order to rob The dqa.
robbershelduP thetroinondstole€22,000. look down on = (tr) regardas inferior (opp:
fook up to) She lool<s down on Steve
KftED becousehe isn\ rich.
look forward to = (tr) anticiparewith
keep away (from) = (tr) stayawayShehod
to be kept owoy from schoolos shehod pleasureI'm reollylooking forword to
rneosles. my brother\ wedding.
keep back = (tr) concealHow did shemonoge look in on sb = (tr) paya short visit to ,?
to keep bockher true feelings? look in on my motheron my woy home.
keep down = l) (tr) causeto remainat a fook into = (tr) investigateThe policeare
lower level The government is tying to loobng into the coseof the smuggled
keep pricesdown. diomonds.
2) (tr) eatingor drinkingwithout fook on = (int) observeHe wosjustlooking on
vomiting When I hod the flu,l couldn't whib the othertwo wereploying.
keep onythingdown for two doys. look out = (int) be carefulLook outllherel
keep in = (tr) make sb stay indoors (as o cor comng.
punishment)The teocherkept us in for look out for = (tr) be alert in order to see/find
misbehoving in closs. sb/sth Wren you're cleaninghe flog pleose
=
keep ofi (tr) stayawayfrom;avoid Keep off look ont for my silver eorring I lost it
tlre benches.Ihe pointis weL somewfiere.
keep on = (int) continuedespitedifticulties look over = (tr) examinecarefully;go
Akhoughhe foiled his test,he kept on through The judgelooked over the
studyingond retookit in Moy. evidencebeforepossingjudgemenL
keep out = (tr) exclude sb/sth He lockedthe look through = (tr) look at quicklyLook
gote to keep out unwontedvisitors. thrcugh thesebooksond seeif you wont
keep up (with) = (tr) stayat the same ony of them.
level as sb/sth Despitebeingill he kept look up = (tr) look for informationin an
uP with hiswork ond possedthe exom. appropriate book/list Look up her
keep up *i,1t = (tr) continueto be numberin the phonebook
informed He reodso newspopereverydoy fook up to = (tr) admire sb I look up to my
to keep up with the news. dad becousehe\ o very smortmon.
lc t Make
let down = l) (tr) (of clothes)lengthen be made for = suit exactly Buythis dress-
(opp:take up) | needto let down my it's simply mode for you.
make ofr = (int) escape,leaveThe criminol
skirt rt'stoo short
2) (tr) disappointHe let me dwtn W ly,ngu mode off beforethe policeonived.
me. make out = l) (tr) distinguish I con'tmoke
let in(to) = allow sb to enter a placelhey out whot the nomeon the be,,is.
let us in after we showedthem our 2) (int) pretend Karenmade out shewos
invikttion. the onewho boughtthe gift
let ofr = l) (tr) causea bomb,etc to 3) (tr) write out; fill in Pleosemoke the
checkout to NormonBrothersltd
explode We let off somefirework for the
4th ofJuly celebrotionthis weekend. make over = (tr) give possessionof sth to
2) (tr) not to punish The policeoficer let sb else Beforetheir unclediedhe mode
him off without orrestinghim. oyer his wholeestoteto them.
make up = l) (tr) inventlhot is not true;she
shehod stolenthe money. mode the wholethingup.
= l) (tr) releaseHe wos,et out oF 2) (tr) put cosmeticson Shemode
prison ofter l0 yeors. herselfup beforeshe wentouL
2) (tr) (of clothes)makelarger(opp: 3) (int) reconcile Thonkgoodness they've
take in) I hoveto hovemy trouserslet made up ofter their quorrel.
out; l've goinedseverolpounds. make up for = compensateThe goodsummer
fet up = (int) become lessstrong The boots weodreris moking up for the bod winter.
won't soil until the strongwinds,et uP. make up one's mind = decide She con't
moke up her mind whetherto go to Spoin
Lot r k or ltoly.
look after = (tr) take care ol My motherlooks
ofter nry son when I'm ot wok
175
Appendix | - Phrasal
Verbs
Pass
passaway = (int) die l'm sorryto tellyou
yourountpossedowoy lostnight
passofr as = (tr) pretendto be sth/sbelse
successfully Shepossedherselfoff os o
policeofficerin orderto getintothe
buildrng.
passout = (int)loseconsciousness He
possedout fromthefumes,ondit took
themsometimeto bringhimround.
pass up = (tr) not usean opportunityto do
sth lhis is on offeryouwon'twontto Poss
uP.
P^Y
pay back = l) (tr) return money owed I
promiseI'll Poy you bock os soonos lget
poid.
2) (tr) ake rs/engeon sb I promise l'll poy
yut bod<onedoyforvvhotyou didn me.
pay dovn = (tr) paypan of the pricefor sth
andthe restovera periodof timeWepoid
60 dwtn ondhe bolonce wer o per'ndof 6
months.
pay for = (tr) receivepunishment A/l
criminolsshouldpay for theircrimes.
pay ofr = (tr) paysb to leaveemployment
Theypaid off oll theirseniormonogement
in on ottemptto restructure the compony.
pay up = (tr) pay(a debt)in full As I hodn't
poidmy monthlyinstolments, thecompony
reguested thot I poy up the bolonce.
Pu l l
pull down = (tr) demolishTheypulled
down theold buildingos it wosdongerous.
pull in = (int)(of tnins) arrive(opp:pull out)
ThewinfiomYo*bduelopullin ot530 pm.
pull oneselftogether = bringone'sfeelings
undercontrol Athougltshewostrred,she
pulled herselftogether ondcontinued
woNng.
pull through = (int)succeed despite
difficuftieslf oll employees
workhorder,the
componywill definitelypull through.
puff up = stopA hugewhitecor pulled up
outsidethe hotel.
Pu t
put across = (tr) communicate successfully;
get acrcss/ over Thelecturermcnoged
to put hisideosocrossto the oudience.
put aside/by = (tr) saveHe puts oside t50
o monthfor hissummerholidays.
put away = f ) (tr) store Put thetrysowoy in
thecupboard.We're expeainggueststonrght
2) (tr) put sb into prison/mentalhospital
Themurderer wos Put oway for l0 yeors.
put down = l) (tr) write down;take down
AlokesureyouPut down everything soid
c dr rreetl'ng.
2) (tr) criticiseTonyis olwoysPutringnre 2) (tr) rehearse,check or revise quickly
down and soyingl'm notfost enough. Lett run thrcugh the lost sceneoncemore
3) (tr) suppressforciblyThepolkeuy u put run up = (tr) accumulateHe ron up o huge
down riotingot footbollgomes. debt on his credrtcordwhichhe couldn'tpoy
put down to = (tr) atribute to Sheputs off.
her recentsuccess down to hordworkond run up against = (tr) encounter (difficulties,
dedicotion. opposition) He ron uP against dfficulttes
put for"ward= (tr) proposeHe put #ren he |aiedto enter the counw wrthouta
forword o newplonto helpreduce vtso.
unemploymenL
put off = l) (tr) displeaseI don't like See
omusement pork; the longlines reoltyput see about = (tr) deal with; see to l'll see
me off. obout the food if you get the toble reody
2) (tr) postponelhe meetjngwosput ofi see ofi = (tr) accompanya traveller to
dueu thepresident's illness. his/herplane,train, etc. When shelefr.for
put on = l) (tr) dressoneselfin Put on your Berlinher porenb sow her off at the
cootondcomewtthme, stotion.
2) (tr) increase(in weight)He hosput on see out = (tr) accompanysb to the
weritrtsincehe stffied wo*)ng. door/exit of a house/building Dont
3) (tr) causeto takeplace(show/ botherto see me out, I con find my own
performance) Theyore putting on My woy.
FonLodyon Broodwoynextmonth. see thrcugh = (tr) not be deceivedHe wr
put out = l) (tr) extinguish(fire etc) Ihe sucho poor lior thot l/heysow through ht:
firefightersPut out thefire guickly. ot once.
2) (tr) causeinconvenience I hopeI'm not see sth through = (tr) finishan unpleasanr
Putting you out by oskingyouto do this. proiect or event I didnt likemy piono
be put out = be annoyedShewosPut out clossofter o coupleofweeks, but I decideo
by hisbod behoviour. to see it through to the end.
put through = (tr) connectby phone6on see to = (tr) deal with I usuollycleor the
youPut me through n Mr Jones,pleose? toble,whilemy sistersees to woshingthe
put up = f ) (tr) erect;buildThey've put up o dishes.
stotuein thesquore.
2) (tr) offer hospitaliryWhenyouorein S et
town,l'llPut youup ot my house.
3) (tr) showin a publicplaceIheWWF set about = (u")beginto do Heset obout
hosput uP posters oll oroundthe city. fuingthedoorwhileshecleoned thehouse
set aside = (tr) save
for a special purpose
put up with = (tr) tolerateI won\ put up
She sets oside $20 o week to buy o cor.
with suchrudebehoviour onylonger.
set back= l) movethehands of a clocldwatr
to showan earliertime Weusuol/y set r
Run
dxlcs back one hour ot the beginning
run across/into = (tr) meet/findby chance
oufl)mn.
Sheron ocnossonoldfriendwhileon holidoy. 2) (tr) hinderThefirehossetourplons boc,
run after = (tr) chaseThedogron after the set in = (int)(ofweather) startandseemlikr
col to continueTherainseems to hoveset ir,
run away with = (tr) secretlygo awaywith set ofr/out = (int)starta journeyWel/set
sb/sthlhe thieves run owoy with offlout for theoirportot 7 om.
€15,000,000fromthebonk set on = (tr) (causeto) attackHe threote,
run down = l) (tr) knockdown (with a to set thedogson usif wedidn'tleove
vehicle);run over Theoldmonwosrun set out = (tr) describein betterdetailYo,
downloverby o bus. pointsore good,butyouneedto set out
2) (tr) speakbadlyof sb Youshouldn't run yoursuggestions better.
down yoursister;you'vegotno reosonto set to = (int)beginworkinghardGetthe
criticiseher. dusterondset to; there3lotsof workta
run ofr = (tr) makeprints/copies Conyou beforeour visitorsorive.
pleoserun off 100copies fot me? set up = (tr) start a businessSheleft her
run out o1 = (tr) no longerhavea supply to ret uP herownbusiness.
We'verun out of coffee.Could you buy
sornewhenyougo out? Stand
run through = l) (tr) useup ltt unbelievoble;
= .
he hosrun through oll his moneyolreody. standby l) (tr) supportsb,espin difficu
I'll stondby you,whotever hoppens

2) (int) be ready for action fhe ormy wos
stonding by in cosewor brokeouL
stand for = l) (tr) represent Do you know
whot RSPCAstonds for?
2) (tr) tolerate;put up with We wont
stond for hisrude behoviourony longer.
stand in for = (tr) replacesb temporarily
SinceJohnis ill, I'll stond in for him tonight
ot work.
stand out = (int) be noticeableShereolly
stonds out weoringthot pink suiL
stand up = l)(int) risero one'sfeet Stond
up ond comeoverhere.
2) (tr) fail to meet We weresupposedto
meetot I l:00 but he stood me up.
stand up for = (tr) support Yououghtto
stond uP for your friendswhen people
qiticise them.
stand up to = (tr) resist lhe buildinghos
been reinforcedto stond up to
',o.'*o'on"'
take away = (tr) remove Moy ltoke owoy
the dirty dishesnowT
ake back = (tr) apologiseHe took bock
his remorksobout her cookingbecouseshe
was obviouslyupseL
:ake down = (tr) write down Conyou toke
down notesduring the meeting?
ake for = (tr) identify wrongly Sory, I
took you for your brother.I olwoysmix you
uD.
ake in = l) (tr) give accommodationSeoside
villogersoften toke in tourists os poying
gues6.
2) (tr) makeclothesnarrower(opp:let
out) Now thot l've lostweightI should
toke my clothesin.
3) (tr) fulfy understandDid you toke in
whot I soidor shouldI repeot it?
4) (int) trick My srsteris rothernoive;shet turn out = l) (tr) produceOur foaory turns
olwaysgeftng tol<en in by other people\
lies.
:ake ofr = l) (int) becomevery successful
Hybridcarshove not beenpopulor,but now turn over = (int) turn to a new page;
they'rereollystortingto toke off.
2) (tr) removeclothes(opp:put on)
Toke off thot dirty dressond I'll woshit for turn to = l)(tr) go to sb for help/advice
you.
3) (int) (of planes)leavethe ground
(opp: come down) We sowthe plone
toke off ond disoppeorinto the clouds.
a) (tr) (of time) take time as a vacation
He took threedoysoff workto go ond
seehis porents.
ake on = l)(tr) undertake
work/responsibility He took on on extro
clossos the previousteocherhod quit
2) (tr) employ Theydecidedto toke on
two extroossistonts duringthe solesperiod.
take out = l) (tr) removelhe dentrsttook
out rnybod tooth.
2) (tr) clean (mark,dirc) Usethis sproyto
toke out the stoin.
take wer = | ) (tr) gaincontrolof sth 5he1ltoke
over thecomponyvvhenherfaher retjres.
2) (tr) to staft beinSresponsiblefor sth
that sb elsewas doing Tonywill toke over
os monogerwhenMr Brownretires.
take to = l) (tr) begina habitI don'tknowwhy
she'stoken to brtng her noils.
2) (tr) like She hos reolly token to her
nephew ond olwoys buys him expensive
presents.
take up = | ) (tr) begina hobby,sporcjob When
he retired,hetook up soilingos o hobby.
2) (tr) fill (time, space)Ihis sofotokes up
most of the livingroom.
Tur n
turn around = (int) go backin the direction
you camefrom We forgotour ticketsso we
hod to turn oround ond go bock to the
house.
turn away = (tr) refuseadmittancelhey
tried to enter the ploce but they were
turned owoy ot the door.
turn down = l)(tr) refusean offer He
proposedto her but sheturned him
down.
2) (tr) reduceloudness(opp:turn up)
Couldyou turn down the radio o little?
turn in = l) (int) go to bed lt\ loteond l'm
tired.lA bettetturn in.
2) (tr) give to the police Theyturned the
fugitivein to the police.
turn into = (tr) changefrom one situation
to another When our bogswerestole4
our holidoyturned into o disoster.
turn ofr = (tr) switchoff (opp:turn on)
Turn off the ovenbeforeyou leove.
out I 00 corso doy.
2) (int) prove to be He turned out to be
the onewho hod stolenthe money.
changetheTV channelNowchildren,turn
ovef to the next poge.
When l'm in trouble,I olwoystum to my
fomily.
2) (tr) begin(a way of life or doing sth)
Why did he turn to drinkingin the first
ploce?
turn up = l) (inQarrive or appear
(unexpectedly)He finollyturned up ot
the meetingon hour lote.
2) (int) (of an opportunity)ariseWheno
benerjob turned up sheseizedthe
chonceond oppliedfor it
Appendix| - Phrasal
Verbs
Wear
wear away = (tr) (of wood/stone) reduce
graduallyWe couldn'tmokeoutthe nomes
on the door becousethe lettershod been
completelyworn owoy.
wear down = (tr) reduceoppositiongradually
A few weeksin solitoryconfinementwill weor
down the prisonert resistonce.
wear ofi = (int) stop graduallyYournervousness
will wear off whenthe exomsare over.
wear out = l) (tr) exhaustI've workedso
hord todoy,l'mworn out.
2) (int) use until no longerserviceable
We'll hoveto replocethis plug - rt is
completelyworn out.
I t{
Work
work ofr = l) (tr) graduallyovercomethe
effectsof sth by doing sth different He
worls off his stressby exercisingregulorly.
2) (tr) (a debt) repaya debt by working
without pay Sheworked off the hours
sheowedot the weekends.
work on = (tr) havean effect on We hoveto
checkthrsnewdrug to seehow itwork
on onimols.
work out = l) (tr) find a solution rc a
problem by reasoningor calculationlm
surewe con wo'* out our problemsif we ulk
oboutthem.
2) (int) develop successfullyI hope things
will work out wellfor you in your newjob.
work up = to makeyourselfhungryby doing
exerciseor hard work I'vebeenwolkingoll
doy so I've worked up a reolly good
oppetjte.
177
 Appendix ll - Verbs,Adjectives,
NounswithPrepositions

A (put the) blameon sb (n) cope with (v)

blame sb for sth (v) correspondto/with (v)
abide by (v) blame sth on sb (v) count against(v)
absentfrom (adj) boast about/of (v) count on sb (phr v)
abstainfrom (v) bored with/of (adl) cover in/with (v)
accompaniedby (adj) borrow sth from sb (v) covered in/with (adi)
accordingto (prep) brilliant at (adj) crash into (v)
account for (v) bump into (v) (have)a cravingfor sth (n)
accusesb of (v) busy with (adi) crazy about (adj)
accustomedto (adj) crowded with (adi)
acquaintedwith (adi)
c cruel to (adj)
addictedto (adj) cruelty towards/to (n)
adequatefor (adi) call atlon (phr v)
cure for (n)
adjacentto (adj) campaignagainst/for(v) curiousabout (adj)
advantageof (n) (buc there's an advantage capableof (adi)
in - (have)an advantage over sb) care about (v) D ':l'ffir
adviceon/against(n) care for sb (v) (= like)
afraid of (adj) (take) care of (n) damageto (n)
agree to/on sth (v) care for sth (v) (= like to do sth) date back to (v)
agreewith sb (v) carefulabout/oflwith (adj) date from (v)
aheadof (prep) carelessabout/with (adi) deal with (v)
aim at (v) causeof (n) dear to (adj)
allergicto (adi) cerain of (adi) decideon/against(v)
amazedatlby (adj) changeinto (v) decreasein (n)
amount to (v) characteristicof (n/adj) dedicateto (v)
amusedatlwith (adi) chargefor (v) deficientin (adj)
angD/at what sb does (adi) chargesb with (v) definitionof (n)
angry with sb about sth (adj) check for (v) delayin (n)
angrywith sb for doing sth (adi) choice benrveen/of(n) delight in (v)
annoyedwith sb about sth (adi) clever at (adj) (buu lt was very clever of delightedwirh (adi)
(in) answerto (n) you to buy it.) demandfor (n)
anxiousabout sth (adi) close to (adj) demandfrom (v)
(be) anxiousfor sth to happen(adj) coax sb into (v) depart from (v)
apologiseto sb for sth (v) coincidewith (v) depanurefrom (n)
(make an) appealto sb for sth (n) collaboratewith (v) dependon/upon(v)
appealto/against(v) collide with (v) dependenton (adj)
apply in writing (v) comment on (v) deputisefor (v)
applyto sb for sth (v) communicatewith (Y) descendedfrom (adi)
approve of (v) comparewith (v) (how peopleand things describeas (v)
arguewith sb about sth (v) are alike and how they are different) describesb/sth to sb else (v)
arrangefor sb to do sth (v) companeto (v) (show the likenessbetween descriptionof (n)
arrest sb for sth (v) sb/sthand sb/sthelse) die oflfrom (v)
arrive at (a small place)(v) comparisonbewreen (n) die in an accident(v)
arrive in (a town) (v) compete against/for/with(v) difrer from (v)
ashamedof (adj) complainof (v) (= suffer from) (have)differencebetween/of(n)
ask about/for(v) (butask sb a question) complainto sb about sth (v) (= be annoyedat) different from (adj)
assure(sb) of (v) complimentsb on (v) difficulty in/with (n)
astonishedatlby (adj) comply with (v) disadvanageof (n) (buttierel a
attachedto (adj) concealsth from sb (v) disadvantage in doingsth)
attack on (n) concentrateon (v) disagreewith (v)
arcacksb for sth (v) (have)confidencein sb (n) disappointedwith/about/by (adi)
attend to (v) confident in (adj) disapproveof (v)
availableto (adj) confineto (v) dischargesb from (v)
(un)awareof (adj) contusedabout/by (adj) discouragedfrom (adj)
confusionover (n) discussionabout/on(n)
congratulatesb on sth (v) disgustedbylat (adj)
B
connectionbetraaeen (n) (bucin connection dismissfrom (v)
bad at (adi) (buc He was very bad to me.) wittr) disposeof (v)
ban sb from sth (v) consciousof (adj) disqualified from (adj)
baseon (v) connect to/with (v) dissatisfiedwith (adi)
basisfor (n) consider sb for sth (v) distinguishbetween (v)
beg for (v) consist of (v) divide between/among(v)
begin bylwith (v) contact between (n) (buu in contact with) divide into/by (v)
believein (v) content with (adi) do sth about (v)
belongto (v) contrary to (adj) doubtful about (adj)
benefit from (v) contrast with (v) dream about (v)
bet on (v) contribute to (v) dream of (v) (= imagine)
beware of (v) convert to/into (v) dressedin (adj)

178
 Appendix ll - Verbs,Adjectives,
NounswithPrepositions

grateful to sb for sth (adj) know about/of (v)

grudgeagainst(n) keen on sth (adj)
eagerfor (adj)
tuess at (v) keen to do sth (adj)
economiseon (v)
guiltyof (adj)(buc he felt guilty about his kind to (adj)
efficientat (adj)
crime) key to (n)
iput) effort into sth (n)
knowledgeof (n)
emphasis on (n)
engaged to sb/insth (adl)
engagement to sb (n) happento (v)
enthusiastic about (adl) happyabout/with/for(adj) lackin (v)
enviousof (adj) harmfulto (adj) lackof (n)
equalto (adj) hear about (v) (= be told) laughat (v)
escapefrom/to (v) hear from (v) (= receivea letter) lead to (v)
exampleof (n) hear of (v) (= learnthat sth or sb exiss) lean on/against(v)
excellentat (adj) heir to (n) learn about/by (v)
exceptionto (n) (make an exception of hinderfrom (v) leavefor (v) (= headfor)
sth/sb = treat sth/sbas a soecialcase- hint to sb about sth (v) (buc hint at sth) lend sth to sb (v)
take exception to sth = obiect to sth) hope for (v) listen to (v)
exchangesth for sth else (v) hope to do sth (v) live on (v)
excitedabout (adj) (no) hope of (n) long for (v)
exclaimat (v) hopelessat (adj) Iook at (v)
excusefor (n) look for (v) (= searchfor)
excusesb for (v)
exemptfrom (adj)
ideaof (n)
expel from (v) married to (adi)
identicalto (adj)
experiencedin/at (adi) marvel at (v)
ignorantoflabout(adj)
experimenton/with (v) meanto (adj)
illwith (adi)
expert at/in (sth/doingsth) (n) (= person mentionto (v)
impacton (n)
good at) mistakesb for (v)
importantto sb (adi)
expert at/in/on(sth/doingsth) (adj)(= done mix with (v)
impressedby/with (adi)
with skill or involvingtreat knowledge)
(makean) impressionon sb (n)
expert with sth (n) (= good at usingsth)
improvementin/on (n)
expert on (n) (= personknowledgeable
incapableof (adj)
about a subject) nameafter (v)
includein (v)
necessaryfor (adi)
increasein (n)
needfor (n)
independentoflfrom (adj)
hce up to (phr v) neglectof (n)
indifferentto (adj)
&ailin an attempt (v) nervousabout (adj)
indulgein (v)
.ail to do sth (v) new to (adj)
inferior to (adj)
hilure in (an exam)(n) niceto (adj)
informationabout/on(n)
hilure to (do sth) (n) nominatesb (for/as sth) (v)
(be) informedabout (adi)
(take)(no) notice of (n)
hithful to (adj) injectsth into sb/sth(v)
notoriousfor doingsth (adi)
hll in (n) inoculateagainst(v)
hmiliar to sb (adj)(= known to sb) insiston (v)
hmiliar with (adj) (= haveknowledgeof) insteadof (prep)
amous for (adj) insureagainst(v) obedientto (adi)
redup with (adj) intelligentat (adj) object to (v)
ill sth with sth else(v) intent on (adj) objection to (n)
inish with (v) (haveno) intentionof (n) obligedto sb for sth (adi)
'ire at (v) interestin (n) obsessedwith (adi)
rieefrom (v) interestedin (adj) obviousto (adj)
'bnd of (adj) interferewith/in (v) occur to (v)
'orget about (v) interpretation of (n) offenseagainst(n)
'orgive sb for (v) invasionof (n) operate on (v)
jortunate
in (adl) invest in (v) opinionoflon (n)
'ree from/oflfor (adj) invitation to (n) opposite oflto (n)
jriendly
with/to (adj) invite sb to (v) optimisticabout sth (adj)
'rightenedof (adj) involve in (v)
tull of (adl) irritated by (adi)
'uriouswith sb about/atsth (adi)
packedwith (adj)
part with (v)
iealousof (adi) patient with (adi)
generosityto/towards(n)
ioin in (v) pay by (check) (v)
geniusat (n)
ioke about (v) pay for (v) (but pay a bill)
glanceat (v)
pay in (cash)(v)
glareat (v)
peculiarto (adj)
goodat (adj)(but He was very good ro me.)
persistin (v) (buc insist on)
knock at/on (v)

179
 Appendix ll - Verbs,Adjectives,
NounswithPrepositions

(take a) photographof (n) researchon/into (n) sure oflabout(adj)

pictureof (n) respectfor (n) surprised,atlby(adi)
pity for (n) respectedfor (adj) surrenderto (v)
take pity on sb (exp) respondto (v) surroundedby (adj)
pleasantto (adj) responsibility for (n) suspectsb of (v)
pleasedwith (adj) responsible for (adl) suspiciousof (adj)
(take)pleasurein (n) resultfrom/in (v) (= be the consequence
of) sympatheticto/towards(adi)
(havethe) pleasureof (n) resultin (v) (= cause) sympathise with (v)
point at/to (v) resultof (n)
(im)politeto (adj) resultingfrom (adi) T
popularwith (adi) rhyme with (v)
take sth to sb/sth (v)
praisesb for (v) rich in (adi)
talentfor sth (n)
pray for sth/sb (v) (get) rid of (phr)
talk to sb about sth (v)
prefer sth to sth else (v) rise in (n)
(have)taste in (n)
(havea) preferencefor (n) (make)room for (n)
taste of (v)
prepare for (v) rude to (adj)
terrible at (adj)
presentsb with (v)
s terrified of (adi)
prevent sb/sth from (v)
thank sb for (v)
(take)pride in (n)
safefrom (adj) thankfulfor (adj)
pride oneselfon sth/on doing (v)
sameas (adj) think aboudof (v)
profit from (v)
satisfiedwith/by (adi) threat to sb/sthiof sth (n)
prohibit sb from doingsth (v) savesb from (v) threatensb with sth (v)
prone to (adl)
savesth for sb (v) throw at (v) (in order to hit)
protect againsdfrom(v) scaredof (adj) throw to (v) (in order to catch)
protection from (n)
searchfor (v/n) tire of (v)
protest about/at (v)
(be) in searchof (n) tired of (adj)(= fed up with)
proud of (adi) sensibleof sth (adl) (= awareof sth) translatefrom ... into (v)
providesb with (v)
sensitiveto (adj) tread on (v)
provide sth for sb (v) sentencesb to (v) trip over (v)
punishsb for (v)
separatefrom (v) trouble with (n)
puzled about/by (adj)
seriousabout (adj) typical of (adj)
settle for/on (v)
a "w sharein/of sth (n)
U
quarrel about sth/with sb (v/n) shelter from (v)
qualif as/in (v) shockedatlby (adl) unawareof (adj)
qualifiedfor (adj) shoot at (v) understanding of (n)
quick at (adi) shon oflon (adi) uneasyabout (adj)
quotation from (n) shout at (v) upset about/over sth (adi)
shy of (adj) (make) use of (n)
R "!l sick of (adl) usedto (adi)
sillyto do sth (adi)(but:it was silly of him) usefulfor/to (adj)
rave about (v) similarto (adj)
react to (v) skilful/skilledat (adj) V
reaction to (n) slow in/about doing sth/to sth (adj) validfor (lengthof time) (adi)
readyfor (adj) smellof (n/v) validin (places)(adi)
reasonfor (n) smileat (v)
value sth at (v)
reasonwith (v) solutionto (n)
vote against/for(v)
rebel against(v) sorry about (adl) 1= 1""1sorry for sb) (but:
vouch for (v)
receivefrom (v) I'm sorry for doingsth)
(keep) a record of (n) speakto/with sb about (v)
recover from (v) specialise in (v) w
reductionin (n) specialistin (n) wait for (v)
refer to (v) spendmoneyon sth (v) warn sb againsdabout/of(v)
(in/with) referenceto (n) spendtime in/doingsth (v) waste (time/money)on (v)
refrain from (v) split into/in (v) weak in/at (adj)
regardas (v) spy on (v) wink at (v)
regardlessof (prep) stare at (v) wonder about (v)
related to (adi) strainon (n) work as/in/atsth (v)
relationshipbetween (n) (bue a study for (v) worry about (v)
relationship with sb) subjectto (adj/v) worthy of (adl)
relevantto (adj) submitto (v) (bucsubmit sth for publication) write about (v)
rely on (v) subscribeto (v) write to sb (v)
remind sb oflabout (v) succeedin (v) wrong about (adj)
remove from (v) suffer from (v)
replacesth with sth else (v) sufficientfor sth/sb(adi)
reply to (n/v) suitablefor (adi)
report on (n/v) superiorto (adj)
reputation for/of (n)

180
 Appendix ll - Prepositional
Phrases

*-
Against at the table for instance
at the time for luck
againstthe law
at times for life
at dre top of (buc on top of) for love
AtI at work for nothing
at an advantage at 23 Mills St for once
at the age of at the weekend for the rest of
at the airport for safekeeping
Before I for one's sake
at an auction
at the beginningof (when sth started) (but: before long for the sakeof
in the beginning = originally) for sale(= to be sold)
at one's best By il for short
at breakfast/lunchetc for the time being
by accident for a holiday
at the bottom of by all accounts
at the bus stop for a walk
by appointment for a while
at church by the arm/hand
at college by auction From C
at the corner/on the corner by birth
at all costs by bus/train/plane/helicopter/axi/ship/ from now on
at the crossroads boat/sea/air/caretc (buc on a/the bus/ from scratch
at dawn plane/train/ship/boat - in a taxi/car/
at one's desk ln-
helicopter/plane)
at the door by chance in action
at ease by cheque in additionto (+ ;nt 1o.r,
at the end (= when sth is finished)(but in by correspondence in advance(of)
the end = finally;at all evena) by daylnight in agreement(with/on/ about)
at your exPense by degrees in aid of
at fault by the dozen in all (= all in all)
at first by eye in an attempt
at first hand by hr in answerto
at first sight by force in an armchair
at a glance by hand in bed
at hand by heart in the beginning(= originally)
at heart by inviation in blossom
at home by land/sea/air in a book
at/in a hotel by law in brief
at ...milesper hour by marriage in business
at large by meansof in any case
at last by mistake in cash
at the latest by nature in the centre of
at least by now in charge(of)
at the very least by oneself in cities
at lenSth by order of in code
at liberty by phone in colour
at a loss by mail in comfort
at the match by profession in common
at midnight by request in comparisonwith
at the moment by (the/one's)side in conclusion(to)
at most by surprise in (good/bad)condition
at night by the time in confidence
at noon by the way in control (of)
at once by oneself in the corner
at peace/war by one's watch in the country
at a place in danger
at Present
For .- in the dark
at a profit
in debt
at the prospect for ages in demand
at random for breakfast/lunch/dinner in detail
ar any rarc for certain (be) in difficulty
at one's nequest for a change in the direction of
at the samedme for ever in doubt
at school for fear (of) in a ...dress
at sea for fun (= for amusement) in due course
at short notice for good in the end (= finally)
at (high/full)speed for granted in exchangefor
at/in the station for hire in existence
at sunset for keeps in fact

181
 Appendixll - Prepositional
Phrases

in fashion in question on (a ...) day

in favour of in reality on demand
in flames in return on a diet
in the flesh in the right/wrong on duty
in focus in a row/rows on earth
in one'sfree time in ruins on edge
in full swing in safety on an expedition
in the future in season on a farm (buc in a field)
in general in secret on fire
in good time in self-defence on the (4th) floor (of)
in half in the shapeof on the floor
in hand in short on foot
in haste in sight (of) on the ground
in good/badhealth in the sky on the one hand
in hiding in silence on holiday
in honour of in some respecc on horseback
in hopesof in stock on impulse
in the hospital in style on the lnternet
in a hotel in the streets on an island(buc in the mountains)
in a hurry in succession on a tourney
in inldpencil/pen in the suburbs on one'sknees
in sb'sinterest in the sun/shade on leave
in isolation in good/badaste on the left
in length/widthetc in tears on loan
in all sb'slife in theory on the market (= available to the publicl
in the limelight in time on one'smind
in a line in no time on that morning
in the long run in touch on the move
in love (with) in town on NewYear'sDay
in luxury in tune (with) on the news
in the meantime in turn on this/that occasion
In a mess in two/half on order
in the middleof in uniform on the outskirts
in a mirror In use on one's own
in moderation in vain on PaSe...
in a moment in view of on Parade
in a good/badmood in a loud/lowvoice on the Pavement
in the mood in a way (= in a manner) on the phone
in the morning in the way on a platform
in mourning in writing on principle
in nameonly (= not in reality) in a word on PUrPose
in needof in the world on the radio/Tv
in the news on the right
In a newsPaPer On on sale(= sold at reducedprice) (buc frr *
in the nameof (= on behalfof) = to be sold)
on account of
in the nick of time on schedule
on a ...afternoon/ evening
in the north/south on the screen
on the agenda
in a nutshell on secondthoughts
on the air
in the open on the side
on approval
in one'sopinion on sight
on arrival
in orbit on the soh
on average
in other words on this street/on the street(s)
on bail
In Parn on strike
on balance
rn Parrs on good/badterms
on the beach
in the park on time
on behalfof
in particular on toP of
on one's birthday
in the past on the trail of
on board
In Person on a triP
on the border
in pieces on the way (to) (= as I was going)
on the bottom
in placeof on the whole
on business
in politics
on call
in pounds Orrf of I
on a campsite(at a campsite)
in practice/theory
on the coast out of breath
in principle
on condition out of character
in prison
on the contrary out of condition
in private/public
on credit out of control
in all probability
on a cruise/excursion/trip/tour out of danger
In Protress

182
l
Appendixll - Prepositional
Phrases

out of date out of use Under ::i1-if5

out of debt out of work
out of fashion under arrest
out of focus Off 'rBM under one's breath
out of hand under control
off the air under the control of
out of luck
off colour underdiscussion
out of order
off duty under the impression
out of the ordinary
off limits under orders
out of place
off the map under pressure
out of practice
off the point under repair
out of print
off the record under the weather
out of the question
off the road
out of reach ,,!*
off school/work Without
out of season
off the top of your head
out of sight without fail
out of step To ':Sg
out of stock
out of tune to some extent
out of turn (come)to an end

Spelling
Rules
| -(e)sending
a. words ending in -sr-ssr-chr-xr -shr.2r-o add .es bus- buses,moss- mosses, pitch- pitches,
mix- mixes,
topoz- topozes,
tomoto- tomotoes, zoo- zoos
b. nouns ending in vowel + o, double o, short forms/ rodeo- rodeos, rodio- rodios,piono- pionos
igloo- tgloos,
musicalinstruments/pnopernounsendingin -o add -s

2 -fl-fe ending
nouns ending in -fl-fe drop -fl-fe and add .ves wife- wives,leof- leoves(but:roofs,chefs)

3 -y ending
a. words ending in consonant+ y drop -y and add -ies, hurry- hurries- hunied,funny- funnier- funniest,
-ied,-1gp,
-iest,.ily worry- worrying
b. words endingin consonant+ y add -ing employ- employs - employed
- emp@ng
c. words ending in vowel + y add -s, -ed, -ing, -er, -est coy-coyer-coyesa

4 -ie ending
words ending in -ie change -ie to -y before -ing dte- dying

5 dropping-e
a. words ending in -e drop -e and add -ing, -ed, -er, -est sove- soving- soved(but,be - being)
tome-tomer-tomest
b. adjectivesending in -e add -ly to form their adverbs rore- rorely,nice- nicely(buttrue - truly)
c. adjectivesendingin -le changeJe to.ly to form their adverbs incredible
- incredibly(but whole- wholly)
d. verbs endingin .ee add -ing see- seeing

Pronunciotion
Pronunciation of -(e)s ending (noun plurals and the 3rd percon singular of verbs in the Present Simple)
/s/ after lfl, Itl, lpl, lkl lul alter lzl, ld1l, ltfil, lsl, U lzl alter lbl,lg!,lml,ldl,lll,lnl,lvl or any vowel sound
loughs,spots, housegdodges,ditches, thrills,poins,,eoyes,
dobs,rigs,beoms, toys
drips,rocls posses,
loshes
Pronunciation of -ed ending

ltdl after ltl,ldl Itl after lkl, l!1, lfl, lsl, [], lpl I d alter lbl, I d3l, I ml, lvl, I gl, lll, I nl, I zl, vowel + I rl
lifted,bronded boked,motched,loughed, snubbed,nudged,dimmed,ooved, drugged,spilled,
lonced,doshed,tropped opened,cruised,cored

1
 FurtherPractice
Section
o Keyword transformations

1 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the
word given. Do not change the word given.You must use between two and five words, including
the word given.

Johnwas the only one who didnt catchthe virus. l4 Janecouldnt affordto buy the dress.
apart Everyone too The dresswas . .
' fohn' . .buy'
The councilis goingto demolishthat block of flats l5 Jackdoesnt go to the beachvery often.
next week. unusual lt . . . .
pu'ed
lT::::l iJlil'.i";.,r
;; *;"k. r6 Fredaro,ned;;;;
; ;;;ff ;:J[ i::':
Mr Smithdoesnt like his studentsspeakingrudely """, be backbeforemidnight.
to him. long Fredwasallowedto go the parry. . . .
spoken Mr Smithdoesnt like . . . backbeforemidnight
. . . .. by hisstudents. lT I didnt expecrthe film to be so good.
The CD cost lessthan I had expected. than The film
as
li:.:: : :::... .i ;J;;;il rB Hehasr*"rooo
;",;;,.;:;;;;;;;;j*:"""'J:'
We arrivedat the cinemaso latethat we didnt go gets He . .
in. . . his parents.
point We arrivedat the cinemaso latethat | 9 Thomaswould rather not eat pastatonight.
.....goingin. feel Thomas
That is the fastestthe secretarycan type. pastatonight.
any The secretarycant 20 | cant believethis is the best job available!
. . that. better There must .
It was unreasonable to givetlre footballera red card. . . . this one available.
deserve The footballer . . . 2l We were home in halfthe time it took them.
....givenaredcard. twice lt took them .
Emilyhasnt eatensince9 o'clockthis morning. . to get home.
last The . . 22 The concert is sold out so dont wastetime trying
. . . . . wils at 9 o'clockthis morning. to tet tickets.
The bill includesthe tip for the waitress. point Therel
is The tip for the waitress to get ticketsbecausethe concert is
the bill. sold out.
| 0 | dont think she recognised
him. 23 Gerry'snew car is as big as my van!
have She same Gerry'snew car
him.
I I They would prefer it if nobody else cameto the 24 Sophie
isusuatty';";
;i,;" ; i'; :;;;,3rT"
show with them. was rude to )rou.
want They dont like I'm surprisedSophiewas rudeto you
. . . . to the show with them. as it's .
12 The railwaylinewasfloodedso they cancelledthe . .. . impolite.
trarns. The teachersdiscussed what to sayto the parents.
due The trains discussion Theteachers....
the floods. to theParents'
13 Your car might get stolen,so rememberto buy zG surery
Mikeisnf,;,i ;; ;;,::r;"t
insurance. be Mike .
case Rememberto buy insurance " on holidav!
;;;.

184
 FurtherPracticeSection

27 The studentshaveto keep the chss ddr 14 The shopkeeperdescribedthe thief in detail.
r.esponsibleThe students description The shopkeeper
the dz<s dean. . . of the thief.
28 It might be cold so take a jackec 1 S He is sure to win becausehe practisedso much.
case Take a lacket . doubt There is . . ..
...---.c o fd . . . win after so muchpractice.
29 It is forbidden to take photos in here- 46 Richardworked especiallyhard duringthe day so
not Y ou . . that he could go out in the evening.
.....p h o to s i n h e re . order Richardworked hard duringthe day
3 0 "Whose is this shoel" he asked.
to "Who
he asked. 47 Emma
had
.. 0.,".
*" .";,"rT"r:::
;:i:ffi:
3 l I dont run as fast as my sister. the walls.
runner My sister until Emmacould not paintthe walls . . .
than me. the ceiling.
32 Everyonethinksshe'llget a promotion soon. 18 The power went off as she was doing my hair.
expected She .. done As I
..apromotionsoon.
33 Sophiefindsit difficultto find trousersdrat fn her. 19 vicky fated ;;; ;"';;ll: ::::ffi::':l
easy 1t.... with her. -
. to find trousers that fit her. succeed Vicky .
34 I dont think we shouldtr), any harder. her friend to go on holidaywith her.
worth In my opinion,tt . . 50 At *re end of the conce6the singersangan encore.
. . any harder. ended The singer
35 Peoplesaythat rock-climbingis fun. ...anencore.
suPPosed 5t I started learningltaliana month ago.
-::-::TT:l:l: : : tu;. month lt
3 5 There probablywont be any snow this week I started learningltalian.
unlikely lt s2 The actor becamefamousafter he appearedin a
Hollfwood film.
37 There's
no.',"n."
;;;, *["3 ffi il:ff following The actor becamefimous
. in a Hollywoodfilm.
possible lt wont be . . .
. . to Rome this year. 5 3 JosephaskedNicolathe price of a return ticket to
London.
3 8 Libbywrote down his address.
much JosephaskedNicola
note Libby
. . . . to buy a reurrnticket to London.
.....address.
3 9 It's beenabout three monthssinceI lastsaw Lucy. s4 It wasn'tnecessaq/ for you to -dothe dishes.
have You
about drree mondrs. the dishes.
40 There weren't many apples left ar the 55 The colours of her clothes were so bright that
everyonenoticedher.
greengrocer's.
dressed Shewas
only There were
bright coloursthat eveq/onenoticed
. . . . applesleft at tlre greengrocer's.
her.
4 l I cant finishthe puzzlebecauseit's missinga piece.
56 Only a few peoplevisit the zoo duringthe winter
one I cant finishthe puzzlebecause. . .
months.
.....missing.
visitors
12 Lucyand Clara look the sameto me. ]::::."*.::l.i::"]'. ;;;;;;;;
tell I .... duringthe winter months.
. . . between Lucy and Clara
57 At last Jack managedto finish the essayhe was
{3 Mrs Beechoften gets moody when she is tired. writing.
tendencv succeeded At lastJack. .
:: :::::,""dr;;; ,rc o oJ . . . . the essayhe waswriting.

185
 Practice
Further Section

5 8 Anna was advisedto eat fewer sweets. 72 The theatre is near the bus stop.
down Anna was advisedto . . . lar The bus stop . .
. . . of sweetsshe ate. :..... .....the at r e.
5 9 I haventhadthe opportunityto travelabroad. 73 The manager has always dealt with difficult
still I am . customers very well.
.....theopportunity good The manager hasalways. j.. .....
to travel abroad. . . . . with difficultcustomers.
60 I've only beentoYork once before. 74 "Why didn't I see any elephantsat the zool"
second This is only wonderedAnnie.
. . havebeentoYork. seen Anniewondered .
5 l The tour guideaskedthe tourists if they wanted . . . anyelephantsat the zoo.
to seeany more sigha. 7S "You've copied my homework," Emily said to
else The tour guide askedthe tourists if Daniel.
there accused Emily
. . . . . they wantedto see. her homework.
62 The nurseaskedthe patientif she could examine 76 I was unableto finishmy work on time.
the woundon his arm. succeed | ....
take The nurse askedthe patient if she . . . my work on time.
could . 77 Georgiatotally agreeswith Libby.
the woundon his arm. total Georgiais
63 Now I'm sorry that I didnt go to the concertwith . Libby.
my friends. 78 The journeytime is 30 minutesfaster,now that the
wish Inow . companyis usingnew trains.
. . . . to the concert with my friends. reduced The journeytime . .
64 Davidand Mariagot marriedsix yearsago. ....30minutes.now
been Davidand Maria . that the companyis usingnew trains.
.... sixyears. 79 I'm sorry but I can't attend your wedding next
5 5 Her friendsdidnt let her payfor the dinner. summer.
refused Her friends impossible I'm sorry but . .
for the dinner. . me to attend
65 All the studentsfailedthe test apartfrom Sonia. your weddingnext summer.
who Sonia was the 80 A famousartist is goingto paint Michael'sportrait
fail the test. next month.
57 Alex was surprisedby Donald'srudenesstowards painted Michaelis going
him. ..byafamous
how Alex was surprisedby . . . artist next month.
.....tohim. 8l It'sover four monthsnow sinceStevelasttravelled
68 Claudineoften look after children. abroad.
used Claudine has Steve
children. for over four months.

69 The protest went aheaddespitethe police being 82 The swimmer would havedrowned without her
help.
Present.
helped
place The protest
the police :::::::::i:"-fii
li:':':T::
were Presenl 83 lrene had neverdyed her hair before.
70 A lot haschangedin the city centrein the pastfew time
years. lrene had dyed her hair.
many There 84 My father thinks that he is the best cook in the
the city centre in wholeworld!
the past few years. be My father believes
7| We argued last night because I was so tired. the best
have lf I hadnt beenso tired. cook in the wholeworld!
last night.

1 86
 Further
Practice
Section

The housekeeperspentall daydustirg- l0l "Let'sgo to a restaurantfor dinner,"she said.

but The housekeeper. going She
. erst dl dq/. for dinner.
86 Terry is interestedin learningto playdre violin. lO2 Ralphwill definitelywin the race as he is the
like Terry. hstest runner.
. . .to playdre violin. ars No one else . .
"Did you see the criminal'shce?" dre policernan ...Ralphcan,
askedme. so he will definitelywin the race.
seen The policemanwantedto lcrow . . . r 0 3 It's a pity we didn't seethat film.
. . the criminal'shce. gone lwish .
They cancelledthe strike becausea W increase ....thatfilm.
had beenagreed. t 0 4 Peoplesaythat the old manwho liveson the hill
called The strike hasdevelopedmagicalpowers.
because said
a pay increasehad been agreed. li:::::::::'::?ll,.Ti#11,";
89 Paulnevertakesany notice of the gossipin the 105 You shouldtake up a sport.
office. were lf .. ..
attention
:::' ::::: : il;;,,,; ;;; ;d;. r06 .,r,m
sorry
| ; ;;; ,.; ;;fffi,i",t;
90 "Can I borrow your mobile phone, Daisyl" manager.
askedJonathan. apologised My manager
rend
lT::::.i'::l?lil,;;ir"pi""". ro7,.you
shourd
*;;; ;;"";;jil ,::::ffi:;
9l Eventhoughhe isnt wealthy,he'svery generous. saidMaude.
despite He'svery generous high "lt's . .
....wealthy. a holiday,Jenny" saidMaude.
Kerry recycleseverythingsheusesvery efficiendy. | 08 Could Natalielook after the childrenwhile I'm at
efiicient Kerry is work?
everphingshe uses. care Would Nataliemind
93 HelenaccusedLilianof takingher scarf. the
took "You . childrenwhile I'm at work?
. . . .you Lilianl"saidHelen. | 09 Elsieusedto play the flute, but she doesnt any
Olivia had the biggesthouseLee had ever seen. more.
big Lee had given
the flute.
esPeopte
r",;;;";,;;lH:::::l;lf;; il0 The weather is the sameas it was last week
Peoplesaythat changed The weather
fast runners. last week.
Would you mind shuttingthe windowl | | | We cant playfootballbecauseit's raining.
rather I'd provided We can playfootball

sr Eddieis ..2 sure

*"i"*o,o
;.;;";;;;
spite " ";;;";,;;;;;";;Ji:,::"t* 'm
birthday. ";";;:Tl[1
::::::::i':::::::t6 ;;;; intention I'm sure Robert
his wife'sbirthday.
98 JackimpressedEva'sparents.
good Jack . . il3 Joe apologisedfor upsettinghis neighboursby
Eva'sparents. playingloud music.
sorry Joe said
99 "l'm sorry I didnt callyou,"5he said.
calling ....upsethis
She . .
neighboursby playingloud music.
........ me.
a,4 Sadly,
I cannotattendthe court hearingnext month.
t 0 0 "You shouldseea doctor."she saidto him.
advised Present'Yl',l";*
lll.......... . .........a".r.. i;";;; ;;;;;il.

187
 FurtherPractice
Section

I 15 "Elliot,you should run or you'll missthe train," 129 Teresarecommendedthat I go to the aquarium
saidhis mother. this weekend.
ran Elliot'smother saidthat were "lf ... .....t
missthe train. . . go to the aquarium
I l6 How muchhad Lindapaidfor her shoes? this weekend,"saidTeresa.
cost Do you | 30 You cantravelon the local busfree of chargeon
....ofLinda'sshoesl Sundays.
a17 lt's a shameTom'snot here. costs |t....

g"o
,.r,".y,
;:T:*:ii
I 18 Jackis savingup to buy a new car. temper Amy is always
so Jackis savingup
":1::,H1
. with her colleagues.
| 32 Holly is excited as she does not meet famous
I le "Whata" p".pr"Jr;; ;;" ,.;:]li:;": peoplevery often.
Brown asked. used Hollyisexcitedassheis.. .......
reputation"Whatkindof .....famous people.
| 33 "Youtook the lastpieceof cake,"shesaidto him.
|20Peter
had* i",,i .,i;;" j".Hil#::"tt" taking She ..
could move into his new flat. the last pieceof cake.
until Peter could not move into his new 134 Over 400 peopleattendedthe gallery'sopening
flat .. night.
.....thedecorating. turned
|2| My sister insistedon m)' goingto the gym with ::":i::lr""T5".yt
her. 135
"p"","r'",ri..
She hired a professionalphotographerto take
made My sister the picturesat her wedding.
. to the gym with her. had She . .
122 I'm sure she didnt meanto insultthem. . . . . by a professional
photographer.
intention 136
l:::::::: il; i'l:ii*"!,T:x':l::l
T::ilT:i:TT
a23 Dont missthis chanceto havefreeviolin lessons!
advantage You .. ttr rhedetective
;, ; ; ;"r.;,r5l,ffJ;
this chance detail.
to havefree violin lessons! full The detectiveaskedme to
124 How long do you think this pool is? the thief.
of What is 138 Someonestole her bagon the train.
had She ..
r2sMark
went.
**.i *":;J"r;::J"?i#l . on the train.
instead Mark went to watch the cricket . . . 139 There wasnt very muchinterestso we cancelled
.....football. the meeting.
126 The president'sillnesscausedthe cancellationof called The meeting
the meeting. . . of lackof inrerest.
result The meetingwas . . | 40 Alan took an umbrellawith him becausehe did
the president'sillness. not want to tet weL
127 "lt was me.I broke the window,"he said. that Alex took an umbrellawith him . . .
having He... .....getwet.
l4l She didnt know that Tom had bought her a
128
Zoe
isnt*0"i,".ir,.r,",
,.,;'.;r*: Iiiil; necklace.
minutes. idea She . .
ability Zoe doesnt . . . Tom had boughther a necklace.
sit still for 142 Bob doesnt want to driveto Bristolthis weekend.
more than five minutes. rather
:::.:T . . ; il;;i;,,;;il.

188
 Further
Practice
Section

| 43 Felicityspent hours trying to contact dre rngazine t 5 7 Johnsaidit was Ellie'sfault that the car keyswere
editor. losc
touch Felicityspent hours tryrng blamed John .
. the car keys.
.44 ttcosts ;" ;"." ; J"ffi:
exactty :H t 5 8 Tom hasbeencomplaining
that he'sill,but hel fine.
the bus. wrong Tom has been complainingthat he's
difrerence There ill.but

;,,;;;..rr'niltrH
t4 5 Someonebrokeinto our housewtrilewe were avry.
| 59 The fishermanregrets not catchingmore fish to
sell today.
broken We .. wishes The fisherman
. . . . . while we were away.
446 We ran out of milk for the baby. t60 .";; ;", :T :'':,':;1'Jil;
rhechocorat"
left There all been eatenby the afternoon!
.....forthebaby. left The chocolatecakewas so delicious
t47 The companyis sellingtheir producs at the trade that . .
fa'ir. . . . by the afternoon!
sale The company'sproducts t 6 l Toby was tired and did not want to to to work.
. . . at the trade hir. like Toby was tired and did not
r 4 8 They saythis houseis more than 150yearsold. ....towork.
said This houseis. . . . t62 Peoplethink that Peter will come to the party
....l50yearsold. tonight.
449 Sadly,I cannot playthe pianovery well. expected Peter
good SadlyI'm not very . to the party tonight.
. . the piano. r63 SueandTomlikedeachother despitetheir different
t5 0 I totally agree with the government. personalitjes.
total even SueandTom liked eachother . . . . . .
with the government. differentpersonalities.
t5 l For him, the standardsof the two restaurants 164 Susanthought that the restaurantin town was
were completelydifferent. the best one they could havechosen.
comparison For him,there was made Susanthought that they couldnt . .

the sandardsof the two restaurants. choicethan the restaurantin town.

r 5 2 "Could you possiblylook after Benjaminon Friday r 6 5 Ruth packedher bagsandleft the village,intending
eveningl"askedPetra. never to go back
care "Would you . . intention Ruth packed her bags and left the
. . Beniamin villagewith .
on Fridayeveningl"asked Petra.
r 5 3 Peoplesaythat the playis fantastic. 456 My sisteris alwaysluckierthan me when it comes
said The play to findingnice housemates.
. . . fantastic. luck I'Yenever
t 5 4 Thick fog meantthat fligha were not ableto leave " " ' m)' sister when
it comesto findingnice housemates.
on time.
prevented Flights t67 Lola hasalwaysdone well in Maths.
. on time due to thick fog. good Lola has
Maths.
t55 A team of forensic experts has examined the
murder scene. | 68 Anika used lemon juice to bleachher hair.
investigatqd The murder scene. using Anika'shair
a team of forensicexperts. lemonjuice.
156 "Couldyou help me with the cooking?"asked 169 Mr Jaggersasked if he might borrow my car at
Sarah. the weekend.
hand "Would you . . could Mr Jaggersaskedif | ' ' ' '
. . . . my car at the weekend.
with the cooking?"askedSarah.

Il8e
 FurtherPractice
Section

o Multiple
Choice

2 Choose the correct word.

r

I Sueis....... quitea nicepersononceyougetto 14 Althoughhewasnervous,hetriedto.......

calm.
know her. A pick C show
A sincerely C genuinely B point D appear
B positively D actually
2 In the of fire, everyoneshouldmaketheir one not to be missed.
way to the emergencyexits. A single C one
A instance C event B unique D only
B time D moment
3 Brianwas in painand askedthe doctor for qualifyingas a doctor.
another painkiller. A succeeded C gained
A deep C significant B managed D achieved
B considerable D important lf Manygoodsare madein countrieswhere there is
4 An important of the liver is to breakdown cheap.
food and convert it into energy. A task C effort
A activity C work B duty D labour
B function D occupation
5 There are . . . .... waysto savemoney;one way is humour.
to buy from local markets. A twisted C rolling
A several C all B winding D turning
B lots D every l9 | only hadtime to at the document.l'llread
5 My of becomingrich and famousare very it properly later.
smallindeed. A glimpse C look
A ways C chances B glance D see
B reasons D opportunities 20 At New Year there is usually an impressive
7 My parentsdidnt . . ... . . me go on the school firework
trip. A display C sight
A agree C allow B view D spectacle
B arrange D let
8 | was impressedby the work you did at home as a writer.
yesterday. A As well C In additionto
A absolutely C entirely B Besides D Apart
B increasingly D greatly 22 In manypars of the world there is a . . . . ... ban
I lnstances of . . . . .. . crime in my area have on smokingin publicplaces.
increasedover the pastfew years. A big C maximum
A cruel C harsh B total D high
B strict D violent 23 The house is . . . .... in the summer months,
l0 1....... from hayfeverinthe summermonths. providingan
additional incomefortheSmiths.
A suffer C injure A allowed C let
B harm D hurt B paid D borrowed
|| Readymealsoften havemany ingredients 24 havinggood qualifications,
Jo is finding it
addedto them. hard to get a job.
A counterfeit C artificial A Although C Nonetheless
B imitation D false B Otherwise D Despite
l2 | would visit Paristhan Rome. 25 Famous people often receive mail from their
A better C rather
B greater D more A spectators C fans
13 Temperaturesare above for this time of B onlookers D sightseers
Year.
A standard C normal
B regular D typical
190
 FurtherPractice
Section

26 On some busesyou need to pay the driver dre 40 Todaywe livein a technological
. . .. .. . wherewe
exact . can communicatewith eachother instantly.
A ticket C hre A season C era
B fee D receipt B period D time
27 Donna is not .. . . . . . keen on seafood. 4l My mother always told me to . . . . .. . my heart,
A particularly C precisely not my head.
B specifically D distinctly A chase C follow
28 It w a s unf airof t he lo c a l p e o p l eto ....... h i m a s B compete D pursue
a troublemaker. He is really a lovely boy. 42 My interestin sport has.. . . . . . over the pastfew
A criticise C blame years.NowadaysI only watch the most important
B accuse D label matches.
29 My friend offeredto . . . .. . . us aroundthe city as A neglected C lessened
he knew all the placesof interest. B avoided D shrunk
A push C guide 43 lcan stillspeakGerm?D,.......lhaventbeento
B lead D urge Germanyfor years.
30 Doctors are still unclear about the long-term A eventhough C regardless of
of the new drug. B no matter Dif
A effects C results 44 Ann got the iob because she has
B needs D conditions experiencein marketing.
3l It was hard to the teacher that I had A plentiful C considerable
written the story myself. B broad D great
A satisf C agree 45 My aunt took me to an art galleryto see some
B convince D please ....... art.
32 At d i nner par t ies it i s b e tte r n o t to ....... th e A current C present
subjects of religion or politics. B new D modern
A bringup C bringabout 46 It hastakenus longerthanwe thoughtto renovate
B bringin D bringback the house.We are a whole month
33 I'd . . .. . . . not tell you how old I am! schedule.
A even C quite A behind C delayed
B just D rather B slow D late
34 Schoolsnowadaystry to rake into account the 4 7 My friends dont live near each other. They are
needsof everystudent. over a wide area.
A individual C own A take up C go through
B single D only B fill in D spreadout
35 ltold Mum Ineededa newfootball......- 48 Fruitandvegetables are . . .. .. . cheapat our local
A set C collection market.
B kit D pack A partly C partially
36 Sea levels are expected to . .. . . .. due to global
B approximately D relatively
warming. 49 | wasbittenby a dogwhenI wasyoung........ I
A raise C bring havebeen afraid of dogs.
B rise D lead A Eversincethen C Up until now
B All the time D From now on
A let C permitted 50 Tim said that doing a bungeejump was
B accepted D allowed nothingelsehe had ever done.
38 hardhe tried,Jakecouldntfind a solution Aas C like
to his problem. B same D similar
A Although C However 5l Manyschools. .. .. . . the necessary equipmentto
BStill .r DWhereas teach scienceeffectively.
39 As stressfulas holidayscan be, they are said to A lack C lose
us good. B miss D omit
Ado C have
B make D offer A stands C rests
B belongs D lies
 FurtherPractice
Section

67 lf the policy ....... the desired effect,the

a visa. politicianswill be very pleased.
A grant C admit A manufactures C results
B allow D afford B supplies r D produces
54 Kim is valuablework experienceat Smith 68 | always in tellingpeoplethat my brother is
& Green. a hmous actor.
A grasping C gaining A enjoy C like
B catching D taking B prefer D delight
55 Being a swimmel Wayne decided to 69 | really enjoyed last night's of Sleeping
becomea lifeguard. Beauty.
A reliable C definite A action C method
B confident D sure B process D performance
56 When we visit monuments.we mustnt 70 Karen passed her driving test at the second
touch them.
A ancient C old A effort C opportunity
B antique D former B turn D attempt
ST Mary had her dress at the dressmaker's. 7 l The invitationread:LadyJane the company
A changed C developed of Anna Henleyat her garden parq/ on Saturday
B turned D altered 3rd Juneat 2 pm.
58 I ran as f'astas I could. . I didnt win the A demands C needs
race. B ask D requests
A However C Considering 72 At parties people make polite with each
B Despite D Whereas other.
With a(n) effort the work got done A talk C debate
quickly. B conversation D speech
A associated C combined 73 To be honest,thecolourbluedoesntreally.... .. .
B relating D attached you at all!
60 I am particularly. . . .. .. of my neighbounMrs A agree C match
B connect D suit
Jenkins.
A delighted C eager
B keen D fond A regular C normal
5 l Street performersare a common .. . .. .. in the B usual D natural
centre of the city. 75 The restaurant offers menus at very
A appearance C look reasonableprices.
B sight D facade A permanent C set
62 Kim'sparentsdont....... of her leaving
schoolat B fixed D constant
sxteen. 76 A(n) ....... MrAdamscalledwhileyouwereouc
A confirm C approve A exact C certain
B consent D agree B precise D particular
63 The Johnsonslost every thing they owned 17 Rory was nursedbackto good . .. .. .. duringhis
in the fire. stayin hospital.
A sole C one A condition C health
B single D unique B state D form
54 lt took a long time to find a(n) person for Jim doesnt his father at all - het much
the job. taller.
A acceptable C comfortable A look after C go after
B convenient D suitable B take after D be after
We decidedto sell the car purelyand ....... 79 My mum said I could a pet as long as I
becauseit cost too much to repair. looked after it properly.
A simply C really A keep C assist
B plainly D easily B support D care
56 | was.... ... of the changes
by email.
A informed C educated
B advised D suggested

192
 FurtherPractice
Section

80 Jason is expected to his new job in 93 After six long hours on the coach we finally
September. our destination.
A bringup C set up A achieved C gained
B take up D makeup B managed D reached
8l What are the protestors....... etainstttristimel 94 Beingbroughtup in China,my childhoodwasfar
A demonstrating C doing from .
B conducting D performing A simple C pure
82 A group of sciencestudents their findings B ordinary D regular
to the class. 95 The instructionswere so confusingthat I was
A opened C began unableto ....... the bed.
B spread D presented A mix C assemble
83 After manyhours of talks,they finally.. . . .. . at a B develop D make
decisionover pay. 96 | was .. . .. . . of breathafter runningup the hill.
A hit C came A low C short
B arrived D struck B poor D weak
84 Not getting the job completely my In museumsit is forbidden to the
confidence. artefacts.
A demolished C destroyed A sense C feel
B burnt D harmed B comprehend D touch
85 | ....... out of my parents'houseto sharea flat When I gavemy speechI had to to my
with my sister. notes severaltimes.
A extended C progressed A refer C remark
B moved D spread B mention D tell
86 Next week m),mum and dad are celebratingtheir Our teachertold us to ....... our essaysno
fifteenthwedding later than Fridayafternoon.
A year C celebration A submit C serve
B anniversary D date B give D donate
87 Why do some people like to and draw | 00 Before I switch off my computer I always
attention to themselveswhile others hate the anywork I havedone.
liirelight? A save C maintain
A put on C carry off B keep D rescue
B show up D show off l0l Manypeople in theworld livein....... poverty.
The government....... the numberof benefits A extensive C intensive
available
to the sick. B extreme D concentrated
A enlarged C grew | 02 | try to goingto the supermarketon a
B developed D increased Saturdayas it is alwaysbusy then.
A colourfuladvertisement. . . ... . my attentionas A omit C miss
I went into town this morning B escape D avoid
A appealed C attracted r 0 3 I spenta longtime browsingin the fiction
B excited D hscinated of the bookshop.
The magiciangot a(n) round of applause A spot C side
when he finishedperforminghis act. B part D section
A eager C willing r 0 4 The scandalwas sure to .... . .. the ministert
B anxious D enthusiastic reputation.
9t Sometimes I have the to eat lots of A worry C ache
chocolate. B upset D harm
A motive C reason 105 lt is....... hotin here.Canwe openawindow,
B cause D ufle please?
92 Geneticsis a(n) | know very little about, A severely C uncomfortably
I'm afraid. B tightly D heavily
A area C world 106 The RSPCAis a(n)....... that protectsanimals.
B territory D universe A activity C industry
B organisation D company

193
 FurtherPractice
Section

47 They havenot seen him in so long;he might just 74 | bought this amazingcactus plant that never
... . well havemovedto anothercountry. .... watenng.
48 Well-researchedarticleshavemadethe periodical 75 The documentary was neither informative
very popular........... academics. .... entertaining.
49 There is no . ... why you shouldn'tcome 76 The first car went .... salein 1893.
to the Partywith us' 77 lt's beentwo years . . . . Kylies lastconcert
50 Shewaited by the dock until the ship was out of in London.
78 Most peoplethink he livesin Londonbut in actual
5l He gaveher a book .... flowersfor her .... hemovedtotheUSAyearsago.
birthday. 79 Beethovenis regarded one of the
52 Ben travels so much that he practicallylives most importantcomposersof all time.
. . . . of as uit c a s e . 80 They've been supporting the society for at
53 Somepeopleenjoy nothingmore than travelling .... thirty years.
.... placetoplace. 8 | This plant cannotgrow at an altitude
54 She has faced many problemsin her career but lessthan 2,000metres.
they havenot affectedher loveof . ..... . .... she gZ The potatobelongs .... the samefamilyas
calls'theartisticexperience". the tomato.
55 Heset .... onamusicalcareerinViennain g3 Shelikesreadingfromherfavouritebook.
1894' goingon stegero calmher nerves.
56 Tim .. . to persuade
hisdadto buyhima car. g4 We were mesmerisedby ... word she
57 Sound engineering technicians, cameramenand said.
lightingtechnicians, .... had their part to gS I have given your offer a deal of
playin the successof the show thoughtbut I havenot madeup my mind yet.
58 The cars raced at a safe distancefrom one g6 As soon as he startedjogging,he got
of breath.
59 Tra velling . . . . a i r i s fa s t a n d c o n v e n i e n t. gT My grandmother al w ays .... care of her
60 She followed a strict diet . . .. as to lose appearance.
weight. 88 The two brotherscouldn'tbe more differentfrom
6l .... a recentflightwe encounteredheavy ... . another.
turbulence,andsomepeoplegot very frightened. g9 We are more interested in quality
62 She... betterquitequicklywith the help quantrty.
of a physiotherapist. 90 They promisednot to ... this happen
63 lt's naturalto be scaredat first,but soon you will again.
g e t... . t of ly i n g . 9| Flying. . . . Patagonia
for the first time is an
64 lf you are worried . . . . losingyour suitcase, unforgettable
experience.
you shouldget travelinsurance. 92 The weather in Los Angelesis mild
65 You have . . . . to fear if you take my advice. matter what time of the year you visit.
66 The machine is incrediblysensitive. . . . 93 lf you are planningto visit England,
makesure you
temperaturechanges. stayin Londonat .... two or three days.
57 Sheis excellent. . . . her iob. 94 Africa is larger . . . . sizethanAmerica.
68 Canyoutell thedifference ....thetwins? 95 As.... asmusicisconcerned,Viennaisthe
69 Fourpeoplewerearresred...........connection idealdestination.
wi th t he inc ident . 96 There is a high chance .... storms later
70 The guide showed us the house in today.
Mozart composed his most famous opera. 97 The story .... placein Amsterdamat the
7a Johnwas so tired rhat as soon as he went to bed turn of the lSth century.
he fell soundly. . 98 Paris has more restaurants. ... head of
72 There are a . . . . chingsI would like to talk populationthan any other city in Europe.
to you about. 99 A recent survey showed that .. .. most
73 morning. on m,/ way to work, I People are worried about the environment, they
b u mped int o A lex is. do litde to protect it.
.4 a\ t-
i l Yc
 PracticeSection
Furthei'

| 00 Rumour . . . . it that Paul and Susangot 126 John had an interest in mobile phones long
married in secret. .... they becamepopular.
|0| I'm far . . . . scaredto visit the dentist. 127 Popular British dishes include not only the
102 This villagehas been inhabited . . . . pre- familiarfavourites, .... as ShepherdlPie
historictimes. and Bang.'sand Mash,
but alsoLondonBroiland
103 He travelledashr as Chinain his searchfor new JuggedFtare.
material .... hisbook. ....
a28 Our team is responsible organising
the finalyear party.
| 04 The first piano,or'pianoforte' . . . . it was
called.wasinventedaroundthe turn of the lSth 129 We havebenefitedenormously .... her
century. generosity.
105 Althoughthe phonographis not . . . . use 130 We didn't get any supportfrom him or anyone
today,it can be found in many museumsaround .... forthatmatter.
the world. l3l A lot of mone),is . . . . on educationin
106 Atoms are made up . . . electrons, Finland.
protons and neutrons. 132 lf you buy ticketsonline,theyare a...........
107 Paulis reorganising his room and is deal cheaper.
rid of some of his old stuff. | 33 You can use this book . . . . a source of
108 At the sports club there are activitieson offer to referencefor your essay.
suit . .. . ageand interest. 134 Participantswere asked . . . . the show
| 09 This book will continueto be popularfor many was entertainingor not.
years. ... come. I35 lt was partly . . . . a result of his weak '
| | 0 The popularity of Harry Potter is partly health,that Paulquit hisjob.
. . . . to his beinga likeablecharacter. | 36 The book containsonly22 referencesto Picasso,
I I I The PrincessFerry can carry .... to far fewer . . . . anyother book on Cubism.
2,000passengers. | 37 This reference book remains the . .
I 12 The hotel has58 rooms . . . . total. widely usedat the university.
I 13 The Leceo is one . . . . the biggestopera 138 Children particular, are very
housesin Europe. susceptibleto virusesduringthe winter months.
ll4 The competitionis open to .... writer 139 Koalasare ... . found in Australia.
between the agesof seventeenand thirty. 140 They stopped talking to each other as the
| | 5 Some people like to travel in large groups . . .. of a misunderstanding.
. . . . others prefer to travelon their own. l4l Shet been working as a secretary....
I | 6 The letter should reachyou no later sinceshe movedto America.
Friday. 142 The wall is four metres .... height.
I 17 All entries must be accompanied .. .. a 143 to many scientists,the ice in
signedapplicationform. Antarcticais meltingat a danterousrate.
I 18 I'm sufferingfrom lack ... . sleep. 144 There were snowstorms across
I 19 The RoyalAcademyof DramaticArts in London whole country yesterday.
is alsoknown .... MDA. 145 At . . . . ,the exercisesmightseemdifficult,
| 20 . . . . sure that you keepwarm at night as but as you progressyou will realisethat they are
it gets rather cold in the desert. quite easy.
azl A Porsche 9l I Turbo can reach a speed of a45 Peoplehavelivedin thisareafor........... than
.... to 200 mph. a century.
with you
a22 Pleasekeepyour belongings 147 We went away. . . . of enthusiasm.
all times. | 48 Shemanagedto loseweight . . . . following
123 The performance
usually ... . for an hour. a strict exerciseprotramme.
124 lt was late in the afternoon........... he 149 After the acting classes,Miranda becamea lot
finishedhis project .... confident
| 25 Someanimalscan die if they are held 150 Attendinga summerlanguage coursein England
captivityfor long periodsof time. allowedAnna .. .. improveher conversation
skills.

1e6l
 FurtherPractice
Section

o WordFormation

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in capitals.

I The cost of . livinghasincreasedin recent months DAY

2 .... .... is one of rhe mostimporrantbondsin life. FRIEND
3 The museumcontainsan amazing . . . of waxwork. VARY
4 lt took him a month to recoverfrom his ILL
5 The campsiteis frirly . , so it is idealfor peopleon a tight budget. EXPENSE
6 Makea .... ... ifyouwanttostaythereinAugust. RESERYE
7 Buckingham
Palaceis one of the top tourist . . in London. ATTRACT
8 Peoplearebecomint..... ...... worriedabouttheenvironment. INCREASE
9 At schoolchildrenare . . . supervisedby experiencedstaff. CAREFUL
l0 Heisnt .. .... interestedinpolitics. PARTICULAR
I I Very few peoplelike reading book. FACT
12 Enginesthat burn petrol at slower ratesare more . ECONOMY
| 3 lt's extremely to cycleon icy roads. DANGER
l4 Suehasdecidedto haveher hair STRAIGHT
| 5 Gerry'sgrandmotheralwayscook . meals. TRADITION
15 His towards his parentswas totally unacceptable. BEHAYE
| 7 Ann . . argueswith her neighbourabout the noise. FREQUENT
| 8 Canadais famousfor its . . . . beauty. NATURE
19 The . . . five-starhotel hasexcellentservice. LUXURY
20 The weddingof their dreamstook monthsof . . PREPARE
2 | Sheis dealingwith her new post quite . succEss
22 They spentthe night . . ... . . dancingto the music. HAPPY
23 The expeditionwas quite and had limited success. cosT
24 lt was . .. difficultfor them to tet usedro city life. EXTREME
25 The river hasbecome . . . pollutedsincethe openingof the plant. SEVERE
26 The explorer was . . . .. . . by nature. ADVENTURE
27 Rom ehasalotof .... ...... toseeandmuseumstovisit. SEE
28 Luckily,the new businessturned out to be quite PROFIT
29 Socialworkers must repoft . . . casesof abuseto the authorities. SUSPECT
30 Harsher .. . . would deter peoplefrom committingcrimes. PUNISH
3l Shehasa . . .. . . careerwhich leavesher feelingburnt-out. STRESS
32 Firefightersmanagedto evacuatea hundred . . . from the building. RESIDE
33 He hasan . .. abilitywhich allowshim to communicatewith ease. EXCEPT
34 Roachesare difficuh to get rid of as they havebecome to sprays. RESIST
35 A . .. paintingwas stolenfrom the museum. VALUE
36 At the recreationcentrethere is a treat ... of activitiesto choosefrom. YARY
37 When it comesto family he'sgot a strong senseof RESPONSIBLE
38 Sheis so . she only thinksof herself. SELF

197
 Further
Practice
Section

39 Althoughthetripwas... .....,w€tottired. ENJOY

40 were sent weeksbeforethe event. INVITE
4 | The view from the balconywas . . SPECTACLE
.
42 He was fined for . . . parking. LEGAL
43 The wheel is one of the greatest . . . . . . of all time. INYENT
44 Now that he hasretired Dan is preoccupiedwith home IMPROYE
45 The guestsfound the livingroom sofaquite COMFORT
46 Hundredsof . . . . . . are to take part in this year'sTour de France. CYCLE
47 The centurywascharacterised of modernscienceand philosophy. SEVENTEEN
by the beginning
48 Kayaking
hasgrownin .... ..... asa spoft. POPULAR
49 The first mobilephonelookstotally .... today'sslim,lightweight
models. LIKE
50 He had the . . . . . of a wealthyexecutivein hisArmani suit. APPEAR
5 | TheTurners'summercabinwas . . . . madeof logs. COMPLETE
52 The mass . . . . of hybridcars hasincreasedas a resultof risingoil prices. PRODUCE
53 Our travelagentinformedus of . . . . placesto visit once in Spain. EXCITE
54 The astronauts
set out on ... .. an journeythroughspace. POSSIBLE
55 Torepairtheequipmentthetechnician
.... ... weldedthemetalrodstogether. BASIC I
56 The districtof NewYork City is locatedin Manhattan. CENTRE
.. business
57 A lot of peoplein the areawere involvedin the . . watch scheme. NE I G H B O U R
58 The bakery . . . . in cakesand pastrymaking. SPECIAL
59 At the celebration. . . . party balloonswere givento the children. COLOUR
60 Despitetheir agedifference
the two sharedmanycommon ... CHARACTER
6 | Decidingon the right universityis a difficult . . . . to make. cHoosE
62 The judgeacceptedthe .... agreedupon by both parties. ARRANGE
63 Fliersinformconsumersof the current . . . . SELL
64 The bird handlerwas a . of exotic birdsfrom a youngage. LOVE
65 For mostof her ... ..... Marywashomeschooled. CHI L D
66 Acupunctureis a safeand . treatmentfor a varietyof medicalconditions. EFFECT
67 He knewthe .... of hardwork and determination. IMPORTANT
68 Calciumis necessary
for adequatebone . .. . . . and development. GROvv
69 Nearly one .. . . of the townl residentsopposethe developmentproject. THREE
70 All course must be completedprior to graduation. REQUIRE
7 | He had enough to removethe fallentree branchfrom the road. STRONG
72 The studentsneeded .. time to completethe assignment. ADDITION
73 After the coachl speechthe team left the locker room and motivatedto win. ENERGY
74 Unfortunately,she
experienced.. ...... sideeffectswith the medication. EXPECT
75 Childrenare taughtneverto talk to STRANGE
76 MammaMia,thepopular ...., is basedon songsbyABBA. MUS IC
77 Theathletesare.. thecomperition. CURRENT
...... awaitingtheresultsof
78 Shewasvery ...... anddrivento succeed. AMBITION
79 TheBroadwayplayincludesacastof
talentedand.. ..... actors. PROFESSION
80 Circus dazzledthe audiencewith their trapezeact. PERFORM

198
 Further
Practice
Section

I I Animatedfilms are . . . for the entire family. ENJOY

82 Childrenhavea nacural . . - . ro exoloretheir environment. T E ND
83 Beththoughtshewas alone, . of the man hidingin the shadows. A}vARE
84 Russiaexperiences
longand cold winters. BITTER
85 The more we learnthe more we realisethat our .... . is limited. KNOW
86 lt was the .. . decisionhe had ever madein his life. TOUGH
87 New researchsugteststhar tea can help improveyour memory. S CI E NCE
88 Publicdonationscanhelpendthehungerand
.. ...... inthirdworldcountries. S UF F E R
89 Markaccomplished
a lotina.. ..... shortperiodof time. RELATIVE
90 remainedhighafter the war. EMPLOY
9l Shedidn'tturn uo at the ME E T
92 Theyhuddledrogetherfor ... ... in the coldwinter night. WARM
93 The infantwas closelyobservedfor ics heartbeat. REGULAR
94 A hurricanewatchwas broadcastfor the areasof Florida. COAST
95 The profitswere . .. distributedcausinghavocamongemployees. EVENLY
96 Tom lookedat the electronicmessageboard
to find the flight'sestimated. . . . . time. ARRIVE
97 Southeast
Asia hasthe greatest . . of peopleon the planet. CONCENTRATE
98 Shehada . new lighton difficultsituations. REMARK
...... wayof shedding
99 At the meetingthe new . . .. planswere examined. INDUSTRY
100 The of the placewill createhundredsof new jobs. EXPAND
l0 | They were extremely . . . . . with the serviceand demandedto seethe manager. SATISFIED
| 02 He gaveus to leavean hour earlier. P E RMI T
103 Shewantsto becomean interior DE S I G N
104 They are very concernedabouttheir children's SAFE
105 The new shopping
mallis easily. . . . by bus. ACCESS
106 Cut down on your sugarintakeif you want to lose \trEIGH
107 There's no placelike home. DE F I NI T E
108 Usingthe... ..... wrire a lettertotheauthorities. I NF O RM
109 lt's quite . . to fully insulatea house. E X P E NS E
| | 0 Shedecidedto take part in the . . CO MP E T E
llf Theotherboyswerevery ..... of Pete'snewbike. ENVY
l12 He ...... dissected forthe students. SKILL
the liverasa demonstration
ll3 Heis.... .... andlookingforajob. EMPLOY
l14 Shewenttoseeaskin. .... aboucheracne. S P E CI A L
ll5 Hechargesabasic ...... feeof t60. CONSULT
I 16 Everydriver must have in order to drive on publicroads. I NS URE
I l7 His bosspromisedhe would haveopportunitiesfor . . . PROMOTE
I 18 For your own you shouldusea password. SECURE
I 19 His lecturesare ver/ He saysthe samethingagainand again. REPEAT
120 Her affairsare dealtwith by an accountant. F I NA NCE

i l9v
 Verbs
lrregular
be was,were been lend lent lent
bear bore born(e) let let let
beat beat beaten light lit/lighted lit/lithted
become became become lose lost lost
begin began begun
bite bit bitten make made made
blow blew blown mean meant meant
break broke broken meet met met
bring brought brought
b u ild built built PAY paid paid
burst burst burst Put Put Put
buy bought bought
read read read
can could (beenableto) ride rode ridden
catch caught caught ring ranS rung
choose chose chosen nse rose risen
come came come run ran run
cost cost cost
cut cut cut say said said
see saw seen
deal dealt dealt sell sold sold
dig dut drg send sent sent
do did done set set set
draw drew drawn sew sewed sewn
drink drank drunk shake shook shaken
drive drove driven shine shone/shined shone/C-cd
shoot shot shot
eat ate eaten show showed shown
shut shut shut
fall fell fallen sing sanS sunS
feed fed fed sit sat sat
feel felt felt sleep slept slept
fight fought fought speak spoke spoken
find found found spend sPent sPern
Ily flew flown stand stood stood
forbid forbade forbidden steal stole stolen
forget forgot forgotten stick stuck stuck
forgive forgave forgiven sting stunS stunt
freeze froze frozen swear swore sworn
sweeP swePt swePt
get got got swim swam swum
give Save given
8o went Sone take took taken
grow Srew Srown teach taught taught
tear tore torn
have had had tell told told
hear heard heard think thought thougln
hide hid hidden throw threw throvwr
hit hit hit
hold held held understand understood undersood
hurt hurt hurt
wake woke woken
keep kept kept wear wore worn
know knew known win won won
write wrote wrimen
lead led led
leave left left

200
 LEVELB2.2

Wshes is s modulqr
secondory-level course
for leqrners of English qt
upper intermediqte level (CEFlevel Bl2.21.The course combines
qctive English leorning with o voriefy of lively topics presenied
in themed modules ond preporcs students for the Combridge
ESOI FCEexqminqtion qs well os oilrer exoms ot fhis level.

Key Feotures
. systematicdevelopmentof all four language skillsthrough realistic
task which encouragethe learners'personalengagement
. lexicalexercisespractisingand activatingall essentialvocabulary
includingcollocations,
idioms,phrasalverbs,fixed phrases,
prepositionalphrasesand word formation,as well as
Appendicesof phrasalverbsand prepositionalphrases
. a varietl of readingtexts from authenticcontemporarysources,
with exerciseswhich encouragelearnersto readextensivelyaswell
as intensively
a ProgressChecksectionsat the end of eachmodule
a grammarsectionscoveringall major grammaticalareasplusa Grammar
Referencesection
o FurtherPracticesectionon lexicalitemsand key-wordtransformations
a Culture,CurricularandGreenlssuessections

Components
Student'sBook
Teacher'sBook (overprinted)
Workbook Student's
Workbook Teacher's (overprinted)
ClassaudioCDs

Express
Publishing
lsBN 9 7 8 - 1 -84862-270-8

ililrililtl
ililililililililil
9 x 7 8 1 8 4 8x 6227 O8n