Mdoc Viento 2020 - en

Translated from Spanish to English - www.onlinedoctranslator.
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DESIGN MANUAL FOREITHERBRASCIVILES
Section C: Structures Topic 1: General Analysis and Design Criteria
Federal electricity commission

INEEL
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Corporate Department of Engineering and Infrastructure Projects. Mexico 2020

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yeseCtion C:ANDSTRUCTURES TemA 1:Criteries
Ggenerals
OfAanalysis
andDdesign
MSUCCESSF
UL2020
Federal electricity commission'

SSINEEL
National Institute of Electricity and Clean Energies
© Rights reserved by: Federal Electricity Commission. Rhône river no. 14, Coi. Cuauhtémoc, CP
06598, Mexico, DF This edition and its characteristics are the property of the Federal Electricity
Commission, Mexico.
Federal electricity commission '
ISINEEL
National Institute of ElectricityYClean energies
Lie. Manuel Bartlett Diaz Dr. Georgina Izquierdo Montalvo

Managing Director CEO
Cesar Fernando Fuentes

Estrada
Corporate Director of Engineering Dr. Eduardo Preciado Delgado
and Infrastructure Projects Director of Mechanical Systems
Ing. Antonio Gutierrez

SandovalDeputy Director of Dr. Ulises Mena Hernandez
Engineering and Construction Civil Engineering Manager
Administration
Mr. Javier Angel Garcia de la Merced

Hydroelectric Projects Coordinator
Ing. Roberto Jaime Mendoza Nieto

Coordinator of Thermoelectric Projects
Mr. Rafael Antonio Ramirez

RiosCoordinator of Transmission and
Transformation Projects
Ing. Vicente Arevalo Mendoza

Manager of Civil Engineering Studies
Ing. Luis Efren Chavez Ramirez

Structural Safety Deputy Manager
SECTION C. STRUCTURES
TOPIC 1. GENERAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN CRITERIA
CHAPTER 4. WIND DESIGN
They have participated in this chapter:
ELABORATION
Dr. Alberto Lopez Lopeztwo
Ml Celso Juaquín Muñoz Black two
Ml David Porras Navarro
GonzaleztwoDr. Luis Eduardo Perez
Rochatwo
Ml Marco Aurelio Fernandez Torres two
REVISION
Dr. David de Leon
Escobedo4Eng. J. Enrique
Mena Sandoval5Dr. Luis Esteva
Maraboto3
Dr. Mario Gustavo Ordaz
Schroeder3t Dr. Neftalí Rodríguez
Cuevas3
COORDINATION
Clara Javier Castro1
Ml Luis Enrique Hernandez
Cruz1Dr. Ulises Mena
Hernandeztwo
Technical personnel collaborated in the realization of this chapter of the MDOC-CFE1and external
advisor5 of the Federal Electricity Commission, staff of the National Institute of Electricity and Clean
Energies INEEL two, academic staff of the Engineering Institute of the National Autonomous
University of Mexico II-UNAM3and the Autonomous University of the State of Mexico UAEM4.
THANKS
This work has been produced thanks to the support and financial contribution of the Civil Engineering
Studies Department of the Federal Electricity Commission. It is worth mentioning the support provided by
the National Meteorological Service and the Secretary of the Navy for the wind speed data recorded at
their meteorological stations in Mexico. Likewise, to the National Institute of Seismology, Volcanology,
Meteorology and Hydrology of Guatemala and to Dr. Emil Simiu of the American National Standards
Institute of the United States of America, foreign entities, for providing data on wind speeds recorded at
their meteorological stations near the borders with Mexico.
The Federal Electricity Commission and the National Institute of Electricity and Clean Energies thank the
collaboration in the development of this chapter to:
Ing. Angel Sanchez Cruztwo

Ing. Dulce Maria Graciano
GracianotwoMr. Esau Villanueva
Martineztwo
M. in C. Juan Carlos Escamilla Garciatwo
M. in I. Luis Ernesto Pech
LugotwoIng. Omar Alejandro Baron
PereztwoDr. Jorge Sanchez
Sesma5
Dr. Adrian Pozos Estrada3
Dr. Miguel Angel Jaimes Tellez3
Ml Juan de Dios Aleman
Velasquez1 Ing. Amos Francisco Diaz
Barriga1Dr. Natalia del Pilar Parra
Piedrahita1Andres Resendis Aguilera1
M. in I. Eduardo Martínez
Ramírez1Engineer Guillermina
Vázquez de León1 Ing. Jaime
Camargo Hernandez1Ing. Jorge
Valdes Valdivia1
Ing. Julio Cesar Garcia Gonzalez1
M. in I. Luis Enrique Hernández
Cruz1Prof. Maria de la Paz Medina
Barrios1
Ml Martin Sanchez Munoz1
Ulises Juventino Elena Torralba1
SECTION C. STRUCTURES
TOPIC 1. GENERAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN CRITERIA
CHAPTER 4. WIND DESIGN
CONTENTS
Foreword xi
Summary ii
Presentation xv
symbology xvii
RECOMMENDATIONS 1
1. CRITERIA FORDESIGN BYWIND 1

1.1 Scope 1
1.2 Requirements general for structural analysis and design two
1.3 Classification of constructions according to their importance 4
1.4 Classification of constructions according to their response to
wind action.
1.5 Procedures to evaluate the actions generated by wind 8
1.5.1 Analysis static and dynamic analysis 8
1.5.2 Tests in wind tunnel depending on the type of construction 8
1.6Units 10
2. DETERMINATION OF THE BASIC DESIGN SPEED,vD 13

2.1 Categories of land according to its roughness 13
2.2 Map of isotaches. Regional Speed fifteen
2.2.1 Speed regional for a fixed return period 16
2.2.2 Speed regional optimum 16
2.2.3 Speed regional due to tornadoes 17
2.3Factor of exposition,frz 24
2.4Factor of topography,Fr 25
3.ANALYSIS STATIC 29
3.1Limitations 29
3.2 Pressure base dynamics, qz 30
3.3 Pressure acting on structures, pz 31
3.4Strength active in structures 32
3.5 Pressures and forces due to the action of the wind 32
3.5.1 Constructions closed 32
3.5.2 Constructions of horizontal roofs with ends 51
inclined
Cl4DDESIGN BY WIND
C oNTENT
3.5.3 Multi-Span (and <60°) Roof Constructions 52

3.5.4 Circular arch roof constructions 54
3.5.5 Insulated ceilings 57
3.5.6 Awnings and covers adjacent to closed buildings 63
3.5.7 cantilever roofs 65
3.5.8 Isolated signs and walls 68
3.5.9 Silos and cylindrical tanks 71
3.5.10 individual elements 75
3.5.11 Chimneys and support structures 79
3.5.12 Isolated lattice towers 82
3.5.13 Telecommunications towers and accessories 84
3.5.14 Flags 90
3.5.15 wind turbines 92
3.5.16 Solar panels 94
3.5.17 tornado shelters 100
4. DYNAMIC ANALYSIS 101

4.1 Limitations 101
4.2 Determination ofthe Average Speed, V'd
103
4.2.1 Exposure factor for mean velocity, F'rz 103
4.3 Equivalent static pressure acting on structures, peq 104
4.4 Equivalent static force in the direction of the wind, Feq, for 105
prismatic and cylindrical structures
4.4.1 Burst response factorprismatic parastructures
105
4.4.2 Burst response factorcylindrical parastructures
112
4.4.3 Burst response factorfor wind turbines 114
4.5 Equivalent static force in the direction of the wind, Feq, for 115
lattice towers
4.5.1 Burst response factor for lattice towers 116
4.6 Dynamic response of membrane-type insulated roofs 120
4.7 Dynamic response of conical deformable covers 121
4.8 Dynamic response of hyperbolic paraboloid roofs 123
4.9 Forcesequivalentsperpendicular to the direction of the wind, effect 125
of periodic vortices
4.9.1 Critical velocity of periodic vortices, Vcnt 125
4.9.2 Forces due to periodic vortex shedding 126
4.9.3 Maximum transverse displacement to the wind flow, YF,max126
4.9.4 Recommendations to reduce vibrations due to129
periodic vortex shedding
4.10 Aeroelastic Instability 130
COMMENTS 133
1. CRITERIA FOR WIND DESIGN 133

1.1 Scope 133
1.2 General requirements for structural analysis and design 134
1.3 Classification of constructions according to their importance 134
1.4 Classification of constructions according to their response to the action of
the 136 wind.
1.5 Procedures to evaluate actions generated by wind 137
2. DETERMINATION OF THE BASIC DESIGN SPEED,vD142

2.1 Terrain categories according to their roughness 142
2.2 Isotach Map. Regional Speed 147
viii
2.2.1 Regional velocity for a fixed return period 147
2.2.2 Speedregionaloptimal 150
2.2.3 Regional velocity due to tornadoes 155
2.3 Factor ofexposition, frz 156
2.3.1 Change in the Category of the land 156
2.3.2 Exposure factor in tropical cyclone regions 158
2.4 Topography Factor, Fyou 161
3. STATIC ANALYSIS 163

3.1 Limitations 163
3.2 dynamic base pressure,whatz 163
3.3 Pressure acting on structures,^ 164
3.4 Acting force in structures 165
3.5 Pressures and forces due to the action of the wind 166
3.5.1 closed constructions 166
3.5.2 Horizontal roof constructions with ends174
inclined
3.5.3 Multi-Span (and <60°) Roof Constructions 174
3.5.4 Circular arch roof constructions 174
3.5.5 Insulated ceilings 175
3.5.6 Awnings and covers adjacent to buildings 175
closed
3.5.7 cantilever roofs 176
3.5.8 Isolated signs and walls 177
3.5.9 Silos and cylindrical tanks 178
3.5.10 individual elements 179
3.5.11 Chimneys and support structures 180
3.5.12 Isolated lattice towers 181
3.5.13 Telecommunications towers and accessories 181
3.5.14 Flags 182
3.5.15 wind turbines 182
3.5.16 Solar panels 184
3.5.17 tornado shelters 188
Four. DYNAMIC ANALYSIS 189

4.1Limitations 189
4.2 Determination of the average speed,V'D 191
4.2.1Factor 191
exposure for speedmean,F',-_
4.3 Pressure staticequivalentacting on structures, 192
small
4.4Strength staticequivalent in the addressof the 193
wind, feq,
for prismatic and cylindrical structures
4.4.1 Burst response factor for structures 194
binoculars
4.4.2 Burst response factor for structures 196
cylindrical
4.4.3 Gust response factor for wind turbines 197
4.5 Equivalent static force in the direction of the wind, 197
Feq, for lattice towers
4.5.1 Burst response factor for lattice towers197
4.6 Dynamic response of membrane-type insulated roofs 199
4.7 Dynamic Response of Shaped Deformable Covers 199
conical
4.8 Dynamic response of hyperbolic paraboloid type covers 200
ix
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
CONTENT
4.9 Equivalent forces perpendicular to the wind direction, 200 effect of

periodic vortices
4.9.1 Critical velocity of periodic vortices, Vcrit 201
4.9.2 Forces due to vortex shedding 201
newspapers
4.9.3 Maximum transverse displacement to the flow of the 201
wind, andF,max
4.9.4 Recommendations for decrease vibrations 204
due to the detachment of periodic vortices
4.10 Aeroelastic Instability 206
DESIGN AIDS 209
APPLICATION EXAMPLE1: Factorof exposition corrected,Fcsr 209
APPLICATION EXAMPLEtwo: Factorof exposition corrected,Fcsr 211
APPLICATION EXAMPLE3: Factorof exposition corrected,Fcsrc 213
APPLICATION EXAMPLE 4:Calculation of pressures produced by the wind 218

on a low-rise building
APPLICATION EXAMPLE 5:Calculation of pressures, forces and accelerations 259

produced by the wind on a high-rise building
APPLICATION EXAMPLE 6:calculation of pressures produced by th wind 332

e
on an industrial building with a gabled roof

on an industrial building with a cylindrical roof e

on a monopole pole e

on a telecommunications tower. e
REFERENCES 427
APPENDICES 441
4A FORCE AND DRAG COEFFICIENTS 441
4B AEROELASTIC INSTABILITY AND SERVICE CONDITIONS 454
4C REGIONAL SPEEDS 467
GENERAL CONTENT OF THE MANUAL 483

Hydrotechnics, Geotechnics and Structure Sections
x
FOREWORD
The Civil Works Design Manual of the Federal Electricity Commission (CFE) has contributed, since its first
edition in 1969, to the development of the electricity sector infrastructure, and is an indispensable technical
reference for CFE engineers and those in charge of designing and build civil engineering works in the
public and private sectors of Mexico and Spanish-speaking countries.
This new edition of the Wind Design Manual prepared by the CFE with the support of the National Institute
of Electricity and Clean Energies (INEEL), provides the wind design guidelines for civil engineering works
and incorporates the technological advances and experience of the Mexican and world engineering,
highlighting the incorporation of applications in structures for the use of renewable energies.
The publication of this manual is based on the fact that our company has among its ranks committed
personnel with high technical capacity that will be essential to promote the CFE rescue plan, whose
objective is to recover and strengthen this strategic company; in order to improve its efficiency and
operational reliability, restoring its social character for the benefit of Mexicans.
By publishing this new edition, the CFE maintains its commitment to update the Civil Works Design
Manual for the benefit of current and future generations of engineers. In this way, the talent, experience,
and professionalism of all those who contributed to this update of the Wind Design chapter of the CFE Civil
Works Manual are recognized.
LIC. MANUEL BARTLETT DIAZ

General Director
Mexico, Mexico City, July 2020
xi
ABSTRACT
Disasters due to meteorological phenomena continue to be events that leave considerable damage and
losses throughout the world. Due to its geographical location, Mexico is located between two cyclogenic
oceanic basins, so its territory is very prone to hurricanes on its Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico and Pacific
coasts; furthermore, it is also affected by the effects of tornadoes. Therefore, the storms that have been
considered for this new version of the Design by Wind chapter are those that generate synoptic winds,
tropical cyclones, and tornadoes.
On the other hand, the growth of populations near regions exposed to strong winds increases their
vulnerability and therefore the risk of increasing the magnitude of the disasters caused by intense winds.
Alan G. Davenport, one of the most renowned researchers in wind engineering, is the forerunner in
establishing methodologies to assess the effects of wind on structures, giving rise to what is known as the
"Davenport Wind Chain" , which links five fundamental elements: climate and wind variations, exposure,
construction geometry, resonance effects and design criteria.
In this new version of the Chapter on Design by Wind, the methodologies were updated following the Wind
Chain, which covers the updating of the wind hazard in Mexico, a fundamental basis for design by wind, as
well as the design criteria and procedures that lead to safer and more reliable constructions. Additionally,
the Chapter has the Wind System computer program to help determine, in common structures and those in
the energy sector, the loads due to wind pressures due to static and dynamic effects, depending on the
type of structure in question.
Wind System is available on the following page:

https://www2.ineel.mx/windportal/en/wind.php
Dr. Alberto Lopez Lopez

Civil Engineering
Management National Institute of Electricity and Clean
Energies, INEEL
July, 2020
xiii
PRESENTATION
WIND DESIGN CHAPTER, 2020 EDITION
The importance of wind engineering has boomed since the early 1960s, even more so today, both due to
climate variability and global warming, which are meteorological phenomena that influence the variation in
wind hazard, such as by the types of constructions that are being built, increasingly tall, slender, long and
light, making them more vulnerable to the effects of the wind. This branch of engineering integrates various
specialties such as meteorology, micro-meteorology and wind climatology, instrumentation, recording and
analysis of extreme wind speeds; likewise, aerodynamics and the development of experimental tests,
structural dynamics, aeroelasticity, structural reliability and risk analysis. For the above, wind engineering
becomes a specialty with an extensive field of research, development and innovation. On the other hand,
disaster mitigation is also a topical issue associated with natural, anthropogenic and anthropic phenomena.
Warning, prevention, adaptation and resilience actions are processes on the rise that allow defining
strategies for decision-making that contribute to reducing damage and losses due to the effects of extreme
winds.
For this edition, the estimation of the danger due to wind in Mexico caused by synoptic winds and those
due to tropical cyclones has been improved, integrating to this edition the effects of winds due to
tornadoes, as well as the methodologies that lead to new design criteria. by wind.
In this new edition, a group of Mexican experts in the field has also participated, whose contribution
enriches the knowledge of wind engineering in Mexico, in order to achieve safer and more reliable wind
structural designs.
Undoubtedly, this work will continue to be of great relevance for practice, teaching and research
worldwide, this being possible thanks to the support of the Federal Electricity Commission.
Dr. Alberto Lopez Lopez

Civil Engineering
Management National Institute of Electricity and Clean
Energies, INEEL
July, 2020
XV
MANNUAL OF D DESIGN
OFEITHER BRAS CIVILES-CFE
Cl4DDESIGN BYvENT
xvi
MANNUAL OF D DESIGN
C.1.4DDESIGN BYvENT
SYMBOLOGY
A Design tributary area, in m two.

4 Exposed area of the UHF antenna, in m two.
4 Exposed area of an antenna or accessory, in m two.
4, Area of the members of the front face of a section of an isolated tower, projected
perpendicular to the wind direction, in m two.
4. Projected exposed area on the plane perpendicular to the wind flow, in mtwo.
4 Affected area for local pressures, in m two.
4/ Reference area corresponding to the structure or part of it, on which the pressure acts,
in mtwo.
5 Sloped area of the roof or circular arch cover, windward. Background response
factor, dimensionless.
5/ Background response factor for cylindrical structures, dimensionless.
4two Bottom response factor for lattice towers, dimensionless.

c Central area of the horizontal roof or circular arch roof. Drag coefficient,
<4 dimensionless.
<4, 4, cn Drag coefficients for microwave antennas, dimensionless.
CaX Coefficienttrawl for the first windward structure of multiple open structures, dimensionless.
Car Dependent aerodynamic constantof the cross section of the structure or structural
element, dimensionless.
ca , Drag coefficient of the considered section of an isolated, dimensionless tower.
Chello Drag coefficient for tower sections with
accessories,dimensionless
C„ Drag coefficient of the isolated, dimensionless accessory.
CB Windward deck, or gondola deck.
c* Dynamic vertical glare response factor
cantilever,dimensionless
CF Force coefficient, dimensionless.
C Coefficient of force due to friction in the wind direction,
fr
dimensionless
Qx' Drag coefficients for a member in the direction of the v and axes
Y,respectively, dimensionless.
CG Geometric center of the structure shown in Fig B.2. Corrective
4?" ^-RG constants of the mode shape, dimensionless.
Initial cost of construction.
CL Cost of repairs and direct and indirect losses incurredwould have in the event of a
structural failure.
ctay Minimum total cost.
xvii
Cl4DDESIGN BY WIND
SYMBOLOGY
Pressure coefficient, dimensionless.

c C Pressure coefficient in the windward zone, dimensionless.
*.
pc External pressure coefficient for cylindrical tanks, dimensionless. External pressure
£/*•
coefficient, dimensionless.
Mean static external pressure coefficient by
twister,dimensionless
Internal pressure coefficient, dimensionless.
cpi
Net pressure coefficient, dimensionless.
Zipyes Pressure coefficient in the leeward zone, dimensionless.
Cp(v) Cost ofthe expected losses updated to present value, depending on the speed v.
Vertical pressure coefficient at left end of cantilevered roofs, dimensionless.
Vertical pressure coefficient at right end of cantilevered roofs, dimensionless.
Lee cover. Cross
cover.
Total cost that integrates the initial cost of construction plus that due to losses,
it's
updated to present value, based on speed
CT
V.
Cr(v) Cost of the structure when it is not designed to resist lateral loads due to wind action.
Q
CA(v) Function that describes the variation of the cost of the structure with respect to the
wind speed v.
D Minimum dimension of the base of the structure, in m.
DP Average distance, in m.
D, Diameter of the microwave antenna, in m.
F Drag force on the element or structure, in the direction of the wind, in N.
Dynamic amplification factor, dimensionless.
Maximum acceleration factor in the longitudinal direction of the wind, dimensionless.
Fm Axial force, acting along the axis of the antenna, in N. Drag force in a
Fat section of an isolated tower, in N.
Face Force that the wind exerts on a flag, in N. Equivalent static
book
force, in N.
F.
Static force, in N.
Fa
Frictional force acting in the direction of the wind, in N. Mass
FF
correction factor, dimensionless.
Fm
Burst response factor, dimensionless.
Frr
Burst response factor for lattice towers, dimensionless. Local exposure factor,
Frrt
dimensionless.
F„
xviii
MANNUAL OF D DESIGN
C.1.4DDESIGN BYvENT
F'" Exposure factor for mean velocity, dimensionless.

Frzc Exposure factor corrected for roughness changes, dimensionless.
Exposure factor for Land Category j, dimensionless.
Factor that considers the dynamic effect of the non-dimensional flexible
roof. Lateral force, acting perpendicular to the axis of the antenna, in N.
Fyou Local topography factor, dimensionless.
F,r Factor for increasing the pressure coefficient by
tornadoes,dimensionless
F(v) Cumulative distribution function (FDA), dimensionless.
A. Inertial force per unit length perpendicular to the wind flow, in N/m.
Fx drag force in the directionx,per unit of length of
structural element, in N/m.
FY drag force in the directionY,per unit of length of
structural element, in N/m.
G Correction factor for temperature and height with respect to sea level, dimensionless.
G„ Dynamic response factor, dimensionless.
H Total height of the structure, measured from the natural ground level, in m.
H, Height of the promontory or embankment, measured vertically from the beginning of
the slope to the crest, in m.
/„ turbulence index, dimensionless.
Pressure reduction factor per area size, dimensionless.

Aerodynamic damping factor, dependent on wind turbulence,
dimensionless.
Dimensional constant to obtain the factor of
dampingaerodynamicKa,dimensionless
Correction factor of the vibration mode shape for acceleration, dimensionless.
Protection factor for multiple open structures, dimensionless. Factor that takes into
account the angle of inclination of the axis of the member with respect to the direction
K, of the wind, dimensionless.
Interference correction factor, dimensionless.
Local pressure factor, dimensionless.
Porosity pressure reduction factor, dimensionless.
Local pressure reduction factor for parapets, dimensionless. Pressure factor for
coatings and anchors, dimensionless.
Kra Correction factor for slenderness for individual members
Kre eitheraccessories, dimensionless.
K, Correction factor for slenderness ratio, for silos and cylindrical tanks, dimensionless.
Size reduction factor, dimensionless.
xix
C.1.4 DESIGNBY
WINDSYMBOLOGY
L, Length of awning or adjacent cover, in m.

L. Length of the individual element or of the structure, in
m.L� Length of the structure, in m.
L, Flag length, in m.
L= Length perpendicular to the direction of the wind, def clear that covers
themembrane, in m.
L, Horizontal distance of the flow separation zone, in m.
L. Horizontal distance upwind measured from H, 12 to the crest
of! promontory or embankment, in m.
L, Horizontally projected length def span def cantilever roof, in
m.
L(z,) Lengthfrom the turbulence scale to the reference height,,., in m.L,
Longitudinal scale to determine variationvertical of F,, in m.
L. Longitudinal scale to determinethehorizontal variation ofF1,in m.MBMuro
windward, or windward surface of the gondola.
ML Lateral wall, or lateral surface of the gondola.
Mm Acting moment in an antenna, in the plane that containstheF••Ythe
F,., , in Nm.
nfs Leeward wall, or leeward surface of the gondola.Period of
N exposure or useful life of the structure, in years.
p Probability that the wind speed will be exceeded in any one year,
dimensionless.
Q Factor that measures the structural importance in terms of the
relationship between the cost of losses when a structural failure
occursYthe initial cost of construction, dimensionless.
R Square root of the response factor at resonance,
R' dimensionless.Response factor at resonance, dimensionless.
R. Average response in the direction of the wind flow, the units are a
function of the effect under study.
Peak response in the direction of! wind flow, units are a function of
the effect under study.
R,(11, ). R,(!7.) Dimensionless aerodynamic admittance functions.
Transverse peak response to the direction of! wind flow, units are a
function of the effect under study.
R,' Resonance response factor for cylindrical structures, dimensionless.
Reynolds number, dimensionless.
R, Responsemaximum, product of the combination of parallel
R, loadsYtransverse to the wind flow, the units are a function of the
effect under study.
Resonance response factor pcJra lattice towers, dimensionless.
R,,,' Sloping area of the roof or circular arched roof, leeward.Scruton
sY number, dimensionless.
es Spectral power density of the wind, dimensionless.
,
xx
yesL
(Z,.IIL,)
HANDBOOKDESIGN OF CIVIL WORKS5-CFE
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
yes, Strouhal number, dimensionless.

T Fundamental period of the first mode of vibration of the structure, in s.
T Regional velocity return period, V eleven.in years
r; Time interval with which the maximum response is calculated, in s.
r,, Initial tension in the cables of deformable covers, in kN/m. Fluid velocity,
v in m/s.
Canter start speed in cylinders, in m/s.
Gallop start speed, in m/s.
Gallop start speed due to cylinder interference, in m/s. Critical speed of
appearance of periodic vortices, in m/s.
Basic design speed, in km/h.
Mean design speed, in m/s,
Critical wind speed for divergence, in m/s. Regional gust
vR speed, in km/h.
Optimum regional gust speed, in km/h.
Regional tornado speed, in km/h,
Regional gust velocity at height z, in km/h.
Regional gust velocity at a z, for Category u terrain, in km/h.
Regional gust velocity at a base height of 10 meters, for Category 2 terrain,
in km/h.
Regional gust velocity at gradient height, for Category 11 terrain, in km/h.
vyes, Regional gust velocity occurring at gradient height, for Category 2 terrain,
in km/h.
Maximum displacement of a prismatic structure in the longitudinal direction
of the wind, in m.
Maximum acceleration of a prismatic structure in the longitudinal direction of
the wind, in m/stwo•
Horizontal distance windward or leeward, measured between the
structure Ythe crest of the promontory or embankment, in
m.Maximum transverse displacement to the wind flow, in m.
Width of the area affected by local pressures on the roofs of silos and
cylindrical tanks, in m.
Constants to obtain the interference correction factor, dimensionless.
Areas in which the roofs are divided into closed constructions with saw -
shaped roofs.
Areas in which gabled roofs are divided into closed constructions with
a,c,g,jm,n,x multiple spans.
,y,sa,c,gm, Maximum critical acceleration in the longitudinal direction of the wind, in
s
milli-g.
Distance between centers of coupled cylinders, in m.
Gallop instability factor, dimensionless.
xxi
C.1.4 WIND
DESIGNSYMBOLOGY
Combined instability parameter, dimensionless.

Constant that limits the amplitudes of the displacements of the
structure, dimensionless.
Dimension of affectation of local pressures, in m.
Dimension of affectation of local pressures of isolated roofs or
awnings, in m.
Width of windward surface exposed transversely to wind flow, average
diameter of circular sections, diameteraverage of the fixture or as
defined in the corresponding figures, in m.
scale coefficient ofroughness for mean speed, dimensionless.
tower width oflattice at height H, in m.
Width of the windward surface exposed transversely to the wind flow of
tower sections with UHF antennas, in m.
Width of the individual member in the x-direction, in m.
Width of the individual member in the y direction, in
b,
m.Widthof the base of the lattice tower, in m.
b,
Ratio between the average diameter of the fitting and the average
b,b/ widthof the considered section of the tower, dimensionless.
w Roughness scaling coefficient, dimensionless.
Constants to obtain the standard deviation of the perpendicular
L'
displacement, dimensionless.
Dimension of the structure parallel to the wind flow, in m.
Dimension corresponding to the width of the solar panel system, inm.
d Scale coefficient for the turbulence index, dimensionless.
cl' Distance parallel to the wind direction of the porous surface, in m,
Relationshipd andI changed either ofcoefficientanddand
d mementoaerodynamic,c_,1, with
d,
with respect to rotation about the center of torsion.Horizontal
eccentricity, in m.
Turbulence index function to obtain the dimensionless aerodynamic
damping.
Burst factor, dimensionless.
Height of the sign or height of the prismatic structure according to
Fig 4.2, in m.
g Height of the flag, in m.
b Reference height of the structure, measured from ground levelnatural to
the average height of the roof of the structure, in m.
Height measured from ground level to the adjacent canopy or deck,in m.
Height of the section for the determination of the critical wind speed
for divergence, in m.
Height of the walls of silos or cylindrical tanks, in m.
xxii
b,
CIVIL WORKS DESIGN MANUAL-CFE
C.1.4 OISENO BY WIND
Altitude of the foundation site of the structure, in meters above sea

level.
Parapet height measured from the roof level, in m.Average height of
surface roughness, in m.
Category number of land within the average distance either,,
dimensionless
k1, Peak factor, dimensionless.
keleven Torsional stiffness, in Nmtwo•
Characteristic length of the structure, in m.
111, Equivalent mass per unit length, in kg/m.
m1 Mass per unit area of the flag, in kg/mtwo•
111, Plusageneralizeaandnhea addresslongitudinheofhewind,andn kg.
m,~, Total mass of the structure, in kg.
111(2) Mass of the structure per unit length, in kg/m.
1110 Mass per unit length of the first section of the lattice tower, in kg/m
Total number of spans of buildings with multiple roofs.
eleven 1 Fundamental frequency of the first mode of vibration of the structure, in
Hz.
nt Modified fundamental frequency of the first mode of vibration by a
concentrated mass in the structure, in Hz.
eleven,, Fundamental frequency of the mode of vibrating in bending of the
structure,in the direction of the wind, in Hz.
no,, Fundamental frequency of the vibrating pattern in bending of the
structure,in the perpendicular direction of the wind, in Hz.
eleven1• Fundamental frequency of the vibrating pattern in bending of the
structure,in the vertical direction, in Hz.
,,, External pressure, in Pa.
F'•., pressurestatica equivalent,a n d nPa.
Q, Internal pressure, in Pa.
''� Wind pressure measured on deformable roofs, in Pa. p,
Net pressure, in Pa.
P,...,.. Average slope of each segment, dimensionless.
,,., Vertical pressure intheleft end of cantilevered roofs, in Pa.P,,
Vertical pressure at the right end of cantilevered roofs, in Pa. Q,
Pressure acting on the structure, evaluated at height z, in Pa.
wh, Dynamic base pressure evaluated at height z, in Pa. what,,.
Dynamic base pressure, evaluated at height zta, in Pa.
Radius of the corners of the cross section of a prismatic element, in m.
r, Height of the ridge of constructions with a circular arch roof,
measured from the beginning of the arch, in m.
Spacing between multiple structures, in m.
xxiii
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
SYMBOLOGY
Spacing between solar panel systems, in m,

Lag distance upwind, adjacent to the structure, in m. Length of the terrain
Category j, in m.
Height above the natural ground level, at which it is desired to know the
design speed, in m,
Zhi, J. Maximum height for the application of the dynamic method, in m.
Height above the ground up to which the turbulence index is considered
constant, in m.
z. Height above the level of the natural terrain, at which it is desired to know
the design speed, in a terrain Category no, in m,
z, Reference height for the calculation of the dynamic effects, in m,
z, Reference height of the structure, measured from the average ground
level, in m.
zta Average height of a section of an isolated tower, in m. Ground
roughness length, in m.
aa Exponent that determines the shape of the variation of wind speed with
height, dimensionless.
'a Exponent of the variation of the mean velocity with height,
dimensionless,
Exponent defining the variation of scale length with height, dimensionless.
Exponent corresponding to a Category 11 land.
Exponent of the variation of the average speed with height, corresponding
a, to a Category 11 terrain, dimensionless.
Exponent corresponding to a Category 2 land.
Exponent of the variation of the average speed with height, c orresponding to
a Category 2 terrain, dimensionless.
Aangle between the wind direction and a point on the silo wall or
P. circular tank, in degrees.
Critical wind direction, in degrees.
p;,Y/J,'.
Dynamic coefficients that are applied to the roof for displacements Yfor
the stresses, respectively, dimensionless,
AAngle of inclination of the roof or solar panel system, with respect to
the horizontal, in degrees.
Y' AInclination angle of the transverse roof with respect to the horizontal, in
degrees,
8 Gradient height, in m.
6,. Gradient height for a Category n terrain, in m.
Gradient height for a Category 2 terrain, in m. Lower limit
of the random variable "·
fj-., FJ. Reduced frequencies as a function of bYh, respectively, dimensionless.
"·.F/, Nonlinear response factors applied to the roof take into account the
relationship between the maximum dynamic nonlinear response and the
xiv
OE MANUAL BUILDING DESIGN5 C!VILE5-CFE
C.1.4 DESIGNBY WIND
static maximum, for the displacements and for the efforts, respectively,
dimensionless.
Angle of incidence of the wind, in degrees.
a. Deviation angle of wind flow from the line joining the center of the
tower cross section to the center of the fixture, in degrees.
Angle between the wind direction and the longitudinal axis of the
eit member, in degrees.
he Slenderness ratio, dimensionless.
r. Factor to obtain the corrective constants of the mode form,
dimensionless.
Coefficient that determines the variation of the modal shape with
Dynamic viscosity of the fluid, in Pa•s.
Net annual discount rate of the value of money. Kinematic
viscosity of the fluid.
/YO
Air density, in kg/m3•
Spacing relationship between frames, dimensionless.
Standard deviation of mean speed, �, in km/h, in part 4.2.Standard
YO deviation of turbulence, dimensionless, in section 4.4. Standard
' deviation of the response, the units will be a function of the effect
being studied.
Standard deviation of the acceleration of the structure, in m/s two•
Standard deviation of the displacement perpendicular to the wind flow,
in m.
Aerodynamic damping ratio in the direction of the wind, dimensionless.
a ., Damping ratio due to special damping mechanisms in the direction of the
wind, dimensionless.
Structural damping ratio in the direction of the wind, dimensionless.
Total damping ratio in the direction of the wind, dimensionless.
yes,,. Total damping ratio in the direction perpendicular to thewind,
dimensionless
T Annual mean value of daily minimum temperatures, in °C.
q) Solidity ratio, dimensionless.
"'• Effective solidity ratio for open structures, dimensionless.1 C.,
Coefficientof additional drag on a section of the tower, due to
accessories, dimensionless.
t,C,,,, Additional drag coefficient due to group line fittings, dimensionless.
/',JJ Differential of pressures, between the pressure of a point and that of
free flowof the wind.
he!,.p_ pressurenmeasureaandnheacarabottomrofhesystema ofpanelssolar,in Pa.
XXV
C.1.4 DESIGNWINDSYMB
OLOGY
Pressure measured on the upper face of the solar panel system, in Pa.
Variation of modal shape with height, dimensionless.
Fundamental mode shape of the structure downwind, dimensionless.
mode formfundamental of the structure in the perpendicular direction
of the wind, normalized to 1 at the point with the maximum normal
<1\,(z) amplitude, dimensionless.
Function form parameterF(,·).
Barometric pressure, in mm of Hg.
ljl
xxvi
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. CRITERIA FOR WIND DESIGN
1.1 Scope
This chapter presents the necessary procedures to determine the wind speeds in the
Mexican Republic and the corresponding minimum forces, which must be used for the
wind design of the types of structures described here. Also, in these procedures it is
considered that the structural response to the action of the wind is linear, except
where otherwise indicated.
Special constructions, such as bridges with large spans, offshore offshore structures,
cable-stayed lattice towers and transmission line towers, as well as those with
geometric and dynamic properties not considered in these recommendations, are
outside the scope of this chapter. and they should be designedin accordance with the
established guidelinesin particular specifications or in the technical literature for
each structure, by experts through experimental studies in a wind tunnel or
numerical models, which verify its safety and proper functioning.
In determining the wind speeds, those effectsproduced by stormsthat normally

occur during the year (synoptic winds) throughout the country and those caused
by tropical cyclones and hurricanes on the Pacific, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean
coasts. On the other hand, wind speeds due to tornadoes in Mexico were
estimated independently of other storm types.
It is important to point out that the recommendations presented here must be applied to
review the safety of the structural system that should resist the effect of the forces
generated by the pressures (thrusts or suctions) produced by the wind on the surfaces of
the construction exposed to it. In addition, a local design of the elements directly exposed
to the action of the wind must be carried out, both those that are part of the structural
system (cords, diagonals, stringers, among others), and those that constitute only a
covering (sheets of covers, elements offacade and roofs, window glass, among
others).
The effects of the wind to be considered in accordance with these recommendations

areapply considering the following:
1
RECOMMENDATIONS
C.1.4.1 (CRITERIA FOR WIND DESIGN
a) Theconstruction height should not be greater than 200 m.

b) The ceiling dares of buildings should not be greater than 100 m.
c) The fundamental period of the first vibrating mode of the structure must
notexceed 5 sec.
If these conditions are not met, proceed as indicated in subsection 1.5.1.
1.2 General requirements for structural analysis and design
The general requirements listed below are applicable to the analysis and design of
structures subjected to the action of the wind and should be considered as the
minimumrecommended. The particular recommendations corresponding to specific
structures that are mentioned in other chapters of the Civil Works Design
Manual,(Section C, Topic 2, Chapters 3 to 7)are applicable as long as they are
versionslater than this Chapter on Design by Wind.
The variables that must be considered as requirements, to resist the action of thewind
are:
a) Addressof analysis. The constructions will be analyzed in such a way that the
wind can act in at least two horizontal directions that are perpendicular and
independent of each other. Those that represent the most unfavorable
conditions for the stability of the structure (or part of it) under study will be
chosen, taking into account the roughness of the terrain according to the
direction of the wind. To define the roughness of the terrain around the
rutting site, obstacles must be considered.Yconstructions of the surroundings,
coma selialain item 2.1. Likewise, both directions of the selected directions
should be considered.
b) Load and resistance factors. The current guidelines established in other

chapters of the manual, Section C (Structures), Subject 1, Chapters 1 and 2
(Design methods and actions), or those authorized by the owner and
corresponding authority, will be followed.
c) Safety against tipping. The safety of the constructions must be verified

without considering the live loads that contribute to reducing the overturning.
For structures belonging to Groups B YC, the relationship between the
stabilizing moment and the overturning agent must not be less than 1.5 and,
for those of Group A and A+, it must not be less than 2. The classification of
the structures in Groups will be done according to their importance , comma
is presented in subsection 4.1.3.
d) Safety against slipping. When analyzing this possibility, all live loads should
be considered zero. The relation between the slip resistance and the force
that provokes the horizontal displacement, will be at least equal to 1.5 for the
structures of Groups B and C; for those of the group
two
WORKS DESIGN MANUAL (JVILES-CFE
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
A and A+, theratio should be at least equal to 2. Classification into groupsIt is

presented in section 1.3.
e) I know thatuity against uprising. Light or provisional structures, as well aseat

roofsYconstruction coatings, can present problems due to the generation of uplift
forces due to the wind. When considering this possibility,Live loads that reduce
the effect of lifting will be considered null.
f) serviceability limit states.It should be checked that the limit states of service:
displacements Yaccelerations, produced by the action of the wind, curnplanwith
the recommendations of Appendix 4B. These limits will be considered to
avoid the end of the structure's operation, as well as the insecurity of its
occupants.
g) internal pressures. They occur in structures closed by the flow of air from Yto
the outside of a structure, through large or small openings, for example,
windows, vents, or doors that allow entry Ybuilding air outlet. The The effect of
these pressures will be combined with that of external pressures, so that the
design considers the mostunfavorable
h) securityduring construction.At this stage, it is necessary to establish the

necessary measures to guarantee the safety of the structures under the action
of the wind. In this condition, the structures will be considered of the Cal
Group that corresponds to a design speed with a return period of ten years.
This condition will also apply to provisional structures that remain for a
period of less than or equal to six months, also belonging to Group C, as
indicated in section 1.3.
i) Group effect due to neighboring buildings.The proximity and disposition of them

can generate adverse local pressures and cause the collapse of one or several
structures of the group. For example, for a group of tall chimneys thatare close to
each other at a distance of less than a diameter, the variation of pressures can
cause instability problems. It is recommended to evaluate the group effect
from the results of experimental tests referred to in the technical literature
(Simiu and Scanlan, 1996, Tamura, 2013, Holmes, 2015), or through
experimental models in a wind tunnel or numerical models of dynamics of
computational fluids. In this chapter it is assumed that the response of the
structure under study is independent of the influence, favorable or
unfavorable, that other nearby constructions cause when the action of the
wind appears.
3
RECOMMENDATIONS
C.1.4.1 (RITERIES FOR OISENO BY WIND
i) Structural AnaJjsjs. The general criteria of analysis can be appliedstated in this

manual,Section C (Structures), Topic 2, Chapter 1 (Analysis of structures).
k) Soil-structure interaction. When the soil of the lodging site is soft or compressible,
the effects that, in response to the action of thewind, can cause interaction
between the ground and the construction. When considering the soil-
structure interaction, the guidelines of Chapter C.1.3 Seismic design will be
followed, where the methods to establish the fundamental period of the
first mode of vibration and the effective damping corresponding to the
structure are recommended. These parameters will be used to evaluate the
loads due to the wind and the corresponding response.
1.3 Classification of constructions according to their importance.
It is recommended that the security level necessary It is established by the importance

for which a construction that must fulfill the required functions will be destined. Likewise,
the importance will be based on the relevance and magnitude of the damage that can be
generated in case of failure and, with this, define the protection or security necessary
toresist the action of the wind.
The security levels are assigned according to the Groups of Structures consigned in Table
1.1. The regional velocities corresponding to fixed or optimal return periods, or due to
tornadoes, are related to these groups, as indicated in theitem 2.
Within the Groups of Structures, those of the energy or industrial sector are
defined,as fundamental and non-fundamental structures.
The fundamental structures of energy or industrial sector are those that, when an
extraordinary event occurs, the operation and service of the facilities is put at risk, so
they are classified within Group A+ or A.
The non-fundamental structures of the energy or industrial sector are those that, when an
extraordinary event occurs, the operation and service of the facilities are not putat risk,
for which they are classified within Groups B or C, unless for the contractual
conditions of design and/or construction they have been classified as Group A+ or
A.
4
MANUAL OE DESIGN OF CIVIL WORKS. CFE
C.1.4 01�0 P0R VJENT0
Table 1.1 Classification of structures according to their

importance.
Cluste Description
r
The structures of great importance are those in which an extreme degree of safety
is required, since their failure would cause hundreds or thousands of victims, as well
as serious losses, economic, cultural, ecological damage. Ysoclales.
Examples of structures of extreme importance are the structures found
A+
mensuch,such as those existing within nuclear, thermoelectric, hydroelectric,
and hydrocarbon plants, among others.
Structures in which a high degree of security is required. Constructions
whoseFailure will cause the loss of a high numberof life or economic loss,
ecological or cultural, scientific or technological damage of an exceptionally
high magnitude, or that constitute a significant danger because they contain
toxic or flammable substances, as well as as constructions whose functioning is
essential after the occurrence of strong winds.
Examples of these are the fundamental structures, such as:wind turbinesYsolar
plants; other examples are: meeting areas with a capacity greater than two
A hundred people (for example, theaters, auditoriumsYconvention centers),
localYdecks that house especially expensive equipment, museums, temples,
stadiums, hydrocarbon distribution terminals, telephone exchanges and main
telecommunications buildings, transportation terminal stations, fire, rescue and
police stations, hospitals and medical buildings with emergency areas ,
operation centers for disaster situations, schools, electrical substations.
Structures in which a moderate degree of safety is required. Constructions
whosefailure would result in the loss of a small number ofvhedas·, lostmoderate
economic conditions, or would jeopardizeother constructions of this group
and/or would cause moderate damage to those of Group A+YA.
Examples of these are non-fundamental structures, such as: industrial plants,
electrical substations of lesser importance than those of Group A, ordinary
warehouses, gas stations (except external fuel depots belonging to Group A),
shops, restaurants, houses for habitation. , homes, apartment or office
buildings, hotels, fences whose height is greater than2.5meters. They also
belong to this group: meeting rooms andspectacles, urban or industrial
warehouse structures, not included in Group A. Coverings, such as
B. windowsYnon-structural elements that are part offacades and roofs, will belong to
this Group B always andwhen they do not cause bodily harmYMaterials (including
contents) Important when released; otherwise, they will be analyzed with the
conditions for Group A or A+. Only for the case of the design of the coatingsYits
anchors, according to the group that corresponds to it, the pressure should be
multiplied by a factor of1.5,as indicated in the paragraphs3.5.1.1Y3.5.1.2.
Structures for which a low safety level is recommended. They are those whose
failure does not entail serious consequences, nor does it cause damage to the
buildings of theGroups A+, A and B.
Examples of these may be temporary structures or elements with a useful life
of less than six months, such as temporary warehouses, falsework, scaffolding,
signs, isolated walls and fences with a height less than or equal to2.5meters,
C
5
RECOMMENDATION5
C.1.4.1 PARADISEND CRITERIA BY WIND
The structural importance may be increased according to the contractual requirements

that the owner or authority establishes, either by the amount of the investment, by the
possible structural and non-structural damage, economic losses and human lives that
could be generated in case of failure. , or by the seriousness of the damage that could
be caused to more important structures. If within a group of structures such as A+ or
A, there arenon fundamental structures (perimeter walls, sheds, etc.), its degree
of security may be reduced as long as its damage does not put the fundamental
structures.Likewise, a non-fundamental structure from Group B may be classified as
Group A+ or A, or one from Group A may be classified as A+ or B. This reclassification
must be stated in the respective documents and contracts so that it can be considered
in the ecological design. In no case is the classification of a fundamental structure with
safety levels lower than those defined in Table 1.1 allowed.
On the other hand, fundamental structuresThey may be designed to resist the

effects of tornadoes if required by the owner or corresponding authority. However,
shelters should be designed to withstand the most critical effects of hurricanes and
tornadoes.
Classification of constructions according to their response to the

action of the wind.
Due to the characteristics of the behavior of the structures before the main effects that the
wind can cause in them, the constructions are classified into four Types, according to
Table 1.2. Likewise, said table indicates the method to estimate the design loads caused
by the wind on the constructions. Subsection 1.5 recommends three procedures to define
design loads, which consider static action, dynamic action, when the structure is sensitive
to these effects, or through tunnel tests. of wind.
Table 1.2 Classification of structuresaccording to its response to the action of the wind.
Tlpo Description
Structures little sensitive to the effects ofhenamhecos lnduced by gusts of wind.

Those in which the slenderness ratio,;,,(defined as the ratio between the height
and the smallest dimension in plan), is lessor equal to five and with fundamental
period of the first mode of vibration less than or equal to one second. Most of the
buildings are considered within this type.for rooms or offices, warehouses,
industrial buildings, theaters and auditoriums, solar panels, parapets, fences with a
1 height of up to 2.5 m, bridges with clearances less than 100 m. For girders and for
simple or continuous reinforcement, the ratio ofslenderness will be obtained by
dividing the largest span by the smallest dimension perpendicular to it. It also
includes closed constructions with rigid roof systems, capable of resisting loads due to
wind without essentially changing their geometry. Flexible covers, such as those of
the pendant type, are excluded unless, by the adoption of a suitable geometry,
provided by the application
6
MANUAL OE DESIGNOE CIVIL WORKS-CFE
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
Tlpo Description
of pre-stress or other convenient measure, the structural response is limited
dynamic ofwayawhatandsand satisfyits requirementsherehe established.
For the design of this type of structures, the average thrusts should be
consideredstatic, which are caused by pressures and suctions of the average
flow of the wind, both external and internal, and generate global pressures (for
the design of the structure as a whole) and local pressures (for the design of a
structural or cladding element as a whole). particular). It is assumed that these
thrusts do not vary with time. The response of the structure to the average
thrust of the wind will be calculated as established in item 3.
Structures that, due to their high slenderness ratio or the reduced dimensions of
their cross-section, are sensitive to short-duration gusts and whose long
fundamental periods favor the occurrence of important oscillations. In thisType
includes buildings with slenderness ratio,1,greater than five or with a
fundamental period of the first mode of vibration greater than one second, but
not greater than 5 s, isolated lattice towers, chimneys, wind turbine support
structures, elevated tanks, antennas, fences with a height greater than 2.5 m,
anundos and constructions that have a small dimension parallel to the direction
two of the wind.
In this type of structures, the dynamic action generated by the turbulence of
the wind when interacting with the structure in the form of equivalent forces
will be considered. For the design, the vibrations generated by turbulent gusts
in the direction of the wind should be considered. The response will be
evaluated using the recommendations presented in Item 4.
Excluded are those that are explicitly mentioned as belonging to thenpos 3 and
4.
These structures present all the characteristics of Type 2 and, in addition,
they present important transverse oscillations to the flow of the wind when
vortices or vortexes appear that interact with the structure. The presence of
cylindrical or prismatic structures within the wind fiow generates the
detachment of alternating vortices that cause forces and vibrations transverse
to the direction of the flow. Constructions and elements that are approximately
3 cylindrical or slender prismatic are included, such as chimneys, wind turbine
support structures, external or elevated pipes, buttresses for lighting and
distribution poles.
Structures classifed as Type3They must be designed with the criteria
established for Type 2, and additionally their capacity to resist the transverse
dynamic thrusts generated by the alternating vortices must be reviewed, in
accordance with item 4.
Structures that, due to the geometry of the construction, present unstable
aerodynamic problems, due to the different angles of wind incidence, to the
dynamic properties of the structure (fundamental modes and periods of
vibration, and structural damping) and to the change in aerodynamic damping .
Among them are aerodynamically unstable forms such as transmission line
4 cables, whose cross-section is unfavorably modified in areas subject to frost,
bridge cables, hanging pipes and satellite dishes.
For this type of structure, the effects of wind will be evaluated through
studiesexperimentally or through numerical models of computational fluid
mechanics; the resulting effects are usually greater than the
7
RECOMMENDATIONS
C.1.4.1 (CRITERIA FOR WIND DESIGN
Guy Description
obtained for Type 3 constructions, so that those resulting for
those of Type 3, will be considered as minimum. The minimum requirements for
carrying out experimental tests in a wind tunnel are indicated in subsection
1.5.2.
1.5 Procedures to evaluate actions generated by wind
J.5.J Static analysis and dynamic analysis
To evaluate the forces induced on structures by the passage of wind flow, two
procedures are applied: static analysis (item 3) and dynamic analysis (item 4). The first
will apply to sufficiently rigid structures or structural elements of Type 1. For the
remaining Types, dynamic analysis must be used. As indicated
in section 1.1, if the total height of the structure is greater than 200 m, if the roof spans
are greater than 100 m or if the fundamental period of the first mode of vibration is
greater than 5 s, it is necessary to carry out experimental tests such as those described
in section 1.5.2, or numerical models of computational fluid mechanics. These studies
must be endorsed by experts in the field and authorized by the corresponding authority.
If there is a possibility of alternating vortices, structures sensitive to these effects

should be reviewed according to section 4.9.
J.5.2 Wind tunnel tests according to the type of construction
Experimental tests in a wind tunnel should be carried out for structures that do not
meet the requirements of subsection 4.1.1 or that have an unusual geometric shape
and characteristics that make them particularly sensitive to the effects of wind.
Likewise, existing results of tests carried out on experimental models with similar
geometric characteristics could be used as a basis; The adoption of these results must
be approved by experts in the field and by the corresponding authority.
On the other hand, for the structures contained in these recommendations and that
comply with the indicated requirements, experimental tests may alternatively be carried
out in a wind tunnel if the owner or corresponding authority so requires.
The type of experimental test recommended according to the effects of wind on the
structure is mentioned below.
a) rigid model testing, Rigid models could be used for thestudy of Type 1
structures, 2 and 3.
8
C.1.4 0ISENO BY WIND
Type I Structures
The experimental rigid models, with geometry similar to the structure under study, will
be designed to satisfy the similarity conditions. The models will be instrumented with
pressure sensors that allow the definition of local pressure coefficients at notable points
on the external surface of the model, with which it is possible to obtain isobars
representative of the action of the wind, for various angles of attack of the latter.
The models will be placed on instrumented bases, which allow knowing the actions that
the wind produces at the base of the construction.
During the test, the velocity profile representing the roughness characteristics of the
construction site will be reproduced, including the possible effects of neighboring
constructions.
Structures Type 2 and 3
Experimental rigid models with geometry similar to the structure under study will be
designed to satisfy similarity conditions. Ycan be implemented in any of the following
ways:
• With pressure sensors, which allow defining the dynamic loads produced by the
wind in different directions.
With instrumented bases, which allow knowing the actions that the wind
produces at the base of the construction, in different directions. The forces at
the base of the structure may be used to propose equivalent static forces on the
structure under study.
b) Tests of aeroelastic models.Experimental aeroelastic models could be used to

study Type 3 structures Y4. This type of test is recommended for structures sensitive to
the dynamic effects of the wind, in which significant oscillations may occur transverse to
the flow of the wind when periodic vortices or eddies appear that interact with the
structure, or when the structure may present aerodynamic problems. unstable. The
aeroelastic model will reproduce the external form of the construction and will present
its representative dynamic characteristics. The model will be instrumented with sensors
that allow estimating the magnitude of the response at various angles of attack. The
objective of the test will be to identify the response induced by the turbulent wind, by
direct measurement in the model, in order to obtain information on:
• The severity of the dynamic action of the wind.

• The dynamic loads produced by the wind, in different directions.
The test will reproduce the velocity profile that represents the site destined for the
construction, including the possible effects of neighboring constructions. Likewise,
9
RECOMMENDATIONS
C.1.4.1 (RITERIESFOR WIND DESIGN
When it is desired to identify critical velocities of vortex detachment in Type 1 and 2

structures, this type of aeroelastic model tests will be carried out.
In Fig 1.1 a flow diagram of the procedures to evaluate the actions caused by the
wind for the design of structures is shown.
Finally, in subsection 4 and Appendix 4B, some aspects are pointed out about the
effectscaused by aeroelastic instability.
1.6 Units
In this chapter, the units of the International System of Units (SI) are used:Newton
(N), Pascal (Pa), second (s) and Hertz (Hz). Expressions or values in units of
kilogram (kg), meter (m) and second (s) appear between parentheses, according
to the usual decimal metric system in Mexico. Homogeneous units should be used
in all expressions.
10
C.1.4 OISENOBY WIND
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{ v • • Yoctya g�• y'al ad• F uxryl e
ith
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STRUCT OR RA Cellallo dB
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structure, Cno ii ru DC klnit is. ECrr adss: oh m. t ruclone s ab yourlas:
p
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{4.3�5.1 a 4.3-5.4, 4.35.9}
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he 48 .two
youtiesuub,ean
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enretoss)
NOTE: The numbers in parentheses refer to the subsections of the index.

Fig 1.1 Flow diagram of the procedure to obtain the wind loads.
eleven
HANDBOOKOF CIVIL WORKS DIRECTION-CFE
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
2. DETERMINATION OF THE BASIC DESIGN SPEED, Veither
The speedBASICad and design, 110,in km/h, it is the speed with which the effects of the wind on the structure are
eitherknow a component of it and you getwith the following equation:
calculated
(2.1)
where
Fr factor that depends on the local, dimensionless topography,
F,. factrwhich takes into account the effect of local, dimensionless
exposure characteristics,
vR regional gust velocity that corresponds to the site wherebuild the
structure, ein km/h.
The regional gust velocity, VR, and the factors F,., and Fr, are defined and determined
insubsections 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4, respectively.
2.1 Terrain categories according to their roughness
In both the static and dynamic analysis procedures, factors intervene that depend on the
local topographical and exposure conditions where the construction will be located.
Therefore, in order to correctly evaluate these factors, it is necessary to establish practical
classifications. In Table 2.1, four categories of terrain are consigned according to the
degree of roughness that ispresent around the denatured area. In section 2.1 of the
Comments Section, figures of land are presented that exemplify the categories
described.
in Table 2.1.
In the direction of the wind being analyzed, the ground immediately surrounding the
structure must present the same roughness (Category), at least in a distance called
"minimum development length", which is recorded in Table 2.1 for each category. of
land. When this minimum length does not exist, the local exposure factor,F,.z,
dimensionless, defined in item 2.3, should be modified to take this fact into
account. In this case, the designer may select, among the land categories found
in a given analysis direction, the one that causes the most unfavorable effects
and determine the exposure factor for that category, or
13
RECOMMENDATIONS
C.1.4.2 DETERMINATION OF THE BASIC DESIGN SPEED, J/o
follow a more refined analytical procedure to correct the exposure factor, as the one indicated
in item 2.3 of the Commentary Section.
Table 2.1 Category of terrain according to its roughness.
Cat. Description examples Limitations
Existing obstructions have heights

Open terrain, Flat coastal strips, bays,
less than 1.5 m. The minimum
practically flat, marsh or lake areas, aerial
length of this type of land in the
without fields, grasslands and
1 obstructions farmland without hedges or
direction of the wind should be
2000 m or 20 times the height of
and water fences, flat snowy surfaces.
the building to be designed,
surfaces.
whichever is greater.
Crop fields or farms with few
The existing obstructions have
Flat or undulate obstructions such as hedges,
heights of 1.5 to 5 m, the minimum
terrain with few trees, and scattered buildings.
two length should be the greater
obstructions.
between 1500 m or 20 times the
Urban areas,suburban and height of the construction to be
designed.
Existing obstructions
Land covered by deforests, or any They have heights of 3 to 10 m. The
numerous land with minimum length of this type of
numerous
3 closely spaced closely spaced obstructions. ground downwind should be 500 m
obstructions. The size of the constructions or 20 times the height of the
corresponds to that of the building, whichever is greater.
houses and dwellings.
Per least 50% of the buildings
Terrain with have a height greater than 20 m.
numerous long, The obstructions measure from 10
tall, closely to 30 m in height. The minimum
4 Large urban centers and well-
spaced length of this type of land in the
developed industrial
obstructions. direction of the wind must be the
complexes.
greater between 400 m and 20
times the height of the
construction.
The selection of the Terrain Category must be made considering the permanence of the
obstructions that constitute the roughness of the terrain surface. For example,
consideration should be given to the possibility that vegetation will not remain during
high wind events in regions where tropical cyclones occur.
14
HANDBOOKOE DESIGN OF 0BRA5 CIVILE5-CFE
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
2.2 Isotach Map. Regional Speed
The regional gust speedfor design is determined according to the followingcriteria:
a) Based on the importance of the structure that is related to a fixed return

period, as indicated in subsection 2.2.1.
b) By associating speed with the relative acceptable cost of the consequences
in the event of a structural failure, as noted in subsection2.2.2.
c) To resist the effects of tornadoes, as indicated in subsection 2.2.3.
The designer could use the traditional approach with the first criteria for the design of
structures of Groups, A, B and C. Alternatively, the designer could use the second
criteria for the design of structures of Groups A and C. B, based on an economically
optimal approach in which more rational use is made
of long-term investments. Finally, the third criteria will be applied for the designof
fundamental structures when required by the owner or corresponding authority
and for the design of shelters.
In the event that the third criterion is required, the most unfavorable condition
between this criterion and those indicated in subparagraphs a) or b) will be
analyzed.
For Group A+ structures or for structures where, by agreement between the

owner, the designer and the authority, it is required to use a return period
different from those recommended in this subsection, the design speed must be
defined based on studies of site-specific structural reliability and wind hazard. For
him
In the study of wind hazard, the winds that occur at the site of interest must be
considered, such as synoptics, hurricanes, and tornadoes. For synoptic winds, said study
should consider continuous records of wind speed for at least 15 years. The wind speed
recording station or stations should be located within a maximum radius of 2 kilometers
from the site of interest. In case of not having wind speed records, wind speeds could be
used.simulated (synthetic) with techniques recognized in the specialized literature
or by consulting experts in the field. Alternatively, results from previous wind
hazard studies could be used to determine the regional speed associated with the
required return period. In the case of Group A+ structures, the regional velocity
obtained should not be less than 1.2 times the regional velocity corresponding to
the map with a return period of 200 years.
For the study of structural reliability, techniques will be used to establish

acceptable levels of reliability related to safety and the consequences in case of
failure (including collapse) of the structural system of interest.
The results of the site's structural reliability and wind hazard studies must be approved by
experts in the field and by the corresponding authority.
fifteen
RECOMMENDATIONS
C.1.4.2 DETERMINATION OF BASIC SPEEDOF DESIGN, I
2.2.1 Regional velocity for a fixed return period
The regional wind gust speed, VR, in km/h, is the maximum speed associated with a
fixed return period, T, with an exceedance probability of 1/T, in a given area or region of
the country, where the return period,you,is given in years.
The regional gust velocity, VR, is determined taking into consideration both the
importance of the structure and the geographic location of its unseating site, and is
associated with 3-second gusts.
In Figs 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 the regional isotach maps corresponding to the return periods of
200, SW and 10 years, recommended for wind design, are shown. of structures of
Groups A, B and C, respectively.
Appendix 4C presents a table with the main cities in the country and their
corresponding regional speeds for the different fixed return periods.
2.2.2 Optimum regional speed
The optimal regional speed, VRo, in km/h, is the maximum speed for which the total
cost is minimized, determined by the sum of the initial construction cost plus the
cost of direct and indirect losses, in the event of a structural collapse. The cost of the
losses is introduced in a dimensionless parameter, Q, called the loss importance
factor given by:
Q =0:c, (two.two)
where
CYo costdand thelosses,directs and hints,whatandsand they

would have incase of a structural collapse, and
C1 initial construction cost.
The optimal regional velocity, VRo, is determined taking into consideration both the
importance of the losses through the value of Q, and the geographic location of the
construction site. It should be noted that since the optimal regional speeds vary
depending on the type of structure, this criterion will apply when the structures have
a predominant behavior in bending, such as wind turbines, elevated signs, chimneys
and flexible buildings. Otherwise, the designer may use the wind speeds for fixed
return periods. It should be noted that this criterion only applies to the design of the
main structure.
16
HANDBOOKOF CIVIL WORKS DESIGN-CFE
C.1.4 OISENOBY WIND
For the practical application of this criterion, a value of Q = 15 has been associated for
the design of the structures of Group A and a value of Q = 5 for the structures of Group
A.
B. In the case of Group C structures, the wind speeds corresponding to a fixed return
period of 10 years will continue to apply.
If the designer selects this procedure, the regional velocity, VR, will take the value of
VRo for the calculation of pressures and forces required in the subsections following this
one.
The regional isotach maps corresponding to the loss importance levels Q = 15 and Q =
5, are presented in Figs 2.4 and 2.5, respectively, where the values of the optimal
regional gust velocities are given for design. In Appendix 4C a table is presented with
the main cities of the country and their corresponding optimal regional speeds for
values of Q = 15 and Q = 5.
2.2.3 Regional velocity due to tornadoes
The regional speed due to tornadoes, VRr, in km/h, is the estimated maximum speed
that may occur in a given area or region of the country due to the effect of tornadoes.
Fig 2.6 shows the regional isotach map that will be used for the design of structures for
tornadoes, when required by the owner or corresponding authority, and for the design
of shelters. If the designer selects this procedure, the regional velocity, VR, will take the
value of Virr for the calculation of
pressures and forces required in the corresponding subsections.
17
RECOMMENDATIONS
C.1.4.2 DETERMINATION OF THE BASIC DESIGN SPEED, I
.,
it !<! �
;,,
'9
;'ll
� �
i
,: �
,.Ilgand
!Y1oa ac
��
,�, I:
�
"
b b
�., �
Fig 2.1 Isotach map for regional velocities with return period of200 al'los.
18
C.1.4OISENO BY WIND
he!!
;�
Y
Yo �
Or o.
.
b
�
!
.
J
I �
5
jt
YO!!
�L&
t{ J
es Y
oF
-
j
Y
o
e;I
� �
Yo;! � �
�
�
Yo
Fig 2.2 Isotach map for regional velocities with 50-year return period.
19
RECOMMENDATIONS
YF,§
�r
Y
� �
1�
�o
oO
Y
H!
5�
;:1
!!�
� �
you
� �
Fig 2.3 Isotach map for regional velocities with return period of 10 years.
twenty
C.1.4OISENO BY WIND
,
Yo�
or
j§
�
�
b)
i-
!
e
h
Y ..;
<>o Q
:,
s
� -�
..� �
�!
'\.
Yo -tii>
..,
glYo Yo
heand_.,.,
0 •
��
� �!to�
F �11---
�
,;- H ,;-
..JI
JL F
� Yo .. ,.:
� �
Yo..he1s1!Y
- Yo o
_J
1 � �
Fig 2.4 Isotach map for optimal regional velocities with Q= 15.
twenty-one
RECOMMENDATIONS
...,
>o
�
!
&)
i�
r
�
"'
"Yo
Yo you you
�-
� �
eleven'
� .
�
,; � i�. �
YJ
r
MN("')
O � FB. $Yo Yo either

§��
g��
you you
y eleven0
wt 1 heh h
o �8 �
W u eleven
Z,J
- 1 Yo �
eleven
,y'all
. � � Yo.: !!
Fig 2.5 Isotach map for optimal regional velocities with Q=S.
22
� g 1(: � �
; !aF°t; 'Y
O'
��
Yo
�
1:
'l
ii
§
Yo ��
.
yo "'
Yo
uY
Y�!
Yo
Y!§
ff
ooY
>
1§
o Yo
o
�
y �
o �
u
�··
Yo Yo
�1
g Y ; ;, 1
,:
Yo
-;
Yo
�!�H
� Yo11 1•Yo
o ehe
Yoh 1111 1 �
lY
--1! '> Yo.,j
o�1
UJf 1�
� g b
N � �
§]
Fig 2.6 Isotach map for regional velocities for tornadoes with a return period of
10,000,000 years.
23
RECOMMENDATIONS
C.1.4.2 DETERMINATION OF THE BASIC DESIGN SPEED, Me
2.3 Exposure factor, Fr.
The local exposure factor, F,,, dimensionless, establishes the variation of the velocity of the
wind with height, depending on the category of the terrain. This factor is obtained
fromaccording to the following equations:
F,.,=C Yes zs 10 (23)

Yes 10 <z < or (2.4)
F,-,=C(you
Fr, = c(:0)" Yes (2.5)
where
c roughness scale coefficient, dimensionless,
z height above the natural ground, at which it is desired to

know the design speed, in m,
ct exponent that determines the shape of the variation of wind
speed with height, dimensionless, and
0 height measured from the level of the slope terrain, above
which the variation of the wind speed is not important and
can be assumed constant; at this point it isknown as
gradient height, in m.
The variables r, o and c are a function of the roughness of the terrain, whose
recommended values are presented in Table 2.2.
Table 2.2 Values of r, a and 8.
Category 0
C a
of the land (m)
1 1,142 0.061 280

two 1,000 0.095 350
3 0.832 0.140 410
4 0.668 0.192 470
Even though the local exposure factor, F,.,, is defined for heights greater than the gradient
height, it should be noted that the design of structures is limited to a height of 200 m, as
established in section 1.1.
As mentioned in section 2.1, when the minimum development length is not
satisfied, as established in Table 2.1, the Category of the
24
C.1.4 OISENOBY WIND
terrain that generates the most unfavorable conditions for the direction of the wind of
interest. Alternatively, the variation in roughness around the building at a given site
could be taken into account by correcting the exposure factor, F,.,, using the
procedure described in subsection 2.3 of the Comments Section of this same chapter.
2.4 Topography Factor, Fr
The local topography factor, Fr, dimensionless, takes into account the local topographic
effect of the site where the structure will be located. Thus, for example, if the construction
is located on the slopes or tops of hills or mountains, of significant height with respect
toAt the general level of the surrounding land, it is very likely that accelerations
will be generated that will increase the speed of the wind flow.
According to the topographic characteristics of the site, Table 2.3 presents the values or
expressions to determine the value of the topography factor.
Table2.3 Local topography factor, Fr.
sitespr Examples of local
otected topographyclosed valleys 0.9
land practicallypiano:
normal Absence of important topographical 1.0
changes,with slopes less than 5%.
Headlands:
Mountains, hills, hills, peaks, hills, mountains. See
exposed embankments: equations
Pef'iascos, cliffs, precipices, 2.6 to 2.8
dykes,dams.
NOTE: For exposed sites, this table is applied with the help of Fig 2.7.
For the local topographic effects of promontories and embankments, the topography
factor is calculated according to the following conditions:
a) Y hr
<
t
z 0.05, within the hatched zone of local affectation (Figs
e 2.7(a) and 2.7(b)).
s
Rf= 1.00 (2.6)
25
RECOMMENDATIONS
C.1.4.2 DETERMINATION OF THE BASIC DESIGN SPEED, Me
b) Y 0.05S H$0.45,
21� within the hatched zone of local affectation (Figs
es 2.7(a) and 2.7(b)).
(2.7)
within the zone of separationof the flow, L,= Ht/4,

(Fig 2.7(c)).
c) Y
e
s Rf = 1 +0.71(1- 1xL,1) (2.8)
two
within the hatched zone of local affectation (Fig

2.7(c)), apply equation 2.7.
The variables that intervene in the previous cases and in Figs 2.7(a) to 2.7(c), aredefine
as:
H, height of the promontory or embankment, measured vertically from

thestart of slope to crest, in m,
Lor horizontal distance upwind measured from HJ2 to crestof the
promontory or embankment, in m,
X, distancehorizontal windward or leeward, measured between the
structure and the crest of the promontory or embankment(may have
valuepositive or negative), in m,
L1 scale longitudinalpaira determine thevariationnverticalhe ofFr,sand takes
the greater value between 0.36 Lu and 0.4 Ht, in m,
L2 longitudinal scale to determine the horizontal variation of Fr , I know
take equal to 4 L1 for windward headland or embankment and equal to
10 L1 for leeward embankments, in m, and
Zyou reference height of the structure measured from the average level
of the ground, in m, this height can be the total height of the
structure, H, or the reference height, measured from the ground
level to the average height of the roof of the structure, n.
26
ZONELOCAL AFFECT>N
Address
of the
wind
-L2=1.44Moeither 1.6H1 L2=1.44 L., either 1.6 H

(theelderly) (the biggest)
Fig 2.7(a) Headlands.
LOCAL AFFECTED AREA
Ltwo= 1,441.., either1.6Hc--- 1--+-�-----t.2= 3.6L., o4H, -----------------------Yo

(the eldest)(the elderly)
Fig 2.7(b) Embankments.
In the leeward zone of the embankments, along the distance L two, slopeaverage should not
exceed 0.05.
27
RECOMMENDATIONS
LOCAL AFFECTED AREA
addresso Flow separation zone

f the / ¢ from the beginning of
slow the crest
Slope > 0.45
Fig 2.7(c) Flow separation zone for steeper slopesthan 0.45.
In the cases of exposed sites that do not adhere to the above conditions, the topography
factor may be obtained using one of the following procedures:
1. Scale experiments in wind tunnels.

2. Measurements made directly on site.
Experts in the matter should validate the results of any of these procedures.
28
C.1.4 P0RVENT DESIGN
3. STATIC ANALYSIS
3.1 Limitations
The procedure for determining the response or static thrust is calledStatic Analysis.This
static analysis is applied in the design of buildings and structural elements
belonging to Type 1 (item 1.4) as long as these structures are not very sensitive
to the turbulent action of the wind. This condition is satisfied when:
a) the relation 7'=H/D s5, where H is the height of the building and D is
theminimum dimension of the base,
b) the fundamental period of the first mode of vibration of the structure is less
than orsame as one second, and
c) construction height is less than 200 m.
In the case of closed constructions, isolated roofs and adjacent awnings and
roofs, it is not necessary to calculate the fundamental period of the first mode of
vibration when the following conditions are met:
a) the height of the building, H, is less than or equal to 15 meters,

b) the structure is not located on a promontory or embankment,
c) the plan of the structure is rectangular or formed by a combination
ofrectangles,
d) the ratio A=H/D < 4 for closed constructions and A=H/D < 1 for insulated
roofs, awnings and adjacent cantilevered roofs; the clearance should not be
greaterthan 5m, and
e) for closed constructions and isolated roofs, the slope, and, of their roofs -
inclined or gabled- must not exceed 20°, and on multi-span roofs it must be
less than 60° ; for awnings and adjoining covers, theslope should not be
greater than 5°.
Static analysis also applies to the design of cladding elements and their anchors used
in Type 1, 2, and 3 constructions.
29
RECOMMENDATIONS
C.1.4.3 STATIC ANALYSIS
1.1 Dynamic base pressure, q,
When the wind acts on a construction, it generates pressures on its surfaces, which vary
according to the intensity of the speed and direction of the wind. The pressure exerted by
the wind flow on a plane surface perpendicular to it, at a height z, is called the dynamic
base pressure C/ z,in Pa, and is determined with the following equation:
q, = 0.047GV5 {3.1)
q, = 0.0048 cvJ (in (3.1.a)
kg/mtwo)where:
vD basic design speed, in km/h, defined in item 2, and G

correction factor for temperature and height with respect to
at sea level, dimensionless.
The value of G, dimensionless, is obtained with the following equation:
0.39-
two fl
G=- (3.2)
273+,
where:
fl barometric pressure, in mm Hg, and

Annual mean value of daily minimum temperatures, in °C.
Table 3.1 presents the relationship between the values of altitude, hm, in meters above
sea level (masl), and barometric pressure, n, in mm of Hg (mercuric).
Table 3.1 Relationship between altitude and barometric pressure.
Altitude, Barometric pressure,

hmm(ma Q(mmHg)
sl)
0 760
500 720
1000 675
1500 635
2000 600
2500 565
3000 530
3500 495
30
1.2 Acting pressure on structures, p,
The design pressure acting on a given building or structure, P z, in Pa, is obtained by

taking into account mainly its shape and is given, in a general way, by the following
equation:
(3.3)
Where
Cp pressure coefficient, dimensionless, and

wh, dynamic base wind pressure, in Pa, calculated according to the
section 3.2.
This pressure is called mean or static thrust and is produced by gust velocity effects.
The pressure coefficient is defined as the ratio of the pressure acting on the construction
or on one of its surfaces, with the base dynamic pressure, for a given height.
In the case of a closed construction, the design pressure, P z, in Pa, is obtained with the
following equation:
Q,=(p,-P,) (3.3.a)
where
Pand external pressure, in Pa, (item 3.5.1.1),
andP; internal pressure, in Pa, (item 3.5.1.2).
In the case of an open construction, the design pressure, p,, in Pa, is obtained with the
following equation:
Pz =pn (3.3.b)
Where
p,. net pressure, in Pa, (items 3.5.5 to 3.5.8, 3.5.11, 3.5.15 and
3.5.16).
Values of pressure coefficients for various forms of structures are specified from item
3.5.
31
RECOMMENDATIONS
1.3 Acting force in structures
The static force, F,, in N, is calculated with the following equation:
(3. 4)
where
p, design pressure, µ,, in Pa, and
A,.,1 Reference area corresponding to the structure, or part of it, in rn2, at
height z, on which the pressure, p, acts. Shecorresponds:
a) to a part of any of the surfaces of the construction; the design
pressure corresponding to a given wind speed and direction is
affected by the external or internal pressure coefficient, cp, or
Cpi, which in turn depends on the shape of the structure,
b) to the surface of the construction or of a structural element,
projected on a plane normal to the wind flow; the design
pressure is affected by the drag coefficient, Ca , depending on
the form of the construction or the elementstructural, or
c) to the surfaces that are indicated in the corresponding
subsections when employ force coefficients, c 1, or net
pressure coefficients, C p,., to assess the strengthdesign total.
The summation includes all the possible pressures acting on the reference area.
The procedure for determining the response or thrust considering the dynamic effects
that can be generated, is called dynamic analysis Presents itselfin item 4.
The pressures and forces evaluated with either of the two procedures are calculated for a
reference height, as indicated in subsections 3 and 4, for each type ofstructure.
1.4 Pressures and forces due to the action of the wind
3.5.l closed constructions
For the purposes of this chapter, a closed structure is one that is composed of walls and
roofs, arranged in such a way as to form a prismatic construction; such roofs (with or
without eaves) and walls are not necessarily waterproof, they may have openings, such
comma windows or doors, where the wind flow can penetrate and generate internal
pressures. Likewise, a structure with a rectangular floor plan in which one of its sides is
completely open is considered a closed coma with a
32
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
dominant opening on that side. When you have a construction with two walls or less,
these should be designed as isolated elements.
The design pressure on a construction is obtained by adding the effects of the

external and internal pressures that occur on its surfaces.
The sign convention for external and internal pressures that is adopted is that these
will be positive when they exert a push and negative when they exert a suction on
the surface on which they act.
Fig 3.1 illustrates the sign convention adopted, which is already considered in the
values of the pressure coefficients defined in this chapter, In this way, theeq 3.3.a
applies keeping the negative sign.
wind wind
¢ pressur suction ¢ pressur
e(+) (-) e(+)
opening inWindwardAperture in lee
Fig 3.1 Sign convention for wind pressures on a building with windward or leeward
openings.
3.5.1.1 external pressures
The external pressure, p., in Pa, on one of the surfaces of a closed construction is
determined with the following equation:
(3.5)
where
Zip" external pressure coefficient, dimensionless,

KA pressure reduction factor per area size, dimensionless, KL
local pressure factor, dimensionless,
Kra pressure factor for coatings Y anchors, dimensionless,wh,
dynamic base wind pressure, in Pa, calculated according to the
item 3.2.
ItsvaluesdanditsfactorsKM.KL YKra •acehecomahea form inwhatandsandapply,sand

describelater in this same section.
33
RECOMMENDATIONS
Tables 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 provide values for the external pressure coefficient,cP,, for walls
and ceilings (with or without eaves) of constructions with a closed rectangular plan.
When the value of cp is positive, it will be a thrust on the area in question; when it is
negative, it will be a suction.
The parameters referred to in these tables are illustrated in Figs 3.2 and 3.3. It is
important to note that the denomination of the walls depends on the direction in which
the wind acts. For leeward, lateral, and roof walls, the base dynamic pressure, q,.,
iscalculates for the reference height Fi, (Fig 3.2). for the wallwindward, the pressure
varies with height according to item 3.2. The values of the pressure coefficient for
structures that do not have a closed rectangular floor plan are given in the
subsequent sections.
In the event that the buildings have eaves at their ends, as indicated in Fig 3.2, the
pressure coefficients to be applied will be as follows: for thelower surface of the eaves,
those of the adjacent wall below the eaves and for the upper surface of the eaves
those that correspond to the roof.
For elevated buildings, the pressure coefficient for the bottom surface ofthese, will be
determined as recommended for tanks Yelevated silos (section 3.5.9).
3. 4
Table 3.2 External pressure coefficient, c,,.,,

for windward walls(MB)and leeward {MS) of
constructions with a closed rectangular plan.
Wind direction (9),in roof slopedegrees

Wall b/d
(y), in degrees cpe
Normal(8=00) 0parallel
windward Any Any 0.80
(9 = 90°) to ridge
,,; 1.0 -0.50
Normal(8 00)athe
oo �Y< 100 =2.0 ·0.30
ridge, for roofs to one or
two waters <! 4.0 -0.20
100 � ·1� 150 -0.30
Normal(9=QO) 0parallel Any ·0.40
200
Leeward (9=90°) to the ridge,for
,,;0.1 -
0.75four roofswaters ee250
�0.3 ·0.50
Parallel(8 =900)athe � 1.0-0.50ridge,
for single roofseither Any =2.0-
0.30twowaters <! 4.0 -0.20
GRADES:
1. Istable is applied with the help of Fig 3.2.
2. Pairaaverage values ofb/d Y Y, thecoefficient valuesCµ, they canInterpolate linearly.
3. IF values ofcl"'for any of the parameters in Tables 3.2,
3.3 and 3.4, or if others are adopted, these must be defined or justified based
on analytical, experimental results in tunnel! of wind or presented in the
specialized iterature.
Table3.3External pressure coefficient, .C;w, for side wall zones (ML) ofconstructions with a closed
rectangular plan.
Horizontal distance along a lateral wall, External

measured from the common edge with the pressure
windward wall coefficient(cop,)
ofEITHERa 0.65
1hof 1it ·0.50
totwo b ·0.30
oftwohe has3h ·0.20
GRADES:
1. This table is applied with the help of Fig 3.3.
2. The horizontal distance is determined based on the height of
theconstruction, ii.
35
RECOMMENDATIONS
Table 3.4(a)External pressure coefficient,c.,.,for roof areasconstructions with a

closed rectangular plan. Windward deck (CB} forand;:: 10 °.
roof slope,deck Zip ,
Relationshi
p Windward (CB)
ii/d
(Y) Case 1 case 2
10° -0.70 -0.30
fifteen° -0.50 0.00
200 -0.30 0.20
250 � 0.25 -0.20 0.30
300 -0.20 0.40
35° 0.00 0.50
2: 450 0.00 0.80-sinY
100 -0.90 -0.40
fifteen° -0.70 -0.30
twenty° -0.40 0.00
25° 0.50 -0.30 0.20
30° -0.20 0.30
-0.20 0.40
2: 450 0.00 EITHER.SO
seneither/
10° -1.30 -0.60
fifteen° -1.00 -0.50
20° -0.70 -0.30
25° 2: 1.00 -0.50 0.00
30° -0.30 0.20
35° -0.20 0.30
"'Four. Five° 0.00 0.80-sen-
Yo
NOTES: (These notes apply to Tables 3.4(a}, (b) and (c), which
are used with the help of Fig 3.2.)
1. In the cases where two values of the coefficient Cpe are shown, the
ceiling must be chosen for the most unfavorable, since, due to the
turbulence of the wind, the ceiling may be subjected to positive or
negative pressures. Likewise, the different combinations between
external and internal pressures must be considered in order to
select the most adverse condition in the design.
2. YESsandrequirenvaluesofhecoeff1clentanddandpresl6n correspondingAt
intermediate values of y, and of the relation n/d, a linear
interpolation can be carried out, which must be carried out between
values of the same sign.
3. For the leeward roof (CS) see Table 3.4(c).
36
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
Table 3.4(b) Pressure Coefficient Exterior, c,.,, for roof areasbuildingswith closed
rectangular plant. windward deck(CB)and cover
leeward (CS), forY<10th. Cross covers(CT)from roofs to one or twowatersYany angle /.
Roof area and slope coefficient ofoutside

horizontal distance pressure
Deck Deckof relations on the roof (Cpc)
hip
transverse (er) measure from ---top edge of
windward (CB) Fi/d
of single or Wall ofwindward Case1 case 2
andleeward(cs)
gabled roofs
(Y)
(Yo)
or to 0. 5 Fi -0.90 -0.40
0.Sha lh -0.90 -0.40
S 0.5 1 ti to 2h -0.50 0.00
2Fia3h -0.30 0.10
>3h -0.20 0.20

any oooo::,7<100
oa0.5 Phi -1.30 -0.60
0.Sha lh -0.70 -0.30
2: 1.0 1ti to 2Fi (-0.70) (-0.30)(!)
2ha3h (-0.70) (-0.30)
(-0.70) (-0.30)
GRADES:
1. Values in parenthesesare provided in order to perform
interpolationscorresponding.
two, Cases 1 and 2 must be analyzed separately. independently and the most critical
condition should be selected for the design.
3. Y'is the angle of inclination of the transverse cover.
37
RECOMMENDATIONS
C.1.4.3STATIC ANALYSIS
Table 3.4(c) Coefficientofoutside pressure, c,,,,for zones ofceilingsofconstructions with

closed rectangular plan. Deck oflee (CS) forY.: 10°. Cross covers (C7)ofhipped teehos
and angle y' .: 10°.
Roof area and slope
Inclusionof Angle of
the Relation inclination External pressure coefficient
ceiling ship
.
cover cover of
ofcross lee (CS) h/d thedeck (C,,. )
(CT)ofceilings (-r) (r)
hipped
(/)
10° -0.30
fifteen° -0.50
twenty° -0.60
$0.25
-0.60 for b/d$3
2:25° -0.06(7+b/d) for 3 < b/d < 8
-0.90 for b/d .: 8
10° -0.50
fifteen° -0.50
twenty° -0.60
and' 2:10° /two:10° 0.50
-0.60 for b/ds 3
2:25° -0.06 (7+b/d) for 3 < b/d < 8
-0.90 for b/d 2: 8
10° -0.70
fifteen° -0.60
twenty° -0.60
2: 1.00
-0.60 for b/ds 3
2:25° -0.06(7+b/d)for 3 < b/d < 8
-0.90 for b/d 2: 8
38
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
ML
Legend: Indicates the direction of the

MB:l\lo.Jro de barlovenlo ML stream
: Side wall
MS:Mxo clelee
BC. : Deck ofbat1cwentolee deck
cs:
CT : Transverse Cover
ii : Reference height of the construction, in m
"I:Inclination of the roof, in !,13dOS.
1': I n d i c a t i o n o f t r a n s v e r s e c o v e r , in grade 5.
Fig 3.2 Definition of construction parameters with a closed plan.
39
RECOMMENDATIONS
Oirecc1611
del \lienlO
NOTE: The reference height, h, is determined according to Fig 3.2.
figure3.3 Definition of lateral wall zones to apply the external pressure coefficients.
Next, the values of the K factors are specified A, KYoand K,.,., related withequation 3.5.
Pressure Reduction Factor by Sizearea, KA
K-factor valuesAthey are indicated in Table 3.5 and only apply to external pressures;
it can be seen that this factor depends on the design tributary area, A.For the cases
not contemplated, as well as for silo walls, cylindrical tanks and insulated roofs, the
value of KAwill be equal to unity.
Table 3.5 Reduction factor, K,., for roofs and side walls.
Areatax in m2 reduction
(A) factor(/1'.,)
:S 10 1.00
25 0.90
2100 0.80
NOTE: For intermediate values of the tax area, A, the values of

kAcan be linearly interpolated.
40
MANUAL OFDESIGN OF CIVIL WORKS-CFE
C.1.4 DESIGN BY WIND
The tax area is that on which I know considers that the design pressure acts; for
example, in the case of a cover fastener, this will be the tributary area that it will retain, in
the case of a stringer, this will be the one that results from the product of the damage
between main beams or columns by the separation between the stringers, and for the
structure major, your tax area will be the one that corresponds to you according to the
distribution of frames or main load elements.
The external pressure, p,, will be affected by the factor KA when the following are
designedelements of a given construction:
• Main structure that supports roofs and side walls.

• Coatings of the ceilings and lateral walls.
• Elements that support the coatings (such as stringers).
• Coating fastening systems.
As can be seen, this factor does not intervene in the design of the structural elements that
support the windward and leeward walls, so that, in these cases, it will be the same to
1.0.
Factrdandpress6nlocal,Ki
The local pressure factor, Ku, will be obtained from Table 3.6 for the affected areas
indicated in Figs 3.4(a) to 3.4(e) and will be applied only to the external pressures,
which in turn will be combined with the internal ones. . For the design, the KL values
that cause the most adverse effects will be considered and you can even take the
value of
1.0 if the combination of external and internal pressures is thus more unfavourable.
The outside pressure, p01will be affected by the KL factor when designing the
followingitems:
• Coatings for roofs and windward and lateral walls.

• Elements that support the coatings (such as stringers).
• Coating fastening systems.
When the main structure of the building is designed, whether it is the lee wall or
a membrane-type roof, this factor will be taken equal to unity.
Fig 3.2 and Figs 3.4(a) to 3.4(e) supplement Table 3.6 to clarify all thevariables and the
zones where the local pressure factor is applied. Likewise, in the Design Aids
Section, figures are presented that correspond to some cases of Table 3.6, as
well as examples of practical application in order to show the use of said table.
When the area of a cladding element, or the tributary area of a support member, exceeds
the affected areas or the distance of proximity to the edge, indicated
inheatablea3.6,andhelocal pressure factor, Ki, will be equal to 1.0 for the
remaining area of
41
RECOMMENDATIONS
said element. Applying the local pressure factor, the negative limit of the product
Kccp, it will be -3.0.
For roofs with slopes less than 10° and with parapets, the values of KL, for the
areasCBAI, CBA2YCBCl(when applicable) (Figs 3.4(a) and 3.4(c)), for the area that
remains exposed on the lee side of the parapet, can be modified by multiplying the
values in Table 3.6 by the reduction factor for parapets, K r,given in Table 3.7. However,
values less than 1.0 in this Table 3.7 should only be applied to areas where the local
pressure factor, K 1, is greater than 1.0.
pressure factorfor coatings and anchors,Km
The pressure factor for linings and scaffolding, K m , is equal to 1.50 and will affect both
external and internal pressures. The regional speed, v R, for the designof coatings and
their anchors, will be obtained for the corresponding fixed return period, as indicated in
section 2.2.1, even when the optimal design criteria is chosen.
Thepresssoutsides andinteriors, p, Yp,, will be affected by the factor K,.0 whenthe

following elements are designed:
• Coatings for roofs and windward, leeward and lateral walls.

• Covering fastening systems (anchors).
When the main structure and the secondary elements are designed, this factor will be
equal to unity. This factor only affects the pressures of closed constructions.
42
Table 3.6 Local Pressure Factor, KL, for coverings and their supports.
Areaof
pressure Reference Relationshipof proximity to
Case affectation K
Yo
external of the areas fi/D aspect edge
(A1)
PUSH (+) MBA1 any $0.25yeart any 1.50
wo
two CBC1 Any yes0.25a0 < year

the from
edges of 3.00
2 corner
3 CBA1 Any yestwo < toeither 1.50
4 CBA2 any s0.25year t <0.50year 2.00
wo
5 CSA3 Any yestwo < year 1.50
Suction (-) 6 any yes0.25ye <0.50year 2.00
CSA4
artwo
7 MLA1 < year 1.50
:5 1 S ao2
8 MLA2 yes0.25a0t <0.50yea 2.00
wo r
9 MLA3 s0.25year t > year 1.50
wo
10 MLA4 >1 �yeartwo < 2.00
toeither
eleven MLAS yes0.25ye <0.50yea 3.00
artwo r
push
All
orsuctio
othersareas,
12 Any 1.00
n.
GRADES:
1. The cases of negative pressures (suctions) are alternative and do not
applysimultaneously.
2. For roofs of short buildings that are adjacent to tall buildings, and fortall buildings
having walls with steep or projecting edges, exposed to conditions of high turbulence, a
local pressure factor with a value of3.0it is not conservative. These situations are outside
the scope of this chapter, so a specialized study or tests in a wind tunnel should be carried
out.
3. IF an area of coating is subjected to more than one case of those indicated in this table,use the
highest value obtained for such cases.
4. The affected area must be compared with the tax area to define in which area they
apply.the values of /v. that are indicated here.
5. WhenY(angle of inclination of the roof) is less than ten degrees, the affected area of the roof
will be defined as if it were horizontal (flat roof), so the factor oflocal pressure will not be
applied in the area of the ridge.
6. The "year" dimension, in m, and the area references are defined in Fig 3.4, cases (a),
(B C D)Y(and).
7. The reference height, ii, for constructions with roofs pianos is equal to the height Hy D is the
least horizontal dimension of the construction.
8. The affected area CBC1 only applies to roofs with 1<10°.
43
RECOMMENDATIONS
NOTES (apply to Figs 3.4 (a) to 3.4 (e)):

1. The dimension ",.." must be taken as the minimum of o.Zb,
O.Zd andii.
2. The relation of the sides of the affected areas of local pressure
should notexceed 1:4.
fig 3.4(a)Zones for the determination of local pressure factors, Kt., for coatings
and their supports. Buildings without eaves. Wind direction normal to the ridge,
8=0°.
Fig 3.4(b) Zones for the determination of local pressure factors, Ki, for coatings and
their supports. Buildings without eaves. Wind direction parallel to the ridge, 8=90°.
44
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
ij
Fig 3.4(c) Zones for the determination of local pressure factors, K,, for coatings and their
supports. Buildings with eaves. Wind direction normal to the ridge, 0=0 °.
Fig 3.4(d) Zones for the determination of local pressure factors, K,, for coatings and their
supports. Buildings with eaves. Wind direction parallel to the ridge, 8=90 °.
Four. Five
RECOMMENDATIONS
Fig 3.4(e) Zones for the determination of local pressure factors, KL, for coatings and
their supports. Buildings with flat roofs and heights greater than 25 m.
Table 3. 7 Local pressure reduction factor,kr, by parapets.
fi #! K,
5 0.07 Phi 1.00
s25m 0.10 Phi 0.80
;,,0.20fi 0.50
,;0.02D 1.00
> 25m 0.03D 0.80
�0.05D 0.50
GRADES:
1. hp is the height of the parapet measured from the
roof level (Fig 3.5), while Des is the smallest
horizontal dimension of the construction, both
dimensions in m.
2. For intermediate values, a linear interpolation can
be used.
3. These values are used to modify the values K-
factoryou, obtained from Table 3.6.
46
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
Fig3.5 Parapet height measured from roof level.
3.5.1.2 Interior pressures
The internal pressure, p,, in Pa, is calculated using the following equation:
(3.6)
where
cvYo internal pressure coefficient, dimensionless,
K,.a pressure factor for coatings and anchors, dimensionless,(item
3.5.1.1 External pressures), and
wh, dynamic base pressure, in Pa, (item 3.2).
It is important remark that this internal pressure will be considered constant on all the
internal surfaces of the construction and that, to design the structures and theircoatings,
it should be taken into account that the internal pressures act simultaneously
with the external ones described in section 3.5.1.1 External pressures, and the
most unfavorable combination of them must be selected. Likewise, for its
calculation, the reference height will be considered, ii.
The different values of the internal pressure coefficient, Cp1 , are given in Tables 3.8(a)
and 3.8(b). Table 3.8(a) applies when the surfaces are impermeable or allow small
infiltrations of wind into the interior of the construction -they are not impermeable-. The
Table 3.8(b) is applicable when there are openings of considerable size on the
surfaces that make up the structure. These tables use the concepts of
47
RECOMMENDATIONS
C.1.4.3ANAUSl5 STATIC
permeability, impermeability, openingsand dominant openings, which are defined

below:
Permeability.If there are holes or cracks in a structure that allow the flow of wind to
penetrate its interior, then there are internal pressures that can reach important
magnitudes or act simultaneously with the external ones causing unfavorable conditions,
so they should be taken into account. For the purposes of this chapter, the permeability of
a surface is determined as the ratio of the area of indentations and voids (small voids such
as window vents may be included), resulting from normal construction tolerances, to the
total area of the surface. that surface; a permeable surface is considered when the
quotient of these areas is between 0.001 and 0.005. Since it is impractical to assess this
permeability, Table 3.8(a) includes different cases that, qualitatively,
Impermeability.An impermeable surface is considered to be one in which the

quotient of the open area and the total surface area is less than 0.001.
openings.Open doors and windows, vents for air conditioning and ventilation systems,
and openings in the coverings, among others, are considered as such.
dominant openings. They are considered of this type, when the open area ratioand
the total surface area is greater than 0.005. A dominant opening is not
necessarily large, it can also occur as a result of a particular scenario when one
opening occurs while others are closed.
Table 3.8(a) will be used when considering the case where the openings are closed and
permeability prevails. for the Otherwise, Table 3.8(b) It will be used in the event that
the existence of dominant openings is considered.
48
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
Table 3.S(a) Internal pressure coefficient, c,,,,for buildings with plantsclosed

rectangular for permeable walls without openings greater than 0.5% of the area of
the wall and the impermeable roof.
Permeability conditionspossible Internal pressure coefficient (Cp,)
1. A permeable wall, the others impermeable:

a) windward wallpermeable cp,
b) windward wallWaterproof-0.30
(Cases a and b of Fig 3.6, respectively)
2. Two or three equally permeable walls, the (the)other

waterproof(s):
a) windward wallpermeable-0.10 6 0.20
According toproduce thecombination
ofload moreunfavorable.
b) windward wallwaterproof -
0.30(Cases c and d of Fig 3.6, respectively)
3. All permeable walls (Case e -0.30 or 0.00 depending on what

of Fig 3.6) produces the most unfavorable load
combination.
4. Efficiently sealed constructions that have -0.20 6 0.00 depending on what they
producewindows that cannotopen up load combination plus
(Case f of Fig.3.6) unfavorable
NOTE: When two values are shown, they should be considered as separate load cases.
c:>
- r- - 1
r----1 Yo
Yo
r-----, r -------
Yo Yo
YoYo
,Yo
Yo
c)
□
a)
r- -1 -
b)
---'
Yo c:>
r,
Yo -
YoYo YoYo
c:> c:>
Yo Yo
L----.J
Yo Yo Yo
Yo Yo Yo Yo
'-------J '-------J
[----1 d)
permeable
and) F) waterproof
Fig 3.6 Examples showing different cases of permeability in building walls. The arrow
indicates the direction of the wind.
49
RECOMMENDATIONS
Table 3.8(b) Coefficient of internal pressure, C p,, for constructions with a closed rectangular floor plan with
dominant openings greater than 0.5% of the area of the wall orcorresponding ceiling.
Ratio between the area of dominant openings in a superflcle andthe

sum of the areas of the roof openings and of the other
Location ofthe walls (including the area of possible
permeability)key openings ,;0.5 1
two 3 ;,, 6
Case 1 case 2 Case 1 case 2
a)IntheWallofwindward (MB);
-0.30(Fig 0.00 ·0.10 0.20 0.70 Cp, o.85 c�, Cpe
3.7(a))
b)Inthernuroofleeward
(MS); ·0.30 0.00 ·0.30 0.00 cp, resume, Cp,
(Fig 3.7(b))
c) On a side wall
(ML); ·0.30 0.00 ·0.30 0.00 Cp , Cp, Cpe
(Fig.3.7(c))
d) In thethe ceiling -0.30 0.00 •0.30 0.00 CV Zip, Cp,
GRADES:
4. ANDhe okrdand Cp, thatsand select must correspondahedandhea surface withhea
larger dominant aperture. For example, for the case where the dominant opening
islocated on the leeward wall, when the ratio between the total area of the
dominant openings andthetotal roof areaand of the other walls is 2, he would c,,,
be equal tocJX', andn whereandheokrofhe li,r should takedand thetablea3.twopaira
wallsin lee
5. dadeitherwhatandandnthes Boards3.3 Y3.4andhe Cp r it variesI
followednheazoneadand hea superflcle, forcalculateandheC p,have
toalocate,andnhea surfaceandn question,a n d he centroiddandtheopenings and
take the value corresponding to that position.
a) b) c)
Fig 3.7 Examples showing different cases of openings in building walls. The arrow
indicates the direction of the wind.
fifty
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
3.5.1.3 Impact resistance of windows and doors
In cyclone-prone regions, windows and doors should be considered openings unless

they are capable of withstanding the equivalent impact of:
• A piece of wood weighing 4 kg {39.23N), with a density of at least 600 kg/m 3, with
a nominal cross section of 100 mm x 50 mm, hitting them at a speed of 0.4 v8for
the horizontal component of the path and 0.1 V Rfor the vertical component.
Where VR is the regional wind speed for the design of windows and doors, which will be the
same as that used for the design of coatings, as indicated in subsections 1.3, 2.2.1 and
3.5.1.1 Pressures Exteriors.
GRADES:
1. Examples of the use of this requirement would be for the evaluation of internal
pressure, or the determination of the resistance to penetration of the facade of the
construction that encloses a shelter.
2. The piece of wood is representative of a wide variety of windborne debris, varying
in mass and size, that can be generated during severe windstorms.
This requirement may be different for special structures, in which case the use of other
values should be justified.
3.5.2 Horizontal roof constructions with sloped ends
The external pressure coefficient, Cper of horizontal roofs with sloped ends
{Fig 3.8) For the wind direction normal to the ridge, 0 = 0°, will be determined based on
Tables 3.4a to 3.4c, as follows:
a) for the windward sloping area(B)values will be usedcorrespond to the windward

deck(CB),using the value ofYodefined in Fig 3.8;
b) for the central horizontal zone (C) and for the inclined leeward zone (S) will use the
values that correspond to the leeward deck (CS), usingthesame value of·1.
For the wind direction 0 = 90°, this coefficient will be obtained from Table 3.4{b). In this
case, zones B, C and S, shown in Fig 3.8, should be considered as transverse covers
(CT).
The external pressure coefficients on the walls will be obtained from Tables 3.2 and 3.3.
51
RECOMMENDATIONS
The corresponding external pressures will be determined in accordance with what is

indicated in section 3.5.1.1, applying local pressure factors, KL, which is marked there
for the design of coatings; When applied to the roof, these local factors will be determined
assuming the roof is flat and horizontal. Finally, the internal pressures will be obtained
according to item 3.5.1.2.
For the calculation of the pressures on all the surfaces, with the exception of the
windward wall, the reference height of the roof, fi, will be considered.
C
s
addressof
the wind
h
0 = 0°
Fig3.8 Horizontal roofs with sloped ends.
3.5.3 Multi-span roof constructions (r<60°)
The values of the external pressure coefficient, CP, for multi-faced buildings having
gabled (Fig 3.9) or jagged (Figs 3.10) roofs, for wind directions normal to the ridges
(e = o0 and B = 180°), it
will obtain from Tables 3.9 and 3.10, respectively.
In cases where two values are given, the roof should be designed for the one that
produces the most unfavorable conditions. Pressure values must be calculated for the
no,
reference height, except for the windward wall.
52
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
Table 3.9 Coefficient of external pressure, Cp,, for constructions with double
roofswaters in multiple clears.
Addressof External pressure coefficient (Cp ,)

the
wind(6) a C g 111
00 of the table 3.4,takethe -0.30Y 0.20forY<10°

Y 0.70 valuesfor -0.20
180° h/dy'Fcorrespondi -0.50 Y0.30 forY?.10°
ng
olction of
the wind
i::::> °
O=O"a sh6=180
: �•
![/] Yo Yo L.."'. .
Yo Yo Yo
Yo
P•ra O<..SOO,"
m, yes,must be inverted
PLANT into JformaYesmethereal)
,�,.::a·•·•·K·
PosYobl
es
Yo
openings
Yo
Fig 3.9 Gable roofs with multiple spans.
Table 3.10 Coefficient of external pressure, c,,,, for buildings with jagged roofs in
the form of a saw.
External pressure coefficient ( Cp,)

othersclear
address of firstSure secondSure last clear
Case Intermediat
thewind
e them
a C g j 111 n .r s
ooo -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.30
0.70 -0.90 -0.90 -0.40-0.20
two 0.20 a.so 0.30 a.so
-0.20 -0.20
180° -0.20 -0.30 -0.40 -0.40 -0.70 -0.30 0.70
0.20 0.20
53
RECOMMENDATIONS
C.1.4.3 ANA.USIS STATIC
DYoreactio
nof the
wind
K ],�,
sh 0=180"
eleve
Yo Yo
ni--
d
J \._Possible
openings
Fig3.10 Constructions with jagged roofs in the form of a saw.
When the wind acts in a normal direction to the ridges (a= o0 oe = 180°), the values of
the external pressure coefficient for the lateral walls will be obtained from the Table 3.3.
In the wind direction parallel to the ridges (e = 90° or e = 270°), the coefficientsof
external pressure for roofs should be obtained from Table 3.4(b), but adding the
value given by [-0.05 (n - 1)] in the region from 0 to 1 n from the upper edge of
the windward edge, where n is the total number of gaps; for constructions that
have more than 4 clearings, n=4 will be considered. The values of the external
pressure coefficients for the windward and leeward walls shall be obtained from
Table 3.2, as appropriate, and the external pressure coefficients for the lateral
walls shall be obtained from Table 3.3.
The corresponding external pressures will be determined from agree with it indicated in
item 3.5.1.1, applying local pressure factors, KL, that there point out for the design of
the coatings; when applied to the roof, these local factors aredetermined assuming that
it was flat and horizontal.
The internal pressures will be obtained in accordance with section 3.5.1.2 and with
the help of Tables 3.8(a) and 3.8(b), except when there are dominant openings in the
roof, in which case the internal pressure coefficient will be taken equal to±0.8,
whichever producesthe most unfavorable conditions.
3.5.4 Circular arch roof constructions

The values of the external pressure coefficient, cP., for buildings with circular roofs
and domes, perched on walls or on the natural terrain, are presented in
thetablea3.11pairaandhecaseandofhewindeitherconaddress6nrulehe a the ridge, and =o0•
When two values are listed, the roof should be designed for the one that
produces the most unfavorable conditions since the roof surface may be subject
to
54
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
positive or negative values due to wind turbulence. should be considered aalternative

combination of external and internal pressures to obtain the most severe
conditions for the design.
C
Address
of! wind
____________ J
Fig3.11 Circular arch roof constructions.
The values of the external pressure coefficient for the case of the wind direction
parallel to the ridge, 0 = 90°, will be obtained from Table 3.4(b).
The external pressures on the walls of the construction (Fig 3.11), will be determined in
accordance with that indicated in subsection 3.5.1.1 for closed rectangular constructions;
the slope of the roof, y, that will be used will be the one that corresponds to the secant of
the arc that joins the point of the ridge with that of the starting point.
For the case of roofs with a circular arch cover, the effect of the b/d ratio will be
taken into account by multiplying the coefficients in Table 3.11 by a factor of (b/d) or
.2s, where b is the width of the roof. structure perpendicular to the wind direction
and d is the
span of the structure parallel to the wind direction (Fig 3.11). If (b/d)0 25 is lessthan 1.0,
it will be taken equal to 1.0.
All combinations of pressure coefficients in the windward, zonecenter and lee.
55
RECOMMENDATIONS
Table 3.11 External pressure coefficient,c,,,,,for constructionswithcircular area cover or

ornament. Wind normal to the curnbrera, e = o0.
External pressure coefficient (C p,)

Relationship Case
rdd Zone windward Central lee zone(s)
(B) zone(c)
- (0.20 +
0.09 0.40ii/rel
two 0.00 0.00
- (0.25 + 0.20 ii/r,)

0.20 -(0.55 + 0.20 ii/re)
two 0.00 0.00
(0.50 - 0.40 ii/1·,) - (0.10 + 0.20 ii/r,)

0.50
two 0.00 0.00
GRADES:
1. The parameters used in this table are illustrated in Fig 3.11.
2. Fi is the reference height of the roof and r is the height of the ridge as shown in Fig
3.11.
3. For intermediate values of height-span ratio, rdct, the values of hey they can
interpolate linearly.
4. Forii/r,>two,Table 3.11 will be used consideringii/r,=two.
5. For r,/d < 0.09,sand will usetablea 3.4(b).
6. Null values provided pplow the zone of windward they are values Alternatives for wind
action effects, such as flexing, which are sensitive to pressure distribution (turbulence and
pressure fluctuations will produce a range of
values that will occur at different instants of time during an electrical event).
7. Yes on the ridge of the roof I know place a extractor atmospheric or lantern that has a
height of least 5% of the Total height of the roof, I know will add 0.3 to the external
pressure coefficient corresponding to the central zone of the roof; for example, when the
pressure coefficient is equal to-0.67in the central area, should be replaced by(-0.67 +0.3) =-
0.37. These reductions will not be made for theWind direction parallel to the ridge
since, in this case, the fan has little effect on the air flowY on the resulting external
pressures.
ANDhefactrdandreduced6nd and pressurepar size ofarea, KA, the local pressure factor,
Kt,
Ythe pressure factor for coatingsYanchors,K,.," will be determined accordingwith what is
indicated in section 3.5.1.1.
For the design of the elements that are not part of the main structure system, the
factor Ku should be obtained from Table 3.6, considering the affected areas
corresponding to a flat roof. Finally, the internal pressureswill obtain according to
subsection 3.5.1.2.
56
3.5.5 Ceilings isolated
The net pressure, Pn , in Pa, acting in direction perpendicular to the roof surface,will be
(3.7)
where
net pressure coefficient, which corresponds to Cpb on the windward

side, and Cps on the leeward side, dimensionless,
KA pressure reduction factor per area size, in this case it becomes
equal to 1.0, dimensionless,
local pressure factor for this case is given in Table
3.15,adirnensional, and
wh, dynamic base pressure, in Pa, calculated according to what is
indicated in item 3.2.
It should be noted that insulated pitched and gabled roofs and inverted roofs (eg
umbrellas) are divided into two halves (Fig 3.12), and that each half is subjected to a
different net pressure.
57
RECOMMENDATIONS
CoConvention
-- ------1-
of signs
'
wind address
direction
(·) � of the wind
-,---------=-i
8=180"
mW,
a) Tect10s to a water
address address
of the wind of wind
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
�-
-
-
-
-
-
-
--
-
-
-
-
-
-
--
-
-
-
-
r �
��
8=either· 8=180"
you
b) gable roofs
D�eccl6no Address
f the of the
wind wind
or = 0= 100
or
cl Inverted Roofs
GRADES:
Since insulated roofs can be supported by one or more columns, they are notshow in the
figures.
When there are walls that obstruct the flow of wind below the roof, Tables 3.12 to 3.14 should be
consulted, considering the case of "obstructed below".
Fig3.12 Insulated ceilings.
58
MANUAL OF DESIGN OF OVILES-CFE WORKS
Tables 3.12 to 3.14 present the values of the net pressure coefficient in each half of
the isolated roof (windward or leeward). In cases where two values are given, the one
that produces the most unfavorable conditions should be selected, considering the
two moieties.
Table 3.12(a) coefficientanddandpress6n1 1 1 e t ain insulated roofs to a pitch

for0.25::. Fi./d ::. 1.
address Earring free below3) Clogged under<•l
of the ofthe ceiling Case
wind c.,
(Y) cpb cps cpb
(9)
ooo 1 -0.30 -0.40 -1.00 -0.80
two 0.40 0.00 0.40 0.40
1 -0.60 -1.00
00 150 -1.00 -1.50
two 0.00 0.20
1 -1.10 -1.30
300 -2.20 -2.70
two -0.20 ooo
1 -0.30 -0.40 -1.00 -0.80
00
two 0.40 0.00 0.40 0.40
1800
fift 1 0.80 0.40 0.80 -0.20
een
°
NOTES (apply to Tables

30° 3.12 to 3.14):
1 1.60 0.80 1.60 0.00
1. These tables are used with the help of Fig 3.12.
2. In order to obtain intermediate values for roofs with slopes other than those
indicated, a linear interpolation can be carried out, which will be carried out only
between values of the same sign. If there are no values of the same sign, it will
be interpolated with a value of zero, adding the resulting cases by considering
the value of zero.
3, "Free below" means that goods or materials stored under the roof block less than
50% of the cross-sectional area exposed to the wind.
4. "Obstructed below" means that 75% or more of the cross-sectional areait is
obstructed.
5. In order to obtain intermediate values for ceilings with percentages
ofobstruction between 50% and 75%, a linear interpolation can be performed,
which will be carried out only between values of the same sign. If there are no
values of the same sign, it will be interpolated with a value of zero, adding the
resulting cases by considering the value of zero.
6. In cases a, b and c of Fig 3.12, when 8 = 90°, Table 3.12(a) will be used with
y= o0, except those that meet the conditions of Table 3.12{b), following the
same criterion of dlvldlr the roof in two halves in the wind directions.
59
RECOMMENDATIONS
Table 3.12(b) Coefficient of net pressure in zones of insulated roofs to a pitch with
0.05s; fi/d < 0.25, for ys; 5thYa=0° or 180° , or for all andYa= 90°.
slope of
Horizontal distance
theceiling (y) Net pressure
overthe roof measured
and direction coefficient(Cp.,)
from the windward ridge
ofwind (8)
values ofCµbin Table 3.12{a) for"( =QO
oa 1 ii
ss• Y
0 = 0°, 1st0 values of Zi In the table3.12{a)
0 1ii to 2ii
ps
for7 =ooo
any and
He= -0.20, 0.20 for free below
90° > 2ii
-0.40, 0.20 for obstructed below
GRADES:
1. See Fig
3.12(a).
2. To determine the horizontal distance see Fig 3.3.
Table 3.13 Coefficient of net pressure on insulated gabled roofs for

0.25s;hidyes; 1.
wind slope of free below obstnulousunder
direction thethe Case
ceiling
(8) (Y) Zipeither Ci,s gp C$
oh <7$150 1 -0.40
-0.30 -1.20 -0.90
ooo two 0.40 0.00
Y 1 -0.30 -0.60
180° 22.5° -0.90 -1.10
two 0.60 0.00
1 -0.30 -0.70
30° -0.50 -1.30
two 0.80 0.00
NOTE: See Fig 3.12(b).
60
Table 3.14 Coefficient of net pressure on inverted insulated roofs for

0.25 �hid� 1.
Address pending Freeunder obstructed below
ofwind ofthe ceiling Case
(8) (Y) c,,. cpb cps
cop
,
1
7.5° -0.60
0.30 -0.70 -0.30
two 0.40
1
fifteen° -0.60
0.50 -0.80 -0.20
00 two 0.40
Y 1
1800 22.50 -0.70
0.70 -1.00 -0.20
two 0.30
1
300 -0.70
0.90 -1.20 -0.20
two 0.30
NOTE: See Fig.3.12(c).
The resulting pressures will act, in all cases, perpendicular to the roof surface and
will be calculated for the reference height ii.
The above recommendations apply when the insulated single or gabled roofs are
rigid. In the event that these are of the membrane type (flexible cover), non-linear
effects must be considered, for which the recommendations in section 4.7 must be
applied.
When an isolated roof is supported by a single support (column or wall) in such a

way that it behaves like a cantilevered roof, the coefficients indicated here may be
applied; the overhang can be the entire roof or just a part of it, depending on the
location of the support; however, when the span of the cantilever exceeds 5 meters,
the pressures perpendicular to the action of the wind will also be calculated, as
indicated in section 3.5.7, and their behavior under this additional condition will be
reviewed.
In order to design the coverings and elements that support them, with the help of
Fig.3.13 they shouldwill applyand thevalues of the local net pressure factor, Ki , which
are indicated in Table 3.15 following in an analogous way the recommendations
given in subsection
3.5.1.1 on external pressures.
61
RECOMMENDATIONS
Symbology: KL
Case �1.50
Casetwo EE32.00
Case3�3.00
GRADES:
1. The dimension "to 1" is hetwenty%of the smallest horizontal dimension in roof
planalslado or awning.
2. This fig also applies to tm water or inverted roofs.
Fig 3.13 Local pressure factors, K1,, for insulated roofs.
Table 3.15 Local net pressure factor, KL, for the coverings and their supports, of insulated
roofs and awnings.
Case Description
Pressures on an area that is between1.0a,twowithin a distance

1 1.0a1 from the edge of the roof and, where the roof has a slope of 1.50
100 or more, from the ridge.
Pressures on an areayes0.25 a1twowithin a distance 0.5 a, fromtheedge of the

two roof and, where the roof has a slope of 10° or more,from the ridge. 2.00
pressures on an area,;0.25a1twowithinadistance os a, from theWindward

3 corner of an insulated roof with an Inclination less than100. 3.00
GRADE
S:
1. Fig 3.13 complements this table to clarify all the variables and the areas wherethe
local pressure factor is applied.
2. The affected area must be compared with the tax area to define in which area it is
affected.the values of K,, given here, apply.
3. In cases 1 Y2 inverted roofs are excluded.
4. IF an area of coating is subjected to more than one case of those presented in thistable,
use the largest value obtained for such cases.
62
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
3.5.6 All/two and roofs adjacent to closed constructions
The net wind pressure, p,,,in Pa, which acts on awnings and covers adjacent to closed
buildings, whose roofs have an angle of inclination of 10° or less, must be calculated
with the following equation:
(3.8)
where
c,m net pressure coefficient, dimensionless,
KA pressure reduction factor per area size, in this case it is taken
equal to 1.0, dimensionless,
Khe factordand pressureneta localdadeitherin Table 3.15,
dimensionless,wh, dynamic base pressure, in Pa1calculated according
to
indicated in section 3 .2.
Where indicated, canopies and covers, free or partially enclosed by walls at the bottom,
adjacent to enclosed buildings, shall be designed for either a net push (positive) or net
suction (negative) wind pressure. Note that Fig 3.14{a) corresponds to free adjacent
roofs at the bottom, while Figs 3.14{b) and 3.14{c)) to partially closed roofs.
For the wind direction normal to the adjacent wall, e = 0°, the net pressure coefficient
is obtained from Table 3.16(a) or 3.16(b). The net pressure must be calculated for the
value of the wind speed corresponding to the reference height of the building, fi.
For the address ofwind parallel to the ridge, e = 90° or 270°, the awnings and free
covers below, should be considered as an isolated roof and the net pressure coefficient
will be obtained as indicated in item 3.5.5; in the case of awningsYpartially closed
covers, Table 3.16(b) will be used, but for the opposite directions indicated therein
(270°in the case b and 90°in the case of Fig 3.14(c)) they will also be considered as
isolated roofs, obtaining the respective coefficients as indicated in subsection 3.5.5. The
reference height will be considered as indicated in section 3.5.5. In Table 3.16{b) it is
considered that there may be an obstruction of up to 75% of the area of the cross
section exposed to the wind.
63
RECOMMENDATIONS
□area:l{:ndel"81 Ci'ecx:xn ctl see

0 it(i:aae,loam.ro�e)
GRADES:
1. For wind direction9= oo, the coefficients will be obtained from Table 3.16(a).
2. For the direction of the wind 9= 90°,the coefficients will be obtained from the Table 3.12.
Fig 3.14(a) Free covers or canopies below, adjacent to buildings.
c ,
Table 3.16(a) Net Pressure Coefficient, ,,. on awnings and free decks below,adjacent to
constructions for ys 10°, h,/li < 0.5, h,/h 2: 0.5 and e= o0.
Net pressure coefficient (Cpn)

dlseffo case h,/ii
Case 1 case 2
0.10 -0. .twenty 1.20
ho/ii < 0.5 0.20 -0..twenty 0.70
0.50 -0..twenty 0.40
0.50 -0.30 0.50
[-0.30 - 0.20(11,/k)]
0.75 0.40
h,/ii:, 0.5 6-1.50 (4)
[- 0.30- 0.60(11,/k)]
1.00 0.20
6-1.50 (4)
GRADES:
1. For intermediate valuesofh,/ii can be linearly interpolated.
2. h, is the height measured from ground level to the awning or cover.
3. In this case, Le is the length of the awning or cover, measured as indicated in
theFig 3.14(a), in m.
4. In the case of coefficients with a negative value, the one with the smallest
magnitude will be taken (the one with the smallest absolute value, but keeping
its sign).
64
Dlre.xl6n wind
def wind direction
- - -¢
r
"
Tip of application
�------.- --+ - EITHER
YO.
ofthe net charge ofthecmga"''"""\
.-
Spot of application •270'
walls
O!rection wind
give direction
wind6
=O'
b) Wall in oneside c) Wall on two sides
Fig 3.14(b) and (c) Coefficient of net pressure,C,,n, in partially closed covers with he/Le�
0.5.
Table 3.16(b) Net Pressure Coefficient, lr,,,on partially closed awnings and covers.
Address coefficient of
Conditions Situation ofwind net pressure
(c,.)
ooo -0.70
Wall on one side of the building
(Fig 3.14(b)) wow -1.00
Y
wall on two sides ooo -0.60
li</h<OB (Fig 3.14(c)) 270' -1.20
NOTE: In this In this case, Le is the length of the awning or canopy, measured
as indicated in cases (a), (b) and (c) of Fig 3.14, in m.
65
RECOMMENDATIONS
3.5. 7 cantilever roofs
For cantilevered roofs, the net pressure acting crosswise to the direction of wind flow,
p01And pvz, in Pa, will be calculated with the following equations:
/J,,1=Cp,1CdvqzP» (3.9.a)
2=Cpv2Cdvqz (3.9.b)
where
cP•• vertical pressure coefficient at the left end, according to Fig 3.15
and Table 3.17, dimensionless,
Cpvl vertical pressure coefficient at the right end, according to Fig
3.15 and Table 3.17, dimensionless,
andd.. vertical dynamic response factor, dimensionless, and
wh, calculated dynamic base wind pressure, per 3.2, at the reference
height of the cantilevered roof, Fi, in Pa.
The factor c••, dimensionless, is calculated as follows:
a) If the gap is greater than 15 m:

(Vp/3.6) (-l-) 0.5 < ,� .• <1Hz:
Yes
>
EITH Y
ER40
1+3.5/v(phi) "Ulv (3.10)
b) For all other cases, C•v= 1.0, except for n1,z < 0.5 Hz in which case these
recommendations do not apply, and wind tunnel tests must be used.
where
vv design speed, in km/h, defined in item 2, calculated at the
reference height, In, of the cantilever,
hev(h) index of turbulence, calculated as indicated in section
4.4.1, at the height Fidel cantilever, dimensionless,
eleven 1., frequencyfundamental of the bending vibrating mode of the
structure, in the vertical direction, in Hz, and
L,, horizontally projected length of the cantilever span, as shown in
Fig 3.15, in m.
This type of cantilevered roof should not be affected by the interference of other
constructions in the surroundings, so other constructions should not exist or be located
within a distance equal to 6 times the height of the roof. Otherwise, tests must be
carried out in a wind tunnel and must be endorsed by experts in the field and
authorized by the corresponding authority.
66
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
------------ L.
wind wind
direction directione
OR= 00
ither=1st0
you
extreme L3/
j
wind wind
direction
directione
OR= 0°
ither=1st0
Inside
extreme 3
Ll/
Fig 3.15 Cantilever roof or awning.
67
RECOMMENDATIONS
Table 3.17 Net Pressure Coefficient for Cantilever Roofs, Cpv,, and Cpv2, with -7° Pitch
<Y<7th. wind directionand= 0° .
height/clear height/clear
li/Lv s;1.4 li/L, > 1.4
Zone Case
cpvl Cpv2 cpvl Cpv2
1
Inside -1.80 -1.10 -1.40 -1.40
two 0.25 0.15 0.20 -0.15
-1.30 -1.00 -1.90 -1.10
extreme 0.55 0.65 0.20 0.00
two
GRADES:
1. Use Table 3.12(a) for 0=180° "obstructed below" and ,=0°.
2. Usesr Table3.12(b) for 9=900 "obstructed below" and,=oeither.
3. For the pressures in the linings of the roof elements, subsection 3.5.5 will
be used, assuming that it is obstructed below.
4. "Obstructed below" means that 75% or more of the area of the
sectioncross is clogged.
3.5.8 signs and isolated walls
The net wind pressure, Pn, in Pa, on flat rectangular signs or isolated walls is
determined by the following equation:
(3.11)
where
Cpn coefficient of net pressure acting normal to the surface of the wall or
sign, is obtained from Tables 3.18(a) to 3.18(d) and with the help of
Figs 3.16 and 3.17, dimensionless,
Kp porosity stress reduction factor, dimensionless; this factor is given by: [l.- (1 - <1>)2],where it isthe
solidity ratio of the sign or wall,
$area ratios61idabetween the total surface area of the sign or wall,
dimensionless, and
wh,dynamic base wind pressure calculated according to subsection 3.2,
atthe total height H, def sign or wall (Fig 3.16), in Pa.
When applying the Cpn, the resultant force will always act normal to the surface of! sign or
wall, regardless of wind direction. It must be considered that the point of application of said
resultant force is located at half the height of the sign (H - h/2), or of the wall (H/2), and at
a horizontal eccentricity "e", defined in Table 3.18, as the case may be. Likewise, the
thickness of the sign or wall will be considered to be very small compared to its other two
dimensions.
68
Table 3.18(a)Net pressure coefficient,Cr,,, fors i g n s YWalls isolated.

addressofhe wind and =0° .
b/h HH Net pressure coefficient (C pn) and
0.5a5.0 0.2 to 1.30 + 0.50 (0.30 + log10{b/h)) (0.80 - h/H) 0.00

1.0
> 5.0 1.70- 0.50h/H 0.00
any < 0.2 1.40 + 0.30•Iog,o(b/h) 0.00
Table 3.18(b) Net Pressure Coefficient,C pn,for signs and isolated walls.
Wind direction e = 45° .
b/h HH coefficientdandp res l 6nn et a (Cpn) and
0.2 to1.0 1.30 + 0.50 [0.30 + log,o(b/h)) (0.80 -H H) 0.20 b

0.5 to
5.0 <0.2 1.40 + 0.30•Iog10(b/h) 0.20 b
Table 3.18(c) Net Pressure Coefficient, C pn, for signs and isolated walls.
Wind direction e = 45° .
Distancehorizontal measured from the

b/h HH ZIP"
windward free edge
0 to 2h 3.00
�0.7 2h to 4h 1.50
> 4h 0.75
> 5.0
0 to 2H 2.40
> 0.7 2H to 4H 1.20
> 4H 0.60
NOTE: When a sign or wall forms a corner that extends beyond 1h, the
C,,, for a distance from 0 to 2h, will be equal to 2.2 for a sign and, for
a distance from 0 to 2H, will be equal to 1.8 for a wall.
69
RECOMMENDATIONS
Table 3.18(d) Net pressure coefficient, c,.,,, for signs and isolated walls.
Wind direction e = 90°.
Dlstancl to horizontal measure fromof
b/h HH Case 1 case 2
windward free edge
0 to 2h -1.20 1.20
::; 0.7 2h to 4h -0.60 0.60
> 4h -0.30 0.30

Any
0 to 2H -1.00 1.00
2H to 4H -0.25 0.25
> 4H -0.25 0.25
addresso
f the b
winde =
go•
/
hYo
address
of the wind
-
Y
��J
0 =90• ,// Yo•
and r'
o-
¢
H-h/2
H two/ __,�'(
, ""' �i>,;--
b) isolated wall
a) isolated
lumberjack
NOTE: If the h/H ratio > 0.70, the sign should be treated as an isolated wall.
Fig 3.16 Sign and isolated wall,
llreoo6n .•
from w,nt
or,,.45
'
_,'
,hee
::'<:.• �
Fig 3.17(a) Walls.

70
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
Dlroc<:16n Slow eGI

of the Diraction
wind /
.,,,.
f);r;gJO
Fig 3.17(b) Signs.
3.5.9 Silos and cylindrical tanks
The expressions recommended below are valid for isolated silos or tanks; they can also
be applied to groups of them when they are separated by a distance greater than twice
the diameter, otherwise they must be tested in a wind tunnel or follow the p rocedure
indicated in the Comments Section. The external pressure, p., in Pa, for the design of
the walls or lateral walls, Yof silo roofs Ycylindrical tanks (Fig 3.lS(a)), must be calculated
with the following equation:
(3.12)
where
zip, external pressure coefficient that is calculated according to
whether it is the wall or the roof of the silo or cylindrical tank,
dimensionless,
KA pressure reduction factor per area size, dimensionless,
KL local pressure factor, dimensionless, Y
wh, dynamic base pressure, in Pa, determined according to item 3.2.
71
RECOMMENDATIONS
addressr-1'-,._of the
wind�
ii
a) Two-sided tank or siloat b) Tank or elevated silo

the end of the land
Fig 3.18(a) External pressure coefficients, Cpe, for silo and tank
wallscylindrical (0.25 s; i/byes; 4.0),
The KA factor will be used in the roofs or lids of construction in accordance with
indicated in section 3.5.1.1; for the walls or perimeter walls of the tank or silo,this factor
will be equal to unity.
The KL factor given in Table 3.6 will be applied to the edge area of windward of roofs
when the slope of the roof is less than or equal to 30°; when it is greater than 15 °, this
factor will also be applied to an area near the tip of the cone. The
areasdandblissszonessandshow in the. figure3.18(b). Likewise,andhelocal pressure
factor should be taken equal to 1.0 for the walls or perimeter walls of the tank or
silo.
In the case of the roofs or lids of silos and cylindrical tanks, the external pressure
coefficient, cop., will be obtained from Table 3.19, for the areas indicated in Fig
3.18(b), in which it is observed that this coefficient is applied when the slope of the
roof, r,I knowis between 0° and 30°. For higher values, it is recommended to use the
results of experimental tests in a wind tunnel or to consult an expert.
Table 3.19 External pressure coefficient, c,,,,for silos and cylindrical tanks.
ZoneA Zone B
-0.80 -bear
NOTE: The parameters used in this table are illustrated in Fig
3.18(b).
72
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
The external pressure coefficient for the walls or lateral walls varies with the angle
�(Fig 4.3.18(a)) according to the equation:
(3.13)
where
Ks correction factor for the slenderness ratio of the silo or tank,
equal to:
= 1.0 for PC< �-0.15,
Zip0
= 1.0 - 0.55 (Cvc+ 0.15)log10
(t)for Cpc < -0.15, dimensionless,
external pressure coefficient for cylindrical tanks, is equal to:
=-0.5+0.4 cosjl + 0.8 cos2Jl+0.3 cos3Jl-0.1ros41l-0.05 cosSJl,
dimensionless,
angle between the wind direction and a point on the wall of the
circular silo or tank, in degrees (Fig 3.18(a)).
The coefficient Cvc corresponds to the unit value of h,/b and is corrected by K, for
othervalues of that relationship. Likewise, for the walls or walls, the pressures will be
calculated for a velocity corresponding to the height z; for the pressure on the ceiling, the
height fi will be considered.
The Cpo coefficient is valid for silos and cylindrical tanks located at ground level or
supported by columns whose height is not greater than their height, h. (Fig 3.18(a)).
However, the ratio h,/b should be in the range of 0.25 to 4.0.
Area affected Zonealeciad

by the by elactor d
pressure local pressure
factorlocal
: I= 0.25 h�
: a�0.1 b a=0.1b
address of
wind the victor
direction
Y<10"
--b--
Fig 3.18(b) Areas of application of external pressure coefficients, c,,..,roofs of silos and
cylindrical tanks (0.25sh,/bs4.0).
73
Translated from Spanish to English - www.onlinedoctranslator.com
RECOMMENDATIONS
For the lower surface of the silos or elevated tanks, the external pressure coefficient,
C", will be equal to 0.8 or -0.6, whichever produces the most unfavorable conditions.
For silos or tanks that are raised to less than one third of their height (h.), the
previous values of Cp will be used, linearly interpolated with a value of 0.0,
according to the relationship between the height above the natural ground Ythe height of the
construction. For the calculation of the pressure on the lower surface, the height fi will be
taken.
This recommendation can also be applied in the case of closed buildings that are
elevated (item 3.5.1).
The drag force, F�, in N, which must be considered for the global design of silos Ytanks
(both those located at ground level and those elevated) will be calculated with the
following equation:
Fa=0.63 bh,q, {3.14)
where
bh diameter of the silo or cylindrical tank, in
., m, height of the walls, in m, Y
w dynamic base pressure, in Pa, determined according to item 3.2.
h,
The dimensions b and h are plotted in Figs 3.18(a) and 3.18(b), and the base dynamic
pressure (indso 3 .2) is calculated at the reference height, fi.
When there are openings in the roof of the silos or tanks, the recommendations given for
closed constructions in section 3.5.1.2 will be applied. In the case in which the silos or
tanks do not have a roof, the internal pressure will be determined based on the pressure
coefficient given by the following equation:
Cp1 = -0.9-0.35log10 (t) (3.15)
where
h, height of the walls, in m, and
b diameter of the silo or cylindrical tank, in m.
The corresponding pressures will be evaluated for the reference height, Fi.
Silos or tanks are not considered to have openings in the walls or walls; where this is
the case, wind tunnel tests should be carried out or an expert should be consulted.
74
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
3.5. .10 individual elements
The forces that the wind exerts on individual elements directly exposed to the wind flow,
such as structural shapes, whose slenderness ratio (L,/b) is
greater than or equal to 8 1 are calculated as specified below.
The drag force, F a, in N, acting in the direction of the wind flow, is determined with the
following equation:
{3.16)
where
K1 factor that takes into account the angle of inclination of the axis
of the member with regard- a the address ofwind, dimensionless:
=1.0 when the wind acts perpendicular to the member,
=sen2e,,, for members with cylindrical shapes,
= sine,,, for prismatic members with sharp edges, that is, those with a
b/r ratio greater than 16,
B.m angle between the direction of the wind and the longitudinal axis
of the member, in degrees,
r radius of the corners of the cross section of a prismatic element,
in m,
Krc slenderness ratio correction factor for individual members (Table
A.4 of Appendix 4A), dimensionless,
ca drag coefficient for an element in the direction of flow of the wind,
dimensionless (Tables A.1 and A.2 of Appendix 4A),
bench of the element, normal to the wind flow, in m,
L, element length, in m, and
tJ, dynamic base wind pressure, in Pa, according to specified in
subsection 3.2 and for a height z equal to the height at which the
midpoint of the length of the element is found.
The forcesdand drag,F x YFY ,a n d n N/m,o v e r andandhe elementandnheadirection of the x

and y axes, respectively, are obtained with the following equations:
F.� = K; K,.. C,xbY Qz {3.17.a)

FY = Kr K,-eCF)r bx (3.17.b)
whatz
where
K, factor that takes into account the angle of inclination of the axis
of the member with respect to the direction of the wind, defined
in equation 3.16, dimensionless,
K, .. factorslenderness ratio correction for individual members, defined

in Equation 3.16, dimensionless,
75
RECOMMENDATIONS
drag coefficients for a member in the direction of the axes r

and y, respectively, dimensionless (Figs A.1, A.2 and Table A.3
of Appendix 4A),
element width, in the x-direction, in m,element
width, in the y-direction, in m, and
wh, the dynamic base wind pressure, in Pa, according to what is

specified in item 3.2 and for a height z equal to the height at
which the midpoint of the length of the element is found.
3.5.1.10 Open structures in a single plane
This type of structure is made up of several individual elements (structural profiles with
cylindrical and prismatic sections with sharp or rounded edges) arranged in a single
plane normal to the direction of the wind, as is the case of latticework or reinforcement
(Fig 3.19).
Yo-- L�
Fig 3.19 Netation for dimensions b and Lee.
The force of the wind, F a, in N, over such a construction is obtained according towith the
following cases:
a) For0.20 < q>and < 0.80 Y 1/3 < (Loc/b) < 3( dowhere L,c/bandshea
relationshipdandappearanceeither ofthe whole structure):
(3.18)
where
$, effective solidity ratio for the open, dimensionless structure; is
given as:
=cjl for members of piano lades,
= 1.2 cji1-7S for members of section cross circular,strength ratio of
the structure, defined as the ratio of the
solid area on which the wind acts, divided by the total area defined by
the periphery of the exposed surface,
b width of the structure (Fig 3.19), in m,
76
L.., structure length (Fig 3.19), in m,

C0 =1.2+D.26(1-•),is the drag coefficient of the structure, dimensionless,
and
wh, dynamic base wind pressure, in Pa; is obtained from agree
with whatspecified in section 3.2, for a height z equal to the
height at which the midpoint of the width of the structure is
found.
b) For all other cases, the forceof the wind will be calculated as the sum of
theforcesthat act on each of the members taking into account what is
specified in section 3.5.10. Likewise, a structure can be formed by
columnsYopen girders to form a flat lattice frame in which case,Each of these
parts could be analyzed separately.
3.5.10.2 Multiple open structures
In structures composed of a series of similar and parallel open structures (Fig 3.20),
the drag coefficient, Ca, for the second and subsequent structureswill be equal to
that calculated for the windward structure according to subsection 3.5.10.1,
affected by the protection factor, K., dimensionless, which is obtained from the
Tables
3.20 and 3.21. The drag coefficient, Ca, dimensionless, for the composite structureis
where
AC.1 drag coefficient for the first windward structure, according to
section 3.5.10.1, dimensionless and
Kand protection factor for multiple open structures,
dimensionless, as indicated in Tables 3.20 and 3.21.
77
RECOMMENDATIONS
Fig 3.20 Separation, s, between multiple structures.
Table 3.20 Protection factor, Ke, for multiple open structures. Windnormal to the
plane of the structure, 6 = 0°.
Solidity Frame spacing ratio ( cr)
casha :S 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 ?: 8.0
(<f> either he
0.00 1.00 1.00 LOO 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.10 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.20 0.50 0.80 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.00
0.30 0.30 0.60 0.70 0.70 0.80 1.00
0.40 0.20 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 1.00
0.50 0.20 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.60 1.00
0.70 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.40 1.00
NOTES: (apply to Tables
1.00 0.20 3.20Y3.21):
0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 1.00
1. cr is the spacing factor defined as the ratio of the separation (s) of the structures to the
width of the structure projected perpendicularly to the wind direction (s/b), see Fig
3.20.
2. The separation, s, is considered with respect to the windward structure.
3. For values intermediatesdand q>e Y crsand It allowshea interpolation linear.
78
Table 3.21 Protection Factor, K,, for Multiple Open Structures, Wind at 45° from! plane
of the structures, e = 45°.
Solidity Frame spacing ratio (cr)effective
($..) � 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0

0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.10 0.90 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.20 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.00
0.30 0.70 0.80 1.00 1.00
0.40 0.60 0.70 1.00 1.00
0.50 0.50 0.60 0.90 1.00
0.70 0.30 0.60 0.80 0.90
1.00 0.30 0.60 0.60 0.80
the jealousythree-dimensionalwill be ablebe consideredas multiple structures,in

accordance with the provisions of this subsection,alternative can be donewind tunnel
tests or consult an expert.
3.5.11 Chimneys and support structures
The net static pressure, p,., due to wind flow over a chimney or supporting structure, is
(3.20)
where
K, , correction factor for slenderness ratio for the total height of the
structure, dimensionless, according to Table A.4, Appendix 4A,
C0 drag coefficient obtained from Table 3.22 or 3.23 as the case
may be, dimensionless, and
wh, dynamic base pressure, in Pa, obtained according to what is
indicated in section 3.2.
79
RECOMMENDATIONS
Table 3.22 Drag coefficient,c,,for shapesround.
Drag coefficient (C either)

wind
Section shape
direction bv0>10
m2/s
Cylindrical 1.20 See note

4
d
Yo horizontal
0.70
C)b ellipseb_1
d-2 0.30
Yo
vertical
1.70 1.50
ellipse
b
-
d-
two
square with
cornersrounded
b=
d 1.20 0.60
r 1
b3
GRADE
S:
1. b is the average diameter or width of the structure, in m.
2. For the evaluation of b•Vo ; VD is the design wind speed (item 4.2) evaluated at the total
height and in m/s.
3. For intermediate values of b-Vo it is possible to use linear interpolation. For clinical forms
circles,it will be assumedcYoornokrlguahe a0.6 forb V either lguahe a10 m�/s, only
forthe purposes of this Interpolation.
4. For circular cross sections with low wall roughness, where b-Vo >10 m2/s, the
drag coefficientwill be selected in the following way:
c.= 1.0 + 0.033 [log,o(Vo h, )] - 0.025 [1og1o(Vo h, )]' 6 0.6, whichbe greater,
doncle
h, average height of surface roughness, in m, v0design
speed variable with height, in m/s, and
5. Some characteristic values of hr, in m, are presented below:
glass or plastic; 1.5x10·•
Steel, galvanized: 1sox10·•; with little corrosion: 2.sx10-
3;heavily corroded: 1sx10-3
concrete, smooth: 60x10 6; rough: lxl0-3
Painted metal:
30x10..Wood: 2x10 3
6. In the event that fittings connected to circular cross sections (for
example,ladders Ypipes,entered andothers)enco mpassnmas of 1 %ofhediameter of the
C:cylinder, flow separation will be induced, so in these cases C, = 1.20.
7. The projected area must be taken into account to determine the amster generated by the
own accessories.
80
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
The drag force will be determined by multiplying the net pressure by the area of the
chimney or support structure projected on a vertical plane.
In order to design the walls of a chimney or support of circular cross section, the
local response of a section of unit height of the chimney or tower must be
reviewed, before the radial distribution of pressures. the pressure radial gives riseto
the appearance of bending stresses in the plane of the cross section of the
chimney or circular support; Said pressure can be determined following the
recommendations for the walls of silos and cylindrical tanks (item 3.5.9).
Table 3.23 Drag coefficient, c., for prismatic shapes with sharp edges.
Address
shape of thesection Drag coefficient ( c. )of the
wind
<J�
Equilateral triangle
(with a vertex towards 1.20
wind)
[>�
<l□�
(with one side facing 2.00
wind)
Right triangle 1.55
square
(with an Iado lnacia 2.20
wind)
◊'
',
square
(with a vertex 1.50
towardswind)
0
YoPentagon
b(with a vertex towards 1.70
Yowind)
0
Pentagon
b(with one side facing 1.10
Yowind)
0
Hexagon
b(with one side facing 1.20
wind)
81
RECOMMENDATIONS
wind Drag coefficient ( C, )

Section shape
direction
Hexagon
(with av<')rtice 1.50
the wind)
towards
Octagon 1.40
twelve sided polygon 1.30
0
1
polygon of
1.00
b sixteen!
Particular recommendations for the design of chimneys in general canconsult Chapter

C.2.7 Chimneys, of the Civil Works Design Manual and in the references of the Comments
Section.
The support structures referred to in this section are those whose function is to support
other elements and transmit the loads to the foundation. Tai is the case of the structures
that support the spectacular signs (monopoles) and the wind turbines. Wind forces on
supported members should be determined according to the type of member in question.
For example, the wind forces acting on a billboard or wind turbine nacelle should be
obtained in accordance with 3.5.8 and 3.5.15, respectively; In addition, for the
calculation of the fundamental period of the first mode of vibration of the structure of
the billboard or the wind turbine, the effect of the concentrated mass of the sign or the
gondola and the rotor must be included.
3.5.12 Isolated lattice towers
Drag Coefficient Valuesc.,,for lattice towers with different arrangements

are presented in Tables 3.24 to 3.26 depending on the strength ratio of the front face, $.
It is important to point out that the towers considered in this subsection are isolated and
do not include interaction with guy lines or electrical power cables, since their behavior is
different from that of isolated towers because they are interacting with guy lines or
power cables. In these cases an expert should be consulted.
The drag force, F,,, in N, for the design of the isolated lattice towers, acting in the
direction of the wind flow, is obtained, in a practical way, for each section in
82
that they be divided vertically; the isolated tower must be divided into a minimum of ten
sections. The total drag force is then calculated with the following equation:
(3.21)
where
Ca, drag coefficient of the considered section, in the direction of the
wind flow; is obtained from Tables 3.24 to 3.26 as the case may
be, dimensionless,
AA, area of the members of the front face of the section
considered, projected perpendicularly to the wind direction, in
mtwo,
Y
whatua dynamic base pressure given in item 3.2 and calculated at the
height zta where the midpoint of the vertical length of the section
is located, in Pa.
Table 3.24 Drag coefficient, c.,, for lattice structures and towers. Square and equilateral
triangular cross section with flat sided members.
Relation of Drag coefficient (Cn,)

solidity of
the Square cross section Cross
front face
sectionequilateral
Over oneexpensive over a corner
("') triangular
$0.10 3.50 3.90 3.10
0.20 2.80 3.20 2.70

0.30 2.50 2.90 2.30
2.10 2.60 2.10
� 0.50 1.80 2.30 1.90
NOTES: (apply to Tables3.24a3.26):

1. ,�it isthestrength ratio of the front face defined asthearea quotients611da of the
members of this face between the total area that delimits them.
2. b is the average diameter of the elements of circular section, in meters.
3. you isthe design wind speed (including 2), converted to m/s.
4. in tables 3.25Y3.26,for intermediate values of b V0Come in3Y 6mtwo/s seallows
linear interpolation.
5. It must be taken into account that the average diameter and the design speed
are those corresponding to the average height of the considered section.
6. Data for towers with circular members in Tables 3.25Y 3.26are scarce, and should
be used with caution. They can be replaced by other values obtained from wind
tunnel tests or from recent studies of the
literature.
83
RECOMMENDATIONS
Table 3.25 drag coefficient,Ca,,for structures and lattice towers. Section

square cross with membersof circular cross section.
Drag coefficient (Ca,)
relationship
Parts of the tower insideofParties of the tower inside
solidityOf
flowsubcritical: supercritical flow:
the
b V0 < 3mtwo/s b V0�6mtwo/s
facefront
al
(cj)) sabera
Over oneexpensive Over oneexpensive
corner corner
Over one
::. 0.05 2.20 2.50 1.40 1.60
0.10 2.00 2.30 1.40 1.60
0.20 1.90 2.30 1.50 1.70
�0.30 1.90 2.30 1.70 1.90
Table 3.26 Drag coefficient,c.,,for structures and lattice towers. Equilateral triangular cross
section with circular cross section members.
Drag coefficient (Ca ,)

Relation
ship
face Parts of the tower inside Tower parts inside the
solidityfro thesubcritical flow: flowsubcritical:
nt ($) b-v0< 3mtwo/s b-v0� 6mtwo/s
(any wind direction)1.80 (any wind direction)1.20
s 0.05 1.70 1.20
0.10 1.70 1.30
0.20 1.70 1.40
�0.30
3.5.13 Telecommunications towers and accessories
This section presents the procedure to obtain the design forces, in the direction of
the wind flow, in telecommunication towers and their accessories.
Lastrengthad and drag, F0 andnN, for the design of these structures, acting in the
,,
direction of the wind flow, is obtained, in a practical way, for each section in
which they are divided vertically; A minimum of ten spans should be used. Thus,
said force is calculated with the equation:
84
Fa, = {3.22)
ca,AA,qztawher
e
AC, drag coefficient for the section considered, in the direction of the wind
flow, dimensionless,
AA,area of the members of the front face of the considered section,
projected perpendicularly to the wind direction, in m2,Y
wow dynamic base pressure given in subsection 3.2 and calculated at
theheight zta where the midpoint of the vertical length of
the section is located, in Pa.
It should be noted that the structures that support the accessories for
telecommunications can be lattice towers or cylindrical or prismatic poles, so the
drag coefficients should be obtained according to the type of support structure.
The drag coefficients recommended in this section are for lattice towers, for another
type of support structure, these coefficients will be obtained asindicated in section
3.5.11.
3.5.13.1 Tower sections without accessories
The drag coefficient,c�, dimensionless, for the sections of the tower without
accessories, is obtained from Tables 3.24 to 3.26, as the case may be. The solidity ratio
will be taken for each section in question and with the corresponding average width.
3.5.13.2 Tower sections with accessories
Thedrag Coefficient,c.,,,for the sections of the tower with accessories, it will be

calculatedas follows:
a) When the accessories are installed symmetrically with respect to all the faces
of the tower of the section considered, their projected area may be added to
that of the members of the tower, of the section in question. For this
casec,,,=c.,,which will be obtained from Tables 3.24 to 3.26.
b) When the conditions of paragraph a) are not applicable, the drag
coefficient,CM,, dimensionless, is determined with the following
equation:
{3.23)
85
RECOMMENDATIONS
where
c., coefficientdand dragpairaandhetrameitherd and
thetowerandYesnaccessories,dimensionless, and
additional drag coefficient due to accessories located on a face,
or inside the tower, additionally.
ANDhe coefficientdand drag additional,11.c�, dimensionless, is determined with the

following equation:
(3.24)
where
c.. drag coefficient,e for the isolated accessory which, in the
absence of wind tunnel data, can be obtained from Tables
A.1 and A.2 or from Fig A.1, Appendix 4A, from which
c,.,,= c. depending on what applies, dimensionless,
K,. correction factor for slenderness ratio of the accessory,
dimensionless. For linear fittings with slenderness ratios less
than 40, theK,,it is given in Table A.4 of Appendix 4A.
For all other cases, this factor will become equal to 1.0. For the
calculation of the slenderness ratio, the length must be
considered.Linear Fitting Total,
interference correction factor, (item 3.5.13.3),
dimensionless,
Projected area on a transverse plane to the wind flow, of any
accessory located in the section considered. For a straight fitting,
A,, will be taken as the product of k b, where
L. is the length of the fitting and b is the diameter or
projected width of the fitting, in rn2, and
Projected area of the structural members of the tower in the
considered section and without accessories, in m2 •
For this case of tower sections with accessories, in equation 3.22, the value
ofc.,=CN,.
For when you have linear accessories in a group, the additional drag coefficient will be
determined as indicated in subsection 4A.8 of Appendix 4A.
3.5.13.3 Interference correction factor
The interference correction factor, K,,,, dimensionless, will be calculated as follows:
86
a) For accessories located on the face of the tower:
i. On the face of a square tower (Fig 3.21 (case a)):K"'

=(l.5+0.5cos�(e.-90")]exp[-1.2(C.,q,)2] (3.25)
ii. On the face of a triangular tower (Fig 3.21 (case
b)):K,,, = [1. 5+0. 5cos2(8,-90°)] e:,q,(-1. B{C.,q,)2]
(3.26)
b) For lattice accessories inside the tower lattice:
i. Inside a square tower (Fig 3.21 (case c)):
(3.27)
ii. Inside a triangular tower (Fig 3.21(case d)):K,,
=exp[-1. B(C,,,q,)'-']
(3.28)
c) For cylindrical accessories inside the tower:
i. Inside a square tower (Fig 3.21 (caseand)):

K,.=exp[-a(C.,q,) u)
a=2.7-1.3exp[-3(h,\v)')
{3.29)
ii. Inside a triangular tower (Fig 3.21 (case {3.30)
f)):K,.=eiq,[-c(C,,4>)15)
c=6. 8-5exp[--40(b/w)3]
{3.31)
where {3.32)
c., coefficientd andd r a g g ed andp a i r aand hetrameither dand the
towerY e s nac ce ssor ies , dimensionless,
4> relationshipd andstrength of the tower section, defined in item
3.5.12, dimensionless,
and. angle of wind flow deviation from the line joining the center of
the tower cross section to the center of the fixture, in degrees,
a,c constants, dimensionless, and
b/wratio between the average diameter of the accessory and the
average width of the considered section of the tower,
dimensionless.
87
RECOMMENDATIONS
For cases b) and c) above, it can be conservatively considered, what K ,,

= 1.0,
AddressK>n -_
. ; 0 1st fce n
6
)'- of the wind �
L �o.-o�
9/rdand he saw to
, , 0,= 0-0.
-� a.; ,soo-a J_ __'

OR,•
0, Yo
OR
{a) Access it attached to the (b) Accessoryfastened to the

face of a square tower care det a triangul.i
IOffe:W"
[07
{c► access
!
L
b
D
attachedinsidesquare tone >,
you
'
(d) I accosted, I held insided'e

lorre tri.angUfar
{e►Accessno
dllndricfastenedinsideeither of
Yo
atowerandcvad-rada
(I) Hydraulic accessoryfastened

withinof a lriangula torTe,.
rrl
Fig 3.21 Square and triangular section towers with accessories.
3.5.13.4 UHF antennas
For this type of antenna, the drag force, F,, in N, acting on the UHF antenna in the
direction of the wind flow, is obtained with the following equation:
F.=K,,c.A_,wh, (3.33)
where
K,. reduction factor for slenderness according to Table A.4 of Appendix 4A.
For this type of antennas, the length will be taken as twice the height
of the antenna, dimensionless,
c. drag coefficient for the UHF antenna which is obtained from the
Table 3.27 and with the help of Fig 3.22 , dimensionless,
A _,UHF antenna exposed area, in m two ,taking bo or bN (Fig 3.22) as
the width corresponding to the direction of the wind, and
wh, dynamic base pressure given in subsection 3.2 and calculated at
theheight z at which the antenna centroid is located, in Pa.
88
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
Table 3.27 Drag coefficient,c.,for UHF antennas.
Antenna section c.
Square 1.40
Pentagona 1.50
l 1.90
o
Hexagonal
NOTE: For other types of sections, wind tunnel

tests must be carried out or an expert must be
consulted.
Ladder•
r·
¢:]0�30•
C7\_Columndand support b) Antenna

Type two
-,
a) Type 1 antenna c) J type antenna
Fig 3.22 Sections of UHF antennas.
3.5.13.5 microwave antennas
Wind forces on microwave antennas are described with respect to the axis ofthe
antenna having as its origin the vertex of the same. The axial force F.., in N, which
acts along the axis of the antenna, the lateral force F,�, in N, which acts perpendicular to
the axis of the antenna, and the moment M. , in N m, which acts on the plane containing
the FM and the F,,,, are shown in Fig 3.23 with their convention of
89
RECOMMENDATIONS
positive signs. The values ofF;,.,1:.YMM are obtained with the

equationsfollowing:
F_-G,c, a, q, (3.34)
1-:. G, C, A.. (3.35)
q,M� =G, c. a, d, (3.36)
q,
where
c:. dynamic response factor, would be equal to 1.0 whenthe
antenna or its connections are designed, but it will be equal to
the product of the burst response factor,F,Rr,
Ya n d hefactor1/(1+7/,(zJ)
when the support tower is designed (item 4),
c,.c,,c.drag coefficients obtained from Tables A.5 to A.8, with the help of
Fig A.3 of Appendix 4A; as observed
in said fig, these coefficients are a function of the type of
microwave antennaYof the angle of inclination of the antenna
with respect to the incidence of the wind, dimensionless,
A, Exposed area of the microwave antenna projected on the
plane normal to the direction of the wind, in mtwo ,
D, diameter of the microwave antenna, in m, Y
<J, base dynamic pressure, in Pa, evaluated according to what is
specified in section 3.2 at the height z where the antenna
centroid is located.
Fig 3.23 Forces acting on a microwave antenna.
3.5.14 Flags
The force,r.,in N, that the wind exerts on a flag is determined with the followingequation:
(3.37)
90
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
where
c,,. coefficientofnet pressure acting normal tothesurfaceoftheflag,
dimensionless,
A", areaofreference of the flag projected on the plane normal to
the wind direction, Fig 3.24, in m2 ,Y
wh, dynamic base wind pressure calculated according to item 3.2,to
the total height H, in Pa,
The reference height is considered equal to the total height, H, of the flag with respect
toat ground level (Fig 3.24).
The value ofc,,,,dimensionless, it is calculated as follows:

a} Fixed flag, the c,�must be obtained in accordance with the recommendations given
for the signs(subsection 3.5.8).
b} Free flag (including dynamic effects, such as flutter), the c,,.I know
,�)-Lc,
A
C."" = 0. 05-0. 71 ( (3.38)
P hb h.-
where
m1 mass per unit area of the flag, in kg/m2,P site air
density, kg/m3,
h, height of the flag (Fig 3.24}, in m, and
u flag length (Fig 3.24}, in m.
the reference areaA,,,,, , is the same as defined in equation 3.27. In equation 3.38
theokrdand C,,,. neither mustI knowrMayrwhatand 0.76. Theit wasrzaresulting, r;,
sandhave toaApply
at height H-(h, 12).
-------------- Lr
.� Lr �
.
-Yo
,_--J
hb
---------------------_j_
H H
Fig 3.24 Reference area for the flag.

91
RECOMMENDATIONS
3.5.15 wind turbines
This section presents the recommendations to obtain the design pressures in

horizontal axis wind turbines (Fig 3. 25). In extreme wind conditions, it is common for
the rotational speed of the wind turbine rotor to be reduced in order to reduce the
wind load on the structure. This situation is called rotor stop condition; The
recommendations presented in this section are applicable only under this condition.
ct.rt.ideli�
EjodOltOL«�-�--J:J,/
."""
"' . "'.
Fig 3.25 Profile view of a typical wind turbine.
Support structure
The net static pressure onthesupport structure of a wind turbine,r,,in Pa,it is determined
following the recommendations of section 3.5.11.
Nacelle and rotor
For the case of the nacelle, the net pressures,p.,in Pa, are determined with the
followingequation:
P,,=C_,,.fJ, (3.39)
92
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
where
c,,.external pressure coefficient, dimensionless, is obtained according to the
recommended values in table 3.28 and Fig 3.26, and
tJ, dynamic base pressure "", in Pa, obtained according to section 3.2,
evaluated at the height of the gondola cover above ground level.
.its
C7
Fig 3.26 Surfaces in the nacelle of a wind turbine.
Table3.28 Valuesdand c,,. pairathes different surfacesdand the gondola
Windward Leeward( Side Deck

Surface
(YIB) MS) (.ML) (CB)
0.80 -0.50 -0.60 -0.60
NOTE: These values apply to gondolas with sharp edges. For round shapes,valuesdand
C:wcann reduceandn 20%.
In the case of the rotor, the calculation of forces will be carried out on the surfaces of
the blades; however, due to the variety of rotor designs, it is recommended to consult
specialized literature to obtain the pressures and forces that are generated d ue to the
wind.
For all design conditions, especially those in which the wind turbines are in operation,
aeroelastic effects or wind interaction effects with the support structure and with the
rotor blades can occur. In addition, there are forces that are generated by mechanical
effects due to the rotation of the rotor, starting, orientation and braking.
Recommendations on rotor analysis under these operating conditions are outside the
scope of the recommendations in this chapter. Specialized methods that consider all
these effects should be used or an expert should be consulted.
93
RECOMMENDATIONS
3.5.J.6 Pane/es so/ares
The procedure is presented to obtain the pressure, p,, in Pa, due to the action of the
wind, about systems solar panels and their supporting structures. The net pressure is
P. = C,,,,wh, (3.40)
where
c,,. net pressure coefficient acting normal to the surface of thesolar
panel, dimensionless, and
wh, dynamic base wind pressure calculated according to what is
indicated in section 3.2, at the total height H of the panel
systemsolar, in Pa, (Fig 3.27)
Structures of this type can be broadly classified into systems ofpanels supported on
the ground and panel systems supported on sloped roofs, in this section
recommendations are given for net pressure coefficients for both classifications.
For panel systems supported on flat roofs, some recommendations are given in
the Comments Section.
Pane/es so/ares supported on the ground
The net pressure coefficients, c,,,, that are recommended here, are applicable to solar
panel systems that meet the following conditions:
a) they canemploy from 1 to 5 sets of solar panel systems supported directly

on the ground,
b) the geometric ratio b/d' can vary in the following range: 2.0 sb/d's
7.5,
c) theseparation Sp, between solar panel systems, can vary in the
next interval: d'/2 s Sp s d',
d) the ratio H/d' can vary in the following range: 0.25 sH/d's 0.90,
e) the height H must be less than 5 m, and
f) Solar panel systems must be unobstructed below.
The parameters b, d, d', Sp, H andYI knowdefined in Figs 3.27 and 3.28; the value of d'
isequal to: d/cos(y).
94
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
Sys«!rnad System ofpanels 2

e p;wl81es to 5
1 d----
�
- -- -- -
Clrea:in cia
old6=0' Y H
Fig3.27(a)Solar panel system arrays, 0=0° .
Systemme Systemby
asures parwes 1
panels 2 to
5
WINTER
DIRECTION
9=180'
figure 3.27(b) solar panel system assemblies, B=18O°.
he
zones Zone uZioranme a
,____________________.. . . ___,I.:�,: ;: .
b/5-�- --3bil6- -+--h/,S
Sp1salneemle asd,e
I heard king and c Yo 6nD

d ndhe
a
v heand n he either
Fig 3.28 Affectation zones for each solar panel system.

95
RECOMMENDATIONS
Tables 3.29 to 3.31 show the values of the net pressure coefficient, which should be
used according to the zones defined in Fig 3.28. The recommended net pressure
coefficients consider the effects due to local pressures and reduction by area.
Table 3.29 Net pressure coefficients, Cp,,, for solar panel system 1 to 5.
Wind direction, 9=0° and 9=180°.
coefficientand of pressureneta ( c,., )

Angleof localized areaa
Inclusion throughoutthe System ofpanels Systemof panels
('() lengthb 1 twoto 5
Case 1 Casetw Case 1 Casetw

o o
extreme -1.S0 0.90 -1.40 0.80
either•
intermediate -0.60 0.30 -0.60 0.30
NOTES: (apply to Tables3.29a 3.31):

1. For intermediate values of 1, the values of the coefficient Cpn can be
linearly interpolated.
2. When you have only one solar panel system, you should use the values
ofZip nrecommended for the panel system 1.
3. When there is a set of panel systems less than 5, for the
panel systems subsequent to panel system 1, the values of c,,,,
recommended for the system of panels two to the 5.
Table 3.30 Net Pressure Coefficients,Cµn,for solar panel systems.

Wind direction 9=0° .
Net pressure coefficient (C,..)

Angleof area located at
inclination throughoutthe System ofpanels panel system
( '() lengthb 1 twoto 5
Case 1 Casetwo Case 1 Casetwo

extreme -0.90 2.40 -0.80 2.30
twenty °
Intermediate -0.30 1.50 -0.20 0.40
extreme -0.90 2.10 -0.50 2.00

40°
intermediate -0.70 2.00 -0.30 0.40
96
Table 3.31 Net Pressure Coefficients,Cpn,for solar panel systems.

Wind direction 0= 180 ° .
Coefficientof net pressure (c,.)

Angleof area located at
Inclusion along panel system panel system2 to 5
('() thelength b 1
Case 1 case 2 Case 1 case 2

extreme -2.50 0.70 -2.40 0.70
twenty°
Intermediate -1.30 0.10 -1.10 0.10
extreme -2.50 0.30 -2.00 0.60
40°
Intermediate -1.30 0.20 -0.60 0.30
The resulting pressures will act, in all cases, perpendicular to the surface of the panels.
These resulting pressures may be distributed according to the tributary areas formed by
the support structure. The reactions on the supports of the supporting struc ture, both
thrust and lifting, must be considered in order to prevent irreparable damage to the
supports.
Bread/sso/ars supported on sloping roofs of buildings
The net pressure coefficients, c,.,, recommended in this subsection apply tosolar panel
systems that meet the following conditions:
a) systemsdand panelsplots on closed buildings with relationshipsii1d s 0.50 Yh/b ,s:

0.50,
b) panel systems located parallel to the ceiling plane,
c) panel systems with a spacing, sr; which can vary in the following range: yes;
yes, yes 30cm, between the underside of the panel and the ceiling surface,
d) panel systems with a minimum distance between the panel and the edge of the
2sf roof, where s1 is the spacing defined above, and
e) unobstructed panel systems below.
The parameters b, d, sr, and h are defined in Figs 3.29 to 3.31.
97
RECOMMENDATIONS
ii
Fig 3.29 Solar panel system on a building.
b/3 t,/3 b/3
[·you
lee basement Leeward
•11: last ceni, aJ itltb-811''1"13
/
Cum
or.e
m
Windward windward Barlc:JYentoextre

e,ctrems centr9I me
'\__
Yo
D
System
Direction dEt panelas
of the
wind0=0
•
Fig 3.30 Location zones of the solar panel system. wind direction0=0°.
d
Yo
23
.,,_
Yo Yo
r---
Cumb!IUI
'\ Yo Yo
Y Yo Yo
O\ Yo Yo
Direction
of
Yo YoYo YoYo 11�1,Yo

wind0=90
°
Yo '\_ Sil,l•m•
ao pan&loa
Fig3.31 Distance from the dandle edge is located the solar panel system.
Wind direction 6=90°.
98
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
Tables 3.32 and 3.33 show the values of the net pressure coefficient, which should
be used according to the zones defined in Figs 3.30 and 3.31.
Table 3.32 Net pressure coefficients, Cµn, for the solar panel system.
coefficientnet pressure(c,.)
area of theroofcase
r<fifty 50sr<100 10°$Y< 20° twenty°$"($30°
Windward -1.70 -1.10 -1.10 -1.00

extreme two 0.40 0.80 0.60 0.60
Windward 1 -1.40 -0.80 -0.70 -0.80

central two 0.50 0.50 0.30 0.30
Leeward 1 -1.30 -1.10 ·1.40 -1.30

extreme two 0.50 0.50 0.40 0.50
Leeward 1 -1.40 -0.80 -1.00 -1.10
central two 0.50 0.40 0.40 0.40
NOTES: (apply to Tables 3.32and 3.33):
1. ThecasesofpresYoonesnegatives(succlones)arealternativesYNoI
knowapplysimultaneously.
2. The installation of the panel system can cause changes in the external pressure of the roof
where the system is installed due to the reactions that it can transmit.
3. The recommended net pressure coefficients consider the effects due to local pressures and
reduction by area.
Table3.33Net pressure coefficients,. Cµn, for the solar panel system.

Horizontal distance overthe Net pressure
roof measure fromthe
Case (c,.,J
coefficientupper edge of the wall
windward '(< 50 5°$Y$30°
1
oad/3 -1.70 -1.70
two 0.40 0.40
1
d/3 to 2d/3 -1.40 -1.20
two 0.50 0.50
1
2d/3d -1.30 -1.10
two 0.50 0.50
The resulting pressures will act, in all cases, perpendicular to the surface of the
panels and will be calculated at height ii. As in the case of solar panels supported on
the ground, the resulting pressures could be distributed
conforming to the tributary areas formed by the support structure and the reactions
on the supports of said structure, bothof thrust or lifting, must be considered in
order to prevent the supports from suffering irreparable damage.
99
RECOMMENDATIONS
3.5.J.7 tornado shelters
The forces due to tornado winds that are exerted on the walls and roofs of closed
structures will be the result of the pressures acting on their exterior and interior
surfaces and must be calculated according to the equation 3.4. The pressure
coefficients presented in this section are applicable to structures withthe following
limitations:
a) construction height, H, less than or equal to 10 m,

b) gable roof with roof pitch, and less than or equal to 20 °, Y
c) relationship iihed less than or equal to 0.5.
As indicated in section 3.5.1.1, for the calculation of the external pressures, P,, on
one of the surfaces of a closed construction, equation 3.5 will be used. In the estimation
of pressures in low-rise structures, the external pressure coefficient indicated in equation
3.5 will be replaced by the average static pressure coefficient for a
tornado,c,,,,,dimensionless, which is calculated with the following equation:
c"'=F,.c,,. {3.41)
where
F,, pressure coefficient increase factor for tornadoes(Table 3.34),
dimensionless, and
c,. coefficient of external pressure, dimensionless, given in subsection
3,5.1.1,
Table 3.34 provides the values of the increase factor of the coefficient ofpressure for
tornadoes, F,,, for walls and ceilings of buildings with plant
closed rectangle.
Table 3.34 Factor for increasing the external pressure coefficient for a tornado, F,,, for
buildings with a closed rectangular plan.
Pressure coefficient increase factor

Description fortornados(F.)
Windward wall 1.00

Leeward 1.00
wallside 1.50
wallsceilings 3.20
100
C.1.4 OISENOBY WIND
4. DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
4.1 Limitations
The analysisdynamic is used to evaluate the action resulting from the dynamic
interaction between the wind flow and structures belonging to Types 2 and 3,
defined in section 1.4. This procedure consists of calculating the equivalent static
wind loads that act on structures sensitive to the dynamic effects produced by
wind turbulence. In Fig 4.1 a flowchart of said procedure is presented.
Dynamic analysis should be used in the design of structures that meet any of the following
conditions:
a) The ratio H/D > 5, where H is the total height of the building and D
theminimum dimension of the base, both in m, or
b) The fundamental period of the first mode of vibration of the structure is
greaterthan one second and less than or equal to five seconds.
If the fundamental period of the structure is greater than five seconds or the total height
of the structure is greater than 200 m, this procedure is not applicable and studies,
experimental (subsection 1.5.2) or numerical, should be carried out by experts in
thematter.
Some recommendations for the case of Type 4 structures, related to aerodynamic

instability effects, are indicated in section 4.10.
The service conditions that must be evaluated for a structure subjected to the action of the
wind are presented in Appendix 4B.
101
RECOMMENDATIONS
C.1.4.4 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
dynamic analysis
(4)
Regional speed for

speedad regional 6ptima
fixed return period
(2.2.2)
.,.J!1 {2 2 1)
"EITHE
R"EIT
HER
Ceit
·e
her
it
GIE
-either
h
you)"' Local lopography factor, Fj
eC "E
-�
,�·
r -. "' g
IT
H
ER
(2 4)
., >
0"' Exposure factor for
the average speed, Ft'.:
(4.2.1)
Calculation of the average speed,

lri, YOU=(Fj:F/:
(4 2)
�)/3.6
Calculation of the density correction factor,Gand
obtaining the dynamic base pressure, q_
what--
(3.t
=0.047GVJ
wo)
Determination of the burst response factor, FRR
Pneumatic structures cylindrical wind turbines Lattice towersfa

structures ( (4.4.2) (4.4.3) (4.5.1)
4 4 1)
Calculation of the equivalent static force

closed constructions. Open constructions:
p,,
F..,(z) [+��,(z.{RR
1
=
-p;]A"'P F.,f..z)1•71.<.ztRR
Ao.p
vortices Aaroe!eslic instabilityCondition Assessment(4.9)
(4.10 and Appendix 4B.1) and states lfm ite of service
(Appendix 4B2)
TALL
Fig4.1 Flowchart for dynamic analysis.

102
C.1.4 OISENOBY WIND
4.2 Determination of the Average Velocity, V'D
In this subsection the average velocity, I';, in m/s, the which corresponds to an averaging
time of ten minutes and will be applied to determine the response factor of
burst,Fu,, and in the problems of appearance of vortices and aerodynamic
instability.
Isaverage speed will be determined with the following
equation:
(4.1)
V,'_FrF;1,,:�
v- 3.6
d either where
F , is the topography factor defined in subsection 2.4, dimensionless,
F:, andhe factordand exposure forhea speedhalf,dimensionless; I know
determined according to subsection 4.2.1, and
v, the regional gust speed, in km/h; established in the incise2.2.
The facts,-�Y1-;;They will be evaluated according to the topographic and roughness

characteristics of the site where they will be planted. the construction. The constant 3.6
transforms the given regional velocity into km/ham/s.
4.2.l Factor ofexposure for mean velocity, F',,
The exposure factor, F:,, dimensionless, considers the combined effect of the local
roughness characteristics and the variation of velocity with height; it defineseat:
F/.,=0702b Yes ZS:10 (4.2.a)

r.'� = o.702 AND( 3-
Yes l0<z:Q00 (4.2.b)
10 . rF"'
Yes 22:0 (4.2.c)
=0702E(£ r
10
where
"ii is the roughness scaling coefficient for mean velocity, dimensionless,
is obtained from Table 4.1,
a' the exponent of the variation of the mean speed with height,
dimensionless, varies for each Category of terrain according
to Table 4.1, corresponds to an average interval of
tenminutes,
the height measured from the average ground level at which you
want to calculate the average wind speed, in m, and
103
RECOMMENDATIONS
The values of the gradient height,;s.in m, are presented in Table 2.2, for each category of
terrain defined intheinsert 2.1. The values of hya'are indicated in Table 4.1, which are also a
function of the Land Category.
Table 4.1Values of h and a'.
land category b a
1.17 0.10
two 1.00 0.14
3 0.82 0.19
4 0.61 0.26
Even though the local exposure factor,F;.,is defined for heights greater than the height
gradient, it should be noted that the design of structures is limited to a height of 200
m, as established in section 1.1.
4.3 Equivalent static pressure acting on structures, P"I
The equivalent static pressure,P.,,in Pa, acting on a construction or closed structure, is

obtained for a height above ground level, z, in m, with the equation:
P.,,
=L1+7 �:(z,)(RR-P,)
(4.3.a)
where
P. external pressure, in Pa, is determined according to item
3.5.1.1, Q, internal pressure, in Pa,.is determined according to
subsection 3.5.1.2,
F .,burst response factor, dimensionless, obtained for eachparticular
structure as indicated in the following subsections; this factor
does not apply to internal pressures,
1,.(z.) fndicandof youorrbulgum,. dimensionless,evaluated at the reference
height,z,,in m, which is determined according to item 4.4.1,Y
z. reference height for the determination oftheburst response, in m,
is presented in the following sections according to the type of
structure.
In the case of an open construction or a structure where there is no internal pressure, the
equivalent static pressure, p.,, in Pa, is obtained with the following equation:
p= Q,
FRR (4.3.b)
., (1+71,(z,))
104
C.1.4 OISENOBY WIND
where
"· net pressure, in Pa; calculated according to the type of structure
(items 3.5.5 to 3.5.8, 3.5.11, 3.5.15 and 3.5.16), and
F"" burst response factor, dimensionless, obtained for eachparticular
structure.
4.4 Equivalent static force in the direction of the wind, F,q, for
The equivalent static force, F..,, in N, for a closed building or structure, is obtained for a
height above ground level, z, in m, with the following equation:
F,,(z) =((1 7�: F_'11- P,)A,"' (4.4.a)

+ (z, ))
where
Q, external pressure, in Pa, is determined fromthesubsection
3.5.1.1,Q, internal pressure, inPa,.is determined according to subsection
3.5.1.2,
F., burst response factor, dimensionless, obtained for eachparticular
structure,
you, (z.) indexof peatulandnInc,. adirnensional,evaluated at the reference
height,z,,in rn, which is determined according to section 4.4.1, and
A,. . exposed area, projected on a plane perpendicular to the
directionofhewind,a n d n rntwo •
In the case of an open construction or structure in which there is no internal pressure,

the static forceequivalent, 1-:,
l:.c),in N, it is obtained with the equation:
(4.4.b)
where
p, net pressure, in Pa, calculated according to the type of structure
(items 3.5.5 to 3.5.8, 3.5.11, 3.5.15 and 3.5.16),
The gust response factor, F,,.", and the exposed area, A.,,,, are defined in Equation 4.4.a.
4.4.J.Factor burst response for prismatic structures
This procedure can only be used if the following conditions are met: The structure
corresponds to one of the general forms shown in Fig 4.2.
105
RECOMMENDATIONS
The maximum response in the direction of the wind is given mainly by the
contribution of the fundamental mode of vibration, whose modal coordinates will
have the same sign. Therefore, the contribution of the higher vibrating modes is
considered negligible.
h/2
,,,
a) Vertical structures b) Structures with concentrated masses,

such as buildings. such as billboards,or elevated tanks.
Arrows indicate the direction of the wind.

Fig 4.2 General forms of prismatic structures contemplated in the dynamic analysis;
they define the reference height, zs, for the determination of thedynamic response.
ANDhe factord anda n s w e r ad and burst,r:11,, dimensionless, for prismatic structures is

calculated with the equation:
FRR =J+? - kp (4.5)

Yo,,(zyou))B2 +R'
where
k,, andsandhe factor peak,lime corheheadeither conhea equation
4.14,d ime nsionle ss,
you,.(z,) andhei n d i c a t e andd andturbulence, dimensionless,
evaluated at the reference height, 2,, in m, calculated with
equation 4.6,
3two the background response factor, dimensionless, calculated with
theequation 4.7, and
R' the dimensionless resonance response factor, calculated
withequation 4.9.
The reference height for the determination of the gust response, z,, in m, isspecified in
Fig 4.2.
106
C.1.4 OISENOBY WIND
Each of the factors involved in equation 4.5 is defined in the following paragraphs.
The indicateandd and turbulence,Yo.. (z,), dimensionless,represents the level or intensity of

this in the wind flow and is defined as:
I,(z,)=d(tof Yes (4.6.a)
l.(z, ) =
Yo
Yo{ z;.•)
Yes (4.6.b)
where is the reference height for determination of the gust

response, in m,
the exponent of the variation of the average velocity with
height, dimensionless, varies for each Category of terrain
according to Table 4.1,
the dimensionless turbulence scale parameter obtained
J from Table 4.2 for each terrain category, and
the height parameters, in m, are obtained from Table 4.2
for each terrain category.
tableaFour.two ratesdand the parameters d,i i,z 0 zminrz.....

land category 'J a z,(m) z..,,.. (m) z.,,, (m)
1 0.12 0.44 0.001 1 200

two 0.17 0.52 0.020 two 200
3 0.25 0.61 0.200 5 200
4 0.39 0.67 1,000 10 200
Thefactorsdand responsedand backgroundyen resonance,B' and I?', respectively, allow to

take into account the lack of correlation of the pressure on the surfaces of the structure and
the effect of the local turbulence of the wind in resonance with the fundamental vibration
pattern of the structure in the direction of the wind. wind.
The background response factor, B', dimensionless, is calculated with the following equation:
'
b+h) . (4.7)
he+0.90[
L(z.)
"'
107
RECOMMENDATIONS
where
b is the average width of the prismatic structure, in the
directionperpendicular to the wind flow, in m,
h the height of the structure, in m, according to Fig 4.2, and
L(z,) the length of the turbulence scale, in m, evaluated at the height
ofreferendum, z,, withhea equation 4.8.
The turbulence scale length, L(z, J , in m, represents the usual size, on average, of the air
mass. For heightsz,less than 200 m, can be calculated with:
for two:twotwo (4.8.a)

L(z,J=3 00(two�0 r 1::12
L(z,)=30<{;;�)" for z�< z11n11 (4.8.b)
where
z, is the reference height for determining the responsegust, in m,
a the exponent that defines the variationof the scale length
withthe height, dimensionless, and
z.,,, the height parameter, in m.
The values ofzrni, Y;;They are presented in Table 4.2.

The response factor at resonance, 111, dimensionless, is determined by the following
equation:
(4.9)
where
is the dimensionless total damping ratio in the wind
direction, calculated with the equation4.13,
the dimensionless power spectral density of the
wind defined by Equation 4.10, and
the dimensionless aerodynamic admittance
functions calculated with equations 4.11 and 4.12,
respectively.
The spectral power density, SL(z.,11,,) 1 describes the distribution of the content of
wind turbulence energy in a site with respect to intervals of frequencies. Thespectral
Power Density, yesYo (z••eleven,"),dimensionless, it is
determined with the
following equation:
108
C.1.4 OISENOBY WIND
(4.10)
where
no,� is the fundamental frequency of the bending vibrating mode of the
structure, in the direction of the wind, in Hz,
the average speed, in m/s, evaluated at the reference height, z,
, according to item 4.2, and
L(z.) the length of the turbulence scale, in m, evaluated at the reference
height,z,,calculated with equation 4.8.
The functions of admittance aerodynamics, R,, (what,) Y R,, (q,,), consider that the
Velocity fluctuations do not occur simultaneously over windward and leeward surfaces, as
well as their correlation over these areas.
The aerodynamic admittance function, R,, (11), dimensionless, for the fundamental mode
shape, is calculated by:
R,(eleven.)=1.0 foreleven,�either
(4.11.a)
(4.11.b)
where
eleven,, is a reduced frequency considering the dimension h, dimensionless,
it is a function of the fundamental frequency of the model of
vibrating in bending,eleven,,,,in the direction of the wind, and
hello height of the structure, in m, according to Fig 4.2.
Lafunction6n of admittanceaerodynami cs,R,(,1, >, dimensionless, is obtained by:
R,,( //,)= 1.0 for ,,,=either
(4.12.a)
(4.12.b)
where
'A, is a reduced frequency considering the dimension b, dimensionless;
is a function of the fundamental frequency of the bending vibrating
pattern, n,,., in the direction of the wind, and
109
RECOMMENDATIONS
b the average width of the prismatic structure, in a direction

perpendicular to the wind flow, in m.
For equations 4.11 and 4.12, the frequency,eleven,.,,and the speed half, v� (z,), I
knowdefined in equation 4.10.
The relationship of damping total, ,;,.,, dimensionless, is Dadaist by three

components: structural damping, aerodynamic damping and that associated with special
damping devices.
(4.13)
where
,;,.,,., is the dimensionless, structural damping ratio,
,;,,_. the dimensionless, aerodynamic damping ratio, and
;.,, the damping ratio due to special mechanismsdamping,
dimensionless.
There is an important variation in the values of the total damping ratio,r;,_,,depending on

the type of structure and its response to the effects of the wind.
For Type 1 structures, as well as Type 2 slender but with a fundamental period less
than 1s, the total damping ratio can be equal to the structural damping ratio since
the value of aerodynamic damping is negligible. However, for Type 2 and 3, very
sensitive to dynamic effects, the designer should consult a specialist about the need
to carry out specific studies to estimate aerodynamic damping or neglect it, given its
great uncertainty. Likewise, if the structure is provided with some mechanism that
implies an additional damping, its value must be justified by particular studies,
according to the selected mechanism.
Table 4.3 presents some representative values of the structural damping

ratio,,;,,,,_,,and nfunction6nofheguyeitherdand structure.
The total damping is also a function of the type of foundation, especially in

structures such as chimneys, monopoles and lattice towers, and for its determination
it will be necessary to consult an expert.
110
C.1.4 OISENOBY WIND
Table 4.3 Representative values of structural damping ratio.
structure type
Reinforced and prestressed concrete buildings Steel 0.016

buildings 0.008
Mixed concrete and steel structures Reinforced 0.013
concrete chimneys and towers Welded steel 0.010
chimneys, without coatings:
without external thermal 0.002
insulation with external thermal 0.003
insulation
Welded steel chimneys, with coatings:
0.002 - 0.006
with a layer of coating and thermal insulationExterior
with two or morecoating and insulation 0.003 - 0.006
layersexterior thermal
0.011
Steel chimneys with interior partition walls
Steel chimneys with interior concrete coatingthrown out 0.005
Welded Lattice Towers Bolted
0.003
Lattice Towers:
screwshigh strength low
0.005
strength screws
0.008
Wind turbine support structures: cylindrical or
prismatic concrete cylindrical or prismatic
0.006
steel
0.002
The peak factor, kp, is defined as the ratio of! maximum value of the response fluctuations
divided by its standard deviation; depends on the time interval, r,, in
seconds, with which the maximum response is calculated, and the interval of
frequencies ofThis answer.
When the response in the direction of! wind is associated with a Gaussian type
probability distribution, the peak factor, k,, dimensionless, is expressed as:
111
RECOMMENDATIONS
0.6
✓
kP=2mo(600v)+---.===="3.0
J2Jn(600,')
(4.14)
where
r frequency of zero crossings or average rate of oscillations,
inHz
The zero crossing frequency, v, in Hz, is determined by the following equation:
where
no,� fundamental frequency of the mode of vibration in bending
of the structure, in the direction of the wind, in Hz,
f<' response factor at resonance, dimensionless, calculated with
theequation 4.9,
8two background response factor, dimensionless, calculated with
theequation 4.7.
4.4.2 Burst response factor for cylindrical structures
This procedure will be used when the structure corresponds to a vertical structure,
with a circular cross section as shown in Fig 4.3, and when the modal coordinates of
its fundamental form of vibration in the direction of the windresult with the same
sign.
� ...b
Address ¢of
the wind
111
H
0.6H
1
1
Y Yo
o
Fig 4.3 General shape of a cylindrical structure.
112
C.1.4 OISENOBY WIND
Theburst Response Factor,F., ,dimensionless, it is determined with the following

equation:
FAA= he + two kr YO, (z,) ✓�

t1; -'-.K; (4.16)
where
kP peak factor, dimensionless, calculated with equation 4.14; is
determined using the variables B; and Ri, instead of B' and R'
, respectively,
f,.(zJ Turbulence index, dimensionless, evaluated at the reference
height, z,, in m, calculated with Equation 4.6,
,. reference height for determinationofthe answer ofgust (Fig 4.3), in
m,.
yes: background response factor, dimensionless, calculated with the
equation 4.17, and
ff; response factor at resonance, dimensionless, calculated with
theequation 4.18.
The definitions of the background response factors, fl}, and resonance, R;,are equivalent to
those indicated in section 4.4.1.
The background response factor, yes;,dimensionless, it is calculated with the equation:
(4.17)
where
b average diameter of the cross section of the cylindrical structure, in m,
total height of the structure, in m, and
HL(z length of the turbulence scale, in m, evaluated at the reference
,] height,z,,calculated with equation 4.8.
When the cylindrical structure is hollow, the diameter will be taken as the outside
diameter of the cross section.
The response factor at resonance,R;,dimensionless, it is determined with the equation:
(4.18)
where
113
RECOMMENDATIONS
total damping ratio, dimensionless, calculatedwith equation

4.13,
spectral power density, dimensionless, calculated with theequation
4.10, and
size reduction factor, dimensionless, calculated with theequation
4.19.
The size reduction factor,K,..(,,,. .>,dimensionless, it is calculated with:
K,, (eleven,.J=-
bn(
,==================scH II
I+ 5.75--'--
eleven 'J'(
+ 319--t.x
J'( 'bH )
(4.19)
v,;(z.)v,;(z,) ._.x �(z.)J'
+11.69-t[V
where
H Total heightof the structure, in m,
fundamental frequency of the bending vibrating mode of the
structure, in the direction of the wind, in Hz, and
average speed, in m/s, according to item 4.2, evaluated at
heightreference,z,.
The diameter, b, is defined in Equation 4.17.
To obtain the total damping, ,;,., . Are applied the considerations recommended in
section 4.4.1.
4.4.3 Gust response factor for wind turbines
The burst response factor, F,,, for wind turbine support structures,
is obtained by following the recommendations presented in items 4.4.1, 4.4.2
or4.5.1, depending on the type of support structure. The reference height for the
determination of the gust response, z,, is taken to be equal to the height of the
bushing.
(Fig 4.4).
Until more precise verified values for the structural damping ratio are available, it is
permissible to take the recommended values in Table
4.3 for cylindrical or prismatic steel wind turbine support structuresand concrete.
114
C.1.4OISENO BY WIND
h
bushing
'- " -�Yo

dand support and -.
-' j
4.5
Yo·
e Yo
Fig 4.4 Reference height, Zs, for wind turbines.
Equivalent static force in the direction of the wind, Feq, for lattice
towers
This section describes the procedure for calculating the loads caused by the dynamic
action of the wind on lattice-type structures, with or without accessories, supported
directly on the ground. These loads must be calculated from the base dynamic pressure
in the center of the sections into which it is divided, in the opinion of the designer and
according to the change in its solidity ratio. It is recommended to use at least ten
sections.
For wind acting on either face of the tower, the equivalent static force, F'"(z), in N,
acting parallel to the wind direction y is variable with height,z, in m, should be
calculated using the equation:
(4.20)
where
wh, base dynamic pressure at height z, in Pa, obtained according to
item 3.2,
I,.(z,) indicateandfrom yourrbulgum,. dimensionless,evaluated at the
reference height,z,,in rn, calculated with equation 4.6,
115
RECOMMENDATIONS
z, reference height for the determination of the response ofgust,

in m, for this type of structures is equal to the total height of
the tower (Fig 4. 5),
c�drag coefficient, in the direction of the wind flow,
dimensionless, is obtained in accordance with what is
established insubsections 3.5.12 or 3.5.13,
A,, area of all the members of the frontal face, at a height ,, projected on a
vertical plane perpendicular to the direction ofwind, in m2, and
FMgust response factor for lattice towers, dimensionless, is
calculated as specified in subsection 4.5.1.
4.5.1 response factorburst for jealousy towers
The gust response factor for lattice towers,1--;,",dimensionless, with or

withoutaccessories, is calculated with the equation:
(4.21)
where
1,.(z,) turbulence index, dimensionless, evaluated at the reference
height,z.,in m, calculated with equation 4.6,
peak factor, dimensionless, calculated with equation 4.29,
B;. bottom response factor for lattice towers, dimensionless,

calculated with equation 4.22,
resonance response factor for lattice towers, dimensionless,
calculated with equation 4.23,
mode form corrective constants, dimensionless; are obtained
with equations 4.31 and 4.32, respectively, and dimensionless
mass correction factor calculated withequation 4.34.a.
116
0
square section
wind
direction
/\Addressh
e of the
j
wind
Sectiontriangular
Fig4.5 Parameters bo, bH and Zyes
The background response factor, B,,, dimensionless, is obtained with the following equation:
(4.22)
where
b average width of the lattice tower, in m, andH
total height of the structure (Fig 4.5),inm.
In Equation 4.22, the turbulence scale length, L(zJ, in m, at the reference height,two,,is
calculated with equation 4.8
The response factor at resonance, R},,,dimensionless, it is calculated with the following

equation:
(4.23)
where
structural damping ratio, dimensionless, in the direction
of the wind, according to Table 4.3,
spectral power density, defined by equation 4.24,
dimensionless, and
117
RECOMMENDATIONS
aerodynamic admittance functions, dimensionless,are

obtained with equations 4.25 and 4.27, respectively.
The spectral power density, SL (z,.,,,.,), dimensionless, evaluated at a height ofreference, z,,
is:
(4.24)
The definitionsof the frequency,eleven,.,,the average speed,v;(z,)Y the turbulence scale

length, L(,,), are equivalent to those in Equation 4.10.
The aerodynamic admittance function,R, (17.), dimensionless, is calculated by:
(4.25)
(4.26)
where
,,.reduced frequency consideringthe dimension h, dimensionless,
function of the fundamental frequency of the model of
vibrating in bending, 11,.,, in the direction of the wind, and
H total height of the structure (Fig.4.5), in m.
The definitions of the frequency,,,,.,,and the average speed,v�(z,)are equivalent

tothose of equation 4.10.
The aerodynamic admittance function, R,,(/,), dimensionless, is obtained by:
(4.27)
(4.28)
where
1/,, reduced frequency considering the dimension b, function of the
fundamental frequency of the mode of vibrating in bending,
n,�, in the
wind direction, dimensionless,
b average width of the lattice tower, in m,
118
C.1.4 OISENOBY WIND
The definitions of the frequency, eleven,.,, Y the average speed, v�(z,), are equivalent
tothose of equation 4.10.
The dimensionless peak factor, k, for these structures is calculated with the following
equation:
OG
k =J21u(600v)+ ;,3.0
' (4.29)
J2111(600v)
where
v frequency of zero pair crossings or average rate of oscillations, in Hz.
The zero crossing frequency, v, in Hz, is determined by the following equation:
(4.30)
where
"•� fundamental frequency of the mode of vibration in bending of
the structure, in the direction of the wind, in Hz,
R! resonance response factor for lattice towers, dimensionless,
calculated with equation 4.23, and
B! bottom response factor for lattice towers,
dimensionless,calculated with equation 4.22.
If in one of the sections, in which the lattice tower is divided, there is aaccessory, the
value of the drag coefficient in this section must be considered in accordance with
what is specified in section 3.5.13.
Thes constantsc o r r e c t i v e sd andhe aform am o d a l , c"0 Y C',;, dimensionless,are

obtained by the following equations:
(4.31)
Co= - [1
2a '-
jl
.!..3-- 2nd- '-+-
• (4.32)
4
] (4.33)
where
), factor that depends on the upper and lower width of the tower,
dimensionless,
b� width of the lattice structure at height H (Fig 4.5), in m,
119
RECOMMENDATIONS
b0 the projected width of the base of the structure at ground level(Fig

4.5), in m, and
a' exponent of the variation of the mean velocity with height, is
obtained from Table 4.1 for each terrain category, dimensionless.
ANDhe factor ofcorrection6n bydough,YO".,, dimensionless,sandgetand with:
(4.34.a)
(4.34.b)
where
m .,.,,, plusa total of hea structure,andnkg,
"'· generalized mass of the structureinthe longitudinal direction of
thewind, in kg,
A. coefficient that determines the variation of the mode shape with
height, dimensionless; Estimated values of this coefficient are:
..l�=2 for towers rectangular either square Y ;Yo,,=1.75
fortriangular towers,
111(2) mass per unit length of the tower, in kg/m, and
fundamental mode shape of the structure, in the direction of
thewind, dimensionless
4.6 Dynamic response of membrane-type insulated roofs
For the design of insulated roofs with one or two pitches and inverted roofs, whose
roof is a membrane (flexible roof), the dynamic effects and thegeometric nonlinear
behavior.Insulated pitched and gabled roofs and inverted roofs are considered to
be divided into two halves, as shown in Fig 3.12, and each half is subjected to the
equivalent net static pressure, p,,,, in Pa, given by:
(4.35)
where
c,,, net pressure coefficient, which corresponds to the c,,.in the part
windward, and c"' in the leeward, is obtained as
recommended in section 3.5.5, dimensionless,
F,, factor that considers the dynamic effect of the flexible roof,
equal to1.3, dimensionless, and
wh, the dynamic base pressure, in Pa, calculated according
toindicated in section 3.2.
For this type of roof, the factors K, and K, defined in subsection 3.5.1.1, will be
takenequal to 1.0.
120
C.1.4 OISENOBY WIND
The resulting pressures will act, in all cases, perpendicular to the roof surface and will
be calculated for the reference height, z,, which is, for this
type of structures, equal to the heightii",defined in Fig 3.12.
4.7 Dynamic response of conical shaped deformable roofs
Currently, a large number of ways have been developedArchitectural structures of

cable-tensioned roofs, also called membrane structures, deformable textiles or tense-
structures, which present a non-linear geometric behavior.
for membrane roofsdeformable with a conical shape (Fig 4.6), the dynamic effects can
be quantified by means of coefficients that standardize the dynamic response of the
roof, so that for design purposes it can be considered that its dynamic response is
obtained by applying to the roof, the equivalent static pressure, p,., in Pa, defined as
follows:
To calculate the offsetson the cover:
(4.36)
and for the efforts in the tensioning cables and their accessories:
(4.37)
where
mean wind pressure, in Pa,
dynamic coefficients that are applied to the roof for
displacements and stresses, respectively, dimensionless, and
non-linear response factors that are applied to the roof,
they take into account the relationship between the
maximum dynamic nonlinear response and the maximum
static response, for displacements and stresses, respectively,
dimensionless.
121
RECOMMENDATIONS
ridge cables
Address�
of the
.\ extreme cable
-----�
two
wind h
Fig4.6 Geometry of the conical cover.
The wind pressure measured,eleven.,in Pa, which acts on the roof, is calculated with:
p.,=o.047cv;"cp (4.38)
where
G air density correction factor for temperature and for height with
respect to sea level, dimensionless, defined in theitem 3.2,
average wind speed evaluated forthe height z, in m/s,
YOU' according to item 4.2, and
pressure coefficient, dimensionless; in this particular case, it is
c,, obtained as recommended for the case of silo roofsor cylindrical
tanks, in section 3.5.9.
For this type of roof, the factors K, and K, defined in subsection 3.5.1.1, will be
takenequal to 1.0.
The dynamic coefficients, 13; Y 13,", dimensionless, are:
13; =l.654+0.071To-0.0047L., for commuting (4.39)
/F,=1.542-0.079½+0.0094L,. pairaitsefforts (4.40)
where
r,, initial stress in the deck cables, in kN/m, and
Lm lengthperpendicular to the direction of the wind, of the
damage that covers the membrane, in m.
122
C.1.4 OISENOBY WIND
Factors that take into account nonlinear behavior with respect to the relationship
between the maximum dynamic response and the maximum Y ,1;,dimensionless,ar e:
static, 1
q;=1.fifteen for commuting

,,:=1.15 for efforts
4.8 Dynamic response of hyperbolic paraboloid-type covers
for the designFor structures of the hyperbolic paraboloid type whose cover is a
membrane (flexible cover), the dynamic effects and the geometric nonlinear behavior
must be considered. It should be noted that this type of roof is divided into two
halves (Fig 4.7), and that each half is subjected to the equivalent net static
pressure,P..., in Pa, given by:
(4.43)
where
c,,. net pressure coefficient, which corresponds to the c,,,,in the
partdandwindward, Y to the c,., andnheadandleeward, as
indicated in the
Table 4.4, dimensionless,
F., factor that considers the dynamic effect of the flexible roof, equal
to1.30, dimensionless, and
'Yo, dynamic base pressure, in Pa, calculated according toindicated
in section 3.2.
For this type of cover,the factsK,,YKLdefined in subsection 3.5.1.1 will be takenequal to

1.0.
123
124
Tall
125
MANUAL OF D15ENO OF CIVIL WORKS-CFE
C.1.4WIND DESIGN
4.9 Equivalent forces perpendicular to the direction:c:ion of the wind,effect of periodic

vortices
In the design of Type 3 structures, or structural elements, with a small cross-section compared to their
length, that meet any of the conditions indicated in item 4.1, general vibrations caused by alternating
forces due to detachment should be considered. of vortices and the local vibrations of its cross section
caused by said forces.
The calculation of forces caused by local vibrations falls outside the application of! present subsection,
for which it will be necessary to resort to the recommendations of experts in the field or to experimental
tests in a wind tunnel. Regarding the forces caused by the vibrations due to vortices, subsection 4.9.2
describes
a procedure to calculate them and they can be neglected if it is true that:
(4.44)
where
v,;(H)average speed as indicated in item 4.2, in m/s, evaluated at the total height of the
structure, H, in m, andcritical speed of appearance of periodic vortices, in
m/s, as indicated in section 4.9.1.
4.9.1 Critical speed of periodic vortices,v,,;,
For the case of vibrations caused by the detachment of periodic vortices in a perpendicular directionto
thewind flow, critical speed of vortices,1,;,,,,inm/s, is defined as the wind speed at which the vortex
shedding frequency is equal to the fundamental frequency of the structure in the
direction of vibration and is given by the following equation:
vair.-_goodYes,,., (4.45)
where
bwidth perpendicular to the wind analysis direction or the outer diameter in cylindrical
structures, in m,fundamental frequency of the bending vibrating mode of the
structure, in the direction perpendicular to the wind flow, in Hz, and
s, the dimensionless Strauhal number, which depends on the geometric shape of the
structure, is equal to 0.12 for a square section and 0.20 for a circular section.
126
127
in
128
th of of for Come
e interpolate in
129
130
RECOMMENDATIONS
Likewise, the amplitudes can be reduced by means of damping elements added to the structure that
modify its dynamic properties, for which specific studies are required in the opinion of an expert.
4.10 Instability Aeroela.stica
In addition to wind turbulence issues (item 4.4 to item 4.8)Yof the appearance of alternating vortices
(item 4.9) possible problems of aeroelastic instability must be considered, particularly in Type 4
structures, which occurs when a structure moves due to the force caused by the flow of the wind; The
initial displacement causes, in turn, a variation in the attack direction of said flow, which generates
successive increasing movements of an oscillatory or divergent nature.
Given the complexity of the fluid-structure interaction phenomenon, it is difficult to establish practical
recommendations to prevent its formation based on the current state of knowledge. The best way to
study this type of problem is by using tests in tune! of wind. From a critical speed, increasing
displacements due to aeroelastic instability can originate. Therefore, due precautions must be taken to
reduce or prevent the occurrence of such instability.
Aeroelastic instability problems can present several aspects, among which are the following:
a) Resonance with periodic vortices.
This phenomenon represents one of the most frequent forms of aeroelastic instability, especially in
prismatic or slender cylindrical constructions. Recommendations to consider or avoid this problem are
presented in section 4.9.
b) Instability due to group effect in neighboring constructions.
When there are structures that are close to each other, the distribution of wind pressures on them is
different from when they are located isolated or far enough from each other. The prediction of possible
instabilities caused by their proximity will be determined by tests with tunnel models. of wind and in
accordance with the recommendations of specialists in the field.
c) I gallop.
In general, this instability problem occurs in very slender constructions with rectangular cross sections,
with a flat face exposed to the wind, or circular. These structures can present important transverse
displacements to the flow of the wind. In section 4B.1.1 of Appendix 4B, a method is presented to
determine the starting speed of the gallop problem, vco , indifferent cross section conditionsYcoupling
(Fig 4.8). to this phenomenon
131
132
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
COMMENTS
1. CRITERIA FOR WIND DESIGN
1.1 scopes
The aerodynamic forces generated by airflow over structures depend mainly on the types of storms
generated by the wind, the roughness of the surrounding terrain, as well as the dynamic characteristics
of the structures. The determination of these forces is therefore a complex problem, which is why the
advancement of the state of the art of wind engineering has been growing since the beginning of the
1960s, as high-rise structures with large clearings have been built. and of particular geometries.
Davenport (1961, 1977) was the first to establish a rational approach to evaluating wind-induced load
and response in structures; This approach has been called the Davenport Wind Load Chain. and has
been approved by the International Association of Wind Engineering (Isyumov, 2011). The Davenport
chain links the following elements
main:
• climate and wind variations: specification of wind speed in different places and regions,
• exposure: determination of factors that consider the effects of terrain roughness, height and
topography,
• construction geometry: estimation of aerodynamic shape factors or coefficients of force and
pressure,
• resonance effects: determination of dynamic response factors by resonance effects, and
• design criteria: definition of criteria for resistance design andservice conditions, by wind.
The recommendations that are presented for the determination of the design pressures and forces by
wind cannot then be applicable to all types of structures,
being limited to the conditions for which they have been studied.
The limits related to the height and spans of the constructions, presented in item 1 of the
Recommendations Section, have been established because the dynamic effects are more significant and
complex when these limits are exceeded. These effects cannot be estimated from the
recommendations in this chapter. In
Ca MENT ARlS
134
C.1.4.1 (RITEAIORS FOR WIND DESIGN
Consequently, for the case of structures that do not meet these limits,
recommends testing physical models in a wind tunnel or using numerical models based on
computational fluid dynamics. Moreover, if specifically required by the owner to authority,
experimental and numerical studies can be carried out for any type of structure, instead of the
procedures recommended here.
In this version of the Chapter on Design by Wind, the updating of the methodologies has
continued, considering the uncertainties inherent in variations in the intensity of the wind in the
atmosphere. Synoptic winds (Ahrens, 2016) and those of tropical cyclones and hurricanes have
been taken into account, as well as the effect of the orography of Mexico. A representative map
of the tornado hazard in Mexico is also presented, based on which important structures and
shelters can be designed.
On the other hand, to make safe and functional designs, it has been convenient in the practice of
structural design, to classify structures not only in relation to their function and importance, but
also with respect to the consequences in case of a structural failure in terms of risk to life,
economic losses and interruption of vital services. Under these concepts are included design
criteria with wind speeds for fixed return periods or for variable return periods that lead to
reducing the total cost of losses in the event of a structural failure (optimal design).
1.2 General requirements for structural analysis and design
The values of the safety factors against overturning and sliding that are recommended may be
replaced by others only if these are justified based on the performance of specialized studies on
soil mechanics and on the information that exists on the stratigraphy of the site of displacement.
1.3 Classification of structures according to their importance

It should be emphasized that, in order to establish provisions that facilitate in a practical way the
design of structures against the action of the wind, the complex problem of estimating both the
intensity and occurrence of winds, as well as their effects, must be greatly simplified.
The current criteria for wind design estimate a regional speed associated with a probability of
being exceeded, given that this is a typically random variable over time.
The design wind for a given location is the wind speed that every engineer selects when designing
a building so that it will provide good performance and adequate protection to its occupants or
the material or equipment it houses or supports. Taking into account that it is impossible to limit,
within practical limits, the maximum intensity of the wind speed that can occur in a given place
OE MANUAL DESIGN OF CIVIL WORKS-CFEC.1.4

OISENO BY WIND
Given, in its choice, the probability that its intensity will be exceeded at least once during the assumed
useful life of the structure must be explicitly considered.
135
The optimal design criterion proposed by Esteva (1969, 1970), has been put into practice for the case
of seismic hazard in Mexico, defining optimal peak ground accelerations; When using these optimal
accelerations, the minimum value of the total cost is implicit, which includes the initial cost of
construction plus the cost of direct and indirect losses, in the event of a structural failure.
This criterion has continued to be recommended for the case of wind hazard in Mexico, where regional
velocities are associated with both the importance
construction as well as the acceptable loss level, should a failure occur. This criteria will be elaborated
on in section 2.2.2 of this Section ofComments.
Under this philosophy, the magnitude of the forces due to the wind basically depends on the following
concepts:
• of the importance or destination that is assigned to a given structure based on the level or
degree of security required, or the acceptable level of the cost of losses,
• of the probability of occurrence of•the maximum intensity of the wind given its random
character,
• of roughness characteristicsYof the local topography where it is desired to plant the
construction, and
• of the resistance and response characteristics of the structure to the dynamic effects of the
wind.
In this chapter, the degree of safety was established taking into consideration three fundamental
aspects in the event of an extreme event:
• avoid injuries and human losses,

• limit economic or cultural damage, and
• ensure that the structures that provide services continue to operate continuously.essential
services.
Given the scant information that exists in Mexico on the cost of losses due to failures of different types
of construction, especially those used in industry in general, it is difficult to quantitatively assess the
acceptable level of safety. For this reason, the classification of the structures according to their
importance or use is defined based on this level valued qualitatively. In practice, the degree of safety is
estimated based on the use to which it is put.ofto constructionYto the experience of its behavior in the
face of extreme events, to place it in one of the recommended groups, but it can also be defined taking
into account the risk established by its owner, according to its economic resources and the cost that
would result from the repair or total reconstruction of the work before an extreme event.
COMMENTS
C1.4.1 CRITERIA FOR WIND DESIGN
In special structures, the degree of security can be so high that they are outside the given classification.
In this case, the analysis criteriaYadopted design should be defined according to the state of knowledge.
Classification of structures according to their response to the action of the wind
The response of a given construction to the action of the wind depends on:
136
a) The geometry of the structure.Its wayYdimensions, in addition to its dynamic characteristics,
determine the response to the stresses due to the wind. The latter can be divided into two
components, one medium (static)Yanother dynamic (variable as a function of time). In the face
of sustained wind with constant speed, the average (static) pressures constitute the most
important part of the effects in inflexible constructions.Ywith short fundamental periods of
vibration (not greater than one second, approximately). The distribution of these pressures on
the surfaces exposed to the wind depends on the geometry,Ycan be calculated experimentally
from tests on rigid models in a wind tunnel. For practical purposes and common structures,
these pressures are determined based on pressure coefficients calibrated with experimental
tests.
b) Dynamic properties of the structure.Fluctuations in wind speed cause vibrations whose

magnitude depends on the characteristics of the wind.
flow and properties of the structure such as the distribution of its mass, its flexibility Yof its
damping. Light, flexible, low-damping constructions have natural vibration periods that may be
in the same interval as the average occurrence periods of strong gusts, and therefore significant
wind-induced resonance movements may occur. In this case, both the average effects and the
dynamic effects generated by the gusts must be considered in the design, which are an
increasing function of the maximum speed and its fluctuation. At present, different methods
have been developed to evaluate the mentioned effects; the main bases of these procedures
are presented in Davenport
(1961,1977), Ghiocel and Lungu (1975), Sachs (1978), Simiu and Scanlan (1996), Tamura and
Kareem (2013), and Holmes (2015).
c) Characteristics of the flow-structure interaction.The average (static) and dynamic thrusts that
were described in a) and b) constitute the most important longitudinal component of the
effects that the wind causes in the
structures, except for the dynamic amplification problems described in d). Additionally, the
disturbances that some bodies cause in the air flow are manifested in the form of vortices,
which are generated periodically and travel along the turbulent wake, causing dynamic thrusts
on the buildings transverse to the direction of the wind.
OE MANUAL DESIGN OF 0BRA5 CIVILE5-
CFEC.1.4 WIND DESIGN
d) Characteristics of aeroelastic instability.The action of the wind on a structure causes

displacements of the same, both in the direction in which it flows, and normally to the flow.
The relative speed between the wind and the construction varies in magnitude and direction
as a function of time, altering the angle of incidence. For certain shapes of bodies and wind
directions, it may happen that when acting with a new angle of incidence, it causes greater
forces or displacements in the transverse direction, which originates new changes in said angle;
If this phenomenon continues, these displacements may be excessive and eventually cause the
collapse of the structure. Wind tunnel tests allow establishing when a given geometric shape
can cause instability problems (Simiu and Scanlan, 1996; ASCE, 1999).
An important phenomenon that can produce dangerous vibrations in flexible constructions is

known as "flutter". When the wind impinges with a very low angle of attack on large flat areas
or very low curvature, it can simultaneously excite bending and torsional vibrations.
137
Displacements of one vibration mode increase the effects of the wind on another; if these have
periods close to each other, they are coupled, and the amplitude of the displacements increases
cycle after cycle. This phenomenon is typical in suspension decks with small curvature and in
suspension bridges. Another example of aeroelastic instability is the case known as "galloping"
(galloping),
subjected to the action of an oblique wind.
1.5 Procedures to evaluate actions generated by wind
By analyzing the records of wind speeds, it has been possible to quantify the spectrum of horizontal
wind speeds with respect to their frequencies. Fig 1.1 (Van der Hoven, 1957) shows a scheme of this
spectrum which represents the variation of the energy content of the wind for each frequency and, in
addition, allows visualizing the frequency intervals with greater or lesser energy content. In this figure,
in the low-frequency macrometeorological interval, an important energetic contribution of the air
movement can be identified, mainly due to the annual cycles of the large-scale climatic variations
(synoptic-scale pressure systems) and the daily cycles;
In this interval, the cyclic repetition frequencies of the winds are too low compared to those of the
vibrations typical of the buildings, for which the possibility of generating important dynamic effects is
unlikely.
(COMMENT5
C.1.4.1 (RJTERIORS FOR WIND DESIGN
interval
interval maaometeora6gloc
Yo
375 horidonadaYo micrometeord6grco(gusts)
Yo
ns
-;- 300fl -\ E.voltage 1YoYo ofenergy
· \ Davenport -----------Yo ------------

150 ' 1
75 Yo
Yo
10·• 10 2 10 1 <'0Yo "he0 1 N "'10"'

0 5l100 1000 cycles/h
"'
10000100010010 "' 1
N "'0.1two8 0.01g80.001 hoursci0
0 0
1 year 4 days 1 day 1 hour 5mlo 1min yes 1 sec
Fig 1.1 Power spectrum of horizontal wind speed, by Van der Hoven, 1957.
138
The contribution that can generate dynamic amplification in the structural response corresponds to the
micrometeorological turbulence (high frequencies of the gusts), since this interval encompasses the
frequencies that the structures present. this interval
spectral depends on the turbulence generated by the topography and roughness of the terrain, the
height above it and the intensity of the flow. The micrometeorological frequency spectrum indicates
the cyclical contributions of gusts with periods between 3 min and tenths of a second (Ghiocel and
Lungu, 1975; Sachs, 1978; Baker, 2007; Kaya et al., 2013; Tamura and Kareem, 2013; Solari, 2017). Based
on the above, it has been established that dynamic amplification problems in structures occur in periods
of the order of one second, since the upper end of the gust period is well above the periods that can be
expected in constructions. common; These concepts have also served to develop criteria for evaluating
the effects of wind on structures.
Regarding the appearance of vortices in the wake that forms on bodies immersed in the flow, these can
appear alternately, depending on the value of the Reynolds number (R,=pv11.11),where p = fluid
density,,,= dynamic viscosity of the fluid, V = fluid velocity and I = characteristic length) (Fig 1.2). This
phenomenon
appears due to the detachment of the boundary layer (area close to the walls of the body in which the
viscous effects are not negligible). Said boundary layer detachment is mainly due to the geometry of
the body, the roughness of the surface, the flow regime of the boundary layer (it can be considered as
laminar flow when Re < 5 x 105) and the adverse gradient of the boundary layer. pressure, among
others.
The detachment of the vortices causes large suctions on the back of bodies exposed to the flow,
especially those with a cylindrical section (Fig 1.2b). This translates, on the one hand, into an additional
drag force in the direction of fluid movement and, on the other hand, the alternating vortices induce
on the body
139
of
140
141
142
(COMMENTARY05
C.1.4.2 DETERMINATION OF THE BASIC DESIGN SPEED, JID
2. DETERMINATION OF THE BASIC DESIGN SPEED, VD
The basic wind design speed is determined by quantitatively evaluating various aspects listed below:
a) Variation of wind speed with respect to height. This variation occurs mainly as a function of
the roughness characteristics of the surrounding terrain.
b) Local effects that the topography of the place induces on the speed of the flow.
c) Probability that a certain speed value will be exceeded in a yearany; this probability is the
inverse of the return period.
The return period, r, is the average time during which a certain speed value can be exceeded. It does
not mean that said speed has an average recurrence
of T al'los, nor that with certainty it was exceeded only once in r arias.
2.1 Terrain categories according to their roughness
Land Categories are defined according to their roughness. Near the surface, the wind encounters
different obstacles in its trajectory, and its turbulence depends on the size, number and geometric
arrangement of them, that is, on the degree of roughness of the terrain. If the obstructions are large
and numerous, the surface is said to be rough; if, on the other hand, the obstructions are small and
widely spaced, then the surface is considered smooth. A rough floor will produce more turbulence in
the wind, while a practically smooth one will not generate turbulence in the lower layers of the
atmosphere. Figs 2.1 to 2.4 show examples of the Land Categories described in Table 2.1 of the Section
onRecommendations.
Wind speed generally increases with height, starting from ground level.
The variation with which it increases depends not only on the roughness conditions of the surrounding
terrain, but also on the short gusts or average wind speeds, that is, speeds associated with different
averaging times.
143
144
145
146
COMMENTS
C.1.4.2 DETERMINATION OF THE BASIC DESIGN SPEED, J/D
ratio between the standard deviation of the mean speed,;:, in km/h, and l at
mean average speed, in km/h, considering a
span of,,seconds; the relation is dimensionless.
This expression is valid for a height of 10 meters, for terrain Category 2 and averaging time ,, = 1 hr. The
turbulence index also varies with height andit depends on the roughness characteristics of the terrain,
such as speed. In the paragraph4.4.1 of theRecommendations Section,the expression to calculate it is
presented.In this way it could be converted, for example, from average hourly speeds (,,= 1 hara) at burst
speeds (,, = 2 to 3 seconds).
If you want to know the burst factor corresponding to different averaging periods, g(t, !1,), you must
proceed as explained below. For example, to determine
the gust factor between the velocities averaged over 3 andfifteenseconds,g(3/15),First, using the
expressions given above, the gust factors for these lapses with respect to time, g(3/3600) and
g(lS/3600), are calculated; finally, the desired gust factor is obtained with the following equation:
"(l_) g(3:00 J
"' fifteen=0 (2.2)
3600
Likewise, Vellozzi and Cohen (1968) present a plot for the gust factor g{r/3600 s) for a Category 2 terrain
and at a height of 10 meters above natural ground level. This plot is based on the results of Durst (1960),
from a statistical analysis of high wind data, and is shown in Fig 2.6. This same fig shows the gust
factorg(,/3600s) proposed by Mackeyeta/.(1970).
On the other hand, it should be noted that gradual changes in roughness may occur in any terrain. For
a speed profile to develop, it is necessary for the wind to travel a certain distance along the same
roughness (Category) of terrain. For this reason, in Table 2.1 of theRecommendations SectionI know
indicate the minimum distances that must be taken into account to properly establish the speed profile.
In the event that these limits are not met, the most unfavorable terrain category will be considered
according to the characteristics of the problem. On the other hand, the possible difference in surface
roughness for the directions of analysis considered should be taken into account. In order to estimate
the change in roughness in a particular direction, analytical procedures such as those recommended in
Melbourne (1981a) may be followed.YWood (1982), alwaysYwhen the results are fully justified. Section
2.3 presents an analytical procedure to consider changes in roughness, which comes from the Australian
code AS/NZS 1170.2 (2011).
147
148
(COMMENTARY05
C.1.4.2 DETERMINATION OF THE BASIC SPEED OF D15ENO, YD
F(v)=uxp [( -
-
wwu-u- )'] (2.4)
Bottom bounded extreme cumulative distribution function (Weibull):
F(i)=I-exp - [( eleven1'-t _r. )'] (2.5)
where
FM distribution function accumulated (FDA) which represents the
probability that the random variable (in this case, wind speed) is less than or
equal to a certain valuedand,,·dimensionless,
s lower limit of the random variable,,,,.
upper limit of the variablerandom ,,, and
\you,11, k shape parameters of the function F(r) that are estimated from the observed data
of the random variable ,-.
The units of the variablesyes,eleven·,IJIYIIthey are of [Length/Time] depending on whether the speeds are
treated in km/h or in m/s, in a homogeneous way. The variable k is dimensionless,
Inthe previous expressions, 11, ,r,k,1J1Yandare function parametersofcumulative distribution (FDA)

and are calculated by means of a least squares fit, and ,, is the variable to fit, which in this case is the
wind speed.
It can be shown that an approximate and reasonable function between the FDA and the return period,
T, in years, considered for obtaining the isotach maps, is the following:
F(v)-_!_ (2.6)
where
T return period,r,e,n years.
The determination of the functions of extremes of the maximum wind speeds that have been registered
until 2015 in the meteorological stations, was carried out by means of an adjustment with the technique
of least squares from equations 2.3 to 2.5. The best fit was selected based on the trend of the data and
the associated coefficient of variation. This methodology is presented in Aguirre and Sanchez (1983},
Aguirre and Sanchez (1986), López et al. (2007, 2008) and Muf'ioz et al. (2017).
149
In order to carry out this statistical analysis of the extreme distributions, it was necessary to update the
!NEEL's own GIC database, which was formed with the maximum monthly gust velocities and their
respective directions. These data were collected mainly from the records of one hundred twenty-two
meteorological stations in Mexico, of which ninety-eight belong to the National Meteorological Service.
MANUAL OE DIVISION OF CIVIL WORKS-
CFEC.1.4 OISENO BY WIND
Ytwenty-four to the Secretary of the Navy. Additionally, for the Caribbean region,
used information from a meteorological station provided by the National Meteorological Service of
BelizeYtwo meteorological stations of the National Institute of Seismology, Volcanology, Meteorology
and Hydrology of Guatemala. In addition, to complement the scarce information on winds in the north
of our country, the information of one hundred and sixtyYthree meteorological stations in the southern
United States of America (below 34° north latitude), obtained from the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the United States of America (USA); of
this information was used only that corresponding to fortyYseven stations located in the southern
United States.
On the other hand, for the statistical analysis, the effects of the hurricanes that occurred on the coasts
of the Gulf of Mexico, the PacificYfrom the Caribbean. To this end, a joint probability analysis was
carried out between the distributions of the synoptic winds (or also called normal)Ythose of hurricanes.
The speed informationYHurricane tracks were also acquired from NOAA (Lopez et al., 2018).
Currently, the !NEEL GIC has a corrected databaseYrefined. Regarding normal winds, the database
covers the period from 1940 to 2015; for winds due to hurricanes it includes, in the Gulf of Mexico, the
period from 1854 to 2015, and in the Pacific from 1949a2015. The global process of probabilistic
analysisYthe fluid-dynamic model used, are described in more detail in L6pez et al. (2008). Information
on the improvements implemented in the estimation of normal windsYof hurricanes, compared to the
previous version of this chapter, can also be found in Lopez et al. {2018).
Also, since topography and roughness conditions, among others, differ from one meteorological station
to another, it was necessary to normalize the speeds recorded on a common basis. The normalization
consisted in referring the wind speeds at a height of 10 meters above ground levelYto a place free of
obstaclesYwith practically flat topography, category type 2, for which these are the characteristics to
which the regional velocities of the isotach maps of subsection 2.2 of theRecommendations
Section.By applying the exposure and topography factors presented in subsections 2.3Y2.4 of
theRecommendations Section,For the calculation of the design speed, the real conditions of the
unplanting site will be considered.
To carry out the normalization of speeds, a database was generated with the necessary information,
which refers to the following points for each meteorological station:
• numerical identification of the observatoryYcoordinates,

• dates corresponding to the different locations of the station,
• dates of changes of the measuring equipment,
• dates of start, stop and, where appropriate, end of equipment operation,
• height of the measuring instrument above ground level,
150
COMMENTS
C.1.4.2 DETERMINATION OF THE DESIGN SPEED 8A51CA, V D
• factors that establish the variations in the roughness of the terrain in the surroundings
of the station, such as the presence of fences, buildings, trees and
vegetation that obstructs wind flow, and
• factors that estimate the effect of site topography.
The regional velocities that are established in the isotach maps provided in section 2.2 of
theRecommendations Section,they may not be strictly applicable to specific localities, located in
regions with little information. On maps, these regions are highlighted by the fact that the
isotaches are widely separated from one another, in which case interpolation between isotach
values should be applied with caution. Likewise, it is possible that at the top of mountainous
areas such as those of the states of Sinaloa, Durango, Sonora and Chihuahua, the velocities
indicated on the maps are lower than those really probable, since in these places there are few
registered data, which is why which is recommended to increase them by 10%. In places where
there are sufficient wind records for statistical treatment, they should be used to estimate design
speeds, applyingfor this, methods such as those used in L6pezet al.(2018). when they haveFor
short periods of speed records, extrapolation methods such as the one mentioned in Rodriguez
(1964) can be used.
2.2.2 Optimum regional speed
As mentioned in subsection 1.3 of this Comments Section, Esteva's (1969 and 1970) optimal
design criteria, proposed for the case of seismic hazard in Mexico, have been applied here to
define wind hazard in terms of the regional velocities associated with return periods for which
the total cost, made up of the initial costs and the costs of losses, is minimal in the event of a
structural collapse. In order to minimize the total cost, an optimization study was carried out,
from which the optimal regional speed maps recommended for the structures of Groups A and
B were obtained. In this way, if in the design of a
If an optimal regional speed is used, in the long run it will result in a lower total cost than would
be the case if another daytime speed is adopted.
The most important aspect in this optimal design formulation is the assumption that both the
expected wind losses and the construction's initial cost depend on a single parameter: the
nominal resistance.ofdesign. This resistance is related, for the case of interest here, to the force
(pressure) of the wind on the exposed area. Therefore, a design speed value is optimal if it
minimizes the sum of the present value of the expected losses due to wind action, plus the initial
construction costs. As a consequence, the optimal values are not associated with a period
fixed return.
151
The total cost, Cr(,·), is then made up of two components: the initial cost, which grows as the
value of the speed adopted for design increases, and the cost of all losses, direct and indirect,
produced by the action. of the wind that may occur in the future, updated to present value, and
is represented by the following equation:
152
153
(COMMENTS
C.1.4.2 DETERMINATION OF THE BASIC DESIGN SPEED, JID
vulnerability to include them formally in the calculation of losses. However, it has been observed that
the use of a more refined model would not provide substantial improvements. Therefore, the
optimization calculations were carried out by determining only relative levels of expected total costs
for structures in different parts of the country.
Considering that, on the one hand, Rosenblueth (1976) assumes that the hazard follows a Poisson
process (extreme events are independent) and that the actualization of! value of money can be
adequately described by an exponential function and that, on the other, Ordaz etto the.(1989) establish
that the cost of structural collapse is not only the cost of construction as such, but also the costs of lost
operational, cultural and social outputs, among others, so that, in general, the cost of losses is greater
than the initial cost of construction, then the cost of expected losses, including direct and indirect
losses, and restated at present value,c,,(,'),can be expressed as:
(2.10)
wherec,Mis defined intheequation 2.8 and:

c,(1•) is the cost of direct and indirect losses that would be incurred in the event of
a structural collapse,
,,(,•)the demand exceedance rate that produces structural collapse when designed for
a wind speedv,Yfl,the net annual discount rate of! value of! money.
YesI knowdefinesthe factorQ-c,(v)YoC(v),as the one that measures the structural importance in terms
of losses -direct and indirect- and of! initial cost of construction, equation 2.10 is expressed as:
(2.11)
where
EITHER-=C1MC,Mlosses factor that measures the -direct and indirect structural importance-
and of! cost in terms of initialofthe
construction, dimensionless,
initial construction cost, given in equation 2.8,demand exceedance rate that
produces structural collapse when designed for a wind speedhe,Ynet annual
discount rate of! value of money.
A common value of the net annual discount rate, /I,, is of the order of 0.05.

C.1.4 OISENO BY
WINDThus, the total cost of equation 2.7 to be optimized is expressed as:
154
C,Mc,=Cc,1(v)(l+(l+Q)/J,J (2.12)
where present, and

C,(v}c, is given by equation 2.9.total cost that integrates the initial cost of
construction plus those due to losses, direct and indirect, restated at value
Determination of optimum speeds
The optimization process described in the previous section was used to determine those whose main
behavior before the action of the wind is in bending. In the case of non-experts in the field. Optimum
wind speeds in the Mexican Republic for flexible structures and having this behavior and being rigid, it
will be necessary to carry out specific studies by
constant regardless of the geographic location of its planting site. Indeed, in this description of the
As a starting point, it is considered that the
optimization process applied to wind hazard there are only
initial cost of a structure remains
differences in the costs of future losses (associated with the value
ofQ,equation
155
2.11), when the same type of structure is maintained. Also, it is assumed that the cost of the losses is
not excessive compared to the value of the building itself. most important structures are essential
structures and whose loss is In general, these are not particularly expensive structures, but their loss is
especially undesirable; meanwhile, common structures are those whose undesirable because the costs
of that are significant. In view of the foregoing, it seems reasonable to consider that the value of
rendering them unusable, or their failure,Qbe is
losses). directly proportional to the importance of the structure (due to the cost of theSubsequently,
the initial cost is determined through an iterative design process.
156
different intensities of the wind, obtained according to the procedures the subsequent designs are
made considering lateral loads calculated for compression, where the first design is obtained without
conventional structural, taking as
considering the effects of the wind, and indicated in
failure criterion flexural stress
theRecommendations Section.
of structure, the importance of its losses (establishing As a next step, the cost of the expected losses is
calculated based on the type of the value of Q) and the danger of exceeding speeds for the site in
question). eolic corresponding to its geographical location (expressed as the rate of
157
2.00
200 i,00
158
2.2.3 Regional speed due to tornadoes
The regional velocities for the design of structures by winds generated by intakes, which are presented
in item 2.2.3 of the Recommendations Section, are associated with a return period of 107 years
recommended by the Commission
Nuclear Regulatory of the United States of America (NRC, for its acronym in English)
(Ramsdell and Rishel, 2007). These speeds were obtained from the frequency of days per year with
favorable conditions for the presence of severe storms and tornadoes, presented by Brookset al.(2003),
along with the recommendations presented by Ramsdell and Rishel (2007). Additional information on
tornado shelter design can be found in ICC 500 (2014) and FEMA P-361 (2015). On the other hand, it
should be noted that the probability of exceeding a given speed, in a desired useful life of the structure,
N, is different from the probability of exceeding said speed in any year. Said probability of exceedance
for a desired useful life period,N,in years, it is calculated with the equation:
P=he-(1-YoYoT)" (2.13)
where
P probability that the wind speed,,.(wind speed, in km/h, with return period,T),is
exceeded at least once in N years, dimensionless,
r return period of thespeed ,., in years, and
N former periodposition or desired useful life of the structure, in years.
From Equation 2.13 it can be seen that, if the useful life period is changed,N,or the return one, r, then
the exceedance probability, P, is modified. Table 2.1 presents values of P for different T and N.
Table 2.1 Probability of exceedance, P (%), according to the return period, T, and the useful life of the
structure, N.
useful life,N Return period, r (aifos)
(years)
10 SW 100 200 400 800 1600 2000
twenty 88.0 33.0 18.0 9.5 2.5 1.2 1.0
30 96.0 45.0 26.0 14.0 7.0 4.0 1.9 1.5
98.0 55.0 33.0 18.0 9.0 5.0 2.5 2.0
fifty 99.0 63.0 39.0 22.0 12.0 6.0 3.0 2.5
100 99.9 87.0 63.0 39.0 22.0 12.0 6.0
159
160
1
of!
of!
161
COMMENTARY05
C.1.4.2 DETERMINATION OF THE BASIC SPEED OE D15ENO, J/ D
2.3.2 Values of parameters re/ated with the Land Category
In order to estimate the values of the parameters related to the roughness of the terrain, a power
variation of the wind speed with respect to height has been taken as a basis, depending on the different
categories of the terrain considered and the period of time. speed averaging. This variation was
deduced from various experimental studies in the world and is used by different international
regulations (AIJ, 2005; NBC, 2015; ASCE/SEI 7, 2016). Other authors such as Deaves and Harris (1978)
and Melbourne (1981b), supported by the hypotheses of general thermodynamics, propose variations
of the logarithmic type, which present a greater complexity for their analysis.
practical application for which they are not included in this chapter.
Table 2.2 shows the parameters that are related to the roughness of the terrain, as well as their values
depending on the Category of the terrain, which have been updated and recommended for this version
of the Wind Design Chapter. In the last column of the same Table 4.2, it is indicated in which section
each of the parameters of interest is defined. The recommended values were determined from the
analysis between the different values proposed in different standards and articles, making adjustments
to said values using the method of least squares. The references used for this were the following:
Davenport, 1960; Sachs, 1978; Venkateswarluet al.,1989; ESDU, 1993; Vilar and Lopez, 1995; Simiu and
Scalan, 1996;
JIA, 2005; BS EN 1991-1-4, 2005; Choi, 2009; ISO4354, 2009; AS/NZS 1170.2, 2011; Holmes, 2015; IS 875,
2015; NBC, 2015; ASCE/SEI 7, 2016.
In the following paragraphs, the relations obtained for the determination of the values of the
parameters in question are presented.
Table 2.2Values of parameters depending on the Category of the terrain.
for meter
land category of RecommendationsSection Incise
1 two 3 4
a 0.061 0.095 0.140 0.192 23
a' 0.10 0.14 0.19 0.26
a0.440.520.610.674.4"ii1.171.000.820.614.2C1,1421,0000.8320.66
823
-;;0.120.170.250.394.48(m)28035041047023z0
(m)0.0010.0200.2001,000
Zo,1,(rn) 1 two s 10 4.4
162
fa
v;
0
163
c,
164
MANUAL OF D15ENO OF 0BRA5 CIVILE5-CFE
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
Inthecalculationofturbulence index,,., the param eters intervened,twentyYz,,.,.The parameter

valuesd,They were calibrated to getarepresentative valueofTurbulence index at a height of 10 m above
the ground surface, according to its roughness (Category). The values ofz,..,(BS EN 1991-1-4, 2005)
represent heighton the ground up to which the value of the turbulence index is considered constant.
Finally, the parameter-;;is used for the calculation of the turbulence scale length,L(z,).It should be
notedthatthe for meterciis not associated withaaveraging interval, it only defines the variation of the
scale length with height. The value of a,for each category of land, it was obtained with the equation:
(2.25)
2.3.3 Exposure factor in tropical cyclone regions
Since 1997, GPS sondes have been used to measure overwater wind profiles associated with tropical
cyclones near the hurricane's eyewall (Powell et al. 2003). The probe is launched from a reconnaissance
aircraft at a height of 1.5 to 3 km, until it falls into the sea. However, GPS sondes have not been used
to measure wind profiles over land.
Studies related to wind speed profiles due to tropical cyclones have yielded a wide range of results over
the last decades. In Tamura et al. (2007), it is concluded that there is not enough evidence to use a
profile of tropical cyclones different from that of synoptic winds near the surface, at least up to 500 m
height. However, this is a topic that is still under study by different groups of researchers.
2.4 Topography Factor, FT
In the case of undulating terrain, equations 2.6 to 2.8 of theRecommendations Sectionmay overestimate
the value of the topography factor. In these cases, the heightH,,and the slope of the promontory or
embankment,H,12L.,which are
parameters of the mentioned equations, can be determined by the following steps:
1. Locate the crest of the promontory or embankment.

2. In a promontory or embankment profile, draw several segments of 500 m in horizontal length,
starting from the crest of the promontory or embankment in the direction of the windward
slope and obtain the average slope of each segment□,P,,,,,.(Fig 2.9).
165
H,
166
167
(COMMENTARY05
_ _ mm' km)[ m h1
C.1.4.3In units of! Decimal metric system, MIKS, we have:ANAU515STOMATIC=;:=1P00..=-
60141.2'.:'.5257 -;,-((kg-mkm
h
-,kg) r '-1 =k.::p=0.047N1'.:'. p gEITHER.612_=m(he)'0)(.00
kmk'h=548),0'g (.= (6125--k(m0 -kmg.9.81--z.10 kg'\Yo47('(( - =kmN(3600)-h -(kmh)l O'mmN)he)''-,-

m'')he(= "s" m'km'.)kh (m,-)km)hkg[)''=)'0.047=Pa (kmh )'
168
or droplets of
In the last expression, kgr represents the units of kilogram-force in the system)
density tends to increase locally due to variation produced by the

of the level of rudeness takes
alterations are
into account this change in density, it is recommended to increase the value of
negligible for purposes of practical application; however, the value

particles due to high degrees
169
of contamination, to conditions of aIt is interesting to note that, strictly speaking, the density of!
air varies with height fromMKS but, for ease, the subscript f is generally dropped.that appears in
rain in regions where

the calculation of the dynamic base pressure. YIt also changes if the air mass
contains other strong storms or hurricanes. This trail of dust contains other particles, as is the
case with some codes. If you want to taketemperature change, the value of0.047On the other
170
hand, if it is desired to disregard the variation suffered by the density of the air with
theg,dimensionless, can be calculated with the following simplified equation:
(3.1)
whereh.G=88+h,+2h,, altitude, in m, above sea level of the implantation site.
know the co-construction pressure, the intensity of the speed 3.3The design pressure acting on a
given construction or structure isAccording to their application, the coefficientsobtained through
a factor called the pressure coefficient, CActing pressure on structures, pzrespondent based on the
171
geometry or shape of the yPressure tests are divided into the followingthe turbulence of the wind
flow.p, which allowstypes:
• Pressure coefficients on surfaces, determine the external or internal pressures (thrust or

suction).
• Drag coefficients on a body, determine the drag force on constructions or structural
elements.
• Net pressure coefficients on surfaces, determine the combined effect of thrusts and
suctions to evaluate the resulting forces.
• Coefficientsofforce on bodies, determine the general forces (forces or moments) on a
body.
• Local pressure coefficients on surfaces, determine the peak local effect of pressures in
critical areas of constructions.
3.4 Acting force in structures
The structural response to the action of the wind depends on the dynamic properties of the
construction and can be divided into three different types:
• Static response occurs in structures not sensitive to dynamic effects with natural
frequencies of vibration considerably higher than the range of turbulence frequencies.
• Dynamic response occurs in structures sensitive to dynamic effects, with one or more
natural frequencies within the range of turbulence frequencies.
• Aeroelastic response occurs when the structural response interacts with the generation
of wind loads, producing aeroelastic instability phenomena.
For the purposes of the recommendations, the forces produced by the interaction of the wind
and the structural response, in a given direction, are determined considering the
static or dynamic response.
When considering the static response, the recommendations should be followed.indicated in

subsection 3 of theRecommendations Section.
When the dynamic response is considered, the recommendations indicated in section 4 of

theRecommendations Section.
172
For the case of the aeroelastic response, some general recommendations are given in section 4
and in Appendix 4B of theRecommendations Section.
(COMMENTARY05
3.5 Pressures and forces due to the action of the wind
3.5.1 closed constructions
In the definition of the formulas to calculate wind pressures, a format similar to that of
the Australian standard, AS/NZS 1170.2 (2011), has been followed, which allows the
user to determine when to apply: the local pressure factor, KL, the pressure reduction
by area size, KA, and the suction reduction in porous surfaces, KP; the latter is described
in item 3.5.1.1 of this section. All three factors will default to 1.0.
The pressure coefficient, dimensionless, as indicated in 3.3 of the Recommendations

Section,is defined as the ratio between the measured pressure, 6.p, that is exerted on a
point on a surface normal to the wind flow and the base dynamic pressure, that is:
Cp=P -p"=b,p (3.2)wh, what?
where
pp,=t;.ppressure differential, between the pressure at the point and that of
the free flow of the wind, and
wh, dynamic base pressure, measured at free wind flow.
The pressure coefficient is dimensionless, so the static pressures and the dynamic base
pressure are determined in the same units, commonly Pascals (Pa).
In uniform flow, the value of this coefficient varies mainly with the shape of the
structure and with the characteristics of the flow represented by the Reynolds number,
Re, which is dimensionless and is defined as the ratio between the inertial force of the
wind on the structure and the viscous force that is generated on a surface,
which results in:
(3.3)
where
v flow velocity, in m/s,
characteristic dimension of the structure, in m,
p air density, in kg/m3,
/l dynamic viscosity of air, in Pa.s,Y
=-=-LI kinematic viscosity of air, which has a value of 6 m2/s, for a

1'
temperature of 20°C
173
' p 15x10-
WORKS DESIGN MANUAL (JVILES-CFE
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
The values of the pressure coefficient that are included in the recommendations come, for the
most part, from the AS/NZS 1170.2 (2011) standard and have been defined based on the results
of wind tunnel tests carried out mainly in Australia; Said results were validated by means of a
comparison with the results of tests of the same type carried out in Canada, United States of
America, England, Switzerland.
and Germany.
This section specifies the following types of pressure coefficients related to the shape of the
structure or structural element:
a) External pressure coefficientYinternal pressure coefficient
These coefficients are defined on the surfaces of walls and ceilings of closed
constructions. The pressures obtained when applying them correspond to each of the
surfaces of the structure.
b) Net pressure coefficient
This coefficient makes it possible to obtain the total pressure, that is, it includes the
simultaneous thrust and suction effects on structures such as: isolated roofs (single-pitch
roof, gabled roof, inverted roof and paraboloid-shaped roof), awnings and roofs adjacent
to closed buildings, signs and
low-rise walls, as well as solar panels.
c) drag coefficient
By applying this coefficient, the total pressure is obtained, in the direction of the wind
flow, on a given construction; for example, chimneys, support structures and lattice
towers.
d) force coefficient
It is mainly used in isolated structural elements (angles, structural profiles, etc.) to obtain
the forces in two orthogonal directions defined by the cross-section axes of the element,
the x-axis, Fx, and the y-axis, Fy. Said axes do not necessarily coincide with the direction
of the wind flow.
When values of these coefficients are required for any type or form of construction not
recommended in this section, the designer may use other values from wind tunnel tests or
published in the specialized literature or in international regulations, verifying that these are
consistent with the burst speed considered here and carefully checking that these values have
been
obtained using a suitable criteria for the problem of interest. The criteria of
The designer plays an important role in correctly selecting the coefficient.
174
The pressure coefficients applied to a structure may be different during the stages of its
construction, so it is necessary to take the necessary precautions
COMMENTS
to protect it from adverse conditions. The most common difference is due to the generation of
internal pressures when the structure is partially closed, for example, in cases where it does not
have a complete façade, or in structures formed by frames when the mezzanines have already
been built, but not the walls. This risk should be kept in mind when scheduling construction work,
in order to prevent structural forms vulnerable to wind action from appearing during
construction.
3.5.1.1 External pressures
It has been observed that in constructions with roofs with an inclination angle greater than or
equal to 10°, for the normal wind direction to the ridge, e = 0°, the suctions in the lee wall increase
as the inclination increases. (Table 3.2, fromRecommendations Section).For horizontal roofs and
those with an angle of inclination less than 10°, or where the wind acts in a direction parallel to
the ridge, e = 90°, the pressure on the lee wall is a function of the relationship between the two
horizontal dimensions of the structure.
In Fig 3.2 of theRecommendations Section,the angles of inclination are defined,YYY',for the roofs
of closed constructions according to the directionofwind. The value of these angles is the same,
except in the case of buildings with a hipped roof where it may be different.
Likewise, it has been observed that in constructions in which the wind acts in a direction parallel
to the walls, the magnitude of the suction in the lateral walls decreases as the distance to the
windward wall increases; this is reflected in thevalues from Table 3.3(Recommendations Section).
The pressure coefficients presented in Tables 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 (Recommendations Section)are
related to external wind pressure loads on the wall and roof surfaces of the structures shown.
These coefficients are also associated with the most critical condition for wind normal to
directions orthogonal to the structure (taking into account variations in wind direction from±45°).
Pressure reduction factor per tax area,K,
The pressure reduction factor values per tributary area for roofs and sidewalls given in Table
3.5(Recommendations Section),they are used to correct for peak loads that occur when tributary
areas become large. They also allow to consider the lack of spatial correlation of the pressure
fluctuation in the roofs and in the lateral walls. This reduction factor should be used to calculate
loads on roofs and side walls; both in elements of the main structure and in coatings, their
support elements and fasteners. This factor does not intervene in the design of the windward
and leeward walls, so, in these cases, it will be equal to 1.0. The values indicated in Table 3.5 have
been included in other international standards and were obtained from direct measurements of
MANUAL OE DIVISION OF CIVIL WORKS-
CFEC.1.4 OISENO BY WIND
175
total loads on roofs from wind tunnel tests (Davenportet al.,1977; Holmes and Rains, 1981; Roy and
Holmes, 1981) and full-scale tests (Kim and Mehta, 1977).
local pressure factor,KL

The local pressure factor,K,,It allows taking into account the fact that, in certain small areas, the wind
pressure presents a value notably greater than the average value of the surface under study. By means
of this factor, the maximum instantaneous values that occur in different areas are considered and,
specifically, those of lateral walls near the windward corners and the edges of the roofs and ridges. This
factor is applied to determine the loads only on the sheathing, its supports (such as stringers), and its
fastening systems, so it will be equal to 1.0 when calculating the total loads on the main structure.
The evaluation of wind loads on the coatings and on the elements that support them is a difficult
problem, due to the large number of factors involved, among which are the size of the tributary area
and the coating. It is clear that local loads, especially on roofs, depend sensibly on the direction of the
wind and the geometry of the construction. For example, the local pressure factor, KL, equal to 3.0
(Table 3.6, Recommendations Section) for roof corner regions is due to the high local pressures
observed in small areas in these regions, both in wind tunnel tests , as in actual measurements (Cochran
and Cermak, 1992), and is associated with the generation of conical vortices for oblique wind directions
(Wu et al., 2001; Holmes, 2007) on low roof heights.
Table 3.7 (Recommendations Section) presents the values of local pressure reduction per parapets, Kr,
for local external pressures on flat, or nearly flat, roofs with parapets. Parapets and their effects on flat
roof pressures have been the subject of several wind tunnel studies in the United States of America.
The values in this table are based on data published by Kind (1988) and AS/NZS 1170.2 (2011). Negative
pressures on large roof surfaces can be increased by the presence of a parapet, however, this
effect is not included in this chapter due to limited information.
Pressure factor for coatings and anchors,K,.

The pressure factor for coatings and anchors, K. • , makes it possible to give greater security to these
elements to prevent them from detaching, causing significant losses and damage, especially in
hurricane zones.
Based on an analysis of optimal design criteria carried out for different types of structural systems, it
was concluded that increasing speeds by a factor of 1.22 leads to a design that does not significantly
affect the cost of said systems, however , contributes to reduce the cost due to losses of the
(COMMENTARY05
C.1.4.3ANAU515STOMATIC
content effectively. For this reason, this factor only applies to closed constructions, where the
loss of the contents is substantially higher than the cost of the structure. Since this factor was
integrated in the calculation of the pressures, it is necessary to square it, resulting in
approximately 1.50; this value has been considered to affect external pressures andinteriors.
Because the KN factor is obtained from optimal criteria, when the designer decides to
usetheoptimal analysis approach, the optimal regional velocity,i', u,for the design of anchors and
176
coatings, it will take the value ofYO',,associated with the importance of the structure, for periods
of fixed return.
Negative local pressure reduction factor, for surfaces with coatingsporous in roofs and side
walls, J(p
Another important aspect is the porosity of some coating surfaces. In this case, the external
suction pressures are lower because the flow of air circulating through the pores induces a
negative pressure on the
the inner area of the exposed surface. If the designer deems it necessary to consider this effect,
the reduction of these negative pressures (suctions) is carried out as explained below.
When the solidity ratio, (defined as the quotient between the solid area of a surface and its
total area), of the coverings of a main surface is greater than 0.99, the external negative pressures
(suctions) must be multiplied by the reduction factor, KP, given in Table 3 .1. For all other cases,
Kpes will be considered equal to 1.0. The dimensions of da are shown in Fig 3.1.
Table 3.1 Negative Pressure Reduction Factor, KP, for Surface Zones with
porous coatings.
Horizontal Distancehemeasure to partlr

def windward edge kp
0 to 0.20d, 0.90
0.20d, to 0.40d,0.800.40d, to 0.80d,0.70
0.80d to 1.00d, 0.80
177
178
COMMENTS
allowed in the construction of the structure. For its part, an opening is determined by open windows or
doors. As a reference, the typical permeability of an office complex or a house with all its windows
closed varies between 0.01% and 0.2% of the area of the walls; in industrial and agricultural structures
this permeability can be up to 0.5%. Concrete walls or other material that prevents the passage of air
can be considered waterproof.
Openings have been defined as those areas that can be accurately determined, such as intended or
potential openings formed by doors, windows, air conditioning openings, and roof vents. It is common
to also speak of dominant openings, which should be considered as those that have the greatest
influence on the internal pressures in the building under study.
Frequently,theThe designer wonders whether or not a door or window that normally remains closed
should be considered open in the case of strong winds. For non-cyclonic regions, the criteria to be
followed in this situation have not yet been established, since it depends on the use that will be given
to the structure and whether or not there is protection for the window or door in order to resist the
pressure: 6n direct wind and the possible impacts of materials dragged by it. In cyclone-prone regions,
design for dominant openings of the windward wall is commonly required unless protection is
provided.eitherOur,the damage that could be caused by wind-blown debris as indicated in subsection
3.5.1.3 (Section ofRecommendations).
In some cases, the value of the internal pressure coefficient, Cp;, can be limited or controlled within the
desired values by an appropriate distribution of permeability in walls.Yceilings, or through the
placement of ventilation devices in certain places that result in a pressure coefficient
appropriate. An example of this is the installation of a fan on the ridge of a low-sloped roof, thereby
reducing the uplift force of the roof in any wind direction.
In constructions where internal pressurization is used, this additional pressure must be taken into
account. The manufacturers of the pressurization system must provide the values of the internal
pressure to be considered.
The most critical cases involving internal pressure are usually those with a dominant opening in the
windward wall (condition (a) of Table 3.8(b) ofthe Recommendations Section). A large opening, such as
a curtainopen or missing metal, can produce a value of the internal pressure coefficient equal to that
of the external pressure coefficient of said wall.
Conditions 1 through 3 of Table 3.8(a) (Recommendations Section) specify values of the coefficient of
internal pressure for constructions without intentional openings, or with openings that can be
considered closed during high winds. A case not considered in Table 3.8(a) (Recommendations Section)
is that of permeable roofs. It is suggested that these be treated under condition 2,
CIVIL WORKS DESIGN MANUAL-CFEC.1.4
WIND DESIGN
so that if one or more walls are permeable and the roof is also permeable, and the wind acts normally
on the permeable wall, a value of Cp can be consideredyou= 0.20; if the wind acts perpendicular to the
impermeable wall, it is appropriate to use a value of Cp; = -0.30.
179
For some situations, an important effect on elongated structures with rough surfaces is frictional drag
forces that only when the ratioday/hourod/b of the construction (Fig 3.2 of the Recommendations
Section) is greater than 4,
must be added to the normal forces acting on the side wallsYthe roofs of closed buildings. The frictional
drag force, Fr , in N, acting onthe direction of the wind and parallel to the surface, must be determined
with the equations explained below:
if hsb: FYo=c,,,.wh,b (d-4h)+Cfiwh,:Ch(d-4h) {3.4)Yesh>b: ff=c"q, b (d-

4b)+c,.. q,twoh(d-4b)
where
Cr, force coefficient due to friction in the direction of! wind, dimensionless; is given
comma:
o 0.01 for smooth surfaces without corrugations or ribs, or with them, but
parallel to the direction of the wind,
o 0.02 for surfaces with transverse corrugations atheaddress of! wind, and
o 0.04 for surfaces with ribs transverse to the directionof the wind.
These values will apply to the friction forces acting from a distance from the
windward wall equal to 4ii or 4b, whichever is less. For thedheYostance less than
4 h or 4b, whichever is less, the coefficient of friction,c.,,,will be equal to zero
for any
surface and, therefore, it will not be considered acting friction force;
q, the dynamic base wind pressure, calculated at the reference height h, in Pa,
b the width of the structure, normal to the wind direction, in m,cl the length of
the structure, parallel to the wind direction, in m,
Y
j; the reference height of the building, in m (Fig 3.2, Sectionof Recommendations).
The first term of these two equations represents the frictional force on the roofY,the second, that of
the walls. The terms are given separately to allow the use of different values ofc1,Yq, corresponding to
different surfaces.The value of the force-to-friction coefficient, cfr , depends on. the roughness of the
surface. Hence, on surfaces with ribs or protrusions aligned and
180
COMMENTS
C.1.4.3 ANAUSl5 STATIC
Perpendicular to the wind direction (for example, a sidewall with floor-to-ceiling ribs)
considerably higher forces are generated than over areas withribs parallel to this
same direction.
These frictional drag forces must be distinguished from drag forces arising from a
combination of pressures normal acting on the windward walland lee of buildings.
Finally,frictional drag forces are only significant on surfacesin which the wind flow
joins, and not in the regions of separate flow. In the values of the coefficient of
force due to friction in the direction ofwind,cf ,it is assumedthat the wind flow joins a
distance from the windward wall greater than four times the width of the structure or four
times the reference height of the building,the distance that is less.
3.5.2 Horizontal roof constructions with sloped ends
The pressure coefficients presented in the recommendations section are based on the
assumption that the slopes of the ends are less than 10th. However, the pressure
coefficients for the roof will be selected from theTable 3.4 (Recommendations section)
considering the wind direction and the area to be analyzed (windward deck,
leeward deck, transverse deck). To determine the pressures on the flat sector of
the roof, the same values should be used for 8 = 0° as for the lee deck and, for e
= 90°, the same values as for the transverse decks.
3.5.3 Buildings with multi-span roofs (r < 60°J

The pressure coefficients presented in the Recommendations Section forconstructions
with multi-span roofs, whose slope is less than 60 °, I knowobtained from
measurements in tune! of wind, as described in the article ofHolmes (1987).
3.5.4 Circular arch roof constructions
To date they continuefew tests have been carried out in wind tunnels for circular arch
roofs. Blessmann (1998) conducted wind tunnel studies on curved roofs over a twenty
year period at the University of Porto Alegre, Brazil. These studies included vaulted
ceilings, and pairs of adjacent buildings with vaulted ceilings. More recent studies
reported in the Australian standard AS/NZS 1170.2 (2011) are based on the
experiments taken to cape by Cheung andto the. (1992) Y Holmes and Paterson
(1993a). These values present more rational values that are the onesset out in section
3.5.4 of the Recommendations Section. The roof surface can be subject to
positive or negative values due to the possible turbulence of the wind flow. It
should be noted that these studies do not take into account
174
DESIGN MANUAL FOR CIVIL WORKS-CFE
C.1.4 DESIGN BY v,rnro
account the effects of turbulence with deformation of the shell, but simplythose due to
static mean action for Reynolds numbers less than 105•
The values of pressure coefficients of circular arch covers that are providedin Table 3.11
of theRecommendations Sectionthey replace those given in the previous version of
this chapter, which were based on the studies carried out by Ng (1983), where it was
considered that the maximum height of roofs supported by walls did not exceed 3
meters. The pressure coefficients of arch coverscircular that are reflected in Table
3.11 of theRecommendations Sectionconsider covers of height-span ratios, rJd, of
0.09, 0.2 and 0.5, supported
by walls with relationships h/r,:,; two for normal wind direction athe ridge. For the
direction of the wind parallel to the ridge, the pressure coefficients are used toroof area of
buildings with a rectangular floor plan (Table 3.4(b)).
The effect of the ratio width, b, and span, d, is considered through the factor (b/d)0-
25 specified in subsection 3.5.4 of theRecommendations Section(for wind direction
normal to the ridge). It should be noted that the recommendations are applicable
when the circular arch roof is at any height above the natural ground level.
In very flexible covers, the designer should take the necessary precautions to make them
suitably rigid, with diaphragms at their edges (edge girders).and in areas where local
buckling effects may occur. Atmospheric fans or lanterns located along the length of
the circular arc deck are also known to have a significant effect on pressures, and a
modification for the distribution of this effect has been provided in Table 3.11
(Section 3.11).Recommendations).
3.5.5 Insulated ceilings
The values of the net pressure coefficients for insulated roofs with one pitch, two
pitchesor inverted are mainly based on the wind tunnel tests described by Gumley
(1981, 1984). The values shown in Tables 3.12 to 3.14 of the Recommendations
Section include some adjustments based on full-scale model tests performed by
Robertson et al. (1985).
3.5.6 All Yd ecks adjacenta• buildingsclosed
The net pressure on an awning when the wind acts in the direction normal to the
supporting wall depends on the ratioH H,(height of the awning above the ground/height
of
building reference) and the ratio hdLc (height of the awning above the ground/widthof the
awning).
ORntoldeither shortsituateeitherfenceaofhe extreme
st.1topdandaaconstructionnits Ta subdued at pressures similar to those of a roof
overhang. On the upper face of the awning there arehigh speeds that produce
important suctions; on the contrary, in the face
175
(COMMENTARY05
C.1.4.3 ANAU515 STATIC
bottom, a stagnation of the flow is generated that causes positive pressures. TheThe
net lifting pressure of the awning is highly dependent on the he/Le ratio.
Wheneitherandhetoldeithersandfoundaplaceeitherandn u111aintermediate zone of the

wall with respect to its height, there is a stagnation of the flow both on its lower face and
on its upper face. In this case, the average net pressure coefficient is low, but the
turbulence produces peak pressures in the directions normal and parallel to the adjacent
wall; furthermore, there is no dependency of the relation h c/L,. An example of the values
of the net pressure coefficient, C, is presented in Fig 3.2. pn, of suction wind (negative)
in awnings and covers
free below adjacent to constructions for 8 = 0° and he/ii =0.50, 0.75 and 1.0.
The information regarding awnings is also applicable to roofs of small stands and other
cantilevered roofs, as long as the dynamic effects are not noticeable. In awnings and
grandstand roofs with spans greater than five meters, the dynamic effects are
considerable, given their great flexibility, so a more detailed dynamic analysis should be
carried out, or taken into account, if applicable, what is stipulated in item 4 Dynamic
Analysis(Recommendations Section).
c,)11
-two.0�----------------
hc/h=1.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0-1----,---..----.-----,-----.-------,
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.53.0
I have
Fig 3.2 Example of net pressure coefficient, Cµn, of (negative) suction wind in canopies
and free decks below adjacent to buildings for h,/h �0.5 (0.50, 0.75 and 1.0) and 0 = oo.
3.5.7 cantilever roofs
Item 3.5.7(Recommendations Section)provides design loads on acantilever roof

only and rectangular plan, which are based on the work of Killen and Letchford {2001). The
net pressure is linear (trapezoidal) with a value of pv, on the borderfront, and Pv2 on the
trailing edge of the roof. The distributions are effective static loads that take into account
imperfect correlations between pressure fluctuations across the roof and at the top and
bottom surfaces. The pressure magnitudes in Table 3.17 (Recommendations
Section)have been determined so that
176
C.1.4 DESIGN BY v,rnro
match the measured shear force and bending moment at the cantilever support point.
When the roof damage is greater than 15 m, in addition to the aerodynamic effects of
shape, it should be considered that dynamic effects may occur, which are considered
through the dimensionless vertical dynamic response factor, Cdv, given by equation
3.10.{Recommendations Section),which is derived from studies reported by Melbourne
(1995). When considering the factorCD-,a distribution is obtainedequivalent static load.
The response of cantilevered roofs with large dares depends on the dynamic response
to the action of the! wind and this response can be approximated by the modal
frequency in the first mode. This depends on the boundary conditions at the supporting
edge and a substantial reduction in load can be achieved if edge slots are applied. The
dependence on mass and damping is not seen as high as in other structural systems
where the dynamic response influences.
The values of the pressure coefficients presented in section 3.5, 7 {Recommendations

Section)are specific to a cantilevered roof, i.e. roofs supported along one side and
should not be used for roofs with other systemssupport structures, since the critical
pressure distributions that cause response peaks will be different. covered in this
chapter.
3.5.8 Isolated signs and walls
The pressure coefficients for signs and isolated walls given are from wind tunnel studies
carried out in Australia by Holmes (1986), and in the UK by Letchford (1985). Letchford
and Holmes (1994) compared and summarized many of these measurements. Later
Gingeret al.(1998) performed additional tests for similar configurations.
The pressures that arise when the wind flow acts parallel to the plane of a sign or wall,
are caused by the effects of turbulence and unstable wind flow; therefore, wind loads
are pressure or suction loads.
If a wall or sign is placed adjacent and at right angles to a building, the net pressure on
it is significantly reduced near the common edge. For this reason, reduced pressures in
the 45° and 90° directions may be used when the length of the adjacent construction is
greater than twice the height of the sign (2h) or that of the wall (2H). Said pressure
reduction will be carried out considering that the values of the coeficYoentity-
dandpress6nnetagivenspairatwoh a4h to 2h to 4h shall apply within distances of 0 to 4h
or 0 to 4h from the windward free end.
177
(COMMENTARY05
C.1.4.3 ANAU515 STATIC
On the other hand, it is common practice to install cyclone mesh above the walls or
fences, which in turn is covered with vine plants or sheets; This fact causes a
considerable increase in the area that is exposed to the wind flow, so in the calculation of
the forces for the design, such a situation must be foreseen. Likewise, if a sign or
isolated wall is built on the roof of a building, the design velocity should be calculated for
that height and the topography factor corresponding to that of a promontory applied.
3.5.9 Silos and cylindrical tanks
The coefficients appearing in section 3.5.9 (Recommendations Section) are based on

wind tunnel tests carried out with high Reynolds numbers by Sabransky (1984),
Sabransky and Melbourne (1987) and by MacDonald et al. (1988, 1990a, 1990b). These
coefficients obtained from wind tunnel tests were validated
comparing them with those obtained by Cook and Redfearn (1980) at real scale. The
coefficient ofexternal pressurec"'. sand got throughaa approachconaa Serie of fourierofsix
terms (equation 3.13 of the Recommendations Section), which achieves
a reasonable radial pressure distribution (Fig 3.3). This coefficient depends on the
relationship between the height and the diameter of the silos or cylindrical tanks, as well
as the roughness of their walls. The coefficient Cpc of Equation 3.13 (Section of
Recommendations)allows estimating the external pressure coefficients for silos and
cylindrical tanks having a height to diameter ratio, h,/b, equal to
1.0. The modification factor, K,, defined in Equation 3.13 (Recommendations Section)
adjusts the basic azimuthal variation for values with a height to diameter ratio, h,/b,
greater or less than 1.0.
On the other hand, if the walls of silos or cylindrical tanks have vertical ribs or their
roughness is important, the variation of c,,,, should
modified, for which it is recommended to consult Ghiocel and Lungu (1975) and Sachs
(1978). The proper estimation of roughness is a fundamental parameter in the design of
silos, tanks, chimneys and cylindrical towers.
178
C
bp 1.0
Direction,-
,....._ofwind'--V'
rhe/b=0..25
-1.0
h,,/b=0.40
-two.0+----�---�---�---�---�-----1
0 30 60 90 120 180
13
Fig 3.3 External pressure coefficient for walls or walls in silos and tankscylindrical for three
ratios of hand/b: 1.0, 0.40 and 0.25.
The loads specified in subsection 3.5.9 (Recommendations Section) apply to insulated

tanks and silos. In some situations, the grouping of these structures can generate
wind loads very different from those indicated. The designer must request the
performance of a specialized study in cases where there are doubts. Grouped silos
spaced more than two diameters apart may be treated as isolated. On the contrary, if
a group of silos have a spacing between them less than 0.1 times the diameter, it can be
treated as asingle structure, and Tables 3.2 to 3.4 can be used. (Recommendations
Section). Intermediate spacing loads can be approximated by linear interpolation.
Spacing limits come from tests by MacDonald et al. (1990).
The failure of silos and empty cylindrical tanks due to buckling, under the pressure exerted
by the wind, is frequent and quite common. The buckling pressures depend on thevalues
of external and internal pressures. Equation 3.14 (Recommendations Section)
comes from integrating equation 3.13 over the surface and height of the silo or
tank.
3.5.10 individual elements
Drag or transverse thrust coefficients for bodies with straight edgesthey normally
only depend on the shape of the body, and can be extrapolated for any size and
wind speed. When the edges are rounded, their force coefficient is a function of
the Reynolds number. In prismatic elements of rectangular section, the drag
coefficient essentially depends on the relationship
179
COMMENTS
C1.4.3ANALYSISSTATIC
of aspect, d/b; hence they are treated in greater detail in Appendix 4A. Values
provided in that appendix are from Delaney and Sorensen (1953), ESDU (1980), Cheung
(1983), and SIA (1991).
Open structures in a single plane
This section contemplates open structures in a single plane, as is the case of

latticework or reinforcement. The effective strength ratio,,Pe,for members whose
cross section is circular was derived from the work of Whitbread (1979), in which
Carry out experiments for critical and supercritical flow. The drag coefficient
equation,c,,recommended for this case, comes from studies carried out by
Georgiou and Vickery (1979). Said drag coefficient varies between 1.41 and 1.25 for
values of effective solidity between 0.2 and 0.8, resulting in the lowest value for the
drag coefficient when the effective solidity is higher. This latter case results from the
close proximity of the individual elements influencing to drive more wind flow around
the structure rather than through it, leading to lower drag forces.
multiple open structures
The values of the protection factor, Kc, specified in Table 3.21 (Recommendations
Section) were derived from the corresponding study by Georgiou and Vickery (1979).
3.5.11 Chimneys and support structures
Pressure coefficients are functions of Reynolds number, R, and surface roughness, for
circular and rounded-corner sections (ESDU, 1980; Cheung, 1983). The coefficients
given in Table 3.22 (Recommendations Section) for said sections originate from various
sources. One of these most complete sources is that of the ESDU {1980), in which
values are considered based on wind tunnel tests carried out by Delaney and Sorensen
(1953). In said table, the drag coefficient values for b·Vo less than 4 m2/s (sub-critical
Reynolds numbers) are separated from those with more than 10 m2/s (supercritical
Reynolds numbers). Most structures and structural elements, at design wind speeds,
fall into the latter case.
On the other hand, as indicated in note 4 of Table 3.22(Recommendations

Section),when the surfaces of circular cross sections are not very rough, an expression
is recommended to determine the drag coefficient for values of b•Vo >10 mtwo/s. This
drag coefficient is a function of theproduct of the design speed, Vo, and the average
height of the surface roughness, hr, which is based on and established in the
Australian standard, AS/NZS 1170.2 (2011). This expression is the result of an
adjustment involving the Eurocode data
(BS EN 1991-1-4, 2005), which considers values of h,/b of 10 5, 10-4 and 10-3 and a
kinematic viscosity of air approximately equal to 15 x 10 6 mtwo/s, under normal
atmospheric conditions, for a temperature of 20 °C.
180
OE MANUAL DESIGN OF CIVIL WORKS-CFE
For practical purposes, the determination of pressures on this type of structure can be
done by dividing it into sections. It is recommended to use a minimum of ten layers.
3.5.12 Isolated lattice towers
Some lattice towers can be significantly affected by their dynamic response. Studies on
this response have been carried out by Bayar (1986), ESDU (1987), AS 3995 (1994) and
Holmes (1994, 1996a, 1996b). Other methods
Detailed information is presented in BS 8100 (1986), Tubernakers of Australia (1987) and
AIJ (2005). From the latter, the procedure indicated in item 4 of the Recommendations
Section has been adopted, which considers the aforementioned dynamic effects.
On the other hand, in this chapter, cable-stayed towers are not considered since, in
general, they present a non-linear response, especially under the action of extreme
winds. The International Association of Shells and Spatial Structures (IASSS, 1981) is a
guide to determine the parameters that must be considered for this type of structure.
3.5.13 tee towers/ecommunications and accessories
It is considered as an accessory of a tower, the elements that are subject to the

structural elements of the same, such as the ascent ladder, the guide car, the cables (of
life, signal, power supply, etc. ), excluding antennas of any kind.
In the analysis of this type of structure it is very important to note that when there is a
large number of accessories on one face, as is the case with cables, a notable increase in
the drag coefficients will be obtained, and consequently in the forces. over the tower.
In the case of towers with accessories, in subsection 3.5.13.2 (Recommendations Section) it

is assumed that the drag force of these accessories is defined with respect to the reference
areas, A,, and in the equation provided for t, C.,, the accessory drag coefficient, C,u, is
adjusted according to the section of the tower, A,,, (note that both A. and AN are
independent of wind direction).
In the case of cables, other recommendations can be used to obtain the value of the
additional drag coefficient, t,,C,,,, such as CSA S37 (2013) or ANSI/TIA-222-H (2017) .
When using these recommendations, care must be taken to be consistent with the
recommendations given in the Recommendations Section, for which the value of the
projected effective area (EPA) obtained from the aforementioned codes must be divided
by the area of the members of the facefront of the considered section, AAt, obtaining a
value equivalent to that of 1'.Cat of subsection
3.5.13.2 of the Recommendations Section.
181
COMMENTS
C.1.4,3STATIC ANALYSIS
The expressions for the interference correction factor, K,,,, in subsection 3.5.13.3
(Recommendations Section), are similar to those in the ESDU (1981) and allow for a
reduction in the effective drag force when the tower protects to the fixture and vice versa;
they are probably more accurate in the case where the fixture is located inside the tower,
since they depend on the drag coefficient and the strength of the tower without fixtures and
not on the drag and strength of the components. According to Equations 3.25 to 3.32
(Recommendations Section), the interference correction factors are reduced as the strength
ratio and tower drag coefficient are increased.
In some cases, interference factors greater than unity can be obtained. This occurs
because the wind speed is higher near the accessories, generating higher loads on a part
of the tower, Holmes et al. (1993b).
With respect to the antennas attached to the tower, the parameters for the calculation of
the forces in both UHF antennas and microwave antennas, which are frequently used by
cellular telephony services, are provided. The methods of the recommendations give
reasonable values of the wind forces, although doubts could arise about antennas with
new aerodynamic designs, for which it is recommended that for special cases the
antenna manufacturer be consulted, since they must provide information about the
calculation. of the antennas they design.
More information for the design of telecommunication towers is obtained in ANSI/TIA-

222-G (2005), CSA S37 (2006), ANSI/TIA-222-G-1 (2007), CSA S37 (2013), and
ANSI/TIA-222-G-1 (2007). AUNT-
222-H (2017).
3.5.14 Flags
In subsection 3.5.14(Recommendations Section)an expression is provided to estimate

the pressure coefficient acting normal to the flag surface, when there are dynamic effects
(equation 3.38, Recommendations Section). Studies and experimental tests to estimate the
wind load for the design of this type of flags are scarce. This expression takes into account
the mass per unit area of the flag, the height and length of the flag, as well as the density of
air, and has been adopted from the Australian standard AS/NZS 1170.2 (2011).
3.5.15 wind turbines
Horizontal axis wind turbines are made up of four main parts (Fig 3.4): the rotor, the
nacelle, the support structure and the foundation. The rotor is the part of the wind
turbine that rotates and converts the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical energy.
The elements that compose it are the hub (hub, denomination in English), the blades (or
blades) and the axis. In the gondola (nacelle, denomination in English) the devices for
converting mechanical to electrical energy are placed. At the upper end of the support
structure the gondola is placed. In this way, the support structure
182
C.1.4OISENO BY WIND
It carries the weight of the nacelle and the rotor, and is responsible for transmitting the
loads to the foundation.
.. .
....
Fig 3.4 Profile view of a typical wind turbine.
Generally, wind turbine support structures have a high slenderness ratio and this makes
them sensitive to wind turbulence. In addition, they have natural periods that favor the
occurrence of longitudinal oscillations to the flow of the wind, and sometimes transverse
oscillations may also occur when periodic vortices or eddies appear that interact with
the structure. For the above, the structure has the characteristics of Types 2 and 3
(item 1.4 of theRecommendations Section),whose analysis must be done with a
dynamic method. The complexity of the method will depend on the separation between
the structural and operating frequencies.
Structureof support
When the design wind speed is greater than the maximum operating speed, the
operation of the wind turbine is stopped (stop condition) and the position of the nacelle
and the rotor blades are reoriented to reduce the loads. This stop condition is normally
due to, its events extremescoma the due ahurricanes The influence of these
phenomena can come to govern the design of the structure.
Nacelle and rotor
The effects of the wind on the rotor and the nacelle are very important because they
are transmitted directly as loads on the support structure. In the case of rotor blades,
their shape is designed to produce specific lift effects.
183
(COMMENTARY05
C.1.4.3 ANAU515STOMATIC
and drag resistance. Furthermore, the cross sections of the blades have aerodynamic
shapes that vary along their length, and in some cases, the orientation of the profiles also
changes. Consequently, the procedures for obtaining pressures and forces involve
considering more sophisticated procedures thanare beyond the scope of this chapter.
In the !EC 61400-1 (2005) standard, one of the main standards that regulates the analysis
and design of wind turbines at an international level, design situations are considered to
cover the most critical load cases during start-up, power production, braking, idling
(idling), transportation, assembly, maintenance and during repairs. This specifies the
procedures to be followed.to consider all these situations and load cases. In some
cases, an operating wind speed or range of speeds is provided that must be at
rotor axis height. In others, a wind model is provided that must be built with local
speeds for a specified return period. Some of these models include turbulence
velocities using probabilistic criteria. To take into account the actions due to
extreme winds in Mexico, those recommended in this chapter should be used,
which only apply in para conditions. The wind turbine (including the rotor, nacelle,
support structure and foundation) can be idealized as an inverted pendulum
structure exposed to the action of the wind.
3.5.16 Solar Panels
Solar panels are simple structures, whose aerodynamic behavior is complex,

especially when they form a set of panel systems (Fig 3.5). Said behavior depends
both on geometric parameters and arrangement of panel systems, as of the
characteristics of the wind flow and its angle of incidence.
184
C.1.4DESIGN BYWIND
Set of 5 panel systems
either
1so·
: :e��
�
., panel system
M-r n-r ., n-,r -m=
/1111�1II1li11111l1I LI1 111�1"
270°
ORIIllllllllllllflEllh go•
eheYo 11
Y oll11II111111111
WJlli[WllUl[f[B±[[I
Solar
1ill111 panel
Ofrncxiotl
..(';.. dol
LJ \18'llQ
Fig 3.5 Layout of panel systems for tunnel testing. of wind.
The first studies regarding the aerodynamic behavior of structures with geometric
characteristics similar to solar panel systems were carried out inrectangular plates
inclined to the vertical (Sachs, 1978; Rodriguez, 1974), solar panel systems on
buildings have recently been studied (Wood et al., 2006; Gingeret al.,2011; Caoet
al.,2013; Stathopouloset al.,2014) and on the ground (Xypnitouet al.,2012;
Stathopouloset al.,2014; lopezet al.,2017). However, studies conducted on solar panel
systems show discrepancieseach other (Stathopoulosetto the.,2014).
Due to the recent growth in the implementation of solar panel systems forTo produce
electricity on a small and large scale, in this version of this chapter,
recommendations have been included to determine the pressures acting on this type
of system (item 3.5.16 of the Recommendations Section).
Bread/sso/are supported on the floor
The studies carried outon ground-mounted solar panel arrays are scarce, so
experimental tests were carried out in tunis! of wind with scale models of a set of
five solar panel systems on the ground (Fig 3.5), in order to determine the
distribution of pressures before the wind flow and recommend pressure coefficients
for its design by wind in Mexico. These experiments were carried out in the
Structures and Materials Laboratory of Aita Tecnologia (LemAT), managed by the
FiiDEM Alliance and the Institute of Engineering of the National Autonomous
University of Mexico (II-UNAM).
185
(COMMENTARY05
C.1.4.3 ANA.U5l5 STATIC
The general characteristics of the tests carried out in the wind tunnel are described
below:
a) Instrumentation of solar panels. The geometric scale of the set of solar panel
systems was 1:15, they were instrumented with 62 static pressure sensors, 31 for
each surface (lower and upper), for each panel system. To measure the static and
dynamic reference pressure, a Pitot tube located in the free flow zone is used.
b) Inclination of the panels with respect to the horizontal. The inclination of the solar
panels is of utmost importance, on this depends the level of irradiation that is
captured from the sun during the day; The most suitable position is when the
surface of the solar panel is perpendicular to the sun's rays, this is how greater
energy capture is ensured. In the wind tunnel studies, experiments were carried
out for sets of panel systems with three inclinations: 0°, twenty°and 40°, interval
of inclination where most of the solar energy is captured.
c) Separation between panels. Two separations between panel systems were
studied, corresponding to 222 mm and 111 mm (Fig 3.6).
111 11I111 11 Yo Yo Yo Yo Yo Yo Yo
1657rrm
..........................
1
eleven 1�:L __._J_
� oorrrn
..... Fig 3.6 Measurements of each panel system scale 1:15.
d) Wind speed in the tunnel. Two scaled speeds were used, 9.4 m/s and 21.4 m/s,
which correspond to wind speeds of 116 km/h and 270 km/h, respectively, which
are considered representative of strong wind intensities in Mexico.
e) Terrain types in the wind tunnel. Two types of terrain were considered: flat and
rough, corresponding to categories 1 and 2 of this chapter.
f) Wind directions. 21 wind directions were analyzed: 0 °, 10°, twenty°, 30°, 40°, 45°,
50°, 60°, 70°, 80°, 90°, 100°, 110°, 120°, 130°, 135°, 140°, 150°, 160°, 170°, 180°.
(Fig 3.5).
Data processing
The dimensionless net pressure coefficient for each sensor was determined considering
the pressures measured on the upper and lower surfaces, from the following equation:
186
C.1.4 0ISENO BY WIND
C = ¥1'. , -l'y,,
'"' (3.6)
w
h,
where
c,M average net pressure coefficient, associated with a time
ofaverageddand1 0 min,. dimensionless,
t-.11, pressure measured on the upper face, in
Pa,6.p, pressure measured at the bottom face, in Pa,
andwh, dynamic base wind pressure, in Pa.
The experimental tests in tune! of wind were replicated in numerical models of

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), for the wind directions: 0°, 45°, 90°, 135° and
180°. This made it possible to validate the results obtained experimentally.
For more details of the tests in tune! of wind and in numerical models (CFD), you can
consult !NEEL (2018).
recommendations
The pressure coefficients for design were determined considering the twenty-one
incidence angles tested and based on the procedure established in ISO 4354 (2009). For
the practical application of these coefficients, three zones were defined(two extreme and
one central, Fig 3.28 (Recommendations Section)), for each of the solar panel systems and
the three inclinations studied; likewise, two wind directions were defined, 0° and 180°, which
take into account the effects of! wind envelopes for the intervals from 0° to 45° and from
135° to 180°, respectively. For the 90° direction related to the interval from 50° to 130°, it
turned out that the effects were smaller, so its effects are covered by the 0° and 180°
envelopes. The recommended C;rn values are presented in the Tables
3.29 to 3.31 (Recommendations Section).
Bread/sso/ars supported on inc/inated roofs of buildings
Due to the high increase in solar panel systems on residential buildings, it is vitally
important to know the aerodynamic effects that affect these systems, however, to date
there are still few tests carried out in Tun! of wind for this type of solar panel systems on
buildings. Ginger et al. (2011), Ruscheweyh and Windhovel (2011), Xypnitou et al.
(2012,) and Stathopoulos et al. (2014), have carried out wind tunnel studies on panel
systems on buildings, which include panel systems on pitched roofs of residential
constructions and flat commercial roofs.
The reported values of aerodynamic effects for solar panel systems on residential
buildings with pitched roofs, presented in the Australian standard AS/NZS 1170.2 (2011),
are based on experiments carried out by Ginger
187
(COMMENTS
et al.(2011).These results have been implemented for wind design purposes in this
chapter.
On the other hand, the acting pressures in solar panels with inclination of 15° and 30°,
supported on flat roofs, can be estimated with the help of the values reported for
insulated roofs to a pitch (item 3.5.5, Recommendations Section) or consider what has
been reported by some authors such as Ginger et al. (2011), Ruscheweyh and Windhovel
(2011), and Xypnitou et al. (2012).
3.5.17 tornado shelters
The estimation of pressures on structures due to tornadoes had not been considered in this
chapter due to the low probability of occurrence and the scarce information on these events
in Mexico. However, some buildings may need to be designed to provide a higher level of
protection against tornadoes or to minimize building damage associated with tornadoes rated
on the Fujita Enhanced EF0-EF2 scale (Fujita, 1971; McDonald et al., 2006). ). For example,
one factor to consider whether buildings should be designed to resist tornado wind pressures
or to resist wind debris loads is whether the building should maintain continuity of operations,
for example, emergency operations and hospitals. In section 3.5. 17 (Recommendations
Section) establishes that the static average external pressure coefficient per tornado for low
height structures (for example, shelters), is calculated with equation 3.41 (Recommendations
Section) and is given as the product of the factor of increase of! pressure coefficient for
tornadoes, F�, (Table 3.34, Recommendations Section) and the external pressure coefficient,
CF<, given in section 3.5.1.1 Mishra et al. (2008a, 2008b) indicate that tornado-induced wind
loads differ markedly from loads associated with straight-line atmospheric boundary layer
wind flows. Haan et al. (2010) carried out laboratory investigations in a tornado simulator, in
which they measured wind pressures for a model building with a pitched roof. The results of
this research group show that the external pressures of tornado winds turn out to be
approximately 1.5 times greater on side walls and 2 to 3.2 times greater on roofs, with
respect to the wind pressures that normally occur on these surfaces, while for the windward
and leeward walls they are practically not affected. This increase in tornado wind pressures
on sidewalls and
Roofing applies to low-rise structures such as shelters, where extreme measures are
taken to ensure the integrity of the interior of the building.
188
HANDBOOKOF CIVIL WORKS DIRECTION-CFE
C.1.4WIND DESIGN
4. ANALYSIS DYNAMIC
4.1 Limitations
This procedure allows evaluating the wind loads considering the answer forthe dynamic
interaction between the wind flowYthe structure, particularly those tall
structuresYslim, low dampingYstructural responseessentially linear.
To determine the effects of the wind using the dynamic method, the characteristics
of both the turbulence in the air for the site of interest must be taken into account,
which in turn, is a function of the height above the level of the! I usually Yfrom the
roughness of the surrounding ground surface, such as those of the structure, such
as height, width, vibration frequencyYdamping. It is important to point out that in the
case of
static analysis, the reference height corresponds to ii; For the case of dynamic
analysis,thereference height corresponds toz.(see definitions in Appendix D
Nomenclature of theRecommendations Section).
From various experimental studies, it has been established that a structure

dynamically sensitive to wind will be one whose fundamental period of the first mode
of vibration is greater than 1.0 s or whose slenderness ratio (defined as the ratio
between heightYsmallest dimension in plan) is greater than or equal to 5. Likewise, it
has been proposedYobservedthat the maximum or peak response of the structure,
parallel to the wind flow, can be broken down into two components, a so-called
background response, associated with low frequencies of turbulent flow,Yanother
called resonant response, due to fluctuations in the wind caused by turbulence in the
flowYto the aerodynamic properties of the structure. For this type of structures the
most important contribution is that of the resonant dynamic response.
Davenport (1961) stated that the maximal response or expected peak response, R.,
of a structure with linear behavior, whose deformation is close to that of the
modebending, can be expressed as:
(4.1)
189
(COMMENTARY05
C.1.4.4DYNAMIC ANJUSIS
where
R, average response of the structure,
k, factorpeak of the variable, and
rr, standard deviation of the response.
The units of these parameters will be a function of the effect being studied, be it
speed, displacement, or force.
Likewise, Davenport (1961) defines the relationship between the maximum expected
response (displacement or force) of the structure, in a defined period of time (for
example 10 minutes or 1 hour), and the average response in the same period of time
, as the gust response factor, F., , dimensionless. This is valid for winds
stationary or quasi-stationary such as those generated bystrong winds in temperate
zones or from tropical cyclones, but not from tornadoes or downbursts. Therefore,
this factor can be expressed as:
(4.2)
where
R, maximum response or peak of the structure, dimensionless,
R, mean response of the structure, dimensionless,k,
peak factor of the variable, dimensionless,
or, standard deviation of the response, dimensionless,
a. standard deviation of turbulence, dimensionless,
v average wind speed, in m/s,
32 background response, dimensionless,
Rtwo resonant response, dimensionless, and
YO,(z,)turbulence index, dimensionless, evaluated at the height
ofreference, z,, in m.
This approach provides an approximation of the maximum structural response, k, Y
of its two components, 8twoYRtwo, thewhich depend on the type of structure (Davenport,
1967; Holmes, 2015). These components of the response are represented
graphically in Fig 4.1.
190
Spectrodeanswer it
rSpectrum of
a' wind force
--
backgroun
d
response
"you Frequency, n
Fig4.1 Components of the response, the background response 82 and the resonant R2•
4.2 Determination of the average velocity, V'D
Given that the formulation of the dynamic response has been proposed by various
international codes in terms of the speed associated with an averaging time of 10 minutes,
the effects of the dynamic interaction between the wind flow and the structure
are evaluated from the mean design speed,v;,in m/s For practical ease,
Equation 4.1, presented inRecommendations Section,transforms to regional gust
speed,v,,in km/h, in the speed associated with a time of
10-minute averaging, v�, through the gust factor, g, dimensionless. This gust factor is
included in the exposure factor for mean velocity, F;.,dimensionless, which is
presented below.
4.2..1 Exposure factor for mean velocity, F'rz
The exposure factor for 10-minute average velocities, F�, dimensionless, is:
F,.'. =gb(�10)• (4.3)
where
g gust factor, dimensionless,
ii coefficientroughness scale for the average
speed,dimensionless,
a' exponent of the variation of the mean velocity with
height,dimensionless, and
191
(COMMENTARY05
C.1.4.4 DYNAMIC ANJUSIS
height above the natural ground level, at which it is desired to

know the design speed, in m.
The gust factor, g , allows the velocities associated with an averaging time of 3 seconds
to be transformed into velocities with an averaging time of 10 minutes, it is determined
at a height of 10 m and can be obtained from Fig 2.6 below.
presentsandnandhei n c i s either2.1 of this same Comments Section. From this figure it
gets:
(--
.v [600s)=t.06 (4.4)
g 3600s
g
two.:._ 3600
=
yesYo1
1
fifteen
where
g(
•
600 yesJ= = J.06
Q,?0l
3s 1.51
Therefore, the exposure factor for 10-minute average velocities, Fj, dimensionless, is:
F:..= 0.702 b ( !:..)"'JO (4.6)
4.3 Equivalent static pressure acting on structure, small
The equations4.3.a and 4.3.b of the Recommendations Section determine the equivalent
static pressure exerted on the structures, P.,, considering the
dynamic effects through the gust response factor, F'"'. Since in these equations, the
outside pressure,fl.(for closed structures) and the net pressure,"·
(for open structures), are a function of regional gust velocities, it is necessary to
transform them to pressure values associated with average effects of 10 minutes and
thus consider their fluctuation in the dynamic response.
Therefore, the pressuresQ,Yp.,in Pa, they are divided by the following dimensionless
factor, which transforms these pressures into ten-minute mean effects:
1 +2k,I,(z) =I+two(3.5) I,(z)=[1+7I,(z)] (4.7)
where
k, peak factor of the variable, dimensionless; for practical purposes it
is considered equal to 3.5,
1. Wind turbulence index at the site, dimensionless, and roughness
scaling coefficient for mean speed, dimensionless.
192
C.1.4 DESIGNBY WIND
As a practical matter, the factor (1-7/, (Z)) is applied separately from the factorF..,,so
theP.,,it will always be the sameeithergreater than unity. In the 2008 version of this
chapter, these two factors were considered simultaneously in the amplification factor
dynamic,P,,0, being able result in valuesminorswhatand theunidad.
According to Cook (2007), it is important to note that the gust response factor,F,.,,does
not apply to internal pressures. This is due to the assumption thattheinternal
pressures are considered stationary values that are completely
correlated on the surfaces. Likewise, this factor is only applicable to the pressures and
forces in the longitudinal direction of the wind (windward and leeward). In the
following sections, comments on the gust response factor, F.,, , for different types of
structures are presented.
4.4 Equivalent static force in the direction of the wind,feq,for

The equivalent static force,F.,,is the one that produces the maximum effects or effects
expected peak in structural response, such as moments, axial forces or displacements.
The maximum response is generated by the fluctuating wind load and, as indicated in
section 4.1, it can be evaluated from three components:
a) Medium effect of the wind.

b) Fluctuating quasi-static or background or sub-resonant response.
c) resounding response.
The background component depends on the effects of the load and its fluctuations on the
surfaces of the structure. Likewise, this quasi-static component is caused by gusts with
low frequencies, which do not excite the resonant response of the structure (Fig 4.1).
The resonant component comprises an inertial force due to the mass distribution of the
structure and its vibration frequency.
The burst response factor,F,_,,depends heavily on the properties

dynamics of different types of structures. In the following subsections, comments are
made on this factor for the structures presented in thesection ofRecommendations.
193
(COMMENT5
C.1.4.4 ANJUSISDYNAMIC
4.4.l Burst response factor for prismatic structures
The recommended gust response factor comes from the studies carried out by Solari
(1983a, 1983b, 1983c), and mainly considers that the structure has a uniformly
distributed mass with a predominant response in its fundamental mode of linear vibration
in bending.
With respect to the structural damping values presented in Table 4.3 of the
Recommendations Section, it should be noted that these are lower than those commonly
used for structures subjected to earthquake loads. This is because buildings subject to
wind loads respond essentially elastically, while buildings subject to earthquakes respond
inelastic to design intensities, obtaining higher damping values (ASCE 7, 2016).
Burst response factor for horizontal prismatic structures
For horizontal structures with geometry like the one shown in Fig 4.2, the methodology
described in subsection 4.4.1 of the Section ofrecommendationsto calculate the gust
response factor,F.,,but
considering the frequency and mode of vibration of the horizontal structure, in the
longitudinal direction of the wind.
horizontal structures,such as beams.
the arrow indk: to the direction of the wind.
Fig 4.2 Horizontal prismatic structure (h << b; d << b; yb/h1;, 0.5); it defines
the reference heightz,.
This methodology can also be used for the case of automobile bridges to pedestrian
bridges, as long as their span does not exceed 100 m. In addition, if the bridges are
continuous, suspension, cable-stayed or arched, this methodology does not apply and
194
C.1.4DESIGN BYWIND
It would be necessary to carry out experimental studies in a wind tunnel or analytical

studies todetermine its structural response.
Transverse and torsional vibration effects on buildings
Buildings sensitive to wind turbulence must be checked for longitudinal, transverse

and torsion effects produced by the wind. In fig 4.3, the above three effects are
shown.
Fig 4.3 Wind effects on a building.
Transversal vibrations to the flow of the wind, such as those due to torsion, are
produced mainly by the vortices in the lee; these vibrations are small for low-rise
buildings; however, as the slenderness ratio increases, vortices are generated
with height, increasing the torsional and transversal wind forces. In general, the
response in the transverse direction and in torsion, depend on the increase in
speed more than on the longitudinal response, so that, for high wind speeds, the
transverse response can be greater than the longitudinal one. It is recommended
to estimate the transverse response and torsional torque in buildings with low
damping and low weight. Likewise, In low-rise buildings with low torsional
stiffness or buildings with large eccentricities whose frequencies in translation and
torsion are close to each other, it is also advisable to estimate the loads of! wind
that produce torsion.
There is a large number of references on the subject, among them are: Tallinn
and Ellingwood (1985), Kareem (1985), Tamura etto the.(1996), Irwin (1998),
Kijewski and Kareem (1998), Tamura etto the.(1999), Boggs et al.to the.(2000),
Katsumura etto the.(2001), Katagiriet al.(2002), McNamara and Huang (2002), Shuguoet
al.(2002), Thepmongkorn
195
(COMMENT5
et al.(2002), Xie and Cheng et al. (2002), Young-Moon and Ki-Pyo (2002), Gu and Quan
(2004), and Stathopoulos et al. (2013).
The AS/NZS 1170.2 (2011) code recommends that, for closed rectangular buildings with
a height greater than 70 m, the torsion is evaluated by applying the equivalent static
force in the direction of the wind flow, with an eccentricity of 0.2b with respect to the
geometric center of the building (Fig 4.4). For d/b ratios > 1.5, the torsion is mainly
generated by transverse forces to the wind flow (vortex detachment) and its evaluation
must be carried out by a specialist.
Fig 4.4 Application of the wind force to consider the effect of torsion in rectangular
buildings.
4.4.2 Burst response factor for cylindrical structures
For the case of cylindrical structures, the equations proposed by Solari (1983a, 1983b,
1983c) consider that the structure has a uniformly distributed mass and that its
fundamental mode of vibration is parabolic in bending. It is important to emphasize that
the equations to calculate the gust response factor for this type of structures differ from
those used to calculate the gust response factor for prismatic structures; however, it has
been observed that the calculated value of the burst response factor using either
methodology differs by approximately 5% (BS EN 1991-1-4, 2005).
196
C.1.4 0ISENDBY WIND
4.4.3 Gust response factor for wind turbines
The structural damping ratio values for wind turbine supports presented in Table 4.3 of
theRecommendations Section,they are suggested by the German Construction Institute
(D!Bt, 2004).
Until more precise verified values are available for the aerodynamic damping ratio, it is
permissible to take the values of D!Bt (2004), 0.011 and 0.095, for cylindrical or
prismatic support structures, made of steel andofspecify, respectively.
4.5 Equivalent static force in the direction of the wind, Feq, for lattice towers
4.5.1 Burst response factor for lattice towersfa
This section presents comments on parameters involved in the calculationof the gust
response factor for lattice-type structures, supported directly on the ground, and whose
members have a small section compared to the width of the structure. This
recommended factorRecommendations Sectioncomes from the Japanese code AIJ
(2005). It is worth mentioning that in the American code for telecommunications towers
ANSI/TIA-222-H (2017), an alternative procedure is presented to obtain the burst
response factor, however, in this procedure the corrective factors are not considered by
modal shape and mass variation, so for very tall and flexible towers the maximum
response may be underestimated.
The generalized mass 111,, in kg/m, is determined with the following equation:
m,. = J: 111(2) <df (z) dz (4.8)
where
111(2) mass per unit height of the tower, in kg/m, and
,1,,(z) variation of modal shape with height, dimensionless.
In the procedure presented in these recommendations, it is assumed that the

fundamental mode shape as a function of height, 1 (z),
dimensionless,andnwhereandsand despisethe higher modes of vibrating, is given by:
{4.9)
197
(COMMENTARY05
where
z average height of the tower span, above ground levelnatural, in
m,
1-1 total height of the tower, in m, and
,1_ coefficient that determines the variation of the modal shape with
Considering equations 4.4.8 and 4.4.9, the generalized mass, m,, in kg/m, is:
(4.10)
If the mass per unit height of the tower, m(z), is constant in height, we obtain:
1:or
,,;1 ]H he
·• -,,, H' =-111(2-
) H=�111
ill,=111(z{-) [ --.=111(z)(-) -- (4.11)
' H V,.+L0 H 21.,,,+I 2J.,, +i2,l,. +i
The parameters involved in equations 4.10 and 4.11 were previously defined. The
dimensionless coefficient )., , can be calculated with a least squares fit of the modal
shape of interest, from an analysis model
discreet.
According to Holmes (1994, 1996a, 1996b), if the mass per unit height of the tower,
m(z), in kg/m, is considered to vary with height, the following can be used:
empirical equation:
111(z)=1110 [1-08(*f] (4.12)
where
"'• mass per unit length of the first leg (at the base) of the tower, in
m,
z average height of the tower span, above ground levelnatural, in
rn,
height total ton, in m, and
,1_ coefficient that determines the variation of the modal shape with
For the calculation of the frequency of vibration of the tower, the concentrated mass of
the antennas and the mass due to all the accessories placed on it must be considered.
To roughly estimate the fundamental frequency of the first mode of vibration,eleven,,in
Hz, of a lattice tower, the following equation can be used (Madugufa, 2002):
1500b
no,=�
198
where
b average width of the tower,b�(b"+bJ12, in my
0
H heighttotal of the tower, in m.
If there is a concentrated mass in the structure, due to the antennas, the modified
fundamental frequency of the first mode of vibration,eleven;",in Hz, it can be calculated
with:
(4.14)
(4.15)
where
fundamental frequency of the first mode of vibration, in
Hz,total weight of the tower, in kg, including all accessories,
weight of tower and accessories placed above 5% of tower height,
in l<g,
b average width of the tower, in m, and
width of the base and top of the structure, respectively,defined
in Fig 4.5 of the Recommendations Section, inm.
4.6 Dynamic response of membrane-type insulated roofs
Insulated roofs with one or two pitches of the membrane type are flexible systems
that deform considerably. According to analytical models developed by Takeda et
al.(2014, 2015), there is an increase in the strength of the wind that must be considered
so as not to underestimate the flexible response in this type of roof. This fact has been
considered includingacorrection factor,F.,,dimensionless, which takes
into account thedynamic effect of the flexible roof due to its deformation and the
system ofsupport.
4.7 Dynamic response of conical deformable roofs
Currently there is a large number of diverse architectural forms of tensile roofs formed
by membranes, there are conical, hyperbolic, arches, umbrellas, among others (Lewis,
2003). The geometric design and static behavior of this type of structure can be consulted
in various references such as Buchholdt (1999), Lewis (2003) and Huntington (2004).
However, its dynamic behaviorit is complex.
The initial prestress of the membrane affects the shape of the shell and has an important
effect on the dynamic behavior of this type of structure. The values of the dimensionless
coefficients that are suggested for the calculation of the displacements and the
199
(COMMENTS
C.1.4.4 DYNAMIC ANAUSIS
stresses in conical-shaped covers are taken from Chen et al. (2005), and were obtained in
wind tunnel tests. For other roof shapes, dynamic coefficients can be found in Chen et al.
(2006).
There are numerical techniques that allow quantifying the dynamic effects of wind on
tensile membrane roofs (Rank et al., 2003), however, they are for particular cases. Thus,
it is recommended that the dynamic effects of covers with shapesNoincluded in the
Recommendations Section, are quantified in tests
experimental in a wind tunnel under the supervision of an expert in the fieldeither
using a geometric nonlinear dynamic analysis,step by step in time, with histories
of simulated gust speeds.
4.8 Dynamic response of hyperbolic paraboloid-type covers
The coefficients dand pressurenet, c,,,,, dimensionless, forthe ceilingsisolatedscon

hyperbolic paraboloid shape in Table 4.4 of the Recommendations Section are based on
studies by Pun (1993), Pun and Letchford (1993), Uematsu et al. (2009) andTakeda et
al. (2014, 2015).
Similarly to section 4.6, consider the factor, F,,, dimensionless, to take into
account the dynamic effect of the flexible roof due to roof deformation and to thesupport
system {Takedaetto the.,2014 and 2015).
4.9 Equivalent forces perpendicular to the wind direction, effectof periodic

vortices
Vortex shedding occurs when vortices separate alternately on opposite sides of the
structure. This produces fluctuations which in turn generate a load transverse to the wind
direction. If the frequency of vortex shedding is the same as the transverse frequency of
the structure, significant structural resonance vibrations can occur. Is condition is
presents when the speedofhewindeitherandssamehe
aheaspeedydcriticaladandappearedndand vertices, v�;,, in
m/s Normally, this critical speed occurs with a certain frequency, so it can cause
fatigue of the material of the structure, therefore, it is important to consider the
number of load cycles to which the structure can be exposed.
For the calculation of the conditions of service, the number oftimes the effect of the
design wind is exceeded during a 50-year period, particularly those affected by
fatigue accumulated with efforts from other load sources. For this calculation, see
Holmes (2007) and BS EN 1991-1-4 (2005),
The answerThe vortex shedding-induced response is composed of a broadband

response that can occur when the structure is moving or not, and a narrowband
response caused by wind-load induced motion. 200
MANUAL OE D15ENO OF CIVIL WORKS-CFE
C.1.4 D15ENO BY WIND
Broadband response is normally more important in reinforced concrete structures

and heavy steel structures. The narrow band response is normally more important in
light steel structures.
4.9.1 Critical speed of periodic vortices, Vm,
The recommended values of the Strouhal number for square and circular sections,
which are constant, were adopted from the BS EN 1991-1-4 (2005) code. However,
this number depends on the shape of the cross section in prismatic structures and
on the Reynolds number in cylindrical structures or those with curved surfaces.
Therefore, if a more refined determination is required, it is recommended to evaluate
the Strouhal number through experimental tests.
4.9.2 Forces due to shedding of periodic vortices
Equation 4.46 of theRecommendations Sectionwas adopted from the code of BS EN

1991-1-4 (2005), which can be used for structures with different shapesmanners.
4.9.3 Maximum transverse displacement to wind/f/ow, YE.,,,4,
In the BS EN 1991-1-4 (2005) code, two methods are presented to calculate the
amplitudemaximum of the structureinthe cross direction to the flow of the wind,Y,,in
m. Without
However, it is not possible to compare the results of both methods since they come
frommake different hypotheses, it is also not possible to combine both methods.
The second method is the one that has been recommended for the calculation of
transverse displacements due to vibration in that direction since, from different
comparisons of examples, it turned out to be the most rational. This method cannot
be applied to groups in line or to coupled cylinders.
Some simplifications for the calculation of the equivalent mass for particular cases,are
presented below.
Laplusa equivalentporuniteddofheongand youd,. m,,andn kg/m,ofhe firstmodeitherdand

vibrate ofthe structure in the analysis direction is given by:
F:111(z);(z)dz (4.16)
,n=
J." ;(z)dz r"

(l
•0 F (z)dz
201
(COMMENTARY05
C.1.4.4 DYNAMIC ANJUSIS
where
111(2.) is the mass per unit length, in kg/m,
hi height or span length of the structure or structural element, in m,
cti,(z) the variation of the modal shape with height, dimensionless, and
111,. the generalized mass of the structure , in kg
For cantilevered structures with varying masses, the equivalent mass per unit length, 111,
in kg/m, can be approximated by the average value of the mass, 111, in kg, over the upper
third of the structure,h,,(Fig 4.5).
--b-- -b- -b
he
H H
Fig 4.5 Geometric parameters for
chimneys.Laplusawidespread , 111,., in kg,s andI evaluatedacon
thenextand equation:
(4.17)
The parameters involved in equation 4.17 and in equations 4.18 to 4.30, were previously
defined in this subsection.
If the mode form of the first mode,ct>,(z) =(�), dimensionless, is linear with height,
then:
'
J:
111, = 111(z) (�) dz (4.18)
202
C.1.4 OISENOBY WIND
J.• (
If the mass per unit height of the building,m{zJ,in kg/m,it isconstant in height:
- z' "
z )' clz=111(z)[- H' m(z )H
111 =m(z) . =m(z)[- ]=- -=-
m,,, ,., (4.19)
-'
]
' 3W, 3H' 3 3
eithe
rH
For the case in which the modal form of the first mode, <1>1 (z), ad1dimensional, is:
(l),(z)=(�)' (4.20)
then:
(4.21)
If the mass per unit height of the building, m(zl, is constant in height:
•H z '
ill =m(z)I z5" H5 m(z)H 111.,,,,
( - ) dz=111(z)[-1 ] =m(z)[-4 ]=--=-- (4.22)
r po H 58 0 5H 55
For the case in which the modal form of the first mode, <D, (z), dimensionless, is:
<D, (z)=sen -
(,Tz)
. (4.23)
2H
The evaluation of the integral, which represents the generalized mass, is obtained as:
J H
111, = 111(z)<l>;·, (z)
either Jeither' m(z) sen-,(!r
2H
-
z) (4.24)
remaining: dz= dz
and 1 (71'Z)]
H
m =m(z) r - [1-co::i - clz=m(z) --- sen -
[Z (71' Z)- (4.25)
' ·'two H 22;r H0
j" ' 111(z)H "'""' (4.26)
1eleven = =
22
For the case of a chimney it is acceptable to

assume:
(4.27)
<l>,(z)=he-co� -
(;rz)
. 2H
The equivalent mass is:

(4.28)
203
(COMMENTARY05
C.1.4.4 DYNAMIC ANAU51S
(4.29)
(4.30)
The mode shape of the first bending mode, (!)1 (z), dimensionless, for buildings, towers and
chimneys embedded in the foundation, can be calculated with:
(4.31)
where
z the height above natural ground level at which it is desired
know the speed, in m,
H the total height of the tower, in m, and
two. the coefficient that determines the variation of the modal shape with
theheight, dimensionless.
The usual values of;.�are:;._-0.6for slim frames without load-bearing walls;).,.-1.0for
buildings structured in the shape of a tube, with central walls and peripheral
columns either columnsslender and braced;;__ �1.5for slim buildings
embedded in the foundation structured by means of central shear walls;
,,;.-1.0 pairasupporting structures and chimneys and.?.. - 2.5for towers ofjealousy
Also,two.can be obtained fromaleast squares fit of the mode shape resulting from the
analysis of a model with discrete masses.
4.9.4 recommendations to reduce them vibrations

due to shedding of periodic vortices
To avoidthe formation of vortices in cylindrical structures, the use of bars or

"spoilers" placed on the upper third of the construction and fastened continuously and
spirally to the outer surface of the cylinder is recommended. If tubes are used, their
diameter must be equal to one twentieth of the diameter of the cylinder and, if they
are metal plates, they must protrude from the surface of the cylinder by one tenth of
its diameter. The thickness of the tube or plate must be at least 10 mm (3/8 inch).In
both cases, three spirals will be placed 120 degrees apart (Fig 4.6); the
passage between each heluce will be five times the diameter of the chimney
for each turn.
Other solutions that can be taken to avoid vortices are:
a) change the diameter of the cylinder to modify its natural period,
204
C.1.4OISENO BY WIND
b) increase the moment of inertia by increasing the thickness of the

cylindersgaps,
c) modify thedamping of the structure by means of other damping systems,
d) change from cylindrical to frustoconical shape, and
e) userestraints or braces; in this case the structural analysis is more
complex.
bar or
"spoilers"
Fig4.6 Arrangement of bars or "spoilers".
In addition to the above measures, tuned (or resonant) solid or liquid masses can also be
used at the top of the stack in order to reduce the effects of alternating vortices. If any of
these devices is used, it must be ensured that their design parameters are such that the
response of interest is reduced to the maximum. The design and analysis of these devices
should be carried out byan expert in the field.
Another aspect that requires attention in the design process is the case of hollow
cylindrical constructions, such as thin-walled steel chimneys, where local vibrations known
as ovalization effects of the section may occur.transverse, which is schematized in Fig
4. 7.
205
(COMMENTS
CT'
/,--,
-- __ Yo
.,,.
" \
¢ Y
(-C D
\ Y
\
'-
\
Yo , o o
Y /
Yo
\ Yo
o
\__')J�
'-
Y
o
address
of the -/
wind
Fig 4. 7 Effect of ovalization of the cross section of a cylindrical structureslender due to

the effect of alternating vortices.
This problem is eliminated by the use of stiffening or stiffening rings, located at the top of
the chimney and in critical sections. For your design you can usespecific codes such as
CICIND (1999).
4.10 aeroelastic instability
In the literature there is a great variety of aeroelastic phenomena that can occur due
to the interaction of the forces with the elastic response of the structure, the forces of
inertia and forces induced by the wind (Meseguer et al.,2001; Simiuand Miyata, 2006;
Meseguer et al., 2013). Below is a list of aeroelastic phenomena that must be
taken into account in the analysis through experimental tests in a wind tunnel or
through numerical analysis.
a) Shedding of vortices (blogging effect).
Vortex shedding occurs in structures due to boundary layer shedding.

susceptible structuresa East phenomenon are slender structures such as
chimneys, cables and stays. The blocking effectdue to alternating vortex
shedding occurs when the frequency of vortex shedding coincides with the
frequency of the structure. In this situation, the vortex shedding frequency
remains "locked" with the structure frequency, causing large displacements
of the structure, close to those of resonance.
b) Instability due to group effect in neighboring constructions.
For slender buildings with H/D>4 and for chimneys with HID>6.5, in group
arrangements, the effect of turbulence increases the shedding of vortices, which
in turn affect nearby structures; to take this into accountIndeed, a person skilled
in the art should be consulted or experimental tests performed.
206
C.1.4OISENO BY WIND
c) gallop
Galloping is a self-excited vibration of a flexible structure in the mode of

bending transverse to the wind direction. Gallop-prone sectionsare the type:L,
I, U and T. Ice formation on circular sections can make a stable circular
section unstable. Gallop oscillations start at a special speed known as
starting speed,Go",in m/s,
and normally the amplitudes of the movement increase rapidlywhen the wind
speed increases.
d) torsional divergenceY flutter
divergence torsional and flapping occur by the interaction of the wind with the
rotational and vertical movement of a flexible structure. Some structures
susceptible to these aeroelastic phenomena are suspension bridges and signal
posts. Oscillations due to torsional divergence and flapping start ataa speed
criticism knowncomeitherspeedydof divergence,1�,.., andn m/s The
Fig 4.8 exemplifies the interaction of! wind with a structure susceptible to
torsional divergence and flapping problems.
A typical case in the literature of the failure of a structure due to flapping, with
predominantly torsional movement, was the failure of the Tacoma Narrows
Bridge.(Billah and Scanlan, 1991).
Address wind
ofwind direction
\\\\"
(a) (b)
Structure Structure
(Spring indicates (Arrows indicate rotational and vertical
torsional stiffness) movement)
Fig 4.8 Scheme of the interaction of the wind with a structure susceptible
topresent problems of: (a) torsional divergence; (b) flutter.
207
C.1.4 OISENOBY WIND
DESIGN AIDS
APPLICATION EXAMPLE 1: Corrected Exposure Factor, F,,,
I) Description of the problem
It is desired to determine the corrected exposure factor,1-:,,,for heights of 30, 20 and

10 meters, taking into account the variation of the roughness of the terrain of the site
where you want to unplant a building of 30 m Tall. Consider that the land next to the
building is Category 2 and has a length of 3000 meters upwind, as well asthat next to it
there is a Category 3 plot of land, as shown in fig E.1.1.
Distance pram:10 xYo

Address 1200m 600m
of the
..ent ---.--ham
Yo
------------- ___,,_ -2om
Yo Yo
- - --- ----- - - - - - r' "· - -1 0 m
catgorilla 2
----- x,.3 >>2500m..------i�---x , 2 = 3000 m---�-.

fig E.1.1 Land categories upwind of the building.
II) Solution procedure
1) Determination of the average distance
Considering that the structure has a height, h, of 30 m, the average distance,

D,, defined as the greater value between 500 m or 40 h, is 1200 m,
according to section 2.3.1 of theComments Section.
209
DATES OF D15ENO
APUCATION EXAMPLE 1: FACTOR OFCORRECTED EXPOSURE, Fm
2) Calculation of the lag distance, x1
With equation 2.14 of section 2.3.1 of theComments Section,the delay distance

to the total height of the building is obtained:
XJ = 2()(30) =(){)() Ill
3) Terrain categories participating in the average distance.
We have that D• +x; = 1200+600=1800m<3000m. This shows that the

The length of the land immediately to the building, which is Category 2, is
greater than the average distance plus the lag distance (Category 3 land does
not affect the exposure factor), so the exposure factor does not need to be
corrected. and it can be solved for terrain with Category 2, with the equations of
item 2.3 of the Recommendations Section for any height. This way you get:
F',, -1.00 for z = 10m for,

)' 0
=20m
two0
["
(3 0 for z=30m
F" = YO.00he-
10
.
)either.oos
210
C.1.4OISENO BY WIND
APPLICATION EXAMPLE 2: Corrected Exposure Factor, F ,.,c
It is desired to determine the corrected exposure factor, F, at a height of 20 meters,

0 ,.,
taking into account the variation in the roughness of the terrain of the site where a 20-
m-high building is to be erected. Consider that upwind (windward), the
Category of the land immediately to the building is 3, finding later, land withcategories 4
and 2, as shown in Fig E.2.1.
wind Distanceaverage X;
direction ---800 m ------
-< 400 m
20m
---Lm » 2500 m L,= 2000 m-
Fig E.2.1 Land categories upwind of the building.
II) Solution procedure
1) Determination of the average distance
Considering that the structure has a height of 20 m, the average distance,either,,

is 800 m, according to subsection 2.3.1 of the Comments Section.
2) Calculation of lag distances,x1
In accordance with equation 2.14 of subsection 2.3 of the Comments Section,

the lag distances, x,, will be calculated for terrains of differentCategory and it
will be checked if one or more terrain categories influence the average
distance.
211
DATES OF D15ENO
The delay distance is calculated for the height of 20 m, whereby:
X;=20(20)=400 tons
3) Terrain categories participating in the average distance For
Category 3 terrain, we have a new distance:
x,, =L, -X; =500-400 = 100m<800rn(medium distance)
Therefore, the terrain "k" of Category 4 intervenes in the average distancewith:
x,,=800-xt.3=800-100=700m
EentloanSceecs, e6henfadcetoCrmdgandeenxp orsiicois6nyacoqruregloidsotesreredneots

d ci ta
er"mj"inya"rka" s efg uyneenheeinnceisl either two .3u.l1 of the exposure factor; the
in lu AC lc either
terrain "m" does not intervene in the average distance.
NOTE: If terrain "k" were Category 3, then the exposure factor would notwould
undergo any modification and would be calculated as indicated in
subsection
2.3 of theRecommendations Sectionfor any height of the construction
and we would have, for z = 20 m:
20J "0
Fr. =0.832[- =0.91
.
IO
This value is displayed for purposes only.of comparison.
According to section 2.3 of theRecommendations Sectionyou have:
F" = 0.832[- for terrain "j", Category 3, inz =

10 20m
two0 •.Yo.either
] = 0.91
for terrain "k", Category 4, at z =
. [20J-01" 20 m
F,, =o.6 68 o
T = 0.16
Applying equation 2.15 of subsection 2.3.1 of the Comments Section, the

following corrected exposure factor is obtained:
(0.91)(100.00)+(0.76)(700.00) =YOU
F"'=
800.00
212
C.1.4OISENO BY WIND
APPLICATION EXAMPLE 3: Corrected exposure factor, F,.,,
It is desired to determine the corrected exposure factor, F=,for heights 60, 40 and 20m,
taking into account the variation of the roughness of the terrain of the site where it
is desired to unplant a 100-m-high building. Consider that upwind the
Category of immediate land to the building is 4, finding land categories 2 and3 later,
as shown in Fig E.3.1.
100m
address
dalvienlo
Xj
__- _-_- _-_-__--_- _-_-_-_-_-�+_-_ _--+---1�0------1
60m
-- -- ---..J--
I
t---+----4000
--,
I
I
- -
Tfl'l'ei'IQm,, Tearrer.ok,
Cateolia3 c _
. ,
,
L.,-:.-:. 2SOOm
----�---------L1 = 1500� -------------------------------------------- L1::: 1000m
Fig E.3.1 Land categories upwind of the building.
II) Processof solution.
Considering that the structure has a height of 100 m, the average distance, DP, isequal to
4000 m, according to subsection 2.3.1 of the Comments Section.
For h, = z = 60m
1) Calculation of lag distances,xJ
The delay distance, x;, will be calculated according to equation 2.14 of the
Section ofComments,and it will be checked if one or more terrain categories
influence the average distance (Fig E.3.1).
213
DATES OF D15ENO
The delay distance is calculated for a reference height of 60 m (Fig E.3.1), so:
X; =two0(60)=1200,n
2) Terrain categories participating in the average distance
I know havewhatandX;>L1(1200> 1000), byheeitherwhatand andhe land "j"

immediatea he buildingCategory 4, does not influence the calculation of the corrected
exposure factor.
for the ground"k" of Category 2, we have a new length with Category 2:x,,=L,-
(x,-L;)=he500-(J200-1000)=1300m
The remaining length of terrain "k" to cover the average distance is terrainwith
Category 3:
x,, =4000-1300=2700m
So, in summary, we have (Fig 3.1):
xt.4=omx,�=
1300m xt.3
=2700111
According to section 2.3 of theRecommendations Sectionyou have:
for terrain "k", Category 2, at height z

F>< =l.00 ( 60J'·EITHER?' = 60m
_-10
=1.18 for terrain "m", Category 3, at height z
= 60m
According to section 2.3 of theComments Section,the factor ofcorrected exposure,

for z = 60m, is:
(1.18)(l300.00)�(J.07)(2i00.00) =l.l0
F'"= 4000.00
To obtain the exposure factor at 40 m height, a procedure similar to the

previous one is carried out.
214
C.1.4 OISENOBY WIND
Forh; =z=40m
1) Calculation of lag distances, xJ
Calculate the delay distance, x,, according to Equation 2.14 of theComments

Section,and it is checked whether one or more terrain categories influence
the average distance (Fig E.3.1).
x,=20{40)=800m
For terrain "j" of Category 4, we have:
x,,, =l000-800 = 200m
For terrain "k", Category 2, we have:
La length remainingpairacoveredrhea distance average,or,, it would be with land

"m" with Category 3:
Xt.3=4000-200-1500=2300m
So in summary you have:

x,.,=two00
mx,1=150011
1x.,,=2300
m
According to item 2.3 of the Recommendations Section, we have:
40 for terrain "j", Category 4, at height z

F� =0.668( )Ol9l =0.87
I. = 40m
40 )�.09l
Q =1.14
F( =LOO - for terrain "k", Category 2, at height z = 40
� .
IO, m
0
F,,= 0.832
(40� ''° partthe terrain "m", Category 3, at lei alturci
I.Q.J =101
z = 40 m
215
DATES OF D15ENO
According to section 2.3 of theComments Section,the factor ofcorrected exposure,

for z=40m, is:
(0.87)(200.00)+(Ll4)(1500.00)+ (1.01)(2300.00)
F= I.05
r.,
4000.00
Forh,=z=20m
1) Calculation of lag distances, x,
The lag distance, x, is calculated; , according to equation 2.14 of the section of

Comments,and it is checked if one or more terrain categories influence the
average distance (Fig E.3.1).
X; =20(20) =400111
for the ground"j", Category 4, we have:
x,�=LJ -x,:,. =J000-400=600ru
For terrain "k", Category 2, we have:
x,-, = 1500m
The remaining length to cover the average distance, n, is with terrain "m" with
Category 3:
x.,,=4000-600-1500=1900rn
So in summary you have:

x,, =600m
x,_two=1500r
nx,1=1900m
In accordance withsubsection 2.3 of theRecommendations Sectionyou have:

=1.06
F JO
(twenty)either·"'
=0.668 =
216 0.76
r.
10
two0
F" =1.00[ - )0.095
terrain "k",
f Category 1 to 2,
o at the heightz
r = 20m
t
e
r
r
a
i
n
"
j
"
,
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
4
,
a
t
h
e
i
g
h
t
2
0
m
f
o
r
DESIGN MANUAL FORCIVIL WORKS-CFE
C.1.4 OISENOBY WIND
it
2Q)O
F =0.832( - =0.91 for terrain "m", Category 3, at height z = 20
r.
1. 10 m
According to section 2.3 of theComments Section,the corrected exposure factor,

fortwo=20m, is:
(0.i6)(600.00)-,-(1.06)(1500.00) + (0.91)(1900.00) 0.95

F
rrc
4000.00
217
DATES OF D15ENO
APPLICATION EXAMPLE 4: CALCULATION OF WIND PRESSURES ON A LOW-RISE BUILDING
APPLICATION EXAMPLE 4: Calculation of pressures produced by the wind

on a low-rise building.
YO) Description of the problem.
It is desired to obtain the pressures that the wind produces on a building with a regular
floor plan of five levels that has a parapet in the rooftop. The structure is located
withinfrom the coastal zone of Guerrero, in the area of Punta Diamante, Acapulco. In
the wind directions for analysis, 0=0°and 0=90°, you have sea. In Fig E.4.1 the
geometry and dimensions of the building are shown.
The elements of the structural system and its tributary areas are the following.
Structure major
The main structure consists of 5 levels in total, with a mezzanine height of 3.00 m and a
parapet on the roof slab 1.30 m high. The construction is structured with 3 concrete
frames placed every 4.50 m in the short direction of the building and 5equally spaced
frames in the other direction. The building has a fundamental period of the first
mode of vibration, less than one second. The tributary areas for the elementsofthe
main structure and main structural system axes, plan views, are shown in Fig E.4.2
and Fig E.4.3, respectively.
child elements
The secondary elements of the structural system are the studs of the walls and thedeck
stringers (Fig E.4.1). The tributary areas of the amounts are
l.50x600=9.00m' and 0.75x6.00=4.50m', for the intermediate and the perimeter,
respectively. In the case of the stringers, oriented parallel to 9.00 m, the tributary areas
are 1.5Ox9.0O=13.5Om2 and 0.75x9.OO=6.75m', for theintermediate and perimeter,
respectively.
coatings
The structure is covered by glass panels of 1.5Ox3.OO111, so that the areatax that
corresponds to each panel is 4.501112•
218
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
supports
The glass panels are held by four-way "spider" type supports, placed at each corner
of the panel, so the tributary area of the supports is 4x075xl.50=4.50mtwo(Fig
E.4.1).
Fig E.4.1 Geometry and dimensions of the structural system of the building.
219
DATES OF D15ENO
.High� A,o,�b,r,Yl,o
(IJT)
',- �--�---�
lm'i
'-------v----'
2S20
2100
54.00 "00
5400 voo
,o.oo
Yo®
2100
two1.00 ""'
® ®
(a) WALL lb) WALL C AND WALL D
Atta ut>utria
lrrll
'-------v----'�--�------r---- --- ---,
54.00
sooo 506
sooo 1013 10 13 10.13 5116

54.00
ID 13 10'3 10-13
.
1013
,
'""'
10.13 10.13 10.1!1
5.00 S.00 �00 500
® © ® ®
®
®
(c) (d) COVER
MUR08
Fig E.4.2 Tributary areas for the main structural system.
220
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
WALLB. frames
@ ® © ®® main
0
® 180m
4.Sm 0
00
� �
:::. 4.Sm :::.
G) 4.5 million
45MmORr
REITHER A Gate
Fig E.4.3 Axes of the main structural system, plan view.
150 1.50
Panelof Areatax
glass
' Y
__ ./_,
3 00
o
spider lipo
support
300
Upright
Fig E.4.4 Tributary area for the coating support system.
221
DATES OF D15ENO
II) Solution procedure.
In the following, the subsections mentioned refer to theRecommendations

Section,unless otherwise stated.
1) Classification of the structure.
According to its importance, the structure belongs to Group B (item 1.3).
2) Determination of the basic design speed.
The basic design speed depends on several parameters. (subsection 4.2);

theseare calculated as follows.
a. land category.
In Fig E.4.5 the variation of the terrain for the wind directions to be analyzed is
presented, 6=0°and 6=90°. In both directions there is landcorresponding to
Category 1 (Table 2.1). It is assumed that the roughness of the surrounding
terrain is uniform beyond the lengths established in said table, so it is not
necessary to consider gradual changes in relation to this characteristic.
b. region speed.
According to section 2.2, in a return period of 50 years (for structures

belonging to Group B), the regional velocity that corresponds to the site of
displacement is (Appendix 4C, Table C. 1):
V, =l40.70kn1/h
c. Exposure factor.
The exposure factor, Fr., varies as a function of height and terrain category
(item 2.3). For the total height of the building, h -15.00 rn, the value is:
(15.00)0.061
Fr.= 1,142 = 1.17
10
d. topography factor.
The local topography factor iscalculated following what is indicated in

subsection 2.4. The building is located in a zone of promontories according to
Table 2.3.
For the address 6=0°, I know have: H, =122.00m, L. =446.00m Y x, =74.00m

(Fig.E.4.5), therefore we haveorna, relationshipn
0 of H, /ll..,
=0.14.Whereaseithertherelation above, the topography factor is valid (equation
2.7):
222
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
122.00
F =I-'-[ H, ](1-YO X,l)=1-[ ](1-
'
eleven 3.5(2 +L ) L, 3.5(15.00+160.56) _ 642.24
7 .00
1 4 he)=he 18
Pairaaddress 8=90 ° ,you have:H,=it.J.OOm, L,=464.
0 0mand
X,=0.00m(FigE.4.5),p o rheeitherso mucheithersandyou haveandaa
relationshipdandH,/twoL, -0.J he. Whereaseithertherelation above, the
topography factor is valid (equation 2.7):
F, = Yo ...[ H,_](,_YOX,Yo) = •+[ 0 ](,- 10.either oh

3.5(151.004-.0'- 1
0 Yo67.04) 668. 6
)=1.16
m
150
125 Th North
c � Cat.3_�
eir
75
-
o.+
r
fifty �
25
m 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 km
125
100 West East

Cat.3 Cat.1
75
fifty
Wind direction (90•)
25
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 km
Fig E.4.5 Topographic profiles and terrain categories.
e. Basic design speed.
The vceclioocnideasddebaasnicaalisdies doisne: no (subsectiont w o ) ahea

d I will go s
heightallheofhe buildingpaira thetwoRV<•·"'>=(1.18)(1.17)(140.70)=194.25km/h

V0«•90'J =(1.16)(1.17)(140.70)=l90.96km/h
223
AID D£ D1srno
APPLICATION EXAMPLE 4; CALCULATION OF PRESSURES PRODUCED BY THE WIND ON A LOW-RISE BUILDING
3) Dynamic base pressure.
The height above sea level of the implantation site is 104 m {Fig E.4.5). The mean
annual value of daily minimum temperatures is 10.70 °C {Table
C.3 of Appendix 4C). barometric pressure for that height is of 751.68 mm Hg
{Table 3.1). Therefore, the factor G has a value of:
(0.39-2)(751.68)
G I.04
273+10.70
So the base dynamic pressure (item 3.2), at the total height of the buildingfor
each address is:
IJ,<..,,.1 =0.047(1.04)(194.2S)' =1844.39Pa (!88.36kg/mtwo )

q,1...,,.,=0.047(1.04)(190.96)'=1782.44Pa (182.04 kg/neither')
4) Selection of load analysis procedure.
According to Fig 3.4, the total height of the building is H=h = 15 00m;
then,h e ar e l a t i o n s h i p nd ands l e n d e r z
(he.=HYoD)a n d s15.00/9.00=1.67<5. In addition, the building has a
fundamental period of less than 1 second.
Therefore, the structure is Type 1 according to its response to the action of

thewind (item 1.4),with which the load analysis procedure will be the static
analysis (item 3).
5) design pressures
a. internal design pressures
The internal design pressures obtained here will be applicable in the design of
the main structure and of the secondary elements. Assuming that the door of
wall A (Fig E.4.3) is open, the following are presentedcases.
i. Normal wind to wall A (along 9.00 m), 8=0°.
According to Table 3.8(b) of subsection 3.5.1.2, the opening of the door will be
taken as a wall with a dominant opening, since it is greater than 0.5% of the total
area of the door.surface. The ratio between the open area (
2.50><4.00=10.00m') and the area
total openness of the other walls and the roof (0.00 m2) is greater than 6; so,
Cp1=cop,,which, being a windward wall, is equal to 0.80 (Table 3.2). The value
ofK,.,is equal to unlity for being structure major. Thus, when the wind is normal
to wall A, taking the value of the base dynamic pressure for this direction,
224
at reference height, h=fifteen.00m, the internal design pressure is (item 3.5.1.2):
Q, =(0.80)(1.00)(1844.39) =1475.51Pa(150.69kg/ m2)
ii. Wind parallel to wall A {along the 18.00m),8=90°.
Conformand ahea Table 3.8(b) of subsection3 .5.1.2, the opening of the door will be
taken as the wall with the dominant opening, since it is greater than 0.5% of the total
surface area. The ratio between the open area ( 2.fiftyx4.00=1 0 .00mtwo ) Ythe area
total openness of the other walls and the roof ( 0.00mtwo )is greater than 6; so,cp;
=C'p,,which, because it is a lateral wall, is equal to -0.65 (Table 3.3), since the door
is located at a distance, from! windward edge, 9.00 m, which is less than
1h=15.00m. The value of R;., is equal to the unit because it is a structure
major. Thus, when the wind is normal to wall D, taking the value of the base
dynamic pressure for this direction, at the reference height,
h=15.00m, the internal pressureofdesign is (item 3.5.1.2):
P, =(-0.65)(1.00)(1782.44)=-115 8.59 Pa (-118.33 kg/m2)
b. Design pressures for the main structure.
To determine the design pressures of the main structure, the local pressure
factor, KL, and the pressure factor for covers and anchors, Km, will be equal to
unity (item 3.5.1.1). In this subsection, as an example, the pressures on the
horizontal elements of the main structure in the walls and roof elements are
presented, whose tributary areas are shown in fig E.4.2. To determine the
pressures in the vertical elements of the main structure (not shown in this
example), a procedure similar to that of the horiz ontal elements should be
followed.
i. Yieoto normal to wall AC along9 ooml,e-0°,
1. Windward wall {wallA)
For 9=0°, you havewhat c,,. =0.80 (Table 3.2), and the reduction factor per area,
KA, takes the value of the unit (because it is a windward wall). Therefore, the design pressure for the reference
height h=15.00 m, is:
P,= p, - P; =(0.80)(1.00}(l.00)(1.00)(1844.39)-(1475.51) =0.00 Pa (0.00 kg/ ni1)
225
DATES OF D15ENO
APPLICATION EXAMPLE 4: CALCULATION OF WIND PRESSURES ON A LOW -RISE BUILDING
According to item 3.5.1.1, the design pressure for the windward wall varies with
height, so Table E.4.1 shows the pressures for the different heights.
Table E.4.1Design pressures on the windward wall.
Height c,,, K, l/, JJ,=p,-p,

(rn) Pa (kg/rntwo) Pa (kg/rntwo)
0.00 0.80 1.00 1751.03(178.83) -74.69 (-7.63)

3.00 0.80 1.00 1751.03 {178.83) -74.69 (-7.63)
6.00 0.80 1.00 1751.03 {178.83) -74.69 (-7.63)
9.00 0.80 1.00 1751.03 {178.83) -74.69 (-7.63)
12.00 0.80 1.00 1781.88 {181.98) -50.01 (-5.11)
15.00 0.80 1.00 1844.39 (188.36) 0.00 ( 0.00)
2. Leeward wall (wall B)
Paira0=0°, dheb=9.00/18.00 =0.50 <1 , c,,, =-0.50(Table 3.2). Since this wall is
leeward, the area reduction factor, KA, is equal to unity. So, the
design pressure that remains constant with height, being calculated for
theh=15.00 m, is:
p,=p,-p,=(-0.50X1.00)(1.00X1.00)(1844.39)-(1475.51)=-2397.71 Pa (-244.87 kg/rrr)
3. side walls <walls cvpl

According toTable 3.3, for ii=15.00 m, the external pressure coefficient, Cpe, along
the 9.00 m, is:
c.,,. horizontal distance(0.00

-0.65 - 15.00 pm)
The area size reduction factors, K.4, are obtained by interpolating the values
from Table 3.5, for the tributary areas shown in Fig E.4.2(b). With the above, the
design pressures for the
elements of the main structure, calculated with ii= 15.00 rn, are s hown in Table
E.4.2.
226
Table E.4.2 Design pressures for main elements in lateral walls.
Height Area /I, =p,-p;

c,,. K' Pa (kg/m2)
(m) (m2)
0.00 -0.65 13.50 0.98 -2650.39 (-270.68)
3.00 -0.65 27.00 0.90 -2554.48 {-260.88)
6.00 -0.65 27.00 0.90 -2554.48 (-260.88)
9.00 -0.65 27.00 0.90 -2554.48(-260.88)
12.00 -0.65 27.00 0.90 -2554.48 {-260.88)
15.00 -0.65 25.20 0.90 -2554.48 (-260.88)
4. Deck
DandTable 3.4(b), for y=0.°0 <100 and h/cl=l50019.00=l.6, 6the

coefficients ofexternal pressure, c,,., for the cover, vary from according to the
measured distancefrom the top edge of the windward wall, sohave the
following values:
c,,. Horizontal distance

-1.30 -0.60 (0.00 - 7.50 m)
-0.70 -0.30 (7.50 - 9.00m)
Thesareas taxdandthe girders of• hea decksand showin Fig E.4.2(d). For its
part, the reduction factor per area, K.➔ , for the intermediate beams and
for the perimeter beams is equal to unity (Table 3.5). Using these values,
the design pressures for the roof, in the direction of 9.00 m, are shown in
Table E.4.3:
227
DATES OF D15ENO
Table E.4.3 Design pressures on the roof.
Q,/J,-Q,
Axis
Pa (kg/mtwo)
Sectio
n -1.30 -3873.22 (-395.56)
1.00
AB -0.60 -2582.14 (-263.71)
BC
CD
OF -1.30 -3873.22 (-395.56)
0.99
AB -0.60 -2582.14 (-263.71)
BC
t
w
CD
OF [-1.30(0.56)-0. 70(4, 50))/5.06= -0.77 -2895.69 (-295.73)
o
AB [-0.60(0.56)-0.30(4.50)]15.06=-0.33 -2084.16 (-212.85)

BC
3 1.00
CD -1.30 -3873.22 (-395.56)
OF
-0.60 -2582.14 (-263.71)
wow 1-2 1.00 -1.30 -3873.22 (-395.56)
-0.60 -2582.14 (-263.71)
B, C 1-2 0.99 [-1.30(3.94J-0.70(1.12))/5.06=-1.17 -3633.45 (-371.07)
and D [-0.60(3,94)-0.30(1, 12))/5.06-0,53 -2453.04 (-250.52)
wow 23 1.00 [-1.30(7.88)-0. 70(two.25))/10.13- -3633.45 (-371.07)
1.17
(-0.60(7.88)-0.30(2.25))/10.l3-0.53 -2453.03 (-250.52)
B, C 23 0.99
and D
Due to the fact that in this case there are two combinations for each one of the axes, the
designer will have to verify which of them is the most unfavorable for the design of the
roof.
Fig E.4.6(a) and Fig E.4.6(b) show the design pressures for the main structure when the
wind acts normal to wall A, for combination 1 and combination 2, respectively.
228
DESIGN MANUALOF CIVIL WORKS-CFE
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
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Fig E.4.6(a) Design pressures for the systemmain, when the wind is normal to number
A (Roof Case 1).
229
DATES OF D15ENO
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Fig E.4.6(b) Design pressures for the main system, when the wind is normal to wall A
(Roof Case 2).
230
ii. Yientonormal to the wall P Ca along the 1s,oom).8=90°,
1. Windward wall {wall D)
For8=90°, we have that c,.=D 8D (Table 3.2), and the reduction factor for area,
K.,, takes the value of the unit (because it is a windward wall). Therefore, the design
pressure for the reference heighth=15.00111 1it is:
Q,=P,-p, = (0.80)(1.00)(I.00)(1.00)(1782.44)-(-1158.59)=2584.54 Pa (263.96 kg/m two )
According to section 3.5.1.1, the design pressure for the windward wall varies
with height, so Table E.4.4 shows the pressures for the different heights.
Table E.4.4Design pressures on the windward wall.
Height c,, K.◄ </, Q,=f>,,-1',

(m) two)
Pa (kg/m Pa (kg/mtwo)
0.00 0.8D 1.00 1692.14 (172.81) 2512.30 (256.58)
3.00 0.80 1.00 1692.14 (172.81) 2512.30 (256.58)
6.00 0.80 1.00 1692.14 (172.81) 2512.30 (256.58)
9.00 0.80 1.00 1692.14 (172.81) 2512.30 (256.58)
12.00 0.80 1.00 1721.92 (175.86) 2536.13(259.02)
15.00 0.80 1.00 1782.44 (182.04) 2584.54 (263.96)
2. Leeward wall {wall C)
For 8=90°, d/b=lS.00/9.00=2.00, c,,..=---0.30 (Table 3.2 of section 3.5.1.1). Given

Since this wall is leeward, the area reduction factor, K. 4 is equal to unity. Thus, the design
pressure which remains constant with height,
calculating for h=l5.00m, it is:
p,=p,-p,=(-0.30)(1.00)(1.00)(1.00)(1782.44)-(-l 158.59) =623.86Pa(63.72kg/mtwo)
231
DATES OF D15ENO
3. Side walls < Ay walls bl
according to the table3.3, for h = 15.00 m, the external pressure coefficient, c,,,along
the 18.00 m, it varies according to the distance measured from the windward edge of
the wall, taking the value of:
Cpe horizontal distance
-0.65 (0.00 - 15.00m)

-0.50 (15.00 - 18.00 m)
The area size reduction factors, K A, are obtained by interpolating the values in Table 3.5, for the
tributary areas shown in Fig E.4.2. With the above, the design pressures for the wall A for all heights,
calculated with h = 1s.00111, are shown in Fig.
Table E.4.5.
Table E.4.5Pressures on the lateral wall A.
Heigh Area K_, P,=p, -p;

t (m) CYO" (m2) Pa (kg/m')
0.00 21.00 0.93 114.26 (11.63)
3.00 50.00 0.87 181.63 (18.55)
6.00 54.00 0.86 192.86 (19.70)

[-0.65(15.00)-0.50(3.00)]/18.00--0. 63
9.00 54.00 0.86 192.86 (19.70}
12.00 54.00 0.86 192.86 (19.70}
15.00 50.40 0.87 181.63 (18.55)
Given the symmetry of the construction, for this wind direction, the pressures in
wall B are equal to those in wall A, except in the area corresponding to the door
due to the different tributary areas (Fig E.4.2(c)) . Design pressures for wall B are
shown in Table E.4.6.
232
C.1.4 DESIGN P0RWIND0
Table E.4.6Prit isYoones. andnandhemureither sideb.
Height C,. Area fl,=/1.-/1,

K,
(m) (m2) Pa (kg/m two)
0.00 27.00 0.90 147.95 (15.11)
3.00 54.00 0.86 192.86 (19.70)
6.0054.00 0.86 192.86 (19.70)

1-0.65(15.00)-0.50(3 .00))118. 00=-0. 63
9.00 54.00 0.86 192.86 (19.70)
12.00 54.00 0.86 192.86 (19.70)
15.00 50.40 0.87 181.63 (18.55)
4. Deck
From Table 3.4(b), for y=0.0° < 10° and h/d=15.00l18.00=0.83, the pressure
coefficients Exterior, c,,,.,pairaheacoveredamustntween, varyingdand
agreement a
the distance measured from the upper edge of the windward wall, so the
following values are obtained:
c Horizontal distance
,.,
-1.17 -0.53 (0.00- 7.50 m)

-0. 77 -0.33 (7.50 - 15.00 m)
-0.63 -0.20 (15.00 - 18.00 m)
Thestributary areas of the beams of, heacover are shown in Fig E.4.2(d). For its
part, the reduction factor per area, K A, for the intermediate girders andfor the
perimeter ones it is equal to the unit (Table 3. 5). when employing these
values,the design pressures for the roof, in the direction of the wind parallel to
the
18.00 m are shown in Table E.4.7.
Due to the fact that in this case there are two combinations for each one of the
axes, the designer will have to verify which of them is the most unfavorable for
the design of the roof.
Fig E.4.7(a) and Fig E.4.7(b) show the design pressures for the main structure
when the wind acts normal to wall D.
233
DATES OF D15ENO
Table E.4.7Design pressures on the cover,
Axis Section K' c"' Q,-Q,-Q,

Pa (kg/mtwo)
1- 2 -1.16 -909.04 (-92.84)

AND 1.00
23 -0.53 213.90 ( 21.85)
-1.16 -909.04 (-92.84)

1-
D two 1.00
-0.53 213.90 ( 21.85}
23
[-1.16(0.56)-0.77(9.57)]/10.13=-0.79 -249.54 (-25.48)

1 -two
C 1.00
23 [-0.53(0.56)-0.33(9.57)]110.13-0.34 552.56 { 56.44}
1-2 [-0.77(9. 57)-0.63(0.56)]110.13=-0.76 -196.06 (-20.02)

1.00
23 [-0.33(9.57)-0.20(0.56))/10.13=-0.32 588.21 {60.08}
1-2 1.00 -0.6335.65 (3.64}
23 -0.20 802.10 (81.92}
1Y -1.16-909.04 (-92.84)
OF 1.00
3 -0.53 213.90 ( 21.85)
-1.16 -909.04 (-92.84)
OF 1.00
-0.53 213.90 { 21.85)
1Y [-1.16(3.94)-0.77(1.12))/5.06=-1.07 -784.62(-76.45)
3 CD 1.00 [-0.53(3.94)-0.33(1.12))/5.06=-0.49 285.19 (29.13)
[-1.16(7.88)-0.77(two.25))/10.13=-1.07 -748.62 (-76.45}
two
CD 1.00 [-0.53(7.88)-0.33(2.25))/10.13=-0.49 285.19 (29.13}
1Y -0.77 -213.89 (-21.84}

3 BC 1.00 -0.33 570.38 (58.26)
-0.77-213.89 (-21.84)
two
BC 1.00 -0.33 570.38 (58.26)
1Y [-0.77(1.12)-0.63(3.94))/5.06=-0.66 -17.82 (-1.82)
3 [-0.33(1.12)-0.20(3.94)Y5.06=-0.23 748.63 (76.46)
AB 1.00
[-0.77(2.25)-0.63(7.88)]110.13=-0.66 -17.8two (-1.82)
[-0.33(2.25)-0.20(7.88)]/10.13=-0.23 748.63 (76.46)
AB 1.00
2. 3. 4
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
" '°A
•• � he
.,..,.,
two584 623'6 181.83 18UIJ
.M(263. (63 72) (18.56}
96)
2538 e23 192.86 192.86

13('5!Ul ae:(63, (19.70)
2) 721
2512 3(1 '52386 192.86 192..86

(256511) (6372 (1970] (1970)
:)
21512.30 e23.86 192.86 19:2116

(256,581 {'13.72) (1'70} (1'.1!1}
2512 30 623.M 181.8! 192.86

(256.58) (63.72 (ie5S) (19.1!1)
)
114.26
(11.67)
- he 147JIS
(15.11)
Q) <iJ Ql
PY...,
' '
-1?112 -21:1.89 .,..a.02 -909.62
(-1.821 r-2t&4l (,-76.45) (-92841
<D '' /'-
'
/
/'
/
/ '- ;
' /
' / ' / ' /
/
<-�:o� 'v
/
''
-9090 il
(J.64) )<
' (·,..EIT (·11<0<;,>(
/
'
/ HER;,
'
"-
'
/-21389' /-74$62 /.gog_a,
/
'
-17.82
Yo / '/
''
(·twent (·1MO) (·9'841
'-/
'
/
'
y-
/'-. /
'
one84) /' /
'
/ / / '- /
(•1.82) '/ / / /
'5.8S
ru•1 ><
''
0 196.oe'
(20.02) ;,<..
'
�24954,
(-25.46) A
'' ;:•:,"'
YO/
/ -11.82
(-1.82)
,.,
/
/ -
(-21,841
21:1.89
' '-
/
/
-i''3.62
(-18.45)
,Yo
/ '-
/ .!l()Q.82
t-112.&I)
'
'·
Y
O
/ Cobio,"'©
©
Fig E.4. 7(a) design pressures for main System, when the wind is normal to wall D
(Roof Case 1).
235
DATES OF D15ENO
., ,, ,
Monkey M\.1.05
M0o'Jtl'l�1�-----� ---------------- ---<-·
"4..OU A
my,,ro '-
c
'""YO
two584b 621Jl8 1 8 1 83 18163
!(263. (6.J.72} (Yoyes.5-S) (18.�5}
96}
,.,_,.
.
621116 19'.lJ!G
..
two 536 1 (M.72) (19.70') (19.70)
( :two5;).0 t
3
wo)
621
..(63.7.
..,
(19.70}
,.,_
(19.70)
z)
?M2.30
""'·""
.
1112."6 1"2.'6
(1970) (19.70)
(G3?2)
1(��58125tl30het
(
181 83 ,.,_
(18.») (18.10}
wo Mtwo
two55 lm 1-47.95
114.26
1123.M
.3D
he
2512.30
(250.58} (03.12} (15.11}
© © @ @ [lt,67}
CD (
""
� Y
o)
''
(78.◄f!) (...twen (20.1"1 (2136)
' '
'' '' ,
7C-8.63 570.38
ty) 2Mt9 213 90
/' Y
'' /
' / o
/ /
/ / / /
:.;1, ' (:!;/'',( ''
213.90
' '
{.!Ill�� '>(
' ' '/

:.:,Y
)< / / 21390
/748.83 / �10..38 / 213.90
'
/285.19 {21.85)
'
/' '
/ (78.�) / (�) (29.13} "\/ {21.M)
Y
O '' /
/'\
' /
/'\
' / /
/
' / / 1 '
/
'' ' '

�2� 552.U'/
/
(eo.o•;-"-
/ '' (e&A◄) .X..
/
f2 1�� )(,
/ '
'
21390
(21,851
Y
o
/ 7'lU3
(713.ACI!
"" / e10.u
(,..26) Y
o
/ 286..19
,/
/213.90
(21.86)
'
© cu....... ©
figureE . 4 . 7 F i g (b)design pressures for, the system major, whenandhewindeitheris

normal to wall D (Case of Ceiling two).
236
c. Calculation of the design pressures for the secondary elements of the

structure.
Next, the different zones, distances and affected areas are established in a
general way to consider local effects. In Application Example 6, a case is
described in more detail about this analysis.
i. Wind normal to wall A {along 9.00 m}. 8=0°.
Due to the fact that the secondary elements of the construction are those on
which the panels (coverings) will be fixed, it is necessary to take into account the
effect of local pressures according to section 3.5.1.1. From Fig 3.4, we have that:
. _ _ _ . J< 0.2b =0.2(18.00) = 3.60 m
, 1 -0.2d- 0 2(9.00) - 1.80 m -
•
0
] <h=15.00111
1. Windward wall uprights (wall A)
Dandagreedeither with thetablea3.6(MBAl wall), the local pressure

factor,K,_ ,andsSamea 1.50; ofTable 3.2,c,•. =0.80 , Y andhe factor of
reductionporarea, K,,, SoWhat
the pressure factor for coatings and anchors, K,..., take the value of the
Unit. Therefore, the local design pressure of the studs, for an area of affectation,
A1,less than or equal to0.25ao'=0.25(1.80)1=0.81 m'for different
heights are shown in Table E.4.8 (item 3.5.1).
Table E.4.8Local design pressures on the windward wall.
Height Q, =p,-p,
(m)
c,,. K_1 K, K,u
wh,
Pa Pa (kg/mtwo)
(kg/mtwo)
0.00 0.80 1.00 1.50 1.00 1751.03 (178.83) 625.73 (63.91)
3.00 0.80 1.00 1.50 1.00 1751.03 (178.83) 625.73 (63.91)
6.00 0.80 1.00 1.50 1.00 1751.03 (178.83) 625.73 (63.91)
9.00 0.80 1.00 1.50 1.00 1751.03 (178.83) 625.73 (63.91)
12.00 0.80 1.00 1.50 1.00 1781.88 (181.98) 662.75 (67.69)
15.00 0.80 1.00 1.50 1.00 1844.39 (188.36) 737.76 (75.34)
237
DATES OF D15ENO
If the tributary area of the secondary element is greater than the affected area,
A1, the remaining area must be evaluated for Ki = 1.00 (Table E.4.9).
Height c,... K, K,. wh, Q, - YO'< -1>,

(m) Pa (kg/m') Pa (kg/mtwo)
Khe
0.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 1751.03 (178.83) -74.69 (-7.63)
3.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 1751.03 (178.83) -74.69 (-7.63)
6.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 1751.03 (178.83) -74.69 (-7.63)
9.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 1751.03 (178.83) -74.69 (-7.63)
12.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 1781.88 (181.98) -50.01 (-5.11)
15.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 1844.39 (188.36) 0.00 ( 0.00)
Another condition that must be evaluated is to considerK,=1.00,for the whole

areatributary of the amounts, whose pressures will be equal to those of Table
E.4.9.
2. amounts of! lee wall {wall Bl
ANDnandhe casedanditsuprightsdandits Tand Wallwe have that c;,, =-0.50; In

addition, since this wall is leeward, the area reduction factor, K, the local
pressure factor, KL, as well as the pressure factor for coatings and anchors,
K,.., are equal to unity. Thus, the local design pressure, which remainsconstant
with the height calculated for Li= 15.00 m, is:
p, =p,-p, =(-0.50X1.00)(1.00)(1.00)(1844.39)-(1475.51)=-2397.71Pa (-244.87kg/rrr)
debgone awhatandneither there are restrictionsandnhow mucheitheraheareadand

affectation,At, ispressuremust be applied throughout the tax area corresponding
to these amounts.
3. Studs of the lateral walls (Cy Dl walls
To calculate the local design pressures of these elements, we obtain, from Table
3.3, with q, calculated at height h=l5.00m, the external pressure coefficient in
the direction of 9.00 m, is:
238
Zipand horizontal distance

-0.65 {0.00 - 9.00m)
The factorreduction by area size, K�, are obtained from Table

3.5. For the tax areas of the amounts, which are less than 10.00m2, this value is
equal to the unit.
According to Table 3.6 and what is specified in subsection 3.5.1.1, for a

ratio h/D= 15.00/9.00 = 1.66, which is greater than 1.00, the local
pressure factors that must be used take values of 1.50 , 2.00 and 3.00, of
according to its distance from the windward edge. Thus, with the pressure
factor for coatings and anchors, Kro, equal to unity for not being a coating or
anchor,t h e spressslocalsdanddesigneither
Yitssare a sdanda f f e c t a t i o n ,Ar,p a i r a the lateral uprights are shown in Table
E.4.10:
Table E.4.10Local design pressures in the lateral walls.
Distance fromWall Ar KA P, = P, -p,

C
"' KN
Kwindward(m)
L
(m2) Pa (kg/m2)
From o.oo to 0.90 0.81 -0.65 1.00 3.00 1.00 -5072.07 (-517.99)
From 0.00 to 1.80 3.24 -0.65 1.00 2.00 1.00 -3873.22 (-395.56)
From 1.80 to 9.00 0.81 -0.65 1.00 1.50 1.00 -3273.79 (-334.34)
However, the tributary area of the amounts is greater than the affected
area, so the previous pressure is applicable only in an area of
0.25a�=0.8hem1 6 to�=3.two4m'.depending on the case (Table 3.6). For the tax area
remaining is taken local design pressure calculated by the value of KL = 1.00.
Thus, the local design pressure for this remaining area is:
p, =p,-p, = (-D.65)(1.00)(1.00)(1.00)(1844.39)-(1475.51) = -2674.36 Pa (-273.12 kg/m2)
Another condition that must be evaluated is to consider KL = 1.00, for the entire
tributary area of the amounts, whose pressure will be equal to the previous
expression.
4. deck stringers
To calculate the local design pressures of the stringers, which are calculated
withwh, calculated at heightii=15.00 m, you have,ofTable 3.4(b), forY= oo•<1 o•
and ii ID=15.00/9oo = 1.66, the external pressure coefficients,c,,.,
239
DATES OF D15ENO
which vary according to the distance measured from the upper edge of the
windward wall, so they have the following values:
C,,. horizontal distance
-1.30-0.60 {0.00 - 7.50 m)
-0.70-0.30 (7.50 - 9.00 m)
For its part, the reduction factor per area, K A, for the intermediate rails is 0.98
and for the perimeter ones it is equal to unity (Table 3.5).
For roofs withY=0.0° <10° ,According to Table 3.6, there are three zones
ofreduction for local effects, CBCJ withK,=J.oo,CBAJ with K,=t.50and CBA2 with
Khe- 2.00,each with an affected area, A1, and a proximityto theown edge. If the
tributary area of the stringer is greater than the affected area, A1, the
arearemainingshould be evaluated forKhe�1.00.
Because the building has a parapet of 1.30 m in the highest part, the values of
Kt. can be modified by the reduction factor for parapets,K,. According to Table 3.7
for h=15.00s25.00ma n d hevalue of
interpolated fromK,is worth 0.89 forh,=1.30=0.087b.
In accordance with the above, the design pressures in the roof stringers with KL
zones, at the corner, for the 9.00 m direction are shown in Table E.4.11. For
stringers outside the K zone Lin the corner, they show in Table E.4.12.
240
Table E.4.11Local design pressures on the roof.
Tlpodand Dlstancla in c,�

crossbar the crossbar
K , KL Q,=P,-P;
Pa (kg/m2)
(m)
1.00 -1.30 1.00 -3873.22 (-395.56)
0.00 - 1.80
0.00 - 1.80 1.00 -1.30 3.00(0.89) -7877.39 (-804.49)
1.80 - 7.50 1.00 -1.30 1.00 -3873.22 (-395.56)
7.50 - 9.00 1.00 -0.70 1.00 -2766.58 (-282.54)

A
(Edge)
0.00 - 1.80 1.00 -0.60 1.00 -2582.14 (-263.71)
0.00 - 1.80 1.00 -0.60 3.00(0.89) -4430.22 (-452.44)
1.80 - 7.50 1.00 -0.60 1,000 -2582.14 (-263.71)
7.50 - 9.00 1.00 -0.30 1.0 -2028.83 (-207.20)
0.00 - 1.80 0.97 -1.30 1.00 -3825.26 (-390.66)
0.00 - 1.80 0.97 -1.30 3.0(0.89) -7749.35 (-791.41)
1.80 - 7.50 0.97 -1.30 1.00 -3825.26 (-390.66)
A 7.50 - 9.00 0.97 -0.70 1.00 -2740.76 (-279.90)

(Central)
0.00 - 1.80 0.97 -0.60 1.00 -2560.01 (-261.45)
0.00 - 1.80 0.97 -0.60 3.00(0.89) -4371.13 (-446.41)
1.80 - 7.50 0.97 -0.60 1.00 -2560.01 (-261.45)
7.50- 9.00 0.97 -0.30 1.00 -2017.76 (-206.07)
241
DATES OF D15ENO
EXAMPLE OE APPLICATION 4:CALCULATION OF PRESSURE PRODUCED BY THE WIND ON A LOW -RISE BUILDING
TableE.4.12design pressurespremises on the deck.
Guyof Distancein K P, =p,-p,

thecrossbar
K
.,
c,_". L
crossbar Pa (kg/mtwo)
(m)
ooo - 7.50 0.97 -1.30 1.00 -3825.26 (-390.66)
7.50 - 9.00 0.97 -0.70 1.00 -2740.76 (-279.90)
0.00 - 7.50 0.97 -0.60 1.00 -2560.01 (-261.45)
7.50 - 9.00 0.97 -0.30 1.00 -2017.76 (-206.07)
0.00 - 1.80 0.97 -1.30 1.50(0.89) -4624.18 (-472.25)
1.80 - 7.50 0.97 -1.30 1.00 -3825.26 (-390.66)
7.50 - 9.00 0.97 -0.70 1.00 -2740.76 (-279.90)
ooo - 1.80 0.97 -0.60 1.50(0.89) -2928. 74 (-299.10)
1.80 - 7.50 0.97 -0.60 1.00 -2560.01 (-261.45)
7.50 - 9.00 0.97 -0.30 1.00 -2017.76 (-206.07)
0.00 - 0.90 0.97 -1.30 2.00(0.89) -5658.07 (-577.84}
0.90 - 7.50 0.97 -1.30 1.00 -3825.26 (-390.66)
7.50 - 9.00 0.97 -0.70 1.00 -2740.76 (-279.90)
0.00 - 0.90 0.97 -0.70 2.00(0.89) -3405.92 (-347.84
0.90 - 7.50 0.97 -0.70 1.00 -2560.01 (-261.45)
7.50 - 9.00 0.97 -0.30 1.00 -2017.76 (-206.07)
ii. Yientonormal to Wall P<along the 1s.oom}. 8=9Q0 ,
which the panels (coverings) are going to be fixed, it is necessary to take into
account the effect of local pressures according to subsection 3.5.1.1 of Fig 3.4, it
is necessary to :
<0.2d=0.2(18.00)=3.60ill
a0=0.2b=0.2(9.00)=1.80m{
<h=l5.00m
242
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
1. Windward wall studs (wall D)
According to Table 3.6 (MBAl wall), the local pressure factor, 10, is equal to 1.50;
from Table 3.2, c,..=O.o,and the reduction factor per area,10.,as well as
the pressure factor for coatings and anchors, K,., take the value of the unit.
Therefore, the local design pressure of the studs, for an affected area, A_r,
less than or equal to0.25a�=0.25(1.80)2=0.81m2 for differentheights are shown
in Table E.4.13 (item 3.5.1).
Table E.4.13 Local design pressures on the windward wall.
Height c, � K, KL K,. wh, P,-P.-P,

(m) Pa (kg/mtwo) Pa (kg/m two)
0.00 0.80 1.00 1.50 1.00 1692.14 (172.81) 3189.16 (325.70)
3.00 0.80 1.00 1.50 1.00 1692.14 (172.61) 3189.16 (325.70)
6.00 0.80 1.00 1.50 1.00 1692.14 (172.81) 3189.16 (325.70)
9.00 0.80 1.00 1.50 1.00 1692.14 (172.81) 3189.16 (325.70)
12.00 0.80 1.00 1.50 1.00 1721.92 (175.86) 3224.89 (329.36)
15.00 0.80 1.00 1.50 1.00 1782.44 (182.04) 3297.52 (336.78)
A1,the remaining area must be evaluated for K, -1.00 (Table E.4.14).
Height p,=p,-p,
(m)
c,., K, K,. Km
wh,
Pa (kg/mtwoJ Pa (kg/mtwo)
0.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 1692.14 (172.81) 2512.30 (256.58)
3.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 1692.14 (172.81) 2512.30 (256.58)
6.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 1692.14 (172.81) 2512.30 (256.58)
9.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 1692.14 (172.81) 2512.30 (256.58)
12.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 l.00 1721.92 (175.86) 2536.13 (259.02)
15.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 1782.44 (182.04) 2584.54 (263.96)
243
DtSENE AIDS
APPLICATION EXAMPLE 4: CALCULATION OF PRESSURES PRODUCED PDR EL VENT ON A LOW -RISE BUILDING
Other condition to be evaluated is to consider K,-1.00,for the whole area

tributary of the amounts, whose pressures will beequal to those in Table
E.4.14.
2. amounts of! lee wall (wall C)

Inthecase of the uprights of this wall we have that c,,,=-0.30; also, givenSince
this wall is leeward, the reduction factorper area, JG, the local pressure
factor, Kr, as well as the pressure factor for liners and anchors, Kro, are
equal to unity. Thus, the local design pressure, which remains constant
with height, is calculated for the h=15.00month:
A=p, -p, =(-0.3 0){1.00)(1.00X1.00X1782.44)-(-1158.59) = 623.86 Pa(63.72kg/m2)
debgone awhatandneitherhe hasY restrictionsandn how muchahe areadand

affectation, A.1, ispressuremust be applied throughout the tax area corresponding to
these amounts.
Studs of the side walls (walls A and B)
For calculate the local pressures design of these elements is obtained, from
Table 3.3 with tJ, calculated at height h = 15.00 m, the pressure coefficients
outside in the direction of 18.00 m, vary according to the distance measured from
the edge of! windward wall, taking the value of -0.65 from 0.00 to15.00 m and -
0.50 from 15.00 to 18.00 m.
The area size reduction factors, K,, are obtained byinterpolation of the
values in Table 3.5. For the tributary areas of the uprights, which are less
than 10.00 m2, this value is equal to the unit. According to Table 3.6 and
what is specified in section 3.5.1.1, for a ratio h/0=15.0019.00=1.66, which
is greater than 1.00, the local pressure factors to be used take values equal to
1.50, 2.00 and 3.00, according to their distance from the windward edge. Thus,
with the pressure factor for cladding and anchors, K,�, equal to unity for not being
a cladding or anchor, the local design pressures and their affected areas, A1, for
the lateral uprights are shown in Table E.4.15:
244
Table E.4.15Local design pressures in the lateral walls.
Distancesincethe K K K PYo=P �-p,

windward wall(m)
Ar c,,., ,.
(m') Pa (kg/m2)
Of o.oo to0.90 0.81 -0.65 1.00 3.00 1.00 -2317.17 (-236.65)
Of 0.00 to1.80 3.24 -0.65 1.00 2.00 1.00 -1158.58 (-118.32)
Of 1.80 to 15.00 0.81 -0.65 1.00 1.50 1.00 -579.29 (-59.16)
Of 3:00 p.m. to 0.81 -0.50 1.00 1.50 1.00 -178.24(-18.20)

6:00 p.m.
However, the tributary area of the amounts is greater than the affected area, so
the previous pressure is applicable only in an area of 0.81 or
3.24 m2, depending on the case. For the remaining tributary area, the local
design pressure calculated by the value of Ki = 1.00 (item 3.5.1.1) is taken.
Thus, the local design pressures for these remaining areas are shown in Table
E.4.16.
Table E.4.16 Local design pressures in the lateral walls.
Distance fromthe c,,, K, /J;--:-/J, -{YO,

K Yo K, .
windward wall (m) Pa (kg/mtwo)
Of0.00 to 15.00 -0.65 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 ( 0.00)
From 15.00 to 18.00 -0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 267.37 (27.31)
Another condition that must be evaluated is to considerK,=1.00,for the entire

tributary area of the uprights, whose pressures will be equal to those of the previous
table.
4. Deck stringers
To calculate the local design pressures of the stringers, which are calculated with
q, calculated at the height h=l5.00m, we have Table 3.4(b), for Y=0.0 °<10·and
fild=15.00/18.00=0.83, the external pressure coefficients,cop,,
for the roof they must be interpolated, varying according to the distance
measured from the upper edge of the windward wall, so the following values are
obtained.
245
DATES OF D15ENO
C;,, horizontal distance
-1.17 -0.53 ooo - 7.50 m)

-0.77 -0.33 7 .so - 15.00 m)
-0.63 -0.20 (15.00 - 18.00 m)
For its part, the reduction factor per area, K A , for the intermediate stringers is 0.97 and for the
perimeter stringers it is equal to unity (Table 3.5).
For roofs with y-0.0° <10°,According to Table 3.6, there are three reduction zones
due to local effects,CBCl withK L =3.00,CBAwithKL=1stYCBA2withK,-2.00,each
withaaffected area,A1;and a proximityto theedge
own. If the tributary area of the stringer is greater than the affected area, A1, the
remaining area must be evaluated toKL=1.oo.
Because the building has a parapet of 1.30 m in the highest part, the values of K
can be modified by the reduction factor per
parapets, K,. According to Table 3.7 for h=15.00:s::25 00m the interpolated value of K
is 0.89.
In accordance with the above, the design pressures of the roof beams, for the
direction of 18.00 m, are shown in Table A.4.17.
d. Calculation of the design pressures for the linings of thestructure.
Considering that the detachment of the coatings is not dangerous, these will be
designed as if it were a structure belonging to Group B (item 1.3). According to
section 3.5.1, to calculate the pressures due to the wind on the coatings and their
anchors, the external pressures andInteriors are affected by the factor K," = 1.50, so
the interior design pressures for 9=0° and 9=90°, respectively, are:
A<•;f)')=(0.80)(1.50)(1844.39)=2213.27Pa(226 03kg/m2)
P,,,.w'l=(-0.65)(1.50)(1782..44)=-1737.88 Pa (-177.49 kg lm2)
For its part, the reduction factor per area, K A, is equal to unity because the tributary area of each of
the coatings is 4.50m' :s::10.oom2
246
It is important to note that even though the pressures acting on the coatings
corresponding to some of the cases in Table 3.6 are presented here,these are not
applied simultaneously for the design, so you should be verifiedthe most
unfavorable condition according to the size and position of thecoatings.
Table A.4.17 Local design pressures on the deck.
Zonesof Distance frompressures

wall edgeof c,, /',
Pa (kg/m2)
K.YOlocal K
windward (m) you
ooo - 1.80 0.97 -1.17 1.00 -885.16 (-90.40)
0.00 - 1.80 0.97 -1.17 3.00(0.89) -4298.21 (-438.97)

A
0.00 - 1.80 0.97 -0.53 1.00 232.79 {23.78)
ooo - 1.80 0.97 -0.53 3.00(0.89) -1313.29 (-134.12)
0.00 - 1.80 0.97 -1.17 1.00 -885.16 (-90.40)
0.00 - 1.80 0.97 -1.17 1.50(0.89) -1559.59 (-159.28)

B.
0.00 - 1.80 0.97 -0.53 1.00 232.79 {23.78)
ooo - 1.80 0.97 -0.53 1.50(0.89) -72.72 (-7.42)
0.00 - 0.90 0.97 -1.17 1.00 -885.16 (-91.09}
0.00 - 0.90 0.97 -1.17 2.00(0.89) -2479.28 (-253.20)

C
ooo - 0.90 0.97 -0.53 1.00 232.79 (23.78)
0.00 - 0.90 0.97 -0.53 2.00(0.89) -489.33 (-49.97}
0.00 - 7.50 0.97 -1.17 1.00 -885.16 (-90.40)

D
0.00 - 7.50 0.97 -0.53 1.00 232.79 (23.78)
7.50- 15.00 0.97 -0.77 1.00 -186.44 (-19.04}

AND
7.50 - 15.00 0.97 -0.33 1.00 582.15 (59.46)
15.00 - 18.00 0.97 -0.63 1.00 58.11 (5.94)

F
15.00 - 18.00 0.97 -0.20 1.00 809.23 (82.65}
247
DATES OF D15ENO
i. Wind normal to wall A{along 9.0om}. 8=0°.

In the estimation of the local design pressures, it is necessary to take into account
the effect of the local pressures according to subsection 3.5.1.1 In Fig 3.4, we
havethat:
a0 _
- 0.?2d _
- 0.2(9.00) - he.80 m
< h=fifteen,00m
1. Cladding of the windward wall (wall A)
According to Table 3.6 (wall MBAl), the local pressure factor, Kr, is equal to 1.50;
from Table 3.2,c,..=0.80,and the reduction factor per area,K .4,take the
unit value. The pressure factor for coatings and anchors, K10, takingthe value of
1.50. Therefore, the local design pressure of the liners, for
aa r e ad andaffectation, .111, less than or equal to 0.25a,' =0.25(1.80)two
=0.81mtwo fordifferent heights are shown in Table E.4.18 (items 3.5.1).
Table E.4.18Local design pressures on the windward wall,
Height c, </, /J, I'�-Q,

K
,. A KL
(m) Pa (kg/mtwo) Pa (kg/mtwo)
Kriver
0.00 0.80 1.00 1.50 1.50 1751.03 (178.83) 938.58 (95.86)
3.00 0.80 1.00 1.50 1.50 1751.03 {178.83) 938.58 (95.86)
6.00 0.80 1.00 1.50 1.50 1751.03 (178.83) 938.58 (95.86)
9.00 0.80 1.00 1.50 1.50 1751.03 (178.83) 938.58 (95.86)
12.00 0.80 1.00 1.50 1.50 1781.98 {181.98) 994.11 {101.53)
15.00 0.80 1.00 1.50 1.50 1844.39 (188.36) 1106.63 (113.02)
For the remaining area of the coating, the design pressures should be evaluatedfor
K, =1.00 (Table E.4.19).
248
Height
c,,,. </, Q,Pw-JJ,
K.. 1 KL KN
0.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.50 1751.03 (178.83) -112.03 (-11.43)
3.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.50 1751.03 (178.83) -112.03 {-11.43)
6.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.50 1751.03 (178.83) -112.03 {-11.43)
9.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.50 1751.03 (178.83) -112.03 (-11.43)
12.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.50 1781.98 (181.98) -75.01 (-7.65)
15.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.50 1844.39 (188.36) 0.00 (0.00)
Another condition that must be evaluated is to consider Khe-1.00, for the entire area
tributary of the coatings, whose pressures will be equal to those of Table E.4.19.
two.Coatings of the lee wall{wall Bl
In the case of the coatings of this wall, c,,. =--0.50; also,

Since this wall is leeward, the reduction factor for area, KA, and the local pressure
factor, KL, are equal to unity. The pressure factor for coatings and anchors, K,., takes
the value of 1.50. Thus, the design pressure
local, which remains constant with height calculated for h = 15.00 m, is:
p, =p, -P; =(-0.50X1.00)(1.00X1.50X1844.39)-(2213.27) =-3596.56 Pa(-367.30kg/rrr)
Since there are no restrictions regarding the affected area, Ayou, this local pressure
must be applied throughout the tributary area corresponding to these coatings.
3. Coatings of the lateral walls (walls C and D)
To calculate the local design pressures of these elements, we obtain, from Table 3.3,
with q, calculated at height h=15.00 m, the external pressure coefficient in the
direction of 9.00 m, is:
Horizontal distance
-0.65 -0.53 (0.00 - 9.50m)
249
DESIGN AIDS
APPLICATION EXAMPLE 4: CALCULATION OF PRESSURES PRODUCED BY THE WIND ON A LOW-RAISED BUILDING
The area size reduction factor, K,, are obtained from Table 3.5. For the tributary area
of the coatings, which is less than 10.00 mtwo, KA
=1.00.
According to Table 3.6 and what is specified in section 3.5.1.1, for a relationshiph/D-
fifteen.00Yo9.00-1.66 , which is greater than 1.00, the factors of
local pressure to be used take values equal to 1.50, 2.00 and 3.00, according to their
distance from the windward edge. Thus, with the pressure factor for coatings and
anchors, Km, equal to 1.50, the local design pressures and their affected areas, A1; for
the side covers are shown in Table E.4.20:
Distance from A,
windward wall (,�.
K,◄ K ' K,. P, -P, /J,
(m) (m2) Pa (kg/m2)
From 0.00 to 0.90 0.81 - 0.65 1.00 3.00 1.50 -7608.11 (-776.98)
From 0.00 to 1.80 3.24 - 0.65 1.00 2.00 1.50 -5809.83 (-593.33)
From 1.80 to 9.00 0.81 - 0.65 1.00 1.50 1.50 -4910.69 (-501.51)
However, the tributary area of the coatings is greater than the affected area, so the
previous pressure is applicable only in an area of 0.81 or 3.24 mtwo,depending on the
case. For the remaining tributary area, the local design pressure is taken, calculated
by the value ofK,_-1.00(subsection 3.5.1.1). Thus, the pressure
of local design for this remaining area is:
p,=p,-P;=(-0.65X1.00)(1.00x1.fiftyX1844.39)-C2213.27)=-40eleven.55Pa(-409.68kg/mtwo)
Another condition that must be evaluated is to consider KYo=1.00, for the entire tributary
area of the coatings, whose pressure will be equal to the previous expression.
4. Roof coatings
To calculate the local design pressures of the roof coverings, which are calculated with
q, calculated at the height h=15.00m, we have, from Table
3.4(b), for ,=0.0"<10°and h/D=15.00/9.00=1.66, the pressure coefficients
exterior, c.., which vary according to the distance measured from the upper edge of
the windward wall, so the following values are obtained.
250
c,., Horizontal distance
- 1.30 - 0.60 (o.oo -7.50m)

- 0.70 - 0.30 {7.50 - 9.00m)
For its part, the reduction factor per area,K,,according to the area of the coatings it is
equal to the unit (Table 3.5).
Forcovered with-Y= 0.0°<10°,according totheTable 3.6,if you have threezonesof

reduction due to local effects,CBCJwithK,-3.00,C'LOWwithK,=l.50YCBA2with
K,=2.00,each with an affected area, At, and a proximityto theedge
own. If the tributary area of the coating is greater than the affected area, Ayou, the
remaining area must be evaluated toK.-1.00.
Because the building has a parapet of 1.30 m in the highest part, the KL values can
be modified by the reduction factor for
parapets,K,..According to Table 3.7 for h=15.QQ,.,25.00m the interpolated value ofK,.is
worth 0.89.
According to the above, and with the pressure factor for coatings and anchors, K"',
with a value of 1.50, the design pressures for the coverings of the roof, in the direction
of 9.00 m, are shown in Table E.4.21.
251
DATES OF D15ENO
EXAMPLE OE APPLICATION 4:CALCULATION OF PRESSURE PRODUCED BY THE WIND ON A LOW-RISE BUILDING
Location of the
.,,,
coatings of the
covered with p==P,-A
K C KL K�
With respect to Pa (kg/m2)
windward Wall,
A, (m)
1.00 - 1.30 1.00 1.50 -5809.83 ( -593.33)
1.00 - 1.30 3.00(0.89) 1.50 -11816.09 (-1206.73)

0.00 - 1.80
(Corner)
1.00 - 0.60 1.00 1.50 -3873.22 ( -395.55)
1.00 - 0.60 3.00(0.89) 1.50 -6645.34 ( -678.66)
1.00 - 1.30 1.00 1.50 -5809.83 ( -593.33)
1.00 - 1.30 1.50(0.89) 1.50 -6996.70 { -714.54)
1.00 - 1.30 2.00(0.89) 1.50 -8615.15 ( -879.83)

0.00 - 0.90
1.00 - 0.60 1.00 1.50 -3873.22 { -395.55)
1.00 - 0.60 1.50(0.89) 1.50 -4421.00 ( -451.50)
1.00 - 0.60 2.00(0.89) 1.50 -5167.98 ( -527.78)
1.00 - 1.30 1.00 1.50 -5809.83 ( -593.33)
1.00 - 1.30 1.50(0.89) 1.50 -6996.70 { -714.54)

0.90 - 1.80
1.00 - 0.60 1.00 1.50 -3873.22 ( -395.55)
1.00 - 0.60 1.50(0.89) 1.50 -4421.00 ( -451.50)
1.00 - 1.30 1.00 1.50 -5809.83 ( -593.33)

1.80 - 7.50
1.00 - 0.60 1.00 1.50 -3873.22 ( -395.55)
1.00 - 0.70 1.00 1.50 -4149.88 ( -423.81)

7.50 - 9.00
1.00 - 0.30 1.00 1.50 - 3043.25(-310.79)
252
ii. Normal wind to the WallP<along the1s.ooml.8=90°,

In the estimation of local design pressures, it is necessary to take into account the
effect of local pressures according to section 3.5.1.1. From Fig 3.4, we have that:
< 0.2b =0.2(18.00) =3.60ill

a0=0.2d=0.2(9.00)=1.80m{ _
<l1=15.00111
1. Coatings for downwind wall (wall D)
According to Table 3.6 (wall MBAl), the local pressure factor, KL, is equal to 1.50; from
Table 3.2, CF" =0.80, and the area reduction factor, K,, takes the
unit value. The pressure factor for liners and anchors, K,"' takes the value of 1.50.
Therefore, the local design pressure of the liners, for
an affected area, AJ, less than or equal to 0.25n� =0.25(1.80)two=0.81mtwofor different
heights they are shown in Table E.4.22 (items 3.5.1).
Table E.4.22 Local design pressures in the windward wall.
Height
(m)
c,,, K, KYO. Km
cj,
Pa (kg/mtwo)
Q,=Q,-p,
Pa (kg/mtwo)
0.00 0.80 1.00 1.50 1.50 1692.14 (172.81) 4783.73 (478.55)
3.00 0.80 1.00 1.50 1.50 1692.14 (172.81) 4783.73 (478.55)
6.00 0.80 1.00 1.50 1.50 1692.14 (172.81) 4783.73 (478.55)
9.00 0.80 1.00 1.50 1.50 1692.14 (172.81) 4783.73 (478.55)
12.00 0.80 1.00 1.50 1.50 1721.92 (175.86) 4837.34 (494.04)
15.00 0.80 1.00 1.50 1.50 1782.44 (182.04) 4946.27 (505.16)
If the tributary area of the secondary element is greater than the affected area, A1,
the remaining area must be evaluated for KL=1.OO (Table E.4.23).
253
DATES OF D15ENO
EXAMPLE OE APPLICATION 4:CALCULATION OF PRESSURE PRODUCED BY THE WIND ON A LOW-RISE BUILDING
Height
K' KYo KM wh, p,=p,-p,
(m)
c,., Pa (kg/mtwo) Pa (kg/mtwo)
0.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.50 1692.14 (172.81) 3768.45 (384.86)
3.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.50 1692.14 (172.81) 3768.45 (384.86)
6.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.50 1692.14 (172.81) 3768.45 (384.86)
9.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.50 1692.14 (172.81) 3768.45 (384.86)
12.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.50 1721.92 (175.86) 3804.18 (388.52)
15.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.50 1782.44 (182.04) 3876.81 (395.94)
Another condition that must be evaluated is to consider K,.=1.00,for the whole area
tributary of the coatings, whose pressures will be equal to those of Table E.4.23.
two.Coatings of the leeward wall (wall Cl
In the case of the coatings of this wall, it is necessary toc,,.=-0.30;also,

Since this wall is leeward, the area reduction factor, K,, and the local pressure
factor, KYo, are equal to unity. The pressure factor for coatings and anchors, K,.,,,
takes the value of 1.50. Thus, the design pressure
local, which remains constant with height calculated for h=15.00m, is:
p, = p,-p, = (-0.30)(1.00)(1.00)(1.50)(1782.44)-(-1737.88)=935.78 Pa(95.57 kg/mtwo)
Since there are no restrictions regarding the affected area, A1, this local pressure
must be applied throughout the tributary area corresponding to these coatings.
3. Coatings of the lateral walls (walls Ay Bl
3.3 with q, calculated at height h=15.00 m, the pressure coefficients
outside, C.pe, in the direction of 18.00 m, vary according to the distance measured
from the windward edge of the wall, taking the value of -0.65 from 0.00 to 15.00
m and -0.50 from 15.00 to 18.00 m.
254
The reduction factors for area size,K,,they are obtained by interpolation of the
values in Table 3.5. For the tax area of the coatings, which is less than 10.00
111two, this value is equal to unity.
According to Table 3.6 and what is specified in subsection 3.5.1.1, for a ratio
h=15.00s25.00m, which is greater than 1.00, the factors of
local pressure to be used take values equal to 1.50, 2.00 and 3.00, according to
their distance from the windward edge. Thus, with the pressure factor for liners
and anchors, Km, equal to 1.50, the local design pressures and their affected
areas, A1, for the lateral covers are shown in Table E.4.24.

distance from
Wall of Ar
(m2)
c,. K KL K,.
Q,=p. -p,
Pa(kg/m')
windward (m)
Of o.oo to 0.90 0.81 - 0.651.003.001.50 -3475.76 (-354.98)
Of 0.00 to 1.80 3.24 - 0.651.002.001.50 -1737.88 (-177.49)
Of 1.80a15.00 0.81 - 0.65 1.00 1.50 1.50 -868.94 (-88.74)
Of15.00a18.00 0.81 - 0.50 1.00 1.50 1.50 -267.37 (-27.31)
However, the tributary area of the coatings is greater than the affected area, so
the previous pressure is applicable only in an area of 0.81 or 3.24 mtwo,
according to the case. For the remaining tributary area, the local design pressure
calculated bythevalue ofKL=LOO(subsection 3.5.1.1). So, the
Local design pressures for these remaining areas are shown in Table E.4.25.
distance from P, =p, -p,

windward wall (m) c,, K,, KL K,.
Pa (kg/mtwo)
Ofooo at 3:00 p.m. - 0.65 1.00 1.00 1.50 0.00 (0.00)
Of15.00a18.00 - 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.50 401.05 (40.96)
Another condition that must be evaluated is to consider KL=1.00, for the entire area
tributary of the coatings, whose pressures will be equal to those of the previous
table.
255
DATES OF D15ENO
4. Coverings of the cover

To calculate the local design pressures of the linings, which are calculated with q,
calculated at the heighth=fifteen.00m, we have from Table 3.4(b),
for1=0.0°<10°Yfired=15.00/18.00=0.83, the external pressure coefficients,
Cr,,, for the roof must be interpolated, varying according to the distance measured
from the upper edge of the windward wall, so the following values are obtained.
c,, horizontal distance
- 1.17 - 0.53 0.00-7.50m)
- 0.77 - 0.33 7.50 - 15.00m)
-0.63 - 0.20 (15.00-18.00 111)
For its part, the reduction factor per area, K.,, for the area of the coatings, which is
less than 10.00 mtwo,is equal to unity (Table 3.5). For roofs with'Y-0.0'<10°,According to
Table 3.6, there are three zones of
reduction due to local effects, CBC! with KL -3.00, CBAI with KL -I.SO and CBA2 with KL=
2.00, each with an affected area, A1, and a proximity to the edge
own. If the tributary area of the coating is greater than the affected area, A1,the
remaining area should be evaluated forK,_-1.00.
Because the building has a parapet of 1.30 m in the highest part, the values of K can
be modified by the reduction factor for
parapets, K,. According to Table 3.7 for h=15.oos2s.oom the interpolated value of K,. is
worth 0.89.
According to the above, the design pressures of the roof coverings, for the direction
of 18.00 m, are shown in Table E.4.26.
256
Location of the
coatings of the
covered with
K ., c,.. K, K,,
Q,-Q,-/1;
With respect to Pa (kg/m')
windward Wall,
D, (m)
1.00 - 1.17 1.00 1.50 -1390.30 (-141.99)
1.00 - 1.17 3.00(0.89) 1.50 -6614.37 (-675.52)

0.00 - 1.80
(Corner)
1.00 - 0.53 1.00 1.50 320.84 (32.77)
1.00 - 0.53 3.00(0.89) 1.50 -2045.62 (-208.92)
1.00 - 1.17 1.00 1.50 -1390.30 (-141.99)
1.00 - 1.17 1.50(0.89) 1.50 -2422.60 (-247.42)
1.00 - 1.17 2.00(0.89) 1.50 -3830.28 (-391.18)

0.00 - 0.90
1.00 - 0.53 1.00 1.50 320.84 (32.77)
1.00 - 0.53 1.50(0.89) 1.50 -146.78 (-14.99)
1.00 - 0.53 2.00(0.89) 1.50 -784.45 (-80.11)
1.00 - 1.17 1.00 1.50 -1390.30 (-141.99)
1.00 - 1.17 1.50(0.89) 1.50 -2422.60 (-247.42)

0.90 - 1.80
1.00 - 0.53 1.00 1.50 320.84 (32.77)
1.00 - 0.53 1.50(0.89) 1.50 -146.78 (-14.99)
1.00 - 1.17 1.00 1.50 -1390.30 (-141.99)

1.80 - 7.50
1.00 - 0.53 1.00 1.50 320.84 (32.77)
1.00 - 0.77 1.00 1.50 -320.84 (-32.77)

7.50 - 15.00
1.00 - 0.33 1.00 1.50 855.57 (87.38)
1.00 - 0.63 1.00 1.50 53.47 (5.46)

15.00 - 18.00
1.00 - 0.20 1.00 1.50 1203.15 (122.88)
257
DATES OF D15ENO
and.Calculation of the design pressures for the anchors of the coatings of the
structure.
Because the tributary areas of the anchors are less than 10.00 mtwo,the reduction
coefficients per tax area, KA, those of local pressure, Kr and the pressure factor for
coatings and anchors, K,either, are the same as those used for coatings. Therefore, the
local design pressures for these anchors are the same as the corresponding liner
pressures; however, they must be applied on the tributary area of the corresponding
anchorage. Coating manufacturers usually provide the recommended spacing
between anchors. However, these must be designed in accordance with the applicable
standards, to check that the stresses do not exceed the load capacity of the coating
and the anchors. This analysis will allow the designer to determine if it is necessary to
decrease the spacing between anchors, increase the thickness of the cover or increase
the diameter of the anchors.
F. Comments.
It is important to note that in this example the design pressures were calculated for
when the wind strikes in two orthogonal directions, 0°and 90°, independently of each
other. However, for these directions only one direction was studied, so the designer
must anticipate whether or not it is necessary to calculate the pressures
corresponding to the opposite direction. Additionally, the case in which the door of
Wall A is closed should be considered. The foregoing must be carried out in order to
be able to select, among the situations mentioned, the most unfavorable load
condition and thus adequately design each structural element.
258
APPLICATION EXAMPLE 5: Calculation of pressures, forces and accelerations

produced by the wind on a high-rise building.
I) Description of the problem.
It is desired to obtain the pressures and forces that the wind produces on a building with a
regular floor plan of 61 levels. The structure is located within an urban area, surrounded
predominantly by low-rise buildings and wooded areas, in the city of Merida, Yucatan. In Fig
ES 1 and Fig E.5.2 the geometry and dimensions of the building are shown. The fundamental
frequency of the structure, obtained with an analytical model, is 0.25 Hz, in both directions.
The elements of the structural system and their tributary areas are described in the following
paragraphs.
Principal structure
The main structure is composed of 7 steel frames placed every 5.00 m in the short direction of
the building and 9 frames every 5.75 m in the other direction. The construction consists of 61
levels in total, with a mezzanine height of 3.00 m. The tributary areas for the elements of the
main structure and the axes of the main structural system are shown in Fig E.5.3 and Fig E.5.4.
child elements
The secondary elements of the structural system are the uprights of the walls (Fig E.5.2),
whose tributary areas are 2.00x6.00=12.00 mtwo• In the case of the roof, there are no
secondary elements.
coatings
The structure is covered with aluminum panels of 2.00x3.00 m, so that the tributary area that
corresponds to each panel is 6.00 mtwo.
anchors
The cladding panels are held by means of four-way "spider" type supports, placed in each
corner, so the tributary area of the supports is 4xl.00xl.50=6.00 mtwofor walls (Fig E.5.5).
259
DESIGN AID
APPLICATION EXAMPLE 5: CALCULATION OF PRESSURES, FORCES AND ACCELERATIONS PRODUCED BY THE WIND ON A BUILDING
OE GREAT ALTIJRA
Fig E.5.1 Geometry and dimensions of the building's structural system.
260
mount them
Fig E.5.2 Geometry and dimensions of the main and secondary structure.
In the following, the subsections mentioned refer to theRecommendations Section,unless

otherwise stated.
The basic design speed depends on several parameters (item 4.2), these are
calculated as indicated below.
a. land category.
According to the data, the land is classified within Category 3 (Table 2.1). It is assumed
that the roughness of the surrounding terrain is uniform beyond the lengths
established in said table, so it is not necessary to consider gradual changes in relation
to this characteristic.
261
DESIGN AID
OE GREAT ALTIJRA
46.00
Yo
Yo Yo
Yo .,
.,.,
.. Yo Yo
Yo
Yo
Yo . ,., . Yo
. , .,
Yo ., ,..
..
, ,. ,
, ,._ ,, Yo ..
., ,.
.,
.,.. YoYo
iJ8.IIJ
Yo
.. ..
---+--- Yo
. , .,
Yo
.,00. Yo
- Yo
-
. .,_ . ,
,
'"',..,"' _._ - +-
....
..
. ...
., Yo............
Yo Yo
" , a 00 , yes:00
YoYo
,�
""
either:,
"'"" YoYo
, ....,
"""' Yo ,. .,
Yo
, , ,. .,
Yo
- ..
. , ,.
.,
.. - �
Yo
.,..
YoYo
Yo
.,..
""" . , ..
""" YoYo
Yo
Yo ' YoYo
, ,. .,
YoYo
Yo Yo ....
., .,
YoYo
Yo
Yo ., . ,
..
00
... ..
.,
W .
Yo
Yo
Yo .,
'"'
.. ,_
(a) WALL A AND WALL B (b) MUROC YIAURO □
262
ace .. ,,,
-0- rr '"'
8.l?S -1 . 125 8.25, , ., 2s &..125
ES. Yo
00 f,2' , , ., , wow 12.50 1,SO IU,O ,,..
""'
,.
,.,.
-©-- .you.. , , ,. ltlO 12.$0 111� 1625 16'.!l 1&/S 16 l'!
'"" , , . ,.
Yo
-©-
6.25 12.50 , 2.50 '"'"'
""
12.50 12.fifty
1'.� 1e.1, Hl.2!1 11!1.� , or, H'-25 1and..2e
- 0-3000 t-. ..�"

, . ooo , , ,.
, us
, wow
tlli.25
12.50
....
16.2.fi
1two.fifty
1:i.,O
ill.25
12.S<l
120()
162.5
12.60
12�
,s.2.!i
12:i:l
IUI
i&.25
, , . . .,
it
,.,.
,,..
,.-
j
12.i",O l.' 2.50
--0- ,.
, ah 18.25 19.:l! le,2, 1615 10.,, 1&1!
. . .. . . ,.
Yo
mo
..,.
12.50 1two.fifty 12.50 1two.51:l 12.91
--0- -t- , eleven.25 ,

16.25 16.25 141,25 li!.60 18.25 11!.2> he!Ltwo5
-0- c___l_
,,,___j.._� ,,.--4---..,
,--4---,, ,.___j.._rn ___j.._ .7
sooo - . � u� 1,,0 u.� 1,!0 1,.-,., and,
""'
, , . ,either 12.,-:i
• • "
Yo---• ,.___j.._
, .,,___j.._ a .m " " ' '5 1 A \'5 " " " ' "
�¢¢¢¢¢¢$ DECK
Fig E.5.4 Tributary areas of the roof.
2.00 too
Panel Area
he
of students llibutaria
S<Jport
spider type
Upright
Fig E.5.5 Tributary area for the coating support system.
263
DESIGN AID
OE GREAT ALTIJRA
a. region speed.
According to section 2.2, in a return period of 50 years (for structures belonging to

Group B), the regional velocity that corresponds to the site of displacement is
(Appendix 4C, Table C.1):
YO',=164.20 kmYoh
b. Exposure factor.
The exposure factor,F,, varies depending on the height and the category of terrain
(item 2.3). For the total height of the building,ii=183.0om, the value is equal to:
(
Fr.=0.832_J_-
18, oo "-"0
. J - 1.25
IO
c. topography factor.
Since the building will be located on land with a slope of less than 5%, the local
topography factor, F,, is equal to 1.00 (item 2.4).
d. Basic design speed.
The basic design speed,v,(item 2) to0 the total height of the building is:
v0=(1.00)(1.250)(164.20)=205.25km/h
The height above sea level of the implantation site is 12 m, and the mean annual value
of daily minimum temperatures is 9.20 °C (Appendix 4C). The
barometric pressure,no,interpolated for that height is 759.04 mm Hg (Table 3.1).
Therefore, the value of the correction factor G is:
G=(0.392)(759.04) 105
273+9.20
So the base dynamic pressure, q building is: 0

, (item 3.2) to the total height of the
q, =0.047(1.0:5)(205.25)two=2079.00 Pa (212.32kg/m')
264
4) Selection of the load analysis procedure.
The total height of the building is H=183.00 m, so the slenderness ratio (Yo.=height/
width) is 183.00/30.00=6.10>5, plus the fundamental period
of the building is equal to 4.00. In addition, the fundamental period of vibrating is greater than 1 s.
Therefore, the structure is Type 2 according to its response to the action of the wind
(item 1.4) and the wind forces will be determined following the dynamic analysis
procedure (item 4).
S) Pressures and forces for 6=0°.
In dynamic analysis, wind effects are obtained from static wind pressures, affected by
a dynamic amplification factor, which takes into account the fluctuating characteristics
of the wind and the physical and dynamic properties of structures. According to item
4.3, the pressure in the direction of the wind is obtained with the equation.
Q,=Q,-/J;
a. Burst response factor.
For prismatic structures, the equivalent static force is obtained with the following
expression (item 4.4):
F(two)j JJ, F?R-p)A Yo eq>

"YO l(1+7J,(z,))
The gust response factor for prismatic structures,F.,,is obtained with the following
equation (item 4.4.1):
The calculation of the variables that are required to determine the F,uu are made at
the reference height, z,, according to section 4.4.1.
2, = (0.6)(183.00) =109.S0m
Next, the necessary variables are determined to determine the value of FRR.
265
DESIGN AID
OE GREAT ALTIJRA
1. Average design speed
The value of the mean design speedathe reference height,,,, is obtained using
the exposure factor,F.,which is calculated with the parameters
b=0.82Ya'=0.19 according totheTable 4.1 of section 4.2.1 for land with Category 3:
The mean design speed is:
. ' F, F,� VR (1.00)(0.908)(164.20) =4l4 5m/5

IV= =
D 3.6 3.6 . .
2. turbulence index
From Table 4.2, for Zmrn < Zs<Zrnax and J.-0.25,For a Category 3 terrain, the
Turbulence Index at the reference height is obtained as:
Yo(Z)= J(.S.r· =o.2s[Yo09 80·-0l .!9 159

• ' 10) 10 . =0.
3. Background Response Factor
From Table 4.2, for Category 3 terrain, the value of ii= 0.61 is taken. So the length
of the turbulence scale at heightz,=109.80m is:
;;
L(z')=300(....s._)=300(-0-
1 9 sooo,
) =208,094m
200 200
So the background response factor is:
B'= '-" 0 0.511

l+0.9o(b+h) l + 0.90( 46.00+ 183.00'63
)
L(z,) � 208,094
4. Resonance response factor
The values of the variables that intervene in the formula for the calculation of the
resonance response factor will be obtained:
266
R' � SL(z,.n,,,) R.(,7,,) Ri,(lh)

=4,,,,
The fundamental frequency of vibration in the direction of analysis, ",.,, is:
"•••�0.2SJT-z
The reduced frequencies, 11,, and,,b,are determined as follows:
4.61.ln,. (4.6)(183.00)(0.25)
'ii.= 5,081
V�(z,) = 41,415
4.6bn,� (4.6)(46.00)(0.25)
1,277
1/, = v;(z,) = 41,415
Then, the aerodynamic admittance functions R, and R, result in:
Rt,-l- 1.,(1-e-'"•)- he• he,(1-and·lC>.0&1he)-0.177

1/, 217; 5.081 2(S.08Go
R,, =_!_-�(1-e-1"') =-- 1-- eleven-,,mJm)=0.500

f/• 2,,;, 1.2n 2(1.2nr
The power density spectrum, SL(z,.11,..J, evaluated at a height ,,, for the
fundamental frequency of vibrating of a structure in the longitudinal direction is:
Gs(tO 25)(208 094)

)
41,415
= 0 107
[I+Yo0.2((0.25)(208.094) 'J]'�
41,415
Considering a structural damping ratio,�-�,,, of 0.008,

corresponding steel buildings (Table 4.3) and aerodynamic damping values,,,.•,
and damping due to special mechanisms,�--·,
zero, the value of the total damping ratio, ,,_,, is:
The resonant response factor,R',Considering the previously calculated values, it is:
267
DESIGN AID
OE GREAT ALTIJRA
5. Peak Factor
The peak factor, kp, is calculated according to the following expression:
The frequency of zero crossings, ", takes the following value:
Therefore, the peak factor is equal to:
0.6
kP =✓2b1(600x0.201)+---.====== 3,290
J2h1(600x0.201)
Finally, from the values obtained, the gust response factor,

F,. , result:
FRII.=I+2kP f,(z,)JB'+R' =I+ 2(3.290)(0 159)J0.51l+0.930=2,256
b. Internal design pressures.
The internal design pressures are considered constant on all internal surfaces of the
building (item 3.5.1.2) and are calculated with the following equation:
p,-C,,,K,.• q,
The pressure factor for coatings and anchors,K.., take the value of
unit and the dynamic base pressure,what,, is calculated for the reference height,
you=1x3 ooom,pairitthattheworthAbout what,it is:
wh,=0.047(1.05)(205.25)two =2079.00Pa(212.32 kg/m')
It is considered that the building is efficiently sealed, so according to Table 3.S(a), two
values are givenofinternal pressure coefficients, c,,:
cpr::::-0.20
c=0.00
,,,
Therefore, two different internal pressure conditions are obtained, which must be
analyzed separately and select the one that produces the most unfavorable
combination for the building.
268
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
p,-(--0.20)(1.00)(2079.00)---415.80 Pa (-42.46 kg/m')

P, = (O.OO)(LOOX2079.00) =0.00 Pa (0.00 kg/m')
c. Design pressures and equivalent static forces for the structure major.
To determine the design pressures and forces of the main structure, the local
pressure factor, K,, and the pressure factor for coatingsYanchors,
K.,, will be equal to the unit (item 3..5.1.1). Also, the gust response factor, 1-�., should
only be applied to external pressures for windward walls.Yleeward.
The equivalent static forces are calculated according to section 4.4:
Where, the external pressure, p,, is calculated with the following equation (item
3.5.1.1):
1. Windward wall (wall A)
For windward walls, we have thec�=0.80(Table 3.2), the reduction factor per area,K_,,takes
,
the value of the unit (because it is not a lateral wall). According to the paragraph
3.5.1.1, the design pressure for the windward wall varies with height. As an example,
the external pressure is calculated for the total height of the building, H=183.0011 :
p, = (0.80)(1.00)(l .OO)(l .OOX2079.00) = 1663.20 Pn (169.86 kg/m')
Considering an exposed area, A"•, of 46.00xl.50=69.00 mtwocorrespondent

At the last span of the building, the two equivalent static force cases are shown below:
1663 20
F'"GSJOOJ =( · (two.two56)-(-41580))(69.00)=151two17.59N(15442.97kg)
(1+7(0.159))
1663.20
F-,n•i�•> =(----(2.256)-(0.00) (69.00} = 122527.39 N (12513.23 kg)
(1+7(0.159)) he
269
DESIGN AIDS
APUCATION EXAMPLE 5: CALCULATION OF PRESSURES, FORCES AND ACCELERATIONS PRODUCED BY THE WIND ON A BUILDING
OE HIGH RISE
Design pressures and static forces are shown in Table E.5.1. equivalent as a function
of height.
Table E.5.1 Forces for the windward wall when the wind acts normal
to wall a.
Height wh, Area 1-�,(Case1) 1-;.(Casetwo)

(m) Pa (kg/m") (m') N(kg) N {kg)
0.00 920.98 (94.06) 69.00 82968.83 (8473.23) 54278.63 (5543.49)
3.00 920.98 (94.06) 138.00 165937.66 (16946.47) 108557.26 (11086.99)
6.00 920.98 (94.06) 138.00 165937.66 (16946.47) 108557.26 (11086.99)
9.00 920.98 (94.06) 138.00 165937.66 (16946.47) 108557.26 (11086.99)
12.00 970.44 (99.11) 138.00 171767.58 (17541.72) 114387.18 (11682.24)
15.00 1032.72 (105.47) 138.00 179108.62 (18291.38) 121728.22 (12431.90)
18.00 1084.91 (110.80) 138.00 185260.33 (18919.64) 127879.93 (13060.16)
21.00 1133.59 (115.77) 138.00 190998.31 (19505.46) 133617.91 (13645.98)
24.00 1175.71 (120.07) 138.00 195963.06 (20012.31) 138582.66 (14152.83)
27.00 1216.12 (124.20) 138.00 200726.24 (20499.12} 143345.84 (14639.64)
30.00 1251.86 {127.85) 138.00 204938.97 (20929.35) 147558.57 (15069.87)
33.00 1285.72 (131.31) 138.00 208930.10 (21337.18) 151549.70 (15477.70)
36.00 1317.30 (134.53) 138.00 212652.48 (21716.73) 155272.08 (15857.25)
39.00 1349.26 {137.80) 138.00 216419.65 (22102.17) 159039.25 (16242.69)
42.00 1376.16 (140.54) 138.00 219590.39 (22425.14) 162209.99 (16565.66)
45.00 1403.32 (143.32) 138.00 222791.78 (22752.82) 165411.38 (16893.34)
48.00 1428.06 (145.84) 138.00 225707.92 (23049.85) 168327.52 (17190.37)
51.00 1453.02 (148.39) 138.00 228649.99 (23350.43) 171269.59 (17490.95)
54.00 1478.19 (150.96) 138.00 231616.82 (23653.36) 174236.42 (17793.88)
57.00 1500.65 (153.26} 138.00 234264.21 (23924.46) 176883.81 (18064.98)
60.00 1520.51 (155.29) 138.00 236605.14 (24163.74) 179224.74 (18304.26)
63.00 1543.29 (157.61) 138.00 239290.25 (24437.20) 181909.85 (18577.72)
66.00 1563.43 (159.67) 138.00 241664.18 (24680.02) 184283.78 (18820.54)
69.00 1580.87 (161.45) 138.00 243719.86 (24889.83) 186339.46 (19030.35)
72.00 1601.25 (163.53) 138.00 246122.08 (25135.00) 188741.68 (19275.52)
270
MANUAL OF DESIGN OF OBILE WORKS-CFE
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
Height ''= Area F,,,(Case1) F.,(Casetwo)
(m) Pa (kg/mtwo) (m') N(kg) N(kg)
75.00 1618.72 (165.32) 138.00 248181.29 (25345.99) 190800.89 (19486.51)
78.00 1636.47 (167.13) 138.00 250273.51 {25559.34} 192893.11 (19699.86)
81.00 1654.13 (168.93) 138.00 252355.12 (25771.51) 194974.72 (19912.03)
84.00 1672.07 (170.76) 138.00 254469.74 (25987.21) 197089.34 (20127.73)
87.00 1687.00 (172.29) 138.00 256229.56 (26167.55) 198849.16 (20308.07)
90.00 1704.93 (174.12) 138.00 258342.99 (26383.26) 200962.59 (20523.78)
93.00 1720.19 (175.68) 138.00 260141.71 {26567.14) 202761.31 (20707.66)

96.00 1735.33 (177.23) 138.00 261926.28 (26749.84) 204545.88 (20890.3-6)
99.00 1750.54 (178.78) 138.00 263719.11 (26932.54} 206338.71 (21073.06)
102.00 1765.82 (180.34) 138.00 265520.19 (27116.42) 208139.79 (21256.94)
105.00 1778.16 (181.60) 138.00 266974.72 (27264.94) 209594.32 (21405.46)
108.00 1793.56 (183.17) 138.00 268789.94 (27450.00) 211409.54 (21590.52)
111.00 1805.81 (184.42) 138.00 270233.87 (27597.34) 212853.47 (21737.86)
114.00 1821.32 (186.01) 138.00 272062.05 (27784.75) 214681.65 (21925.27)
117.00 1833.86 (187.29) 138.00 273540.16 (27935.63) 216159.76 (22076.15)
120.00 1846.44 (188.57) 138.00 275022.98 (28086.50) 217642.58 (22227.02)
123.00 1858.67 (189.84) 138.00 276488.13 (28236.20) 219107.73 (22376.72)
126.00 1871.53 (191.14) 138.00 277980.38 (28389.43} 220599.98 (22529.95)
129.00 1884.24 {192.43} 138.00 279478.52 (28541.49} 222098.12 (22682.01}
132.00 1896.80 {193.72) 138.00 280958.99 (28693.54) 223578.59 (22834.06)
135.00 1909.59 {195.02) 138.00 282466.57 (28846.77) 225086.17 (22987.29)
138.00 1919.11 (195.99) 138.00 283588.70 (28961.11) 226206.30 (23101.63)
141.00 1931.98 (197.31} 138.00 285105.71 (29116.70) 227725.31 (23257.22}
144.00 1944.69 (196.63) 138.00 286627.43 (29272.29) 229247.03 (23412.61)
147.00 1954.51 (199.61) 138.00 287761.35 (29387.80) 230380.95 (23528.32)
150.00 1967.49 (200.94} 138.00 289291.32 (29544.57) 231910.92 (23685.09}
153.00 1977.16 (201.92) 138.00 290431.14 (29660.09) 233050.74 (23800.61)
156.00 1986.65 (202.91) 138.00 291573.32 {29776.78) 234192.92 (23917.30)
159.00 1999.94 (204.25) 138.00 293116.25 (29934.73) 235735.85 (24075.25)
162.00 2009.69 (205.25} 138.00 294265.50 (30052.60) 236885.10 (24193.12}

271
DESIGN AID
OE GREAT ALTIJRA
Height wh, Area 1-:, (Case 1) f"',, (Case 2)

1 ,
(m) Pa (kg/m2) (m') N(kg) N(kg)
165.00 2019.46 (206.24) 138.00 295417.01 (30169.29) 238036.70 (24309.81)
168.00 2029.46 (207.26} 138.00 296595.82 (30289.52) 239215.42 (24430.04}
171.00 2039.28 (208.27) 138.00 297753.32 (30408.57) 240372.92 (24549.09)
174.00 2049.12 (209.27) 138.00 298913.17 (30526.44) 241532.77 (24666.96)
177.00 2058.99 (210.28) 138.00 300076.56 (30645.49} 242696.16 (24786.01}
180.00 2069.08 (211.31) 138.00 301265.89 (30766.90} 243885.49 (24907.42)
183.00 2079.00 (212.32) 69.00 151217.59 (15442.97) 122527.39 (12513.23)
In Fig E.5.6 the forces for the different heights are shown for Case 1 and in Fig E.5.7 for Case
2.
2. Leeward wall (wall B)
For the relation d/b=3D.00/46.00=0.65<1, according to Table 3.2, the value of the external
pressure coefficient is, c,,.=-0.50. Since this wall is
leeward, the reduction factor per area, K,, is equal to unity. So the pressure
exterior, calculated for the total heighth=1sJ.00m,it is:
P.=(-0.50)(!.00XL00)(!.00)(2079.00)=-1039.50Pa(·106.16kg/rutwo)
This external pressure remains constant throughout the height of the building.
Considering an exposed area, A._, of 46.00xl.50=69.00 mtwofor the sections of the beginning
and end, for the intermediate sections it is 46.0Dx3.00=138.00 mtwo•
The two equivalent static force cases for the end sections are shown below:
F,.=[. -l95 (2.256)-(-415.80)) (69.00)=-47889.42N(-489103h• )

OJ. either
(1+7(0.159))
F=( (li-7(0.159))
,.
- 39 5
J0 . either (2.256)-(0.00)](69.00)=-76579.6twoN (-7820.7i kg)
The two cases of equivalent static force for the intermediate sections are shown below:
272
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
39
F =( . Jbear (two.256)-(-415.80))(138.00) =-95778.83N(-9782.06kg)
°' (he�Yo(0.fifteen9))
95
F,.=(-IOJ. either (two.256)-(0.00)](138.00)=-153159.23 N (-15641.54 kg)
(1+7(0.159))
3. Side walls (C&D walls)
According to Table 3.3, for h 1sJoom, the value of the external pressure coefficient,c,,,
for side wall areas, it varies depending on the distance
horizontal along the lateral wall measured from the common edge with the windward
wall. He has toc,.,along the 30.00 m, is equal to
- 0.65.
The area size reduction factors, K,, are obtained by the

interpolation of the values from Table 3.5, for the tributary areas shown in Fig ES3(b).
With the above, considering horizontal sections, the external pressures for the
different heights, with lf:
calculated at L83.00 m, are shown in Table E.5.2. As it is a lateral wall, the dynamic
effects do not intervene in the calculation of the design pressures.
Table E.5.2 External pressures for the lateral walls.
Height Area wh, Q,

c,. (m2)
K
0.00Y183.00 - 0.65 45.00 0.873 2079.00 (212.32) -1179.73 (-120.48)
From 3.00 to 180.00 - 0.65 90.00 0.813 2079.00 (212.32) -1098.65 (-112.20)
Considering an exposed area, Ac, , of 30.00xl.50=45.00 mtwofor the sections

from the beginning and the end, and 30.00x3.00=90.00 mtwoFor the intermediate
sections of the building, the two equivalent static force cases for the end sections are
shown below:
F,.- (-1179.73 -(-415.80)) (45.00) ~ -34376.78 N (-3510.94 le,:)

F,.=(-1179.73-(0.00))(45.00)=-53087.78N(-5421.64kg)
The two equivalent static force cases for the intermediate spans are shown below:
f,, ~(-1098.65-(-4fifteen.80))(90.00) ~ -61456.28 N(-6276.65 kl!) F

~(-1098.65-(0.00))
"'
(90.00) ~ -98878.28 N (-1009805 le,:)
273
DESIGN AID
EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION 5: CALCULATION OF PRESSURES, FORCES AND ACCELERATIONS PRODUCED BY THE WIND ON A
BUILDINGOE GREAT ALTIJRA
4. Cover
DandTable 3.4(b), for y=0.00< 10° Y hhed=he83.00YoJ0.00=6.Yo02:1.oh, the

external pressure coefficients ,c,.,for the cover varfan according to the distance
measured from the top edge of the windward wall. For a reference height, h
tsJ.00111, we have two cases of c,. throughout the
30.00 m, taking the following values.
c,, horizontal distance
-1.30 -0.60 (0.00 - 30.00m)
Pairaa n d hec al cul ateeitherdandthes pressuresh e adeck , hea

pressured y n a m i c adand base, what,, it isconstant and is calculated at the total
height of the building.
The tributary areas of the roof girders are shown in Fig E.5.4. On the other hand,
the reduction factor per area, K,, for the different beams is
shown in Table E.5.3. For the calculation of the forces due to the wind on the
roof, the dynamic effects are not considered. Using these values, the design
forces for the roof, in the direction of 30.00 m, are shown in Table E.5.3.
274
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
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275
DESIGN AID
EXAMPLE OE APPLICATION5: CALCULATION OF PRESSURES, FORCES AND ACCELERATIONS PRODUCED BY THE WIND ON A
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(alMJROAYUJROB (b) WALLCY WALL0 force.i:.&S m N ()cQ)
Fig E.5.7 Forces for the walls of the main structural system (Case 2).
276
Table E.5.3forces on the roof.
beams F., (Case1) F., (Case 2)

Area
of c,, (m2)
K.,
N(kg) N(kg)
axes
-1.30 8,1251,000 -18581.06 (-1897.64)-21959.44 (-

1 2242.63)
and
7 -0.60 8,125 1,000 -6756. 75 ( -690.07) -10135.13 (-1035.06)
-1.30 6,250 1,000 -14293.13 (-1459.73)-16891.88 (-1725.10)
A -0.60 6,250 1,000 -5197.50 (-530.83) -7796.25 ( -796.20)

and
B -1.30 16,250 0.958 -35317.53 (-3606.90)-42074.28 (-4296.88)
-0.60 16,250 0.958 -12662.15 (-1293.20)-19418.90 (-1983.17)
2 to -1.30 12,500 0.983 -28011.93 (-2860.80)-33209.43 (-3391.55)

6
-0.60 12,500 0.983 -10129.93 (-1034.58)-15327.43 (-1565.33)
Bal H
6) Pressures and forces for 9=90 °.
In this subsection, the equivalent static pressures and forces are obtained for the
wind direction H=90 °. According to section 4.4.3, the pressure in the direction of
the wind is obtained with the expression.
p, =p,-p,
a. Burst response factor.
For prismatic structures, the equivalent static force is obtained with the following
expression (item 4.4):
F (z) = ( P, .RR - pr J A•'l'

F
"he (1+7 J, (zJ)
The gust response factor for prismatic structures,F,, ,is obtained with the following
expression (item 4.4.1):
F.v1.=1+2kPI, (z.)JBtwo+R'
The calculation of the variables that are needed to determine the F ,.. , is carried out
at the reference height, ,,, according to section 4.4.1.
z, = 0.6x 183.00 = 109.80m
277
DESIGN AID
Next, the variables necessary to calculate the value ofF,.

.
1. Average Design Speed
The value of the mean design speed at the reference height,z,,is obtained using
the exposure factor,F'.,which is calculated with the parameters
AND=o.82Ya'=0.19 according to Table 4.1 of section 4.2.1 for land with Category
3:
Fr'. = o.102E(2-)•. =0.102(0.&2)(109 80 '·"=0.9os

)
10 ,10
Applying what is indicated in subsection 4.2, the mean design speed is equal to:
v =,F rF;.v R (J.00)(0.908)064 .twenty)

0
= =41.415m/s
3.6 3.6
2. turbulence index
From Table 4.2, forZmrn < Zs <Zmax and ii -0.25, for a Category 3 terrain, the turbulence
index at the reference height is obtained as:
Yo''(z ')=d
-(z )-··
..!.
l09 80J•• 1•
=0.25 he- - =0.159
JO 0
1
3. Background Response Factor
From Table 4.2, for Category 3 terrain,takes the value of a=0.61For which
. the
length of the turbulence scale at height ,,= 109.80 m is:
( )ii
09.80O�!200
J
( J = 208,094m
two 00
So the background response factor is:

he
Y"'
B' 30 -183.00. EITHER r
l+0_90
(
1+0.9o( b + h .00
)
L(z ,)) 208,094
278
4. Resonance response factor
The values of the variables that intervene in the formula for the resonance
response factor will be obtained:
The fundamental frequency of vibration in the direction of analysis, ",.,, is:

",�=0.25Hz
The reduced frequencies ,,,. Y ,,., , are determined as follows:
17. =-4.6 -
hv,;cz.)1 �=�
eleven- (4.6�)(1 -
83.�00)�(0.�
25) =5,081
= 41.4fif
teen . 33
=4.6 b 1eleven , (4.6)( 30 .0 0)(0.25)0 8
'YO, v �(z , ) 4 1. 4 15
Then, the aerodynamic admittance functions R• and R, result in:
R,,=�-- two ,. (1-and-1•• )=-1----1 --,

:5.08 2(5.0SIY
1
R,,"
•-I two 17 •
(te•'<50SI))=0.177 Yo- he
- (1-and-''' )- (1-e·2<•.83JJ)-0.616
fJ,, 211; 0.833 2(0.833)'
The power density spectrum,SL (z,.11,.,),evaluated at a heightz,,for thefundamental

frequency of vibrating of the structure in the longitudinal direction is:
(0.25)(208.094))
6_8(
41,415 =O.l07
(0.25)(208.094) )]'"
[I+10.2(
41,415
Considering a structural damping ratio, ;,-,,,, , of 0.008,

corresponding steel buildings (Table 4.3) and aerodynamic damping values,;._,,and
damping due to special mechanisms,.,,,_,,
null,a n d hevalue of the total damping ratio,,,.. ,,it is:
The resonant response factor, R', considering the previously calculated values is:
279
DESIGN AID
1
R = _two_5L (z.· ,n,z) R,(17,)R,(170)=- -"-(0.107)(0.177)(0.616) = 1,145
4 yes 4(0. 0 08)
,..
5. peak factor
The peak factor, kp, is calculated with the following expression:
06
k =.J21n(600.•)+ · >3.0
'
.J2 !11(6001-)
The frequency of zero crossings, v, takes the following value:
Therefore, the peak factor is equal to:
06
.j2Jn(600x0.207)+ 3,299
.j2bl(600x 0.207)
Finally, from the values obtained, the gust response factor,FAR, result:
FP., =I+ 2kP l,.(z,).JB' +R' =Yo -'-2(3.299)(0.159).J0.523+1.145 = 2,355
internal design pressures.
The internal design pressures are considered constant in all the internal surfaces
of the building (indso 3.5.1.2), they are calculated according to the following
equation:
Where, the pressure factor for coatings and anchors,Km,takes the value of the unit
and the base dynamic pressure, q, , is calculated for the reference height, h=t83.00m,
for which the value of q, is:
wh,=0.047(1.05)(205.25) two=2079.00 Pa. (212.32 kg/ m')
The building is considered to be efficiently sealed, so according to Table 3.S(a),

two values of internal pressure coefficients, c,, are given:
c,,,=-0.10
c,.. =0.00
280
r
cPuoa
most unfavorable combination for the building.
lolsd qe u be e nse anoabltiizeanresnedeosmdaisnteinratasepcoanraddicaioynesseldee
cciporneasriolnaeqsuientperroiodruezsc, wingsp, = (-0.20)(1.00)(2079.00) = -415.80 Pa (-
42.4<i kg/m")
P, = (O.OO)(!.OOX2079.00) = 0.00 Pa (0.00 kg Im')
c. Prand sio nand sdanddesigntrust Ystrengths static equivalents forheastructure

pr in c ip a l.
fPaacrtaorddeeteprmreisnia6rnllaoscapl,reKs,io,nyeselyfafcuteorrzdasandpdreedsii6seniipoardaerelacuebsrtirmuciet
unrtaospyrinacnicplaalj,ees,l
K,., will be equal to unity (item 3.5.1.1). On the other hand, the burst response
factor,F,. ,It should only be applied to external pressures for windward and
leeward walls.
The equivalent static forces are calculated according to section 4.4.
F(z)-( Q, F. p )A
-(1+71,(z,))-'"'-r ""'
Where the external pressure, P,, is calculated with the following expression,
according to subsection 3.5.1.1:
1. Windward wall (wall D)
Pairawindward walls, you have the c,,..=0.80 (Tablea3.2), the area reduction factor,
K_,, takes the value of unity (for not being a side wall). According to subsection
3m.o5d.1o.1d, the
ejpermespil6onsdeecadlicsueliiaolapaprraeseil6nmuerxotedrieorbapralroaventaoltvuarr
H = 183.00
aiatoc: toanl dlaelaeltduirfiac.ioA,
m:
P, = (0.80)(1.00)(1.OO)(1.OOX2079.00) = 1663.20 Pa (169.86kg/m�)
Considering an exposed area, -4...,, of 30.00xl.50=45.00 mtwoc:corresponding to aml

uuelstitmraon taracmonotindueal cei6dnif:icio, the two cases of equivalent static force
are
F,, GSJ·OOO =[ 16 6 3 two0

·
(1 + 7(0 .1 59))
(2.355)-(-415.80))(45.00)=102126.82N(J0429.63kg)
281
DESIGN AID
OE GREAT ALTIJRA
1663.20
F cm,,) = ( (2.355)-(0.00)(45.00)= 83415.8two N (8518.93k'a )
-,
(jl_.7(0.159)) )
Design pressures and static forces are shown in Table E.5.4. equivalent for the
different heights.
Table E.5.4Forces for the windward wall when the wind acts normallyto wall d
Height w/,
Area YO-'..;(Case 1) I-'.. (Case 2)
Pa (kg/m2) (m2) N(kg) N(kg)
0.00 920.98 (94.06) 45.00 55663.52{5684.67} 36952.52 ( 3773.97)
3.00 920.98 (94.06) 90.00 111327.05 {11369.35) 73905.05 ( 7547.95)
6.00 920.98 (94.06) 90.00 111327.OS(11369.35) 73905.05 ( 7547.95)
9.00 920.98(94.06) 90.00 111327.05 (11369.35) 73905.05 ( 7547.95)
12.00 970.44 (99.11) 90.00 115296.02 (11774.59) 77874.02 ( 7953.19)
15.00 1032.72 {105.47) 90.00 120293.75 (12284.96) 82871.75 ( 8463.56)
18.00 1084.91 (110.80) 90.00 124481.79 (12712.67) 87059.79 ( 8891.27)
21.00 1133.59 (115.77) 90.00 128388.17 (13111.49) 90966.17 ( 9290.09)
24.00 1175.71 (120.07) 90.00 131768.14 (13456.55) 94346.14 ( 9635.15)
27.00 1216.12 (124.20) 90.00 135010.88 (13787.97) 97588.88 ( 9966.57)
30.00 1251.86 (127.85) 90.00 137878.88 (14080.86) 100456.88 (10259.46)
33.00 1285.72 (131.31} 90.00 140596.01 (14358.51) 103174.01{10537.11)
36.00 1317.30 (134.53} 90.00 143130.18{14616.91) 105708.18(10795.51)
39.00 1349.26{137.80} 90.00 145694.85{14879.31} 108272.85(11057.91)
42.00 1376.16 {140.54) 90.00 147853.47 {15099.19} 110431.47 (11277.79)
45.00 1403.32 (143.32) 90.00 150032.95 (15322.27) 112610.95 {11500.87)
48.00 1428.06 (145.84) 90.00 152018.24(15524.49) 114596.24 (11703.09)
51.00 1453.02 (148.39) 90.00 154021.18 (15729.12) 116599.18 {11907.72)
54.00 1478.19(150.96) 90.00 156040.98(15935.35) 118618.98 (12113.95)
57.00 1500.65 (153.26) 90.00 157843.30 (16119.92) 120421.30 (12298.52)
282
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
Height "= Area F,,, (caseeither1) F., (Case 2)
Pa (kg/mtwo) (mtwo ) N {kg) N(kg)
60.00 1520.51 (155.29) 90.00 159436.99 (16282.82) 122014.99 (12461.42)
63.00 1543.29 (157.61} 90.00 161265.00 (16468.99} 123843.00 (12647.59}
66.00 1563.43 (159.67) 90.00 162881.15 (16634.29} 125459.15 (12812.89)
69.00 1580.87 (161.45) 90.00 164280.65 (16777.13) 126858.65 (12955.73)
72.00 1601.25 (163.53) 90.00 165916.06 {16944.04) 128494.06 (13122.64)
75.00 1618.72 (165.32) 90.00 167317.96 (17087.68) 129895.96 (13266.28)
78.00 1636.47 (167.13) 90.00 168742.33 (17232.93) 131320.33 (13411.53)
81.00 1654.13 (168.93) 90.00 170159.47 (17377.37) 132737.47 (13555.97)
84.00 1672.07 (170.76) 90.00 171599.09 (17524.22) 134177.09 (13702.82)
87.00 1687.00 (172.29) 90.00 172797.16 (17647.00) 135375.16 (13825.60)
90.00 1704.93 (174.12) 90.00 174235.98 (17793.85) 136813.98 (13972.45)
93.00 1720.19 (175.68) 90.00 175460.53 (17919.03) 138038.53 (14097.63)
96.00 1735.33 (177.23) 90.00 176675.46 {18043.42) 139253.46 (14222.02)
99.00 1750.54 (178.78) 90.00 177896.00 (18167.80) 140474.00 (14346.40)
102.00 1765.82 (180.34) 90.00 179122.16 (18292.98} 141700.16 (14471.58}
105.00 1778.16 (181.60) 90.00 180112.40 (18394.09) 142690.40 (14572.69)
108.00 1793.56 (183.17) 90.00 181348.19 (18520.08) 143926.19 (14698.68)
111.00 1805.81 (184.42) 90.00 182331.20 {18620.38) 144909.20 (14798.98)
114.00 1821.32 (186.01) 90.00 183575.82 (18747.98) 146153.82 (14926.58}
117.00 1833.86 (187.29} 90.00 184582.10 (18850.69} 147160.10 (15029.29}
120.00 1846.44 (188.57) 90.00 185591.60 (18953.41) 148169.60 (15132.01}
123.00 1858.87 (189.84) 90.00 186589.06 (19055.32) 149167.06 (15233.92)
126.00 1871.53 (191.14) 90.00 187604.98 {19159.64) 150182.98 (15338.24)
129.00 1884.24 (192.43) 90.00 188624.90 {19263.16) 151202.90 (15441.76)
132.00 1896.80 (193.72) 90.00 189632.79 (19366.67) 152210.79 (15545.27)
135.00 1909.59 (195.02) 90.00 190659.14 (19470.99) 153237.14 (15649.59}
283
DESIGN AID
OE GREAT ALTIJRA
Height y:f::- Area 1--;,,(Case 1) f"',,, (Case 2)
(m) Pa (kg/m2) (m2) N(kg) N(kg)
138.00 1919.11 (195.99) 90.00 191423.08 (19548.83) 154001.08 (15727.43)
141.00 1931.98 (197.31) 90.00 192455.85 (19654.76) 155033.85 (15833.36)
144.00 1944.89 (198.63) 90.00 193491.83 (19760.68) 156069.83 (15939.28)
147.00 1954.51 (199.61) 90.00 194263.80 {19839.32) 156841.80 (16017.92)
150.00 1967.49 (200.94) 90.00 195305.39 (19946.05) 157883.39 {16124.65)
153.00 1977.16 (201.92) 90.00 196081.37 (20024.69) 158659.37 (16203.29)
156.00 1986.85 (202.91) 90.00 196858.96 (20104.14) 159436.96 (16282.74)
159.00 1999.94 (204.25) 90.00 197909.38 (20211.67) 160487.38 (16390.27)
162.00 2009.69 (205.25) 90.00 198691.78 (20291.91) 161269.78 (16470.51)
165.00 2019.46 (206.24) 90.00 199475.78 {20371.35) 162053.78 (16549.95)
168.00 2029.46 (207.26) 90.00 200278.24 (20453.21) 162856.24 (16631.81)
171.00 2039.28 (208.27) 90.00 201066.26 (20534.25) 163644.26 (16712.85)
174.00 2049.12 (209.27) 90.00 201855.88 (20614.50) 164433.88 (16793.10)
177.00 2058.99 (210.28) 90.00 202647.91 (20695.55) 165225.91 (16874.15)
180.00 2069.08 (211.31) 90.00 203457.59 (20778.20) 166035.59 (16956.80)
183.00 2079.00 {212.32) 45.00 102126.82 (10429.63) 83415.82 (8518.93)
In Fig E.5.8 the forces for the different heights are shown for the Case1 and in
Fig E.5.9 for Case 2.
2. Leeward wall (wall C)
For the ratio d/b=46.00/30.00= 1.533, according to Table 3.2, the value of the
external pressure coefficient isc,,.--o.393.Since this wall is
leeward, the reduction factor per area, K,,is equal to unity. Thus, the external
pressure, calculated for the total headH = 183.00111 1it is:
p, = (-0.393)(1.00)(JOOX!.00)(2079.00) = -817.05 Pa (-83.44 kg/ 111 two

)
This external pressure remains constant throughout the height of the building.
284
Considering an exposed area, A,.., of 30.00xl.50=45.00 m twofor the sections

of the beginning and the end, and for the intermediate sections of the building of
30.00x3.00=90.00mtwo•
The two equivalent static force cases for the end sections are shown below:
F,.=[ 17 05 (2,355)-(-415.80))(45.00)=-22267.02 N (-2274.22 kg)

-�
(l+1(0.159) )
., jhe (1+ yes?oyes

-
F (2.355)-(0.00)) (45.00)=-40978.02N(-4184.92k -and)
1co.1s9))
The two equivalent static force cases for the intermediate spans are shown below:
j
F., he(1+
-8!7.0S
7(0 i<2 355)-(-41580))(90.00)=-44534.04 N (-4548.44 k- !!.)
159)
- 7.0
F =( yes yes (2.355)-(0.00)) (90.00) = -81956.04 N(- 8369.84 kg)
" ( 0.159))
(1+7
3. Side walls (walls A andbl
According to Table 3.3, for i," 1sJ.OO111,the value of the pressure coefficient
Exterior,c,., for lateral wall zones, varies as a function of the horizontal distance
along the lateral wall measured from the common edge with the windward wall. He
has to c,. along the 46.00 m, is equal to -
0.65.
The factsofarea size reduction,K,, are obtained by the
interpolation of the values in Table 3.5, for the tributary areas shown in Fig
E.5.3{a). With the above, considering horizontal sections, the external pressures
for the different heights, with q, calculated ali-183.00m, I knowsa mpl ena n d n the
Table E.5.5.
285
DESIGN AID
Table E.5.5 External pressures for the lateral walls.
Height c,. Area q_

{m) (m2) Pa (kg/mtwo) Pa (kg/mtwo)
ooo and183.00 -0.65 69.00 0.8412079.00 (212.32) -1136.49 (-116.06)
Of3.00a180.00 -0.65 138.00 0.8002079.00 (212.32) -1081.08 {-110.41)
As it is a lateral wall, the dynamic effects do not intervene in the calculation of

thedesign pressures.
Consideringornareaexposed, A�"', of 46.00xl.50=69.00 mtwo

pairaitssectionsfrom the beginning and the end, and 46.00x3.00=138.00 m twofor
intermediate sectionsof the building, the two equivalent static force cases for
the outer spans are shown below:
F, = (-1 !36.49-(-415.80)) (69.00) =-49727.29 N (-5078.73 kg)

F_, =(-1136.49-(0.00)) (69.00) =-7S417.49 N (-8008.47 kg)
The two equivalent static force cases for the intermediate sections areshown
below:
F,,, =(-1081.08-(-415.80))(138.00)=-91808.64 N(-9376.60Jc.g)

F,. = (-1081.0S-(0.00)) (138.00) = -149189.04 N (-15236.08 kg)
4. Deck
From Table 3.4{b), fory=0.0<><10°Yhld=l83.00/46.00=3.972l.OO ,the external

pressure coefficients for the roof,c,.,,They vary with the distance measured from
the top edge of the windward wall. For a reference height,ii= 1x3.0o on, there
are two casesof c,, along the 46.00 m,
taking the following values.
c,. horizontal distance

-1.30 -0.60 (o.oo -46.00m)
For the calculation of the cover pressures, the dynamic pressure of base, q, , is
constant and is calculated at the total height of the building.
The tributary areas of the roof girders are shown in Fig E.5.4. Byits part, the
reduction factor per area, K_,, for the different girders is
shown in Table E.5.6. For the calculation of the forces due to the wind on the roof,
the dynamic effects are not considered. By using these values,
286
Design forces for the roof, in the direction of 46.00 m, are shown in Table
E.5.6.
Table E.5.6forces on the roof.
beamsof Area F.,(Case 1) F"'(Casetwo)

c,p K
theaxes (m') N(kg) N(kg)
-1.30 8,125 1,000 -18581.06 (-1897.64) -21959.44 (-2242.63)

1Y7
-0.60 8,125 1,000 -6756.75 ( -690.07) -10135.13 (-1035.05)
-1.30 6,250 1,000 -14293.13 (-1459.73) -16891.88 (-1725.10)

A and B
-0.60 6,250 1,000 -5197.50 ( -530.83) -7796.25 ( -796.20)
two to -1.30
the 6 16,250 0.958 -35317.53 (-3606.90) -42074.28 (-4296.88)
-0.60 16,250 0.958 -12662.15 (-1293.20) -19418.90 (-1983.17)
-1.30 12,500 0.983 -28011.93 (-2860.80) -33209.43 (-3391.55)

BalH
-0.60 12,500 0.983 -10129.93 (-1034.58) -15327.43 (-1565.33)
d. Calculation of the design pressures for the secondary elements of

thestructure.
Next, zones, distances and areas of affectation of design pressures are

established in a general way, considering the dynamic and local effects. In
Application Example 6, a case is described in more detail about child element
analysis.
287
DESIGN AID
APPLICATION EXAMPLE 5: CALCULATION OF PRESSURES, FORCES AND ACCELERATIONS PRODUCED BY THE WIND ON A BUILDING OE
GREAT ALTIJRA
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288
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C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
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AID D£ D1srno
OE HIGH RISE
i. Wind normal to Wall A {along 30.00 m). 8=0°.
Since the secondary elements of the construction are the supports of the
panels (coverings), it is necessary to take into account the effect of local
pressures according to section 3.5.1.1. From Fig 3.5, we have that:
0.2b=0.2(46.00)=9.20m
a = 0.2d = 0.2(30.00) = 6.00 111{< -
0
<h=183.00m
1. Windward wall studs{wall A)
In accordance with Table 3.6 (wall MBA1), the local pressure factor, K, , is equal
to 1.50, from Table 3.2, c,......o.so, and the reduction factor per area, K,, as well
asthe pressure factor for coverings and anchors, K,u , take the value of the
unit.
As it is a windward wall, to take into account the dynamic effects, the

external pressure is affected by the gust response factor,F/JR,and for
himfactor(I+11,iz,l),previously calculated for this direction (8=0°). So,
the local design pressure of the uprights, for an affected area, A,, lesseither
Same that 02sa�= o.25x6.oo>= 9.00m2 for different heights,
considering the two internal pressure conditions, they are shown in Table
E.5.7 (item 3.5.1).
Table E.5.7 Local pressures on the windward wall.
P, =p,-p, P, =p,-p,
Heigh
c,,, (Case 1) case 2)
t(m) Pa (kg/m2)
Pa (kg/mtwo) Pa (kg/mtwo)
0.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 920.98 (94.06) 1595.77 (162.97) 1179.97 (120.51)
3.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 920.98(94.06) 1595.77 (162.97) 1179.97 (120.51)
6.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 920.98 (94.06) 1595.77 (162.97) 1179.97 (120.51)
9.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 920.98 (94.06) 1595.77 (162.97) 1179.97 (120.51)
12.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 970.44 (99.11) 1659.14 (169.44) 1243.34 (126.98)
15.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1032.72 (105.47) 1738.93(177.59) 1323.13 (135.13)
18.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1084.91 (110.80) 1805.80 (184.42) 1390.00 (141.96)
21.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1133.59 (115.77) 1868.17 (190.79) 1452.37 (148.33)
24.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1175.71 (120.07) 1922.13 (196.30) 1506.33 (153.84)
290
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
Height q_
Q,-/J,-Q, P,-p,-p,
c
,.
K, K, K,.• (Case1) (Casetwo)
(m) Pa (kg/mtwo)
27.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1216.12 (124.20) 1973.91 (201.59) 1558.11 (159.13)
30.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1251.86 (127.85) 2019.70 (206.26) 1603.90 (163.80)
33.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1285.72 (131.31) 2063.08 (210.70) 1647.28 (168.24)
36.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1317.30 (134.53) 2103.54 (214.82) 1687.74 (172.36)
39.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1349.26 (137.80) 2144.49 (219.01) 1728.69 (176.55)
42.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1376.16 (140.54) 2178.95 (222.52) 1763.15 (180.06)
45.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1403.32 (143.32) 2213.75 (226.08) 1797.95 (183.62}
48.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1428.06 (14S.84) 2245.45 (229.31) 1829.65 (186.85)
51.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1453.02 (148.39} 2277.43(232.58) 1861.63 (190.12}
54.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1478.19 (150.96) 2309.67(235.87) 1893.87 (193.41}
57.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1500.65 (153.26} 2338.45 (238.82) 1922.65 (196.36)
60.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1520.51 (15 5.29) 2363.89 (241.42) 1948.09 (198.96)
63.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1543.29 (157.61) 2393.08 (244.39) 1977.28 (201.93}
66.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1563.43 (159.67) 2418.88 (247.03) 2003.08 (204.57)
69.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1580.87 (161.45) 2441.23 (249.31) 2025.43 (206.85)
72.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1601.25 (163.53) 2467.34 (251.98) 2051.54 (209.52)
75.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1618.72 (16S.32) 2489.72(254.27) 2073.92 (211.81)
78.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1636.47 (167.13) 2512.46 (256.59) 2096.66 (214.13}
81.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1654.13 (168.93} 2535.09(258.90) 2119.29 (216.44)
84.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1672.07 (170.76} 2558.08 (261.24) 2142.28 (218.78)
87.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1687.00 (172.29) 2577.20 (263.20) 2161.40 (220.74)
90.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1704.93 (174.12) 2600.18 (265.54) 2184.38 (223.08)
93.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1720.19 (17S.68} 2619.73 (267.54} 2203.93 (225.08}
96.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1735.33 (177.23) 2639.12 (269.53) 2223.32 (227.07)
99.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1750.54 (178.78) 2658.61 (271.52) 2242.81 (229.06}
102.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1765.82 (180.34) 2678.19 (273.51) 2262.39 (231.05)
105.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1778.16 (181.60) 2694.00 (275.13) 2278.20 (232.67}
291
DESIGN AIDS
APPLICATION EXAMPLE 5: CALCULATION OF PRESSURES, FORCES AND ACCELERATIONS PRODUCED BY THE WIND SDBRE LIN
BUILDINGOE HIGH RISE
eleven,-eleven,-Q, Q,-YO',-Q,
Heigh wh,
c,,. K, K (Casei) (Case 2)
t(m) Kriver Pa )
(kg/mtwo Pa (kg/mtwo) Pa (kg/mtwo)
108.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1793.56 (183.17) 2713.73 (277.14) 2297.93 (234.68)
111.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1805.81 (184.42) 2729.42 (278.74) 2313.62 (236.28)
114.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1821.32 (186.01) 2749.30 (280.78) 2333.50 (238.32)
117.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1833.86 (187.29) 2765.36 (282.42) 2349.56 (239.96)
120.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1846.44 (188.57) 2781.48 (284.06) 2365.68 (241.60)
1.5
123.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1858.87 (189.84) 2797.41 (285.69) 2381.61 (243.23)
126.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1871.53 (191.14) 2813.63 (287.35) 2397.83 (244.89)
129.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1884.24 (192.43) 2829.91 (289.00) 2414.11 (246.54)
132.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1896.80 (193.72) 2846.00 (290.66) 2430.20 (248.20)
135.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1909.59 (195.02) 2862.39 (292.32) 2446.59 (249.86)
138.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1919.11 (195.99) 2874.59 (293.56) 2458.79 (251.10)
141.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1931.98 (197.31) 2891.08 (295.26) 2475.28 (252.80)
144.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1944.89 (198.63) 2907.62 (296.95) 2491.82 (254.49)
147.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1954.51 (199.61) 2919.94 (298.20) 2504.14 (255.74)
150.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1967.49 (200.94) 2936.57 (299.91) 2520.77 (257.45)
153.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1977.16 (201.92) 2948.96 (301.16) 2533.16 (258.70)
156.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1986.85 (202.91) 2961.38 (302.43) 2545.58 (259.97)
159.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1999.94 (204.25) 2978.15 (304.15) 2562.35 (261.69)
162.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 2009.69 (20 5.25) 2990.64 (305.43) 2574.84 (262.97)
165.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 2019.46 (206.24) 3003.16 (306.70) 2587.36 (264.24)
168.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 2029.46 (207.26) 3015.97 (308.00) 2600.17 (265.54)
171.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 2039.28 (208.27) 3028.55 (309.30) 2612.75 (266.84)
174.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 2049.12 (209.27) 3041.16 (310.58) 2625.36 (268.12)
177.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 2058.99 (210.28) 3053.80 (311.87) 2638.00 (269.41)
180.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 2069.08 (211.31) 3066.73 (313.19) 2650.93 (270.73)
183.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 2079.00 (212.32) 3079.44 (314.49) 2663.64 (272.03)
292
If the tributary area of the secondary element is greater than the area of
affectation,A1, the remaining area must be evaluated for K,equal to 1.00 (Table
E.5.8).
Q,=JJ�-µr
Heigh µ,=JJ,-p,
c� K_, K, K ,.•
w
(Case1) (Casetwo)
t h,
Pa (kg/m') Pa (kg/mtwo) Pa (kg/mtwo}
(m)
ooo 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 920.98 (94.06) 1202.45 {122.60) 786.65 (80.34)
3.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 920.98 (94.06) 1202.45 (122.80) 786.65 (80.34)
6.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 920.98 (94.06) 1202.45 (122.80) 786.65 (80.34)
9.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 920.98 (94.06) 1202.45 (122.80) 786.65 (60.34}
12.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 970.44 (99.11) 1244.69 (127.11) 828.89 (84.65)
15.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1032.72 (105.47) 1297.69 (132.55) 882.09 (90.09)
18.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1084.91 {110.80) 1342.47 (137.10) 926.67 (94.64)
21.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1133.59 (115.77) 1384.05 (141.34) 968.25 (98.88)
24.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1175.71 (120.07) 1420.02 (145.02) 1004.22 (102.56)
27.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1216.12 (124.20) 1454.54 (148.54) 1038.74 (106.08)
30.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1251.86 (127.85) 1485.06 (151.66) 1069.26 (109.20)
33.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1285.72 (131.31) 1513.99 (154.62) 1098.19 (112.16)
36.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1317.30 (134.53) 1540.96 (157.37) 1125.16 (114.91)
39.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1349.26 (137.80} 1569.26 (160.16) 1152.46 (117.70)
42.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1376.16 (140.54) 1591.23 (162.50) 1175.43 {120.04)
45.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1403.32 (143.32) 1614.43 (164.88) 1198.63 (122.42)
48.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1428.06(145.84) 1635.56 (167.03) 1219.76 (124.57)
51.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1453.02 (148.39) 1656.88 (169.21) 1241.08 (126.75)
54.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1478.19 (150.96) 1678.39 (171.40) 1262.58 (128.94)
57.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1500.65 (153.26} 1697.57 (173.37) 1291.77 (130.91)
60.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1520.51 (155.29) 1714.53 (175.10) 1298.73 (132.64)
63.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1543.29 (157.61) 1733.99 (177.08) 1318.19 (134.62)
66.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1563.43 (159.67} 1751.19 (178.64) 1335.39 (136.36)
293
AVOIDSOF Dl5ENE
HIGH RISE
/1: =PYo- -p 1 µ,=p,-p;

Heigh 'Y
c,, K, K O, (Case1) (Casetwo)
t(m) K,.,,
Pa (kg/m2) Pa (kg/mtwo) Pa (kg/m two)
69.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1580.87 (161.45) 1766.09 (180.36) 1350.29 (137.90)
72.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1601.25 (163.53) 1783.49 (182.14) 1367.69 (139.68)
75.00 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1618.72 (165.32) 1796.42 (163.67) 1362.62 (141.21)
78.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1636.47(167.13) 1813.58 (185.21) 1397.78 (142.75)
81.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1654.13 (168.93) 1828.66 (186.75) 1412.86 (144.29)
84.00 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1672.07 (170.76) 1843.98 (188.31) 1426.18 (145.85)
87.00 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1687.00 (172.29) 1856.74 (189.62) 1440.94 (147.16)
90.00 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1704.93 (174.12) 1872.05 (191.18) 1456.25 (148.72)
93.00 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1720.19 (175.68) 1885.08 (192.52) 1469.28 (150.06)
96.00 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1735.33 (177.23) 1898.02 (193.84) 1482.22 (151.38)
99.00 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1750.54 (178.78) 1911.01 (195.16) 1495.21 (152.70)
102.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1765.82 (180.34) 1924.06 (196.50) 1508.26 (154.04)
105.00 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1778.16 (181.60) 1934.60 (197.57) 1518.80 (155.11)
108.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1793.56 (183.17) 1947.75 (198.91) 1531.95 (156.45)
111.00 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1605.81 (184.42) 1958.22 (199.98) 1542.42 (157.52)
114.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1821.32 (186.01) 1971.46 (201.34) 1555.66 (158.88)
117.00 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1833.86 (187.29) 1982.18 (202.43) 1566.38 (159.97)
120.00 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1846.44 (188.57) 1992.92 (203.53) 1577.12 (161.07)
123.00 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1858.87 (189.84) 2003.54 (204.61) 1587.74 (162.15)
126.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1871.53 (191'..14) 2014.35 (205.72) 1598.55 (163.26)
129.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1884.24 (192.43) 2025.21 (206.82) 1609.41 (164.36)
132.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1896.80 (193.72) 2035.93 (207.92) 1620.13 (165.46)
135.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1909.59 (195.02) 2046.86 (209.03) 1631.06 (166.57)
138.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1919.11 (195.99) 2054.99 (209.86) 1639.19 (167.40)
141.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1931.98 (197.31) 2065.98 (210.99) 1650.18 (168.53)
144.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1944.69 (198.63) 2077.01 (212.12) 1661.21 (169.66)
147.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1954.51 (199.61) 2085.23 (212.96) 1669.43 (170.50)
294
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
Q, =Q,-p, Q,=Q,-Q,
Heigh K, .,_ ,
wh,
c,. K, (Case 1) (Caset wo )
t two
(m) Khe
Pa (kg/mtwo) Pa (kg/m two)
Pa (kg/m )
150.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1967.49 (200.94) 2096.31 (214.09) 1680.51 (171.63)
153.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1977.16 (201.92) 2104.57 (214.93) 1688.77 (172.47)
156.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1986.85 (202.91) 2112.85 (215.77) 1697.05 (173.31)
159.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1999.94 (204.25) 2124.03 (216.92) 1708.23 (174.46)
162.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 2009.69 (205.25) 2132.36 (217.77) 1716.56 (175.31)
165.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 2019.46 (206.24) 2140.70 (218.62) 1724.90 (176.16)
168.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 2029.46 (207.26) 2149.25 (219.49) 1733.45 (177.03)
171.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 2039.28 (208.27) 2157.63 (220.35) 1741.83 (177.89)
174.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 2049.12 (209.27) 2166.04 (221.21) 1750.24 (178.75)
177.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 2058.99 {210.28) 2174.47 (222.07) 1758.67 (179.61)
180.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 2069.08 (211.31) 2183.09 (222.95) 1767.29 (180.49)
183.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 2079.00(212.32) 2191.56(223.81) 1775.76 (181.35)
Another condition that must be evaluated is to consider K, equal to 1.00, for the
entire
Tributary area of the uprights, whose pressures will be equal to those in
TableE.5.8.
2. Leeward wall uprights Cmuro B)
Forthe studs of this wall must bec,,,--050; Also, since this wall is leeward, the
reduction factor per area,K,, thelocal pressure factor,
K, ,as well as the pressure factor for coatingsY anchors,K,.• , are equal to
unity. As it is a leeward wall, to take into account the dynamic effects, the
external pressure is affected by the gust response factor,
F,.. , and for the factor (1�11,(z,)),previously calculated for this direction
(6=0° ). Thus, the local design pressures considering the two internal pressure
conditions, which remain constant with height, are calculated for theii-183.00m,
are:
• ' Yo
(1+7(0.159))
P,_ =P.-P,=-694.05Pa(-70.88kglm2)
295
DESIGN AIDS
APPLICATION EXAMPLE 5: CALCULATION OF PRESSURES, FORCES AND ACCELERATIONS PRODUCED BY THE WIND ON A BUILDINGOE
GREAT ALTIJRA
· ' ' (1+7(0.159))
Q,=P.-P, =-1109.85Pa (·113.34kg/m1)
Since there are no restrictions regarding the affected area,A,, islocal pressure
must be applied throughoutthe tax area corresponding to these amounts.
3. Studs of the lateral walls (walls C and D)

To calculate the local design pressures of these elements, we obtain, from
Table 3.3, with q, calculated at the height h 183.oom, the external pressure
coefficient in the direction of 30.00 m:
C,, horizontal distance

-0.65 (ooo -30.00rn)
The area size reduction factor, K,, is obtained by the

Table 3.5. For the tributary areas of the uprights (12.00 m two),this value isequal
to 0.987.
According to Table 3.6 and subsection 3.5.1.1, for a ratio h/D=J83

00/30.00=6.10, which is greater than 1.00, the local pressure factors to be
used take values equal to 1.50, 2.00 and 3.00, according to its distance
from the windward edge. Thus, with the pressure factor for coatings and
anchors, K,,, , equal to unity because it is neither coating nor
anchorage, local design pressures and their affected areas, A,,for the studs in
lateral walls they are shown in Table E.5.9.
Table E.5.9 Local design pressures for lateral walls.

Distancesince P, =p,-p; P, = P,-p,
andhemureither of ,,c,. K_, K, (caseeither 1)
windward (rn) (rn2) (caseeither two) Pa (kg/mtwo) Pa (kg/mtwo)
,
Ofoooa 3.00 9.00 -0.65 0.987 3.00 -3585.55 (-366.18) -4001.35 {-408.64)
Ofoooa 6.00 36.00 -0.65 0.987 2.00 -2251.76 (·229.97) 2667.56 (-272.43)
Of6.00a30.00 9.00 -0.65 0.987 1.50 -1584.87 (-161.86) -2000.67 (-204.32)
For the remaining tributary area, the local design pressure calculated with the
value of KL -1.00 (item 3.5.1.1) is taken. Thus, the local design pressures for
thisremaining area are:
296
p,-p,-p,-(---0.65)(0.987)(1.00){1.IX>)(2079.00)-(-415.80) --917.98Pa(-93.75kgtnf)
P, -P, -p, -(-0.65)(0.987)(1.00)(1.00)(2079.00)-(0.00)--1333.78Pa (-136.21kg/m2)
Another condition that must be evaluated is to consider K,equal to 1.00, for the
entire
Tributary area of the amounts, whose pressures will be equal to the previous
expressions.
4. Deck
Since there are no secondary elements in the roof, it is not necessary t o

calculate local design pressures.
ii. Wind normal to wall D(aalong the 46.00 m}, 8=90°.
which the panels (coverings) will be fixed, it is necessary to take into account
the effect of local pressures according to section 3.5.1.1. From Fig 3.4(e), we
have that:
0.2d=0.2(46.00)=9.20m
a0=0.2b=0.2(30.00)=6.00m{<
<.h = 183.00m
1. Uprights of the windward wall (wall Dl
According to Table 3.6 (MBA1 wall), the local pressure factor, K,, is equal to 1.50;
of Table 3.2, the c,. -o.so, and the reduction factor per area, K,, as well as the
pressure factor for coverings and anchors, K=, take the value of the unit.
As it is a windward wall, to take into account the dynamic effects, theoutside

pressure is affected by the gust response factor,r�.,and for himfactor {I+ 11,(zJ),
previously calculated for this direction (8=90 ° ). By
Therefore, the local design pressure of the mon many, for an affected area,
A,, lessror same as o.isao'=0.25x6. eithereither =9.oom'for different heights,
two
considering the two internal pressure conditions, they are shown in Table E.5.10
(item 3.5.1.1).
297
DESIGN AID
HIGH RISE
Table E.5.10 Local pressures on the windward side.
Height w/: Q: = p�-11i F', = P.-Q,

c,, K K, K,,i (Casei) (Case 2)
(m) Pa(kg/mtwo)
Pa (kg/mtwo) Pa(kg/m2)
0.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 920.98 (94.06) 1647.55 (168.26) 1231.75 (125.80)
3.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 920.98 (94.06) 1647.55 (168.26) 1231.75 (125.80)
6.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 920.98 (94.06) 1647.55 (168.26) 1231.75 (125.80)
9.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 920.98 (94.06) 1647.55 (168.26) 1231.75 (125.80)
12.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 970.44 (99.11) 1713.70 (175.01) 1297.90 (132.55)
15.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1032.72 (105.47) 1797.00 (183.52) 1381.20 (141.06)
18.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1084.91 (110.80) 1866.80 (190.65) 1451.00 (148.19)
21.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1133.59 (115.77) 1931.90 (197.29) 1516.10 (154.83)
24.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1175.71 (12.0.07) 1988.24 (203.05) 1572.44 (160.59)
27.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1216.12 (12.4.20) 2042.28 (208.57) 1626.48 (166.11)
30.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1251.86 (12.7.85) 2090.08 (213.45) 1674.28 (170.99)
33.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1285.72 (131.31) 2135.37 (218.08) 1719.57 (175.62)
36.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1317.30 (134.53) 2177.60 (222.39) 1761.80 (179.93)
39.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1349.26 (137.80) 2220.35 (226.76) 1804.55 (184.30)
42.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1376.16 (140.54) 2256.32 (230.42) 1840.52 (187.96)
45.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1403.32 (143.32) 2292.65 (234.14) 1876.85 (191.68)
48.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1428.06 (145.84) 2325.74 (237.51) 1909.94 (195.05)
51.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1453.02 (148.39) 2359.12 (240.92) 1943.32 (198.46)
54.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1478.19 (150.96) 2392.78 (244.36) 1976.98 (201.90)
57.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1500.65 (15 3.26) 2422.82 (247.44) 2007.02 (204.98)
60.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1520.51 (155.29) 2449.38 (250.15) 2033.58 (207.69)
63.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1543.29 (157.61) 2479.85 (253.25) 2064.05 (210.79)
66.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1563.43 (159.67) 2506.79 (256.01) 2090.99 (213.55)
69.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1580.87 (161.45) 2530.11 (258.39) 2114.31 (215.93)
72.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1601.25 (163.53) 2557.37 (261.17) 2141.57 (218.71)
75.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1618.72 (165.32) 2580.73 (263.56) 2164.93 (221.10)
298
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
Height p,=p,-p, P,=JJ,-P,

wh,
c. K, K, K,,,
, (Case1) (Case 2)
(ml Pa (kg/mtwo ) Pa (kg/m2)
Pa(kg/m')
78.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1636.47 {167.13) 2604.47 (265.99) 2188.67 (223.53)
81.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1654.13 {168.93) 2628.09 (268.39) 2212.29 (225.93)
84.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1672.07 (170.76) 2652.08 (270.84) 2236.28 (228.38)
87.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1687.00 {172.29) 2672.05 (272.89) 2256.25 (230.43)
90.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1704.93 (174.12) 2696.03 (275.33) 2280.23 (232.87)
93.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1720.19 (175.68) 2716.44 (277.42) 2300.64 (234.96)
96.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1735.33 (177.23) 2736.69 (279.49) 2320.89 (237.03)
99.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1750.54 (178.78) 2757.03 (281.57) 2341.23 (239.11)
102.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1765.82 (180.34) 2777.47 (283.65) 2361.67 (241.19)
105.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1778.16 (181.60) 2793.97 (285.34) 2378.17 (242.88)
108.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1793.56 (183.17) 2814.57 (287.44) 2398.77 (244.98)
111.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1805.81 (184.42) 2830.95 (289.11) 2415.15 (246.65)
114.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1821.32 (186.01) 2851.70 (291.24) 2435.90 (248.78)
117.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1833.86 (187.29) 2868.47 (292.95) 2452.67 (250.49)
120.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1846.44 (188.57) 2885.29 (294.66) 2469.49 (252.20)
123.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1858.87 (189.84) 2901.92 (296.36) 2486.12 (253.90)
126.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1871.53 (191.14) 2918.85 (298.10) 2503.05 (255.64)
129.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1884.24 (192.43) 2935.85 (299.82) 2520.05 (257.36)
132.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1896.80 (193.72) 2952.65 (301.55) 2536.85 (259.09)
135.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1909.59 (195.02) 2969.75 (303.29) 2553.95 (260.83)
138.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1919.11 {19 5.99) 2982.48 (304.58) 2566.68 (262.12)
141.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1931.98 (19 7.31) 2999.70 (306.35) 2583.90 (263.89)
144.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1944.89 (198.63) 3016.96 (308.11) 2601.16 (265.65)
147.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1954.51 {199.61) 3029.83 (309.43) 2614.03 (266.97)
150.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1967.49 (200.94) 3047.19 (311.20) 2631.39 (268.74)
153.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1977.16 (201.92) 3060.12 (312.51) 2644.32 (270.05)
156.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1986.85 (202.91) 3073.08 (313.84) 2657.28 (271.38)
299
DESIGN AID
OE GREATALTIJRA
Heigh c,, K,
wh, K P, = /J, -p, P, = p,-p.
t
K, = (Case1) (Casetwo)
(m) Pa (kg/mtwo)
Pa(kg/m') Pa (kg/m')
159.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 1999.94 (204.25) 3090.59 (315.63) 2674.79 (273.17)
162.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 2009.69 (20i5.25) 3103.63 (316.97) 2687.83 (274.51)
165.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 2019.46 (206.24) 3116.70(318.29) 2700.90 (275.83)
168.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 2029.46 (207.26) 3130.07 (319.66) 2714.27 (277.20)
171.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 2039.28 (20'8.27) 3143.20(321.01) 2727.40 (278.55)
174.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 2049.12 (209.27) 3156.36 (322.35) 2740.56 (279.89)
177.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 2058.99 (210.28) 3169.57 (323.70) 2753.77 (281.24)
180.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 2069.08 (211.31) 3183.06 (325.07) 2767.26 (282.61)
183.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.0 2079.00 (212.32) 3196.33 (326.42) 2780.53 (283.96)
.rJ.,, the remaining area must be evaluated for K, equal to 1.00 (Table
E.5.11).Table E.5.11 Local pressures on the windward wall.
/J,=Q,-p, Q,=Q,-p,
Height c K' KL l/,
,, K,d (Case1)
(m) Pa (kg/mtwo)
Pa(Casetwo)
) Pa (kg/mtwo)
(kg/mtwo
0.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 920.98 (94.06) 1236.97 (126.33) 821.17(83.87)
3.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 920.98 (94.06) 1236.97 (126.33) 821.17 (83.87)
6.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 920.98 (94.06) 1236.97 (126.33) 821.17 (83.87)
9.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 920.98 (94.06) 1236.97 (126.33) 821.17 (83.87)
12.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 970.44 (99.11) 1281.07 (130.83) 865.27 (88.37)
15.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1032.72 (105.47) 1336.60 (136.50) 920.80 (94.04)
18.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1084.91 (110.80) 1383.13 (141.25) 967.33 (98.79)
21.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1133.59 (115.77) 1426.54 (145.68) 1010.74 (103.22)
24.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1175.71 (120.07) 1464.09 (149.52) 1048.29 (107.06)
27.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1216.12 (124.20) 1500.12 (153.20) 1084.32 (110.74)
30.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1251.86 (127.85) 1531.99(156.45) 1116.19 (113.99)
300
C.1.4 DESIGNP0RWIND0
Height wh, Q,=p,-p, P, =p,-p,

c K, K K"'
,,. (Case 1) (Casetwo)
(m) Pa (kg/m two) Pa (kg/m2) Pa (kg/m")
33.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1285.72 (131.31) 1562.18 (159.54) 1146.38 (117.08)
36.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1317.30 (134.53) 1590.34 (162.41) 1174.54 (119.95)
39.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1349.26 (137.80) 1618.83 (165.33) 1203.03 (122.87)
42.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1376.16 (140.54) 1642.82 {167.77) 1227.02 (125.31)
45.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1403.32 (143.32) 1667.03 (170.25) 1251.23 (127.79)
48.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1428.06 {145.84) 1689.09 {172.49) 1273.29 (130.03}
51.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1453.02 {148.39) 1711.35 (174.77) 1295.55 (132.31)
54.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1478.19 (150.96) 1733.79 (177.06) 1317.99 (134.60)
57.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1500.65 (153.26) 1753.81 (179.11) 1338.01 (136.65}
60.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1520.51(155.29) 1771.52 (180.92) 1355.72 (138.46)
63.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1543.29 (157.61) 1791.83 (182.99) 1376.03 (140.53)
66.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1563.43 (159.67) 1809.79 (184.83) 1393.99 (142.37)
69.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1580.87 (161.45) 1825.34(186.41) 1409.54 (143.95}
72.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1601.25 {163.53) 1843.51 (188.27) 1427.71 (145.81)
75.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1618.72 {165.32) 1859.09 (189.86) 1443.29(147.40)
78.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1636.47 (167.13} 1874.91 (191.48} 1459.11 (149.02)
81.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1654.13 (168.93) 1890.66 (193.08) 1474.86 (150.62)
84.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1672.07 (170.76) 1906.66 (194.71) 1490.86(152.25)
87.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1687.00 (172.29) 1919.97 {196.08) 1504.17 (153.62)
90.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1704.93(174.12) 1935.96 (197.71) 1520.16 (155.25)
93.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1720.19 (175.68) 1949.56 (199.10) 1533.76 (156.64)
96.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1735.33 (177.23) 1963.06 {200.48) 1547.26 (158.02}
99.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1750.54 (178.78) 1976.62 (201.86) 1560.82 (159.40)
102.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1765.82 {180.34) 1990.25 {203.26) 1574.45 (160.80)
105.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1778.16 (181.60) 2001.25 (204.38) 1585.45(161.92)
108.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1793.56 {183.17) 2014.98(205.78) 1599.18(163.32)
111.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1805.81 (184.42) 2025.90 (206.89) 1610.10 (164.43)
301
AVOIDSOF Dl5ENE
HIGH RISE
YO',=Q,-/YO; Q,=Q,-p;
Heigh he
c,,. K, K, Kru ('
(Case1) (Casetwo)
t
Pa(kg/mtw Pa(kg/mtwo) Pa(kg/mtwo)
(m) o)
114.DD D.8 1.0 1.0 1.D 1821.32 {186.01) 2039.73 {208.31) 1623.93 (165.85)
117.DD 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.D 1833.86 {187.29) 2050.91 (209.45) 1635.11 (166.99)
120.DD D.8 1.0 1.0 1.D 1846.44 {188.57) 2062.13 (210.59) 1646.33 (168.13)
123.DO 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.D 1858.87 {189.84) 2073.21 {211.73) 1657.41 (169.27)
126.DD 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.D 1871.53 {191.14) 2084.5D (212.88) 1668.7D (17D.42)
129.DD 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1884.24 (192.43) 2095.83 (214.04) 1680.03 (171.58)
132.0D D.8 1.0 1.0 1.D 1896.8D {193.72) 2107.03 (215.19) 1691.23 (172.73)
135.DO D.8 1.0 1.0 1.D 1909.59 {195.02) 2118.43 (216.34) 1702.63 (173.88)
138.DO 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1919.11 (195.99) 2126.92 (217.21) 1711.12 (174.75)
141.DD D.8 1.0 1.0 1.D 1931.98 {197.31) 2138.40 {218.39) 1722.6D (175.93)
144.DD D.8 1.0 1.0 1.D 1944.89 {198.63) 2149.91 {219.56) 1734.11 (177.1D)
147.DD D.8 1.0 1.0 1.D 1954.51 (199.61) 2158.49 (22D.44) 1742.69 (177.98)
150.DD D.8 1.0 1.0 1.D 1967.49 (2.00.94) 2170.06 {221.62) 1754.26 (179.16)
153.DD D.8 1.0 1.0 1.D 1977.16 {2.01.92) 2178.68 {222.50) 1762.88 (180.04)
156.DO D.8 1.0 1.0 1.D 1986.85 {2 02.91) 2187.32 {223.38) 1771.52 (180.92)
159.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1999.94 {2.04.25) 2198.99 {224.57) 1783.19 (182.11)
162.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 2009.69 {2.05.25) 2207.69 {225.47) 1791.89 (183.01)
165.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 2019.46 {2.06.24) 2216.40 {226.35) 1800.60 (183.89)
168.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 2029.46(2.07.26) 2225.31 (227.26) 1809.51 (184.80)
171.D0 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.D 2039.28 {2.08.27) 2234.07 {228.16) 1818.27 (185.70)
174.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 2049.12 {2.09.27) 2242.84 (229.05) 1827.04 (186.59)
177.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 2058.99 (2.10.28) 2251.64 (229.95) 1835.84 (187.49)
180.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 2069.08 {2 11.31) 2260.64 {230.87) 1844.84 (188.41)
183.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 2079.00 {2.12.32) 2269.48 {231.77) 1853.68 (189.31)
Another condition that must be evaluated is to consider K, equal to 1.00, for

the entiretax areaof the uprights, whose pressures would be equal to those
of theTable E.5.11.
302
2. Studs of the leeward wall fmur Cl

ANDnandhecaseeitherdanditsuprightsdandits Tandmureithersand havewhatand c""
=--0.393;a l s o ,giventhat this wall is leeward, the area reduction factor, K, , the local
pressure factor, K, , as well as the pressure factor for sheathing and anchors, K•• ,
areevens ahea Unit.Because it is a leeward wall, to take into account
For dynamic effects, the outside pressure is affected by the gust response
factor,F,,, Ypor andheFactor(1+7I,.(zJ), previouslyandcalculatedsforthis direction
(6=90°). Thus, the local design pressures considering the two internal pressure
conditions, which remain constant with height, are calculated for theYo;-
�1s3_00m,are:
P. Q, Q,
(1+ 7( 0.159))
Q,=Q,-p,=-494.82 Pa (-50.54 kgIm')
=
p._ P.Q,
(1+7(0.159))
= =
Q, Q,-p, -910.62 Pa(-93.0 0kg/m2 )
debgoneSince there are no restrictions regarding the affected area, Ar, this local
pressure must be applied throughout the tax area corresponding to these amounts.
3. Studs of the side walls / walls A and Bl
3.3, with q, calculated at height ii= 183.00 m, the external pressure coefficient in
the direction of 46.00 m:
c� Distance:lahorizontal
-0.65 ( 0.00 - 46.00m)
The area size reduction factor, K,, is obtained by

Table 3.5. For the tributary areas of the uprights, which are 12.00 m2, this
value is equal to 0.987.
According to Table 3.6 and what is specified in section 3.5.1.1, for a ratio
h/D=183.00/30.00=6.10,thewhich one is greaterthat1.00, the factorsof
303
AVENUES OF DYEN
OE HIGH RISE
local pressure to be used take values equal to 1.50, 2.00 and 3.00, according to
their distance from the windward edge. Thus, with the pressure factor for coatings
and anchors, K~ , equal to unity as it is not a coating
or anchorage, the local design pressures and their affected areas, Af,for the side
uprights are shown in Table E.5.12:
Table E.5.12 Local design pressures for lateral walls.
Distance from P, -P,-P; P, -p,-p,

the wallof Ar c,. K_" K, (Case1) (Casetwo)
windward (m) (m2) Pa (kg/mtwo) Pa (kg/mtwo)
Of0.00a3.00 9.00 -0.65 0.987 3.00 -3585.55 (-366.18) -4001.35 (-408.64)
From o.oo 36.00 -0.65 0.987 2.00 -2251.76 (-229.97) -2667.56(-272.43)

to6.00
Of6.00a46.00 9.00 -0.65 0.987 1.50 -1584.87 (-161.86) -2000.67 (-204.32)
For the remaining tax area, taking the calculated local design pressure with
theokrdand K, "1. 00 (subsection 3.5.1.1).asl,thes pressuresdanddesignf'\o
localpaira is
remaining area are:
p, - P.-p, - (-0.65)(0.987}(1.00)(!.00)(2079.00)-(-415.80)--917.98 Pa (-93.75 kg/ m")

P, - P, -p, - (--0.65)(0.987)(1.00)(100)(2079.00)-(0.00) - -1333. 78 Pa (-136.2 he kg/ m1 )
entire
tributary area of the amounts, whose pressures will be equal to the
expressionsprevious.
4. Cover
Since there are no secondary elements in the roof, it is not necessarycalculate

local design pressures.
e. Calculation of the design pressures for the coatings of the structure.
Considering that the detachment of the coatings does not represent a risk for
the life of people or for any structure of Group A, these aredesigned as if it
were a structure belonging to Group B (item 1.3). According to section
3.5.1.1, to calculate the pressures due to wind on the coverings and their
anchors, the external and internal pressures are affected by the factor K� -
1.50,So the two conditions of
internal pressure of sound:
p, -(-0.20)(1.50)(2079.00)--
623.70Pa (-63.70 kg/m')
304
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
p, = (0.00)(1.50)(2079.00) =0.00 Pa (0.00 kg/m')
For its part, the reduction factor per area, K,, is equal to unity due to
thatthe tributary area of each of the coatings is 6.00 m2:. 10.00m2.
It is important to point out that even when the pressures acting on the coatings
corresponding to some of the cases in Table 3.6 are presented here, they are not
applied simultaneously. for the design, Therefore, the most unfavorable condition
must be verified according to the size and position of thecoatings.
i. Normal wind to wall A (along the 30.00 m), 8=0°.
The estimation of the pressures design premises is performed according to

subsection 3.5.1.From Fig 3.4, we have that:
0.2b=0.2(46.00)=9.20m
a =0.2d=0.2(30.00)=6.00 ill {< _
0
<b=183.00m
1. Coatings of! bar!hearing wall (wall A)
According to Table 3.6 (MBA1 wall), the local pressure factor, K,,It does not matter
a 1.50; ofheatablea3.2,andhe c,� -either .seither, Yandhefactr
ofreduced6npor area,k, takethe unit value.The pressure factor for coatings and
anchors, K,., ,
takes the value of 1.50. As it is a windward wall and to take into account the
dynamic effects, the external pressure is affected by the gust response factor,
F., , and by the factor (1+7t,(7,J), previously calculated for this
direction (6=0°). Therefore, the local design pressure of the liners, for aa r e ad and
affectation, A,, minor either Samew h a t and o.2sneither' = o.25x6.oo' = 9.00111'for
different heights, are shown in Table E.5.13 (item 3.5.1).
Table E.5.13local pressures on thewindward wall.
Height 4, Q,=p,-p, P, =p.-p,

c
,, K, K'" (Case1) (Case
(m) 2)Pa (kg/mtwo)
K,
YO
0.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 920.98 (94.06) 2393.66 (244.47) 1769.96 (180.77)
3.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 920.98 (94.06) 2393.66(244.47) 1769.96 (180.77)
6.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 920.98 (94.06) 2393.66 (244.47) 1769.96 (180.77)
9.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 920.98 (94.06) 2393.66 (244.47) 1769.96 (180.77)
305
DESIGN AID
HIGH RISE
heighta Q,=µ.-µ,P, =p,-p,

c,. K., KL t<= l/'
(Case1) (Case 2)
(m) Pa (kg/m2)
Pa(kg/mtwo) Pa(kg/mtwo)
12.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 970.44 (99.11) 2488.71 (254.17) 1865.01 {190.47)
15.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1032.72 (105.47) 2608.40 (266.39) 1984.70 (202.69)
18.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1084.91 (110.80) 2708.70 (276.64) 2085.00 (212.94)
21.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1133.59 (115.77) 2802.25 (286.19) 2178.55 (222.49)
24.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1175.71 (120.07) 2883.20 (294.45) 2259.50 (230.75)
27.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1216.12 {124.20) 2960.86 (302.39) 2337.16 (238.69)
30.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1251.86 (127.85) 3029.55 (309.40) 2405.85 (245.70)
33.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1285.72 (131.31) 3094.62 (316.05) 2470.92 (252.35)
36.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1317.30 (134.53) 3155.31 (322.24) 2531.61 (258.54)
39.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1349.26 (137.80) 3216.73 (328.53) 2593.03 (264.83)
42.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1376.16 (140.54) 3268.43 (333.79) 2644.73 (270.09)
45.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1403.32 (143.32) 3320.62 (339.13) 2696.92 (275.43)
48.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1428.06 (145.84) 3368.17 (343.98) 2744.47 (280.28)
51.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1453.02 (148.39) 3416.14 (348.88) 2792.44 (285.18)
54.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1478.19 (150.96) 3464.51 (353.82) 2840.81 (290.12)
57.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1500.65 (153.26) 3507.68 (358.24) 2883.98 (294.54)
60.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1520.51 (155.29) 3545.84 (362.14) 2922.14 (298.44)
63.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1543.29 (157.61) 3589.62 (366.60) 2965.92 (302.90)
66.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1563.43 (159.67) 3628.33 (370.56) 3004.63 (306.86)
69.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1580.87 (161.45) 3661.84 (373.98) 3038.14 (310.28)
72.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1601.25 (163.53) 3701.01 (377.97) 3077.31 (314.27)
75.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1618.72 (165.32) 3734.58 (381.41) 3110.88 (317.71)
78.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1636.47 (167.13) 3768.70 (384.89) 3145.00 (321.19)
81.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1654.13 (168.93) 3802.64 (388.35) 3178.94 (324.65)
84.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1672.07 (170.76) 3837.11 (391.87) 3213.41 (328.17)
87.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1687.00 (172.29) 3865.81 (394.81) 3242.11 (331.11)
90.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1704.93 (174.12) 3900.26 (398.33) 3276.56 (334.63)
306
p,=p,-p, p,=p,-p,
Heigh wh,
c,. K, K (Case1) (Case 2)
t(m) K,o Pa (kg/m2)
r Pa(kg/mtwo) Pa (kg/m')
93.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1720.19 (175.68) 3929.59 (401.32) 3305.89(337.62)
96.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1735.33 (177.23) 3958.69 (404.30) 3334.99 (340.60)
99.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1750.54 (178.78) 3987.92 (407.28) 3364.22 (343.58)
102.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1765.82 (180.34) 4017.28 (410.28) 3393.58 (346.58)
105.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1778.16 (181.60) 4041.00 (412.70) 3417.30 (349.00)
108.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1793.56 (183.17) 4070.59 (415.72) 3446.89(352.02)
111.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1805.81 (184.42) 4094.14 (418.12) 3470.44 (354.42)
114.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1821.32 (186.01) 4123.94 (421.18) 3500.24 (357.46)
117.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1833.86 (187.29) 4148.04 (423.64) 3524.34 (359.94)
120.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1846.44 (188.57) 4172.22 (426.10) 3546.52 (362.40)
123.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1858.87 (189.84) 4196.11 (426.54) 3572.41 (364.64)
126.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1871.53 (191.14) 4220.44 (431.04) 3596.74 (367.34)
129.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1884.24 (192.43) 4244.87 (433.52) 3621.17 (369.62)
132.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1896.80 (193.72) 4269.00 (435.99) 3645.30 (372.29)
135.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1909.59 (195.02) 4293.58 (436.49) 3669.88 (374.79)
138.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1919.11 (195.99) 4311.88 (440.36) 3688.18 (376.66)
141.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1931.98 (197.31) 4336.61 (442.89) 3712.91 (379.19)
144.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1944.89 (198.63) 4361.42(445.43) 3737.72 (381.73)
147.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1954.51 (199.61) 4379.91 (447.31) 3756.21(383.61)
150.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1967.49 (200.94) 4404.86 (449.87) 3781.16 (386.17)
153.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1977.16 (201.92) 4423.44 (451.75) 3799.74 (388.05)
156.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1986.85 (202.91) 4442.06 (453.66) 3818.36 {389.96)
159.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1999.94 (204.25) 4467.22 (456.23) 3843.52(392.53)
162.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 2009.69 (205.25) 4485.96 (456.15) 3862.26 (394.45)
165.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 2019.46 (206.24) 4504.73 (460.06) 3881.03 (396.36)
168.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 2029.46 (207.26) 4523, 95 (462.02) 3900.25 (398.32)
171.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 2039.28 (208.27) 4542.82 (463.96) 3919.12 (400.26)
307
DESIGN AIDS
OE GREAT ALTIJRA
Q,=p,-JJ; /J, =p,-p,

Heigh wh,
c,,. K,, K, (Case1) (Casetwo)
t(m) K.Y Pa (kg/m2)
O\T Pa (kg/mtwo ) Pa(kg/mtwo)
174.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 2049.12 (209.27) 4561.73 (465.88) 3938.03 (402.18)
177.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 2058.99 (210.28) 4580.70 (467.82) 3957.00(404.12)
180.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 2069.08 (211.31) 4600.09 (469.80) 3976.39 (406.10)
1.5
183.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 2079.00 (212.32) 4619.16 (471.74) 3995.46 (408.04)
If the tributary area of the secondary coating is greater than the area
ofaffectation,A, , the remaining area must be evaluated forKL equal to 1.00
{TableE.5.14).
TableE.5.14Local pressures on the windward wall.
Q,=Q,-p; /J,�/J,-p,
Heigh c,. 4,
K K,. (Case1) (casetwo)
t(m) K. Pa (kg/m2)
Pa (kg/mtwo) Pa (kg/m two)
,
0.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 920.98 ( 94.06) 1803.67 (184.21) 1179.97 (120.51)
3.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 920.98 ( 94.06) 1803.67 (184.21) 1179.97 (120.51)
6.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 920.98 ( 94.06) 1803.67 (184.21) 1179.97 (120.51)
9.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 920.98 ( 94.06) 1803.67 (184.21) 1179.97 (120.51)
12.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 970.44 ( 99.11) 1867.04 (190.68) 1243.34 (126.98)
15.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1032.72 (105.47) 1946.83 (198.83) 1323.13 (135.13)
18.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1084.91 (110.80) 2013.70 (205.66) 1390.00 (141.96)
21.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1133.59 (115.77) 2076.07 (212.03) 1452.37 (148.33)
24.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1175. 71 (120.07) 2130.03 (217.54) 1506.33 (153.84)
27.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1216.12 (124.20) 2181.81 (222.83) 1558.11 (159.13)
30.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1251.86 (127.85) 2227.60 (227.50) 1603.90 (163.80)
33.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1285.72 (131.31) 2270.98 (231.94) 1647.28 (168.24)
36.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1317.30 (134.53) 2311.44 (236.06) 1687.74 (172.36)
39.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1349.26 (137.80) 2352.39 (240.25) 1728.69 (176.55)
42.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1376.16 (140.54) 2386.85 (243.76) 1763.15 (180.06)
45.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1403.32 (143.32) 2421.65 (247.32) 1797.95 (183.62)
308
Height Q,=p,-p, P, =P,-P,

c K
h,
w
,., K, K ," (Case1) (Case 2)
(m) Pa (kg/m2)
Pa (kg/m2 ) Pa (kg/m2)
48.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1428.06 (145.84) 2453.35 (250.55) 1829.65 (186.85)
51.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1453.02 (148.39) 2485.33 (253.82) 1861.63 (190.12)
54.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1478.19 (150.96) 2517.57 (257.11) 1893.87 (193.41)
57.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1500.65 (153.26) 2546.35 (260.06) 1922.65 (196.36)
60.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1520.51 (155.29) 2571.79 (262.66) 1948.09 (198.96)
63.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1543.29 (157.61) 2600.98 (265.63) 1977.28 (201.93)
66.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1563.43 (159.67) 2626.78 (268.27) 2003.08 (204.57)
69.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1580.87 (161.45) 2649.13 (270.55) 2025.43 (206.85)
72.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1601.25 (163.53) 2675.24 (273.22) 2051.54 (209.52)
75.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1618.72 (165.32) 2697.62 (275.51) 2073.92 (211.81)
78.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1636.47 (167.13) 2720.36 (277.83} 2096.66 (214.13)
81.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1654.13 (168.93} 2742.99 (280.14) 2119.29 (216.44)
84.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1672.07 (170.76) 2765.98 {282.48) 2142.28 {218.78)
87.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1687.00 (172.29) 2785.10 (284.44) 2161.40 (220.74)
90.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1704.93 (174.12) 2808.08 {286.78) 2184.38 (223.08)
93.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1720.19 (175.68) 2827.63 (288.78) 2203.93 (225.08)
96.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1735.33 (177.23) 2847.02 (290.77) 2223.32 (227.07)
99.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1750.54 (178.78) 2866.51 (292.76) 2242.81 (229.06)
102.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1765.82 (180.34} 2886.09 (294.75) 2262.39 {231.05)
105.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1778.16 (181.60) 2901.90 (296.37) 2278.20 (232.67)
108.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1793.56 {183.17) 2921.63 (298.38) 2297.93 (234.68)
111.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1805.81 (184.42) 2937.32 (299.98) 2313.62 {236.28)
114.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1821.32 (186.01) 2957.20 (302.02) 2333.50 (238.32)
117.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1833.86 {187.29) 2973.26 (303.66) 2349.56 (239.96)
120.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1846.44 (188.57) 2989.38 (305.30) 2365.68 (241.60)
123.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1858.87 (189.84) 3005.31 (306.93) 2381.61 (243.23)
126.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1871.53 (191.14) 3021.53 {308.59) 2397.83 (244.89)
309
DESIGN AIDS
APPLICATION EXAMPLE 5: CALCULATION OF PRESSURES, FORCES AND ACCELERATIONS PRODUCED BY THE WIND SDBRE LIN
BUILDINGOE HIGH RISE
P,=p,-p; P,; =p,. -µYo

Heigh wh,
c,. K., K K,•. (case1) (Casetwo)
t
Pa (kg/m')
(m) Pa (kg/m') Pa (kg/m')
129.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1884.24 (192.43) 3037.81 (310.24) 2414.11 {246.54)
132.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1896.80 (193.72) 3053.90 (311.90) 2430.20 (248.20)
135.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1909.59 (195.02) 3070.29 (313.56) 2446.59 (249.86)
138.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1919.11 (195.99) 3082.49 (314.80) 2458.79 {251.10)
141.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1931.98 (197.31) 3098.98 (316.50) 2475.28 (252.80)
144.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1944.89 (198.63) 3115.52 (318.19) 2491.82(254.49)
147.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1954.51 (199.61) 3127.84 (319.44) 2504.14 {255.74)
150.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1967.49 (200.94) 3144.47 (321.15) 2520.77 (257.45)
153.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1977.16 (201.92) 3156.86 (322.40) 2533.16 (258.70)
156.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1986.85 (202.91) 3169.28 (323.67) 2545.58 (259.97)
159.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1999.94 (204.25) 3186.05 (325.39) 2562.35 (261.69)
162.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 2009.69 (205.25) 3198.54 (326.67) 2574.84 (262.97)
165.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 2019.46 (206.24) 3211.06 {327.94) 2587.36 (264.24)
168.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 2029.46 (207.26) 3223.87 (329.24) 2600.17 (265.54)
171.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 2039.28 (208.27) 3236.45 (330.54) 2612.75(266.84)
174.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 2049.12 (209.27) 3249.06 (331.82) 2625.36 (268.12)
177.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 2058.99 (210.28) 3261.70 (333.11) 2638.00 (269.41)
180.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 2069.08 (211.31) 3274.63 (334.43) 2650.93 (270.73)
183.000.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 2079.00 (212.32)3287.34 (335.73)2663.64 {272.03)
Another condition that must be evaluated is to consider K L equal to 1.00, par.i the
entire
tributary area of the coatings, whose pressures will be equal to those of theTable
E.5.14.
2. Coverings of the lee wall {wall B)
In the case of the coatings of this wall, it is necessary toc,,.,=-0.50; also,

Since this wall is leeward, the area reduction factor, K_. , and the factorlocal
pressure, KL , take the value of the unit. The pressure factor for
310
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
coatingsYanchorages, Km, takes the value of 1.50. Because it is a leeward wall,

to account for dynamic effects, the outside pressure is affected by the gust
response factor,P,,,Y by the factor (1 + 7f. (z.)) above
calculated for this address (8=0°). Thus, the local design pressures considering
the two internal pressure conditions, which remain constant with height, are
calculated for theii'=183.00m, are:
P, P,Q,
(1"-7(0.159))
Q,=Q,-P, = -1041.07 Pa (-106.32kg/rn')
Q,= Q,_Q,
, (l+i(0.159))
Q,=P.-p,=-1664.77 Pa (-170.02 kg/m1)
Since there are no restrictions regarding the affected area, A 1, this

prerecusib6rnimloiecnatlods.ebebe applied throughout the tax area
corresponding to these
To calculate the local design pressures of these elements, gets, from Table 3.3,
with q, calculated at height h=l83.00m, the pressure coefficientoutside in the
direction of 30.00 m:
C,., horizontal distance
-0.65 (0.00 - 30.00m)
The area size reduction factor,K,, are obtained through the

Tmaebnlaor3e.s5.qu Pea1ra0.0las mar, eeasstetrviabulotrareisasigudael
t
alolsa urenciduabdri.mientos,
w which are
o
According to Table 3.6 and what is specified in section 3.5.1, for a ratio
hheD=183.00he30.00=6.heEITHER,h e a whichr e s u l t a elderlywhatand
1.00,i t sf a c t o r sdand local pressure to be used take the values 1.50, 2.00 and
3.00, according to their distance from the windward edge. Thus, with the pressure
factor for coatings anda n c h o r s ,K,�, equal to 1.50, the local design pressures
and their areas of
affectation, Ar, for the lateral covers are shown in Table E.5.15
311
DESIGN AID
OE GREAT ALTIJRA
Table E.5.15Local design pressures for lateral walls.
Distance from JI, =,,.-,,,

Q,=Q,-p,
the wall of
To the c,,, K., K K,-a (caseeither1) (caseeithertwo)
windward (m) (m2) Pa (kg/mtwo)
Pa (kg/m2)
Of0.00a3.00 9.00 -0.65 1.0 3.0 1.5 -5457.38 (-557.34) -6081.08 (-621.04)
Of0.00a6.00 36.00 -0.65 1.0 2.0 l. 5 -3430.35 (-350.32) -4054.05 (-414.02)
Of6.00 to 30.00 9.00 -0.65 1.0 1.5 -2416.84 (-246.82) -3040.54 (-310.52)
For the remaining tributary area, the local design pressure is taken, calculated with
the value of K,=1.00(item 3.5.1). Thus, the local design pressures for this
remaining area are:
pc=p,-p, =(-0.65)(1.00)(1.00)(1.50)(2079.00)-(-623.70) = -1403.33 Pa (-143.31kglm')

p, = p,-p, = (•0.65)(1.00)(1.00)(1.50)(2079.00)-(0.00) = -2027.03 Pa (-207.01 kgtm')
Another condition that must be evaluated is to consider K, equal to 1.00, for the entire
Tributary area of the coatings, whose pressures will be equal to the previous
expressions.
4. Cover
Since there are no coverings on the roof, it is not necessary to calculate local
design pressures.
ii. Wind normal to wall P {along the 46.00 ml,8=90 °,

In the estimation of local design pressures, it is necessary to take into account the
effect of local pressures according to item 3. 5.1. From Fig 3.4, we have that:
< 0.2b = 0.2( 46.00) = 9.20 ill0

a =0.2d=0.2(30.00)=6.00 ill {- <h=
183.00m
312
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
1. Coatings of the windward wall rmuro Pl
According to Table 3.6 (MBA1 wall), the local pressure factor, K, , is equal to
a 1.50;dand the Table3.2,c,�=0.80, and the area reduction factor,
K,,andsSame
to the unit. The pressure factor for coatings and anchors, K,. , take thevalue of
1.50.
As it is a windward wall, to take into account the dynamic effects, the external
pressure is affected by the gust response factor,F,.,and pair
andhe Facyoueitherr(1+71.,(z,)), previouslyandcalculated for this direction
(6=90°). Therefore, the local design pressure of the studs, for an affected
area,
A.1, minor either Same that 0.25a�=0.25(6.00/=9.00m' for different heights,
considering the two internal pressure conditions, they are shown in Table
E.5.16 (item 3.5.1).
Heigh p,-p,-
p,(Case1) (Casetwo}
t Pa
(m) (kg/mtwo)
0.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 920.98 (94.06) 2471.33 (252.40) 1847.63 (188.70)
3.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 920.98 (94.06) 2471.33 (252.40) 1847.63 (188.70)
6.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 920.98 (94.06) 2471.33 (252.40} 1847.63 (188.70)
9.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 920.98 (94.06) 2471.33 (252.40) 1847.63 (188.70)
12.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 970.44 (99.11) 2570.55 (262.53) 1946.85 (198.83)
15.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1032.72 (105.47) 2695.49 (275.29) 2071.79 (211.59)
18.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1084.91 (110.80) 2800.19 (285.98) 2176.49 (222.28)
21.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1133.59 (115.77) 2897.85 (295.95) 2274.15 (232.25)
24.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1175.71 (120.07) 2982.35 {304.58} 2358.65 (240.88)
27.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1216.12 (124.20) 3063.42 {312.86) 2439.72 (249.16)
30.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1251.86 (127.85) 3135.12 (320.19) 2511.42 (256.49)
33.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1285.72 (131.31) 3203.05 (327.13) 2579.35 (263.43)
36.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1317.30 (134.53) 3266.40 (333.59) 2642.70 (269.89)
39.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1349.26 (137.80) 3330.52 (340.15) 2706.82 (276.45)
42.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1376.16 (140.54) 3384.49 {345.64) 2760.79 (281.94)
313
AVOIDSOF Dl5ENE
HIGH RISE
µ, = p,-µ, µhe=µ,.-pj
Heigh 1/,
C,,... K, kc (Case1) (Case 2)
t(m) YO
Kri Pa )
ver (kg/mtwo Pa (kg/mtwo) Pa (kg/mtwo)
45.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1403.32 (143.32) 3438.97 (351.22) 2815.27 (287.52)
48.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1428.06 (145.84) 3488.61 (356.28) 2864.91 (292.58)
51.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1453.02 (148.39) 3538.68 {361.39) 2914.98 (297.69)
54.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1478.19 (150.96) 3589.17 (366.55) 2965.47 (302.85)
57.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1500.65 (153.26) 3634.23 (371.16) 3010.53 (307.46)
60.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1520.51 (155.29) 3674.07 (375.24) 3050.37 (311.54)
63.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1543.29 (157.61) 3719.77 (379.89) 3096.07 (316.19)
66.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1563.43 (159.67) 3760.18 (384.02) 3136.48 (320.32)
69.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1580.87 (161.45) 3795.17 {387.59) 3171.47 (323.89)
72.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1601.25 (163.53) 3836.05 {391.77) 3212.35 (328.07)
75.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1618.72 (165.32) 3871.10 (395.36) 3247.40 (331.66)
78.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1636.47 (167.13) 3906.71 (398.99) 3283.01 (335.29)
81.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1654.13 (168.93) 3942.14 (402.60) 3318.44 (338.90)
84.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1672.07 (170.76) 3978.13 {406.27) 3354.43 (342.57)
87.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1687.00 (172.29) 4008.08 (409.34) 3384.38 (345.64)
90.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1704.93 (174.12) 4044.05 (413.01) 3420.35 (349.31)
93.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1720.19 (175.68) 4074.66 (416.14) 3450.96 (352.44)
96.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1735.33 (177.23) 4105.04 (419.25) 3481.34 (355.55)
99.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1750.54 (178.78) 4135.55 {422.36) 3511.85 (358.66)
102.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1765.82 (180.34) 4166.20{425.49) 3542.50 (361.79)
105.00 0.8 1.0 1778.16 (181.60) 4190.96 {428.02) 3567.26 (364.32)

1.5
108.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1793.56 (193.17) 4221.85 (431.17) 3598.15 (367.47)
111.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1805.81 (184.42) 4246.43 (433.67) 3622.73 (369.97)
114.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1821.32 (186.01) 4277.55(436.86) 3653.85 (373.16)
117.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1833.86 (187.29) 4302.70 (439.43) 3679.00 (375.73)
120.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1846.44 (188.57) 4327.94 (442.00) 3704.24 (378.30)
123.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1858.87 (189.84) 4352.88 (444.55) 3729.18 (380.85)
314
Height w
Q,=p,-p, Q,= P, -p,
h,
(m)
c,v KA K K,.
Pa
(Case 1) (Case 2)
Pa (kg/m two) Pa (kg/m")
(kg/m two)
126.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1871.53 (191.14) 4378.27 {447.16} 3754.57 (383.46)
129.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1884.24 (192.43) 4403.77 (449.74) 3780.07 (386.04)
132.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1896.80 (193.72) 4428.97 (452.33) 3805.27 (388.63)
135.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1909.59 (195.02} 4454.63 (454.94} 3830.93 (391.24)
138.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1919.11 (195.99) 4473.73 (456.89) 3850.03 (393.19)
141.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1931.98 (197.31) 4499.55(459.53) 3875.85 (395.83)
144.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1944.89 (198.63) 4525.45 (462.18) 3901.75 (398.48)
147.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1954.51 (199.61) 4544.74 (464.15} 3921.04 (400.45)
150.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1967.49 (200.94) 4570.78(466.82) 3947.08 (403.12)
153.00 0.8 1.0 1977.16(201.92) 4590.18 (468.78) 3966.48 (405.08)
156.00 0.8 1.0 1.5

1.5 1.5
1.5 1986.85 (202.91) 4609.62 (470.77) 3985.92 (407.07)
159.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1999.94 (204.25) 4635.88 (473.46) 4012.18 (409.76)
162.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 2009.69 (205.25) 4655.44 {475.46) 4031.74 (411.76)
165.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 2019.46 (206.24) 4675.04 (477.45) 4051.34 (413.75)
168.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 2029.46 (207.26) 4695.11 (479.50) 4071.41 (415.80)
171.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 2039.28 (208.27) 4714.81 (481.52) 4091.11 (417.82)
174.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 2049.12 (209.27) 4734.55 (483.53) 4110.85 (419.83)
177.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 2058.99 (210.28) 4754.35 (485.55} 4130.65 (421.85)
180.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 2069.08 (211.31) 4774.59 {487.62) 4150.89 (423.92)
183.00 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 2079.00 (212.32) 4794.49 (489.65) 4170.79 (425.95)
Yesthe tributary area of the secondary coating is greater than the area
ofaffectation, To the, andhe area remainingand deband evaluateand paira Khe
samehe a 1.00(Table E.5.17).
315
AVENUES D£ DESIGN
APPLICATION EXAMPLE5: CALCULATION OF PRESSURES, FORCES AND ACCELERATIONS PRODUCED BY THE WIND ON A BUILDING
OE GREATALTIJRA
Table E.5.17Local pressures on the windward side.
YO': :::::.p�-p, P: ==A,-(),
.
Height g,
(m) c,,,, FC: KL KN
Pa (kg/rntwo)
(Case1) (Case 2)
0.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 920.98 (94.06) 1855.45 (189.50) 1231.75 (125.80)
3.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 920.98(94.06) 1855.45 (189.50) 1231.75 {125.80)
6.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 920.98 (94.06) 1855.45 (189.50) 1231.75 (125.80)
9.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 920.98 (94.06) 1855.45 (189.50) 1231.75 (125.80)
12.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 970.44 (99.11) 1921.60 (196.25) 1297.90 {132.55)
15.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1032.72 (105.47) 2004.90 (204.76) 1381.20 (141.06)
18.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1084.91 (110.80) 2074.70 (211.89) 1451.00 {148.19)
21.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1133.59 (115.77) 2139.80 (218.53) 1516.10 (154.83)
24.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1175.71 (120.07) 2196.14 (224.29) 1572.44 (160.59)
27.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1216.12 (124.20) 2250.18 (229.81) 1626.48 (166.11)
30.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1251.86 (127.85) 2297.98 (234.69) 1674.28 (170.99)
33.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1285.72 (131.31) 2343.27 (239.32) 1719.57 (175.62)
36.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1317.30 (134.53) 2385.50 (243.63) 1761.80 (179.93)
39.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1349.26 (137.80) 2428.25 (248.00) 1804.55 (184.30)
42.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1376.16 (140.54) 2464.22 (251.66) 1840.52 (187.96)
45.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1403.32 (143.32) 2500.55 (255.36) 1876.85 (191.68)
48.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1428.06 (145.84) 2533.64 (258.75) 1909.94 (195.05)
51.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1453.02 (148.39) 2567.02 (262.16) 1943.32 (198.46)
54.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1478.19 (150.96) 2600.68 (265.60) 1976.98 (201.90)
57.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1500.65 (153.26) 2630.72 (268.68) 2007.02 (204.98)
60.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1520.51 (155.29) 2657.28 (271.39) 2033.58 (207.69)
63.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1543.29 (157.61) 2687.75 (274.49) 2064.05 (210.79)
66.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1563.43 (159.67) 2714.69 (277.25) 2090.99 {213.55)
69.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1580.87 (161.45) 2738.01 (279.63) 2114.31 (215.93)
72.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1601.25 (163.53) 2765.27 (282.41) 2141.57 (218.71)
75.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1618.72 (165.32) 2788.63 (284.80) 2164.93 (221.10)
316
C.1.4 DESIGN BY V!ENT0
Height P, =P,-P, P, =p,-p,

h, w
c,., K, KY K,,,
Pa (kg/m') (Case1) (caseeithertwo)
(m) O. Pa (kg/m2) Pa (kg/m2)
78.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1636.47 (167.13) 2812.37 (287.23) 2188.67 (223.53)
61.00 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.5 1654.13 (168.93) 2635.99 (289.63) 2212.29 {225.93)
64.00 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.5 1672.07 (170.76) 2659.96 (292.06) 2236.26 (226.36)
87.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1687.00 (172.29) 2879.95 (294.13) 2256.25 (230.43)
90.00 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.5 1704.93 (174.12) 2903.93 (296.57) 2280.23 (232.67)
93.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1720.19 (175.66) 2924.34 (296.66) 2300.64 {234.96)
96.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1735.33 (177.23) 2944.59 (300.73) 2320.89 {237.03)
99.00 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.5 1750.54 (176.76) 2964.93 (302.61) 2341.23 (239.11)
102.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1765.62 (180.34) 2985.37 (304.89) 2361.67 {241.19)
105.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1778.16 (161.60) 3001.67 (306.58) 2376.17 (242.68)
1.5
108.00 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.5 1793.56 (183.17) 3022.47 (308.68) 2398.77 (244.98)
111.00 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.5 1605.61 (184.42) 3036.65 (310.35) 2415.15 (246.65)
114.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1821.32 (186.01) 3059.60 (312.46) 2435.90 (248.78)
117.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1633.86 (187.29) 3076.37 (314.19) 2452.67 (250.49)
120.00 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.5 1646.44 (186.57) 3093.19 (315.90) 2469.49 (252.20)
123.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1858.87 (189.84) 3109.82 (317.60) 2486.12 (253.90)
126.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1871.53 (191.14) 3126.75 (319.34) 2503.05 {255.64)
129.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1684.24 (192.43) 3143.75 (321.06) 2520.05 (257.36)
132.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1896.80 (193.72) 3160.55 (322.79) 2536.85 {259.09)
135.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1909.59 (195.02) 3177.65 (324.53) 2553.95 {260.83)
138.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1919.11 (195.99) 3190.38 (325.62) 2566.66 (262.12)
141.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1931.98 (197.31) 3207.60 (327.59) 2583.90 (263.89)
144.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1944.89 (198.63) 3224.86 (329.35) 2601.16 (265.65)
147.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1954.51 (199.61) 3237.73 (330.67) 2614.03 (266.97)
150.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1967.49 (200.94) 3255.09 (332.44) 2631.39 (268.74)
153.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1977.16 (201.92) 3266.02 (333.75) 2644.32 (270.05)
156.00 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.5 1966.65 (202.91) 3260.96 (335.06) 2657.26 (271.38)
317
DtSENE AIDS
HIGH RISE
P, =p,-/'; Q, = Q,-µ,
Heigh
t c,... KA KL K"'
yes,
(Case1) (Case 2)
Pa (kg/m2)
(m)
159.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 1999.94 (204.25) 3298.49 (336.87) 2674.79 {273.17)
162.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 2009.69 (205.25) 3311.53 (338.21) 2687.83 {274.51)
165.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 2019.46 (206.24) 3324.60 (339.53) 2700.90 (275.83)
168.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 2029.46 (207.26) 3337.97 {340.90) 2714.27 {277.20)
171.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 2039.28 (208.27) 3351.10 (342.25) 2727.40 {278.55)
174.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 2049.12 (209.27) 3364.26 (343.59) 2740.56 (279.89)
177.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 2058.99 (210.28) 3377.47 {344.94) 2753.77 {281.24)
180.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 2069.08 (211.31) 3390.96 (346.31) 2767.26 {282.61)
183.00 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.5 2079.00 (212.32) 3404.23 (347.66) 2780.53 {283.96)
entire
Tributary area of the coatings, whose pressures will be equal to those of Table
E.5.17.
2. Coatings of the lee wall (wall C)
ANDnandhe casedandits coatingsdandits Tandmureithersand havewhatandc,.,=-

0.393;also,Since this wall is leeward, the area reduction factor, K, , and the factor
of local pressure, K, , take the value of the unit. The pressure factor for coatings
and anchors, K,. , takes the value of 1.50. Because it is a leeward wall,
to take dynamic effects into account, the external pressure is affectedby the
burst response factor,YO",,,and for the factor(I+ 71,(zJ),
previously calculated for this direction (8=90°). Thus, the local design pressures
considering the two internal pressure conditions, which remain constant with
height, calculated for b = 183.00 m, are:
p_ Q, Q,
(1+7{0.159))
Q,=Q,-Q,= -i42.23 Pa(-75.80kglm')
-c
J
_ _ -r (-0.393)(1.00)(1.00)(1.50)(2079.00)
Q,- P, Q, - (2,355) 0.00)
' {l+ 7(0.IS9))
Q,=Q,- Q,=-1365.93Pa{-139.50 kg/m')
318
Since there are no restrictions regarding the affected area,111,This local

pressure must be applied throughout the tributary area corresponding to these
coatings.
3. Coatings of the lateral walls (walls A and B)
3.3, with q, calculated at height h=183.00m, the external pressure coefficient in
the direction of 46.00 m:
C,,., Horizontal distance
-0.65( 0.00 - 46.00m)
The area size reduction factor, K_, , is obtained by

Table 3.5. For the tributary areas of the coatings, which are less than 10.00
mtwo, this value is equal to unity. According to Table 3.6 and what is specified in
section 3.5.1, for a ratio hheD=l83.00/30.00=6.heEITHER, thecuahe
resultM a y rwhatand1 . 0 0 ,itsfactorsdand pressurethat should be used are 1.50,
2.00 and 3.00, according to their distance from the windward edge. Thus, with
the pressure factor for coatings and anchors, Kro,equal to 1.50, the local design
pressures and their affected areas, A,,
for the side covers are shown in Table E.5.18.
Table E.5.18Local design pressures for wallssides.
Q,=Q,-Q, Q, �Q,-Q,
Distance
fromthe
A, c,., K., Kh Kriver (case1) (Case 2)
number of
e
windward (m) (m') Pa (kg/m:)
Pa (kg/mtwo)
From o.oo 9.00 -0.65 1.0 1.5 -5457.38 (-557.34) -6081.08 (-621.04)
to3.00
Of0.00 a 6.00 36.00 -0.65 1.0 2.0 1.5 -3430.35 (-350.32) -4054.05 (-414.02)
From 6.00 to 9.00 -0.65 1.0 1.5 1.5 -2416.84 (-246.82) -3040.54 (-310.52)
46.00
For the remaining tributary area, the local design pressure is taken, calculated
by the value of Kl=1.00(subsection 3.5.1). Thus, the local design pressures for
this
remaining area are:
p,=p, -p,=(-0.65)(1.00)(1.OO)(1.50)(2079.00)-(-623.70)=-1403.33Pa(-143.31 kg/m')

p, =p,-p, =(-0.65)(!.00)(1.00)(1.50)(2079.00)-(0.00) =-2027 03 Pa (-207.01kg/m')
319
DESIGN AID
entire
Tributary area of the coatings, whose pressures will be equal to the previous
expressions.
4. Cover
Since there are no roof coverings, it is not necessary to calculate local design
pressures.
f. Calculation of the equivalent forces due to the effect of periodic vortices.
According to section 4.9, the forces caused by the effect of periodic vortices can be
neglected if the condition,�;<0.8"'.n-.
i. Yieoto normalahemureither Hereheeitherlongeither

ofits3rdeitherml,e=o0 ,
1. average speed
The average speed for the total height of the building will be determined
according to the following equation (item 4.2):
Yo'.either· =- v.
FT F-
, .'-
·
3.6
The exposure factor for mean velocity, F:.C,to the total height of the building is:
( )either.=1.00
t•
·1°·
Yo
F,. . = 0. 702 b- = 0. 702(0.820)-
,
83.0 0
-
-( z
10 10
So the average speed for the total height of the building is equal to:Ji'.' _ F,
F;.vR _ (1.00)(1.00)(164.20) _ •
- 4 ) . 61 LU / yes
3.6
For its part, the critical velocity of periodic vortices, v;,.,,(item 4.9.1) with Strauhal
number equal to 0.12 (square section) is:
b eleven ,.,
vm.he = s , = 95.83111/s
0.12
(4 6.00)(0.25)
320
La v� = 45.61 my < 0.8v = 76.66 my, porheeither that the forces originatedpo r effectof
0•
periodic vortices can be neglected for this wind direction.
ii. Normal wind to wall D (along the 46.00 m). 6=90 °.
1. Average speed
The average speed for the total height of the building will be determined according
to the following equation (item 4.2):
' FTF� v,
Vv =
3.6
The exposure factor for mean velocity, F;,to the total height of the building is:
F,:=0.702b
- ()"'
fa =O.i02(0.820)(
�
I83 00 '-"J =1.00
So the average speed for the total height of the building is equal to:
.
3.6 3.6
For its part, the critical velocity of periodic vortices,,�,,,(item 4.9.1) with Strauhal
number equal to 0.12 (square section) is:
ai,-Yes,- - _,_ 111/ yes

0.)2
Thev� = 45.61mt, <- I see you ..,,,=so.oo mt s, per lothatthe forces caused by effectof
periodic vortices can be neglected for this wind direction.
a. Calculation of the maximum acceleration.
According to item 4B.2 of Appendix 4B, for the review of limit statesof service, the
regional speed will be taken,v,,associated with a return period
of 10 years
According to Appendix 4C, for a return period of 10 years, the regional velocity for
Merida is as follows:
W:.=123.10km/h
321
DESIGN AID
i. Wind normal to wall A(aalong the 30.00 m), 8=0°.
According to Procedure ll. of item 4B.2.2.2 of Appendix 4B the maximum

acceleration of the building in the longitudinal direction of the wind, x*''', is
obtained with the following expression:
ANDn where andhe factorpeak, k,, sandlimecutheconheanex tand expression.
OG
k = J21n(6001')+
P
J21n(600v)
The frequency of zero crossings, ,·, is taken equal to the natural frequency of the
first mode of vibration of the structure in the longitudinal direction of the wind,
that is, v=11,., =0.25 Hz. Therefore, the value of peak factor is worth is:
06
k =J21u (0.25x600)+ =3,355
P
J2Jn(0.25x600)
The standard deviation, <7x, of the acceleration of the building is obtained with
the following expression:
For the calculation of the equivalent mass of the structure per unit of length, 111,,
a building density of 160.00 kg/m3 is assumed in a simplified way,
considering the mass of the structure and non-structural elements that make up
the building. So, the equivalent mass per unit length is:
111,=(46.00)(30.00)(160.00)=220800kg/m
The air density takes the value of 1.225 kg/m3 and b is equal to 46.00 m. The value
of the drag coefficient, c. , is equal to the sum of the effects of the c;'. of
322
windward wall Yof the leeward wall, previously calculated for this direction, which
results in the following:
c.=0.80+0.50=1.30
The exposure factor for the mean velocity, F,;, at the reference
height,two,=0.6(183.lX>l=109.80"', with terrain category 3 is worth:
(.!..) = 0.702(082)1 0 980

tr' 0.1"
F;. = 0 .702b =0.908
• ( )
IT 10
Therefore,theaverage speed for the reference height,v�(zJ,According to section

4.2, it is worth:
, F., F' V, (1.00)(0.908)1(23.10)

v . Yo
D = r. _. = --- ---- = 31049111s
3.6 h
i
The turbulence index, evaluated at the reference height z,, / (z.) (item 4.4.1) is 0
equal to:
' (:L,)-0.159
The variable R is equal to the square root of the response factor at resonance, R',
according to section 4.4.1, for this direction (9=0 ° ).
R=.J0.514=0.717
Assuming that the building is structured with steel frames without

wallsload(;,�equal to 0.6, item 4.9.3Comments Section),thefactor of
correction of the mode form of vibration by acceleration, K., is:
)'(0!9)
(1.67 1,350
1+( 2(0.J�-(06))
1-,- �(0.6)
Assuming that the fundamental bending mode form, rl \,(z), for buildings
(section 4.9.3 Comments Section), varies with height, we havethe following
equation:
Table E.5.19 shows the maximum accelerations for the wind direction, 0=0 °,
calculated from the above data.
323
DESIGN AID
EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION 5: CALCULATION OF PRESSURES, FORCES AND ACCELERATIONS PRODUCED BY THE WIND ON A BUILDINGOE
GREAT ALTIJRA
Table E.5.19 Maximum acceleration<J in the longitudinal direction<JI.
z
([:'Yo_,(z)
Xm,u
at
(m) m/stwo(milli-
g)
0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 ( 0.0000)
3.00 0.0849 0.0042 0.0141 ( 1.4373)
6.00 0.1287 0.0063 0.0211 ( 2.1509)
9.00 0.1641 0.0081 0.0272 ( 2.7727)
12.00 0.1950 0.0096 0.0322 ( 3.2824)
15.00 0.2229 0.0110 0.0369 ( 3.7615)
18.00 0.2487 0.0122 0.0409 ( 4.1692)
21.00 0.2728 0.0134 0.0450 ( 4.5872)
24.00 0.2956 0.0146 0.0490 ( 4.9949)
27.00 0.3172 0.0156 0.0523 ( 5.3313)
30.00 0.3379 0.0166 0.0557 ( 5.6779)
33.00 0.3578 0.0176 0.0590 ( 6.0143)
36.00 0.3770 0.0186 0.0624 ( 6.3609)
39.00 0.3955 0.0195 0.0654 ( 6.6667)
42.00 0.4135 0.0204 0.0684 ( 6.9725)
45.00 0.4310 0.0212 0.0711 ( 7.2477)
48.00 0.4480 0.0221 0.0741 ( 7.5535)
51.00 0.4646 0.0229 0.0768 ( 7.8287)
54.00 0.4808 0.0237 0.0795 ( 8.1040)
57.00 0.4967 0.0244 0.0819 ( 8.3486)
60.00 0.5122 0.0252 0.0845 ( 8.6137)

324
z
<l> �(z) a ,,\'._,
1 �y
(m) m/s2 (milli-g)
63.00 0.5274 0.0260 0.0872 (8.8889)
66.00 0.5423 0.0267 0.0896 (9.1335)
69.00 0.5570 0.0274 0.0919 (9.3680)
72.00 0.5714 0.0281 0.0943 (9.6126)
75.00 0.5856 0.0288 0.0966 (9.8471)
78.00 0.5995 0.0295 0.0990 (10.0917)
81.00 0.6132 0.0302 0.1013 (10.3262)
84.00 0.6268 0.0309 0.1037 (10.5708)
87.00 0.6401 0.0315 0.1057 {10.7747)
90.00 0.6532 0.0322 0.1080 (11.0092)
93.00 0.6662 0.0328 0.1100 (11.2130)
96.00 0.6790 0.0334 0.1121 (11.4271)
99.00 0.6917 0.0340 0.1141 (11.6310)
102.00 0.7042 0.0347 0.1164 (11.8654)
105.00 0.7165 0.0353 0.1184 (12.0693)
108.00 0.7288 0.0359 0.1204 (12.2732)
111.00 0.7408 0.0365 0.1225 (12.4873)
114.00 0.7528 0.0371 0.1245 (12.6911)
117.00 0.7646 0.0376 0.1261 (12.8542)
120.00 0.7763 0.0382 0.1282 (13.0683)
123.00 0.7879 0.0388 0.1302 (13.2722)
126.00 0.7994 0.0394 0.1322 (13.4760)
129.00 0.8107 0.0399 0.1339 (13.6493)
132.00 0.8220 0.0405 0.1359 (13.8532)
135.00 0.8332 0.0410 0.1376 (14.0265)
138.00 0.8442 0.0416 0.1396 (14.2304)
141.00 0.8552 0.0421 0.1412 (14.3935)
144.00 0.8661 0.0426 0.1429 (14.5668)
325
DESIGN AID
OE GREAT ALTIJRA
z
<1\�(Z) Cij, X,..,.
(m) m/stwo(mlll-g)
147.00 0.8768 0.0432 0.1449 (14.7706)
150.00 0.8875 0.0437 0.1466 (14.9439)
153.00 0.8981 0.0442 0.1483 (15.1172)
156.00 0.9087 0.0447 0.1500 (15.2905)
159.00 0.9191 0.0452 0.1516 (15.4536)
162.00 0.9295 0.0458 0.1537 (15.6677)
165.00 0.9398 0.0463 0.1553 (15.8308)
168.00 0.9500 0.0468 0.1570 (16.0041)
171.00 0.9601 0.0473 0.1587 (16.1774)
174.00 0.9702 0.0478 0.1604 (16.3507)
177.00 0.9802 0.0483 0.1620 (16.5138)
180.00 0.9901 0.0487 0.1634 (16.6565)
183.00 1,0000 0.0492 0.1651 (16.8298)
Considering the use of the building as offices, according to subsection 4B.2.2.2 of

Appendix 4B, the limit value for accelerations in office buildings, at the maximum
height, is:
-4.35 �1(11,) +5.5 = ---t.35ln(0.25) + 5.5 = he he.53mili•g
Therefore, at the maximum height of the building, for this address is not met with
the allowable acceleration of this service condition. It is recommended to
implement a special mechanism to increase the damping of the structure (section
4.4.1).
ii.Wind normal to wall D (along the 46.00 m}. 8=90°.

In accordance with Procedure 1 of subsection 4B.2.2.2 of Appendix 4B, the
accelerationmaximumaofhe buildingandn theaddre ss6 n longitudinal ofwind,
X•ITT, I knowobtained with the following expression:
326
C.1.4 WIND
DESIGNwhere the peak factor,k,,is calculated with the following expression.

0.6
k =J21n (6001 ),
P
J2 ln(600v)
The frequency of zero crossings, 1', is taken equal to the natural frequency of the
first vibrating mode of the structure in the longitudinal direction of the wind, that
is,1 1 =no,,, =0.25Hz.Therefore, the value of the peak factor is:
06
k =J2ln(0.25x600)+ 3,355
P
J2 Jn(0.25'X600)
The standard deviation,ax,oftheacceleration of the building is obtainedwiththe

following expression:
For the calculation of the equivalent mass of the structure per unit of length,
"'·, a building density of 160.00 kg/m is assumed in a simplified way 3,
considering the mass of the structure and non-structural elements that do not
make up the building. So, the equivalent mass per unit length is:
m<=(46.00)(30.00)(160.00) = 220800kg/m
The air density takes the value of 1.225 kg/m3 and b is equal to 30.00 m. The
worthof the drag coefficient, c. , is equal to the sum of the effects of the cl" of
the
windward wallYof the leeward wall, previously calculated for this direction,
which results in the following:
c.= 0.80+0.393 = 1.193
To determine the exposure factor for mean velocity, F;.,for the reference
height,z,=o.6(183.00)=109.&0m,with terrain category 3 it is worth:
F,'. =either.102AND (�)•'·

• 10 JO
=either.102co.s2)(109·80 )'·" =0.908
Therefore, the average speed for the reference height, v;cz,), according to
subsection 4.2, is equal to:
327
DESIGN AID
EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION 5: CALCULATION OF PRESSURES, FORCES AND ACCELERATIONS PRODUCED BY THE WIND ON A BUILDINGOE
GREAT ALTIJRA
,F r F � v ,
YOU 7T
( 1 =. 0 0 ) ( =
0 . 9 0 8 ) (3_6
123.1 =
3
1,049mYos
0)
The turbulence index, evaluated at the reference height z,, l)z) (item 4.4.1) is
equal to:
I,(z,) =0.159
The variable Res equals the square root of the response factor at resonance,
R',according to item 4.4.1, for this direction (0=90°).
Assuming that the building is structured based on slender frames without load-
bearing walls, the correction factor of the vibration mode shape for the calculation
of accelerations, with;,N equal to0.6(section 4.9.3Comments Section).The
correction factor of the vibration mode shape for acceleration, K,,
okay:
1,350
he+( 2co.19)-<o.6) 1
1+2(0.6) )
Assuming the fundamental bending mode form, <D,_,(z), for buildings (part
4.9.3,Comments Section) which varies with height, is equal to the following
equation:
Table E.5.20 shows the maximum accelerations for the wind direction, 0=90°.
Table E.5.20 Maximum acceleration in the longitudinal direction.
z
<1\,(z.) {JJ:
)(Ill.tr
(m) m/s (mill-g)
two
0.00 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 (0.0000)
3.00 0.0849 0.0028 0.0094 (0.9582)
6.00 0.1287 0.0043 0.0144 (1.4679)
9.00 0.1641 0.0055 0.0185 (1.8858)
328
z A--
<V,,,(z) ax
(m)
m/s2 (milli-g)
12.00 0.1950 0.0065 0.0218 ( 2.2222)
15.00 0.2229 0.0074 0.0248 ( 2.5280)
18.00 0.2487 0.0083 0.0278 ( 2.8338)
21.00 0.2728 0.0091 0.0305 ( 3.1091)
24.00 0.2956 0.0099 0.0332 ( 3.3843)
27.00 0.3172 0.0106 0.0356 ( 3.6290)
30.00 0.3379 O.OlB 0.0379 ( 3.8634)
33.00 0.3578 O.OU9 0.0399 ( 4.0673)
36.00 0.3770 0.0126 0.0423 ( 4.3119)
39.00 0.3955 0.0132 0.0443 ( 4.5158)
42.00 0.4135 0.0138 0.0463 ( 4.7197)
45.00 0.4310 0.0144 0.0483 ( 4.9235)
48.00 0.4480 0.0149 0.0500 ( 5.0968)
51.00 0.4646 0.0155 0.0520 ( 5.3007)
54.00 0.4808 0.0160 0.0537 ( 5.4740)
57.00 0.4967 0.0166 0.0557 ( 5.6779)
60.00 0.5122 0.0171 0.0574 ( 5.8512)
63.00 0.5274 0.0176 0.0590 ( 6.0143)
66.00 0.5423 0.0181 0.0607 ( 6.1876)
69.00 0.5570 0.0186 0.0624 ( 6.3609)
72.00 0.5714 0.0191 0.0641 ( 6.5341)
75.00 0.5856 0.0195 0.0654 ( 6.6667)
78.00 0.5995 0.0200 0.0671 ( 6.8400)
81.00 0.6132 0.0205 0.0688 ( 7.0133)
84.00 0.6268 0.0209 0.0701 ( 7.1458)
87.00 0.6401 0.02li4 0.0718 ( 7.3191)
90.00 0.6532 0.0218 0.0731 ( 7.4516)
93.00 0.6662 0.0222 0.0745 ( 7.5943)
329
DESIGN AID
OE GREATALTIJRA
t
w
<1\.,(z) a ,. X,11d:i
(m)
o m/stwo(mlll-g)
96.00 0.6790 0.0227 0.0762 ( 7.7676)
99.00 0.6917 0.0231 0.0775 ( 7.9001)
102.00 0.7042 0.0235 0.0788 ( 8.0326)
105.00 0.7165 0.0239 0.0802 ( 8.1753)
108.00 0.7288 0.0243 0.0815 ( 8.3078)
111.00 0.7408 0.0247 0.0829 ( 8.4506)
114.00 0.7528 0.0251 0.0842 ( 8.5831)
117.00 0.7646 0.0255 0.0856 ( 8.7258)
120.00 0.7763 0.0259 0.0869 ( 8.8583)
123.00 0.7879 0.0263 0.0882 ( 8.9908)
126.00 0.7994 0.0267 0.0896 ( 9.1335)
129.00 0.8107 0.0270 0.0906 ( 9.2355)
132.00 0.8220 0.0274 0.0919 ( 9.3680)
135.00 0.8332 0.0278 0.0933 ( 9.5107)
138.00 0.8442 0.0282 0.0946 ( 9.6432)
141.00 0.8552 0.0285 0.0956 ( 9.7452)
144.00 0.8661 0.0289 0.0970 (9.8879)
147.00 0.8768 0.0293 0.0983 (10.0204)
150.00 0.8875 0.0296 0.0993 {10.1223)
153.00 0.8981 0.0300 0.1007 (10.2650)
156.00 0.9087 0.0303 0.1017 (10.3670)
159.00 0.9191 0.0307 0.1030 (10.4995)
162.00 0.9295 0.0310 0.1040 (10.6014)
165.00 0.9398 0.03n4 0.1053 (10.7339)
168.00 0.9500 0.0317 0.1064 (10.8461)
171.00 0.9601 0.0320 0.1074 (10.9480)
174.00 0.9702 0.0324 0.1087 (11.0805)
177.00 0.9802 0.0327 0.1097 (11.1825)

330
z A--
<V,,,(z) ax
(m)
m/s2 (milli-g)
180.00 0.9901 0.0330 0.1107 (11.2844)
183.00 1,0000 0.0334 0.1121 {11.4271)
Considering the use of the building as offices, according to item 4B.2.2.2 of

Appendix 4B, the limit value for accelerations in office buildings, at the
maximum height, is:
-4.35 hi(n1)+5.5 =-4.35ln(0.25)+5.5 =heYo.53milli-g
Therefore, for this direction, the acceleration check is satisfactorily fulfilled.
331
AID D£ D1srno
APPLICATION EXAMPLE6: CALCULATION OF PRESSURES PRODUCED BY THE WIND ON AN INDU'>TRIAL BUILDING WITH A
DECKOOSAWAS

on an industrial building with a gabled roof.
It is desired to obtain the pressures that the wind produces in an industrial building with
a roofgabled. The structure is located on a suburban-type lot, surrounded
predominantly by low-rise housing Ywooded areas, close to the cityof San Jose del
Caba, BCS Its geometry is shown in Fig E.6.1.Yits dimensions.
The elements of the structural system and its tributary areas are the following.
main structurehe
The main structure consists of 11 main steel frames placed every 8 min the
longitudinal direction {Fig E.6.1). In the direction normal to the ridge, these frames
are linked by braces in the walls C YDYon the roof of the bays between axes 2-3 and
9-10. In addition, the structure has props in each column discharge which go from
axis 1 to 3 and from axis 9 to 11 (Fig E.6.1 YFig E.6.2). Tribal areas for main
structure elements are shown in Fig E.6.3.
child elements
The secondary elements of the structural system are the roof joists Ythe stringers of the
walls (Fig E.6.1). The tributary area of the joists is 12.10 m2, theof the stringers of the
longitudinal walls (C and D) is 16.00 m twoand that of the transversals (A and B) is
12.00 mtwo•
coatings
The skeleton of the structure is covered by sheet panels of 3.05 x 0.61 m so that
the tributary area that corresponds to each panel is 1.86 m. two•
anchors
The covering sheet is attached to the structure by means of anchors placed at each
0.305 m so the tributary area of these anchors is 0.305xl.51 = 0.46 m twoforthose of the
ceiling and 0.305x2.00 = 0.61 m2 for those of the walls.
332
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
YO\
Fig E.6.1 Geometry and dimensions of the structural system of the industrial building.
333
DATES OF D15ENO
EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION 6: CALCULATION OF PROVIDED PRESSURESBY THE WIND ON AN INDUSTRIAL BUILDING WITH A DECK00S
WATERS
WALL 8
hYE
- Punieles
e
©- ®
® ® frames
main
®-
0 andm..j.. 6m -+- ,,.-1- <m- omg (t)
@®©®®® 0 0 ®
\@®
WALL A Lpueita
Fig E.6.2 Axes of the main structural system.

334
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
Atheist 11ib"1ana}
18.45 39.6 43.2 46.8 38.4 29.1 38.4 '68 43.2 39.618.45
(m')
®® © @ ® ® ® ® CD Q) ®
(a) wall a
,� I Yoo Yo Yo Yo Y
'l
J
Araatrl)utarla
18.45 39.6 43.2 46.8 50.4 53.1 50.4 48 8 43.2 39.6 18.45
(m')
0® ® ® ® ® @ ® CD Q) ©
(b) wall b
� �
©© ©
241.2 241.2 241two 241.2 241.2 241.2 241.t 2412 241 2 120.6
An,alriOutaria}
-:�=•-)·
48 48 46 ,a 48 48 48 48 48 24
(m') (j)
0 ® ® 0 ® @ @
(c) Cy Dy wall cover
Innext, the aforementioned paragraphs refer to the section of

Recommendations,unless otherwise stated.
335
DATES OF D15ENO
EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION 6: CALCULATION OF PRESSURESCAUSED BY THE WIND ON AN INDUSTRIAL BUILDING WITH A DECK
00S WATERS
2) Determination of speeddesign basics.
The basic design speed depends on several parameters (item 2); These
willcalculated as follows.
a. Land category.
According to the data, the land is classified within Category 3 (Table 2.1).
It is assumed that the roughness of the surrounding terrain is uniform
beyond the lengths established in said table, so it is not necessary to
consider gradual changes in relation to this characteristic.
b. Speedregional.
According to section 2.2, in a return period of 50 years (for structures

displacement is (Appendix 4C, Table C.1):
v.=Yo8II7km/h
c. Exposure factor.
The exposure factor, F,,, is constant since the height of the ship is less than 10
meters (item 2.3). Therefore, this factor is worth:
Since the industrial warehouse will be located on flat ground, the local
topography factor is (item 2.4):
FT =1.00
Basic design speed.
Finally, the basic design speed is (item 2):
V0= (1.00)(0.832)(181.17) =150.73kmlb
336
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
3) dynamic base pressure,
The height above sea level of the implantation site is 10 m, and the mean annual
value of the minimum daily temperature is 8.20 °C (Appendix 4C). The
barometric pressure for that height is 759.20 mm Hg (Table 3.1). Therefore, the
factor G okay:
G =(0.392)(759.20) 1.0o
273+8.20
So the base dynamic pressure (item 3.2) is worth:
q:=OR 047(1.06)(150.73)'=1131.89 Pa (115.60 kglm')
According to Fig E.6.1, the height of the building is H = 9.00 rn, so the slenderness
ratio(I, =height/width) is 9.00/60.00 = 0.15<5. The calculation of the fundamental
period is not necessary since the conditions of item 3.1 are met.
Therefore, the structure is Type 1 according to its response to the action of the
wind (item 1.4), so the analysis procedure will be carried out following the static
analysis (item 3).
5) Diesel pressures.
a. internal design pressures.
The internal design pressures obtained here will be applicable in the design of
the main structure and of the secondary elements. Assuming that the door of
wall A (Fig E.6.1 and Fig E.6.3 (a)) is open, the following cases are presented.
i. Normal wind to the ridge (along the 60.00 m}, 8=0 °.
According to Table 3.S(b) (case c) of item 3.5.1.2, the internal pressure

coefficient,c,,,It does not matterto thevalue ofcwfor lateral walls since the
relationship between
the open area of the lateral wall (12.00 x 4.00 = 48.00 m2) and the total open area
of the other walls and the roof (= 0.00 m2) is greater than 6; namely, c,.=C,�=--
0.two0 (Table 3.3, subsection 3.5.1.1), since the door is at a
distance, from the windward edge, of 30.00 m, which is greater than3h
=(3.00)(7.50) =22.50m. The value of KN is equal to 1.00 because it is a structure
major. Thus, when the wind is normal to the ridge, the internal design pressure
is (item 3.5.1.2):
337
DATES OF D15ENO
EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION 6: CALCULATION OF WIND PRESSURES ONAN INDUSTRIAL BUILDING WITH A ROOF00S WATERS
P; = (--020)(1.00)(1 he31.89)=-two26.38Pa (-23.12kglm')
ii. Yieoto parallel to the ridge ra along the so,oornl,e-90 °.

Since the ratio between the windward open area (12.00 x 4.00 = 48.00
m2) and the total open area of the other walls and the roof (= 0.00 m2) is
greater than 6, we have thatc""=0.80(Table 3.8(b) (case a) and Table
3.2). The value of K� is equal to 1.00 as it is the main structure. Thus, when the
wind is parallel to the ridge, the internal design pressure is:
p, = (0.80)(1.00)(1131.89) =905.51 Pa (92.48kgfm2)
To determine the design pressures of the main structure, for both directions
(9=0° and 9=90°) the local pressure factor, KL , and the pressure factor for
coatings and anchors,K,.,they will be the sameathe unit, K L=1.00YKN=1.00
(item 3.5.1.1).
i. Normal wind to the ridge (along the 60.00 m}. 8=0°.
1. windward wall (wall C)
Paira 0=0° , c,,.. =080 (Tablea3.2), Y K,-1.00 (by NoI knowrmureither side).Por
Therefore, the design pressure is (items 3.5.1):
P,=P,-P,=(0.80)(1.00)(1.00)(l.00)(1131. 89)-(-226.38) =1131.89Pa(115.60 k8'm')
2. lee wall(WallD)
For 6=0° , dib=60.001so.oo=o.15,s1 yy=5.7l'<l0° it is obtained, from Table 3.2,

thatc"'=--0.50; giventhat East wall is not lateral K,=1.00. So, the pressure ofdesign
is:
Q, =P, - P, =(--0.50)(1.00)(l.OO)(J.OO)(ll31.89)-(-226.38)=-339.57Pa (-34.68kg/m2)
3. side walls
I:t.llil...8
According to Table 3.3, for ii=7.50m, the external pressure coefficients, in the
direction of 60.00 m, are:
338
horizont
al
distance
-0.65 0.00 - 7.50 m)
-0.50 7.50 - 15.00m)
-0.30 (15.00 - 22.50 m)
-0.20 (22.50 - 60.00m)
The area size reduction factors, K_,, are obtained by

interpolation of the values noted in Table 3.5 for the tributary areas shown in
Fig E.6.3(a). With the above, the design pressures are (Table E.6.1)(K,.=1.00for
all axes):
Table E.6.1Pressures on wall A.
exand c ,� J;
Pa (kg/m two )
AA -0.65 0.944 -468.15 (-47.81)
bb 14,50(-0.65)+1.fifty(-0.5 0)]/6.00 = - 0.881 -384.90 {-39.31)
0.613
DC -0.50 0.876 -269.39 (-27.51)
DD -0.30 0.871 -69.38 (-7.09)
E-E [1.50(-0.30)-r4.fifty(-0.20)]/6.00=-0.225 0.882 1.76 ( 0.18)
F-F -0.20 0.895 23.77 ( 2.43)
GG -0.20 0.882 26.71 ( 2.73)
HH -0.20 0.871 29.20 ( 2.98)
I-I -0.20 0.876 28.07 ( 2.87)
J-J -0.20 0.881 26.94 ( 2.75)
KK -0.20 0.944 12.68 ( 1.29)
Given the symmetry of the structure for this wind direction, the pressures inwall
B are the same as those of wall A, except in the areas corresponding to the
door due to the differences in the tributary areas (Fig E.6.3(b)). Thus, we have
that the design pressures for this wall B are (Table E.6.2) (with K,=1.00for all
axes):
339
DATES OF D15ENO
Table E.6.2 Pressures on the wall 8.
Axis c,, K_, P: = Pa -p,

Pa (kg/m')
AA -0.65 0.944 -468.15 (-47.81)
bb [4.fifty(-0.65)+1.50(-0.50)]16.00 = - 0.881 -384.90 (-39.31)
0.613
DC -0.50 0.876 -269.39 (-27.51)
0-0 -0.30 0.871 -69.38(- 7.09)
E-E [1.50(-0.30)+4.50(-0.20)]16.00 = -0.225 0.866 5.83 (0.60)
F-F -0.20 0.663 31.02 (3.17)
GG -0.20 0.666 30.34 (3.10)
H H -0.20 0.871 29.20 (2.98)
I-I -0.20 0.676 28.07 (2.87)
J-J -0.20 0.881 26.94 (2.75)
KK -0.20 0.944 12.68 (1.29)
4. Deck
From Table 3.4(b), for 1 =5.71°<10° , windward and leeward decks, Y

h/d=7.fifty/60.00=0.125�0.5,there are two cases of external pressure
coefficients, c,,,,according to the horizontal distance measured from the wall
windward:
Distance
C/M
horizontal
-0.90 -0.40 0.00 - 7.50m)

-0.50 0.00 7.50 15.00m)
-0.30 0.10 (15.00- 22.50m)
-0.20 0.20 (22.50- 60.00m)
On the other hand, the K_ factors are equal to 0.80 (Table 3.5) since the
corresponding tributary areas are greater than 100.00 m2; 241.20 m2 for the
intermediate frames (axis 2-2 to 10-10) and 120.60 m2 for the extreme
frames
(axes 1-1 and 11-11), as shown in Fig E.6.3(c).
By using these values, according to section 3.5.1, the design pressures for
thecovered, in the direction of 60.00 m, are:
340
Table E.6.3deck pressures.
Distancewith
With respect c,... K
A
Q:=P,p-p,
Pa (kg/m two)
towall C (m)
-0.90
0.00 •7.50 0.80 -588.58 (-60.11)
-0.40 0.80 -135.82 (-13.87)
-0.50
7.50 •15.00 0.80 226.38 (23.12)
0.00 0.80 226.38 ( 23.12)
-0.30
15.00 ·22.50 0.80 -45.27 ( -4.62)
0.10 0.80 316.93 (32.37)
-0.20
22.50 ·60.00 0.80 45.28 (4.62)
0.20 0.80 407.48 (41.62)
Since in this case there are two external pressure coefficients for
each of the horizontal distances from the windward wall, the designer will have to
verify which combination of pressures is the mostunfavorable for the design of the
roof of the main structure before the action of the wind in the direction normal to the
ridge.
Fig E.6.4(a) and Fig E.6.4(b) show the design pressures for the main structure
when the wind acts in the direction normal to the ridge.
ii. Yieoto parallel to the cymbrera along the eo.oorole,e-90°,

1. Windward wall (number A)
For this number andYesand=90°,from Table 3.2 we have

thatr,,.,=0.80,YK,=1.00because it is not a side wall. In this way, one obtains:
p,=p, -Q, =(0.80)(1.00)(1.00){UlO)(l131.89)-(905.5YO)=0.00 Pa l0.00 kg,'m')
2. Leeward wall (number B)
For 0=90◊, dlb=so.oo/GO.OO=l.33>1 Y r=5.71 ° <10° , the value of c,,.. it is

Samea-0.433 (Table 3.2), while K_, =1.00 because it is not a lateral radius. Thus, the
design pressure is:
Pz=p, -p,=(--0.433){1.00)(i.00)(1.00)(ll3l.89)-(905.51)=-1395.62Pa(-142.53kglm')
341
DATES OF D15ENO
WATERS
NOTE. Acotiaon•s. .nm'I

pnn,1�e�in P_. (ky"nr')
1131 89 339.57
(115.60) (-
34.681
Yo
Yo
-11.50 �
Yo
-� � 1�r rr 1 �
(alMa<e<>s(i)- 'J)ha,ta(ij;·Q!)
pright
tAuroiby IO!io e,ies pjzquSdapde1ech.-

@ -@ •46815(:..47.81] ...46815f...117B1)
© ·® 1268(1.29)12.68( 129)
(b1Si,1em> prwi<:<oal idolse;.,oxt01noo@(Av(_!:' )-(3,
� @ - ® © © © 0 0 ® 0
walls of thes:o}es p rzqu:shit right"'
Yo) ®· (� -381!.90 1-39.31) -38400(-3931)
© © -269.JIJ(•27.51) 26939(�27 51)
®· @ -69.38 (-7.09) �9.38(-7.09)

(AND)(AND) 5.83 (0.80) 178(018)
® CD 31.02( 3.17) two377 ( 243)
©· @: JO.J' ( 3.10) 26.71 ( two 73)

,hee)- ® 2920 Yo2.sa1 2910(2 9 8 )
0
·'.D . - (Yo)
28th, I2.87) 2807( 287)
0 26,9412.15) 26.� ( 2.7�)
{c)slstemp,henc1pc,Iofl()s�a$ mlE�@{�1ha!tct@ 0
Fig E.6.4(a) Design pressures for the main system, when the wind is normal to the
ridge (Roof Case 1).
342
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
1131.11!1
.11560)
Y
► Yo o
Yo
�..:----J Yo
�22.�
�-0-G)-•-� .@
NBH �11111
PiZ<PBrda conlraviell�del0t;i rnJIQ5el(belD6---� p-
T
-� T Yo Yo Yo Yo Yo
Mur0& of themaxis6 pleft,!efda pooredla
(A).@ -46615(-4761) -46815(-47B1)
(!9 - @ 12.68Yo1.29) 12.68( 1.29)

(bhesilemaprincipalofklSejeseioemos�' .-@y@ •Q:9
Yol -�@ @
Mu10sdet>sejes
® @ � ®@ © @@ 0
® @ -3114.901-39.31Yo -384.90 (-39.31I
©-© -269.39(-27.51) -269.39 (-27.51 I
@- @ -0038(-7091 -43938<-700)
@- ® 563(0601 179(0181
®· ® 31.02(3.17) ZJ.77 (2.43)
@- @;Yo J0.34(3.10) 26.71 ! 2.73)

8- @ 2920(2.96) 29.20 I 2001
(0 0 2807 (2871 28.07 (28?1

0-0 261;1(275) 2694 (2751
(CJ SIStet'll:llphropailde b§e,es,1heer!"D!,@-�ha�:� I
Fig E.6.4(b) Design pressures for the main system, when the wind is normalto the ridge
(Roof case 2).
343
DATES OF D15ENO
00S WATERS
3. Wallslaterals (wallsCY D)
From Table 3.3, forh-7.50 m, the external pressure coefficients,in thedirection of

the 80.00 m, are:
Horizont
c,,, al
distance
-0.65 ooo - 7.50m)
-0.50 7.50 - 15.00m)
-0.30 (15.00 - 22.50m)
-0.20 (22.50 - 80.00m)
In addition, the K factors are 0.907 for a tributary area of 24 mtwoY0.869 for a
48mtwo (Fig E.6.3(c)), according to Table 3.5y K,=1.00for all axes.
With the above data, the design pressures for walls C and D (Table E.6.4) are:
Table E.6.4 Pressures on C and D walls.
Axis K • Pa (kg/m2)
eleven -0.65 0.907 -1572.82 (-160.63)

2-2 [3.50(-0.65)+4.50(-0.50)]18.00 = -0.566 0.869 -1462.23 (-149.34)
3-3 [3.00(-0.50)+5.00(-0.30)]/l3.00 = -0.375 0.869 -1274.36 (-130.15)
4-4 [2.50(-0.30)+5.50(-0.20)]18.00=-0.231 0.869 -1132.72 (-115.69)
5 - 5 to 10 - -0.20 0.869 -1102.23 (-112.57)
10
11 - 11 -0.20 0.907 -1110.83 (-113.45)
4. Deck
According to Table 3.4(b), forr=5.71°<10° ,transverse double roof decks

waters, andh/d=7.fifty180.00=0.094,:;os, there are two cases of external pressure
coefficients, c,.,are:
c,,. horizontal
distance
-0.90 -0.40 ooo -7.50m)
344
-0.50 0.00 (7.50 - 15.00 m)
-0.30 0.10 (15.00 - 22.50 m)
-0.20 0.20 (22.50 - 80.00 m)
The K factors are equal to 0.80 (Table 3.5) since the tributary areas
corresponding are greater than 100.00 m2; 241.20 m2 for the intermediate frames
(axes 2-2 to 10-10) and 120.60 m2 for the end frames (axes 1-1 and 11-11), as
shown in Fig E.6.3(c).
With the above values, and with KL = 1.00 for all axes, the design pressures for the
roof (Table E.6.5), in the direction of 80.00 m, are:
Table E.6.5deck pressures.
Axis c,,, K Q,=Q,-p;

Pa (kg/m2)
-0.90 0.80-1720.47 (-175.71)

elev
en
-0.40 0.80 -1267.71 (-129.47)
[3.50(-0.9)+4.50(-0.S)]/8.00=-0.675 0.80 -1516.73 (-154.90)

2-2
[3.50(-0.4)+4.50(0.0)]!8.00=-0.175 0.80 -1063.97 (-108.66)
[3.00(-0.S)+S.00(-0.3)]18.00 =-0.375 0.80-1245.08 (-127.16)

3-3
(3.00(0.0)+5.00(0.1)]/8.00 =0.063 0.80 -848.46 (-86.65)
[2.S0(0.3)+5.50(-0.2))/8.00 =-0.231 0.80 -1114.68 (-113.84)

4-4
(2.50(0.1)+5.50(0.2)]18.00 =0.169 0.80 -752.48 (-76.85)
5 - 5a -0.200.80 -1086.61 (-110.98)

eleven -eleven 0.20 0.80 -724.41 ( -73.98)
As can be seen in Table E.6.5, there are two combinations for each of the axes,
therefore, the designer will have to verify which of them is the most unfavorable
for the design of the roof of the main structure before the wind action in the
direction parallel to the ridge.
The design pressures for the main structure when the wind acts in the direction
parallel to the ridge are shown in Figs E.6.5(a) and E.6.S(b).
NOTE: Roof pressures associated with wind parallel to the ridge are transferred
to the frames through the joists, so the braces will only resist lateral
pressures.
3. 4. 5
DATES OF D15ENO
EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION 6: CALCULATION OF THE PRESSURES PRODUCED BY THE WIND ON AN INDUSTRIAL BUILDING WITH A
DECK00S WATERS
c. Calculation of the design pressures for the secondary elements of
thestructure.
i. Normal wind to the ridge (along the 60.00 ml, 8=0°.
Because the secondary elements of the construction are those on which they
go to fix the panels (coatings), it is necessary to take into accountthe effect of
local pressures according to section 3.5.1.1. From Fig 3.4(a) (h,;: 25.00
m), for this wind direction, we have:
- • <0.2b=(0.2)(80.00) 4:00 p.m.=
aeither=h=7.)0m{
=
<0.2d (0.2)(60.00) 12.00 ill =
L.fli��"' r:;;�.,-,.'\F,
_,,.,�,,,,,,
,
-
127-4.36 -127'1.31!1
co15J Hl0.151
'f>" �,�
\�:.�,' I /;;�61
"'-"-��'\\' Yo /'1,10-�Yo
IJt
.,,02.:n .,110.61.,110.6:J
(
112.67)
Yotl3.4151
- - I 11Ml5t
Mark�-:s · ha•!it
(,�)- \_E)
11 _1": - <.11)
EI TH ER YoSystem!Yo prtl\Cltl&I of to� aJeYo (.!,)-�"": hut&
Fig E.6.S(a) Design pressures for the main system, when the wind is parallel to the
346
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
,,,..�1-
_,p
"�\
-1572.82- ·146two23 -1274.36
1 16D.4,3) 1•149 34) (·130.1,)
Maroa�2J-g.1 Marcohe°i"J-(J.1
-1132.72- --110223 .1110.e3-

(-115.69) (-112.11J (-
113.olS)
M�rco\4 - 4) Frame(sj- :.s',

.1
ha6la wow!\ ,1�)
(a) Stemamainhe<leitsand;ands \.1)- mssa {111 - .!!,
,�,1 M
.:- P111u.1en
\ \ Bracing of thewallsends
11111
(b) System JXinc,oal of the e)es A •0-'Y K <'.'YES

Fig E.6.S(b) Design pressures for the main system, when the wind is parallel to the
347
HELPOF DESIGN
[APPLICATION EXAMPLE 6: CALCULATION OF PRESSURES PRODUCED BY THE WIND ON AN INDUSTRIAL BUILDING WITH A ROOF TWO
WATERS
Tributary area of the stringer = 16.00 m'
., �..,., . .� ��
11 31.89P '-, 1131.89Pa
a
wo 7 5.6 0 t /�/
/'
two
(eleven
kg/m ) '·,....___ )' (115.60 kglm
Y o .
. . . . . . . ·:,:.'-Yo-
/// / ,.\"'<. . '-
YoIs�
,Z.
'< ' _.,
k 1/ '1/
---.
,v:1584.65Pa(161.84kglm')
'C 'I
',
/4/ 1
Yo
Yo �,)'>·. / , , ,
/
two.00 m
1/J: "-�-;:�
/
• ,�
//
'- .
-[\. . /
: �··. _, �rea-�affectation14.06:, , Yo
=
Yo"
- ,
/ :;. _J.
· ," / you 1
/✓ / / / / / '·'""'
Crossbar/
0.485 m Yo--- -7 03m- 0.485 m -
BOOm
Fig E.6.6 Local design pressures for the stringers of wall C.
1. Windward wall stringers {wall C)
According to Table 3.6 (MBAJ wall), the local pressure factor, K,, is equal to
1.50; from Table3.2,c,.,=0.80;K,=t.oo,because it is not a lateral wall;
Kro�1oh,for not being covering or walking. Therefore, the local design pressure is:
p, =(0.80)(1.00)(l.50XI.OO)(l 131.89)-(-226.38)=1584.65Pa{l61.84kgliu')
Yesnemb argus,the tributary area of the stringers of this wall is

4:00 p.m. two
>0.25(7.50m)2=14.06mtwo (Table 3.6), so the previous pressure
elasrgaupleicroasblseestoolomean Ku,n ar1.e0a0 d(ein1c4is.o036 .m5. two • P1aa
)r; Ke,l
. 1. .
ar1ea you,ripbourtanroiasreerstraencutebrdiemeientotos
00
no anchor.Thus, the local design pressure for this remaining area
is:A= (0.80)(1.00)(1.OO)(1.OO)(ll31.89)-(-226.38)=1131.89Pa (l15.60kglm')
ThenvlaieFnigtoE.e6s.6nsoermaulesatralanecsutmasbprerreas.ionEessipmapraortloasnltae
and
affectation (14.06 mtwo) is placedin the center assuming that this is the condition
rgsueef\roalsadr ekheumeureol cacrueande
rm
a
p
s dpeosdfearvoersatbalbel.ecNeor ocbusatldnetee,llealsdeisseliiaamdoarsdcerbiteicraa.foresee
a
348 theothers conditions
The other condition established in the subsection 3.5.1.1 is that K L=1.00 for
allt
he
tax
are
a.
Th
us,
the
de
sig
n
pre
ssu
re
for
thi
s
co
ndi
tio
n
wo
uld
be:
p, =(0.80)(1.00Xl.00)(1.00)(1131.89)-(-226.38)=1131.89Pa (l 15.60kglm1)
Which turns out to be less unfavorable than the previous condition.
2. Leeward wall stringers {wall D)
In the case of the stringers of this wall, the following is available:c,,.=--

0.fifty(Tablea3.2, with 0 0° ,d/b=6O.EITHEReitheryou8(10IJ=hehe.75sheYY=Yes.71°
<1EITHER° );alsoK_, 1.00 by not to be Wall side, K,=1.00 by No be required In the
table 3.6;K,.�1.00,porn be coatingneitheranchorage. Thus, the design
pressurelocalfor these stringers is:
pc=(--0.50)(1.00)(1.OO)(1.OO)(1 131.89)-(-226.38)=-339.57Pa(-34.68kftim')
Since there are no restrictions regarding the affected area, this pressure must
be applied throughout the tax area corresponding to these stringers.
3. Stringers of the side walls {walls A Yb)
To calculate the local design pressures of these elements, Table 3.3 (withii-7.50m):
Distance
w/n horizontal
-0.65 0.00-7.50m)
-0.50 7.50-15.00m)
-0.30 -
(15.00 22nd m)
-0.20 (22.50- 60.00m)
According to Table 3.5, for a tributary area of the stringers equal to 12.00 m2,
it ishas that KA = 0.9S7. The value of K�is equal to 1.00, as it is not a covering or
an anchor. For its part, and according to subsection 3.5.1.1 and Table 3.6, the local
pressure factor, K, is equal to 1.00, 1.50 or 2.00 depending on its distance from the
edge.
windward.
The valueK,=1.00has no restrictions in relation totheedge distance. The K

value,=1.50 is applicable when you have an edge distance<year =7.SOmand the
affected area iss7,502=56.25 m2.TheK-value,=2.00is applicable
when you have an edge distance<:0.5yr=3. 75mand theareaof affectationit iss3,752
=14.06m2.
349
DATES OF D15ENO
00S WATERS
With the above values, we have the following cases for the beams that go from
axis A to axis B.
WhenK,-100the local design pressure is:
For 0.00 - 6.00m
p, =(-0.65)(0.987)(1.00Xl.00)(1131..89)-(-226.38) =-499.78Pa (-51.04kglm two )
When K, t.50 the local design pressure is:
For 0.00 - 6.00m
p, = (-0.65)(0.987)(1.50)(1.00)(l131.89)-(-226.38) =-862.87Pa(-88.12kglin')
WhenKL=1.00 thelocal design pressure is:
For ooo - 3.75 m
p, =(-0.65)(0.987)(two00)(1.00)(1131 .89)-(-226.38) = -1225.95Pa (-125.21 k:gfm')
350
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
tributary kea of
the stringer =
12.00 mtwo .-499. 78 Pa (-51.04 kg/m')
6.00m
Tax line of the

stringer = 12.00
m' -862.87 Pa (-88.12 kg/m')
6.00m
-----3.75 m- ----2.25 m-
tax keastringer =
12.00m• -1225.95 Pa
6.00m
Fig E.6.7 Pressure cases local of design for walls lateral, from axis A tob axis
For 3.75 - 6.00m
p, =(--0.65)(0.987)(1.00)(l.00)(1131..89)-(-226.38) =-499.78Pa(-5l.04kg/m2)
351
DATES OF D15ENO
00S WATERS
In Fig E.6.7 the three alternative cases of the previous design local pressures
for stringers ranging from ! axis A to axis B. Among these cases the designer
should choose the most critical one.
Similarly, we have the following cases for the stringers that go from theaxis B to
axis C:
When K, = LOO the local design pressure is:For O
.00 - 1.50 rn
p, =(--0.65)(0.987)(1.00)(1.00)(1131 .89)-(-226.38) =499.78Pa-51.04kglm')
For 1.50 - 6.00m
p,= (--0.50)(0.987)(1.00)(1.00)(1131.89)-(-226.38) =-332.21Pa(-

33.93kggi'rn')
Wheneither K, =L50 hea pressurecrazyhedand designit is:
For ooo - 1.50m
p, =(--0.65)( 0.987)(1.50)(!.00)(he131..89)-(-226.38) = -862.87Pa(-88.12kg/rn')
for 1.50- 6.00 pm
p, = (--0.50)(0.987)(1.00)(1.00)(1131.89)-(-twotwo6.38) =-332.21P-a(-33.93kg'rn')
In Fig E.6.8 the two alternative cases of the above design local pressures for
stringers ranging from ! axis B to axis C. Among these casesthe designer should
choose the most critical.
352
WORKS DESIGN MANUAL CIVILES-CFE
r
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
. 50m
Fo
ur
,
-1.50m
_
1r
Yo
Area taxof!
.'
-4�_;;� J -33221Pa ,:
stringer = 12.00 ni'

Crossbar---
Yo-
(-51.0
\_
Y
o
:
------ ,
kg'm2j (-33.93 kg'm2).

4 6
.00m
j
2.00
m
--: ---------------------- �-SW
"--·-J
Tax area of_- � �

150m
'
m
�-, - . -- �h
stringereither =12.00 neither' - -- _>--. Yo

-862.87Pa , ,-332.two1Pa , Yo
-+-/
--"-
'-
�
(-88.12kg'm") '---, two.
/ \.
.��--'-_.__....._
___
(-33.93 kg'm") Yo
Yo
_)
_.
6.
00m
will be worth 1.00 while the external pressure factors will vary according to their
location with respect to the windward wall (wall C in this case). Thus, the local
design pressures for these stringers will be:
Stringers from axis C to axis D:
For 0.00 - 300m
.
353
DATES OF D15ENO
EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION 6: CALCULATION OF PROVIDED PRESSURES BY THE WIND ON A SHIP INDUSTRIAL WITH COVER AT 00S
WATERS
Axle stringers D axis E:
For 0.00 - 4.50m
p, = Hl.30X0.987)(1.00)(l.OO)(l131.89)-(-226.38) = -108.77Pa(-l1.lkg/rutwo)For 4.50
- 6.00m
A = (-0.20)(0.987)(1.00)(1.00)(I 131.89) -(-226.38) = 2.94 Pa(0.30 kghu')
Beams from axis E to axis F to beams from axis J to axis K:
For 0.00 - 6.00m
p,=(--0.20)(0.987)(1.00)(1.OO)(l 131.89)-(-226.38)=2.94Pa(0.30kglm1)
deck joists
Pairah/d=7.50/60 00=0.125s0.5 and,=5.71 ° <10",windward and leeward decks,

there are two cases of external pressure coefficients, c,,,,,are (Table
3.4(b )):
c, Distance
p
horizontal
-0.90 -0.40 0.00 7.50m)

-0.50 0.00 7.50 -15.00m)
-0.30 0.10 (15.00 -22.50m)
-0.20 0.20 (22.50 - 60.00m)
On the other hand, for a tributary area of the joists equal to 12.10mtwo, K_,
=0.986(Table 3.5). According to Table 3.6 Yspecified in subsection 3.5.1.1, the
local pressure factor,K,,It is worth 1.00, 1.50, 2.00 or 3.00 depending on your
distance to windward edge. ForY=5.71° <10°, the affected areas of theroof are defined
as if it were a flat roof, so the pressure factor
local, KL , will not be applied in the area of the ridge. Thus, the local design
pressures for the roof joists are (Table E.6.6):
Table E.6.6Local pressures for roof joists.
locationwith K, K Q,-Q,-YO',
Tlpoof c,,.,
With
joist
L
respect Pa (kg/m')
towall C
(m)
-0.90 0.986 1.00 -778.06 (-79.46)
-0.90
0.00 -7.50 A 0.986 3.00 -2786.94( -284.63)
-0.40 0.986 1.00 -220.04 ( -22.47)
-0.40 0.986 3.00 -1112.87 ( -113.66)
-0.90 0.986 1.00 -778.06 (-79.46)
-0.90
0.00 -3.75 B. 0.986 2.00 -1782.50 ( -182.05)
-0.40 0.986 1.00 -220.04 ( -22.47)

-0.40 0.986 2.00 -666.45 ( -68.07)
-0.90 0.986 1.00 -778.06 ( -79.46)
-0.90
3.75 -7.50 C 0.986 1.50 -1280.28 ( -130.76)
-0.40 0.986 1.00 -220.04 ( -22.47)

-0.40 0.986 1.50 -443.25( -45.27)
-0.50
7.50 -15.00 D 0.986 1.00 -331.64 ( -33.87)
0.00 0.986 1.00 226.38 ( 23.12)

-0.30
15.00 -22.50 AND 0.986 1.00 -108.43 ( -11.07)
0.10 0.986 1.00 337.98 ( 34.52)
-0.20
22.50- 60.00 0.986 1.00 3.17 ( 0.32)
0.20 0.986 1.00 449.59 ( 45.92)
GRADE
S: The values in bold are the most unfavorable (in absolute value) for
thecorresponding location with respect to wall C.
The underlined values are the most unfavorable in the corner zones.Negative
term of the product &c,,. It is -3.00.
In summary, Fig E.6.9 shows the local design pressures for the deck joists when the
direction of ! wind is normal to the ridge. It is important to note that these pressures were
selected assuming that they are the ones that give the most unfavorable condition.
355
DATES OF D15ENO
□
WATERS
ZOl)a00vluu(ltlJUllPo,
[a [cl [either] [AND' lr-1
3.75 3.75 7.S0-, -------37.50 --------------- �
8 00
@·==---= -----1--- +-----------------1-1-
8-+- - +-+----+----+----+ ---------- ---+-fa
(two.,l--+--
Olrccl'.:ion
of the wind ..__.______..___.,___ -+-+
• •• ------------------- -t�
/--t---,--,----,------,---+---C-u_m_b_•_
r
�NC EITHER
G)J----t--�� ------------------ -1J

Jeither
8-4--- ---; --------- -I-+
8
units
a
eith
er
8.0D
0,:Jc.=ct=--o±c-=1!-----------t----t--- ---------------------- ---Jt
r�·� A,ea 1.nOu1aria of

thev1gueta:: 12.10
m'
GRADES:
v1gue11
11PaA
8
C
pre5lonor &U(.C:1on on Pa
{kg/m'j
-2785.i•l(-4tl4.tl3)
-1782St!(
�128028 162.0S) l-130.76}
0
Yo0 �%1
The pressure or suec,6n -3318� I-33.87}
,e npllM in lodnhey 331file ◄ J4.S2l
• A 44058 (4SJl2)
ND
ilHiol \11but..lt1fJ (MyI�
� ll'lijUl!l;.
F
h ,,.,e-0!ac1ono& in m
e
Li
Fig E.6. 9 Local design pressures for the secondary elements of the roof, when the wind is
normal to the ridge.
356
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
ii. Yiento paratelo to ta ridge <along the so.oom}, 8=90 °,

For this wind directionwe have that (Fig 3.4(b),h;;25.00m):
- _ <0.2b = (0.2)(60.00) = 12.00 Ill

{a ==
� 1.50ill
0
[<0.2d=(0.2)(80.00)=4:00 p.m.
stringers of the wallbrlovento (wall A)
According to Table 3.6 (MBAJ wall), the factor K, worth 1.50; from Table 3.2, c,.,=0.80
; K,-1.00, for not treating of Wall side, Kro-1.00, by not be coatingno anchor.
Thus, the local design pressure is:
p, = (0.S0XI.00)(1.50XI .00)0 131.89)-(905.51) = 452.76Pa (46.24kg/m two)
The tributary area of the stringers of this wall is 12.00 m twos0.25

(7.50m)2 =14.06m two(Table 3.6), so the above pressure is applicable inthe entire
tax area.
The other condition established in section 3.5.1.1 is that K L-1.00 for allthe tax
area. Thus, the design pressure for this condition would be:
p, =(0.80)(1.00)(Yo.OO)(J.OO)(l 131.89)-(905.51) = 0.00Pa.(0.00kg/m1 )
Which turns out to be less unfavorable than the previous condition.
in Fig. E.6.10 the local design pressures for the stringers are shownof wall A
when the wind is parallel to the ridge.
tax area of the

Crossbar ,-
-/-;:' ['///�
,· stringereither = 12.00 m•
1/-- \�y�/·/ / /, (Y: two
½/,// >'452.76Pa(46.24kg/m ) Y
v0;1// _/��// >\'
�
(/ ,.·// //// /,
oY/;1o 2.00m
vYO· .//
,/ / Area danda
.L._ //,,,,; /L / / /../,,
, FectYo6n = 14.06m
/
�- tw o
/ ,�J
/'
6.00m ,j
-
Y
o
Fig E.6.10YoLocal design pressures for the stringers of wall A.
357
DATES OF D15ENO
2. stringers of! lee wall (wall B)
Inthe case of the stringers of this wall hasitNext: c,.=--0.433(Table

3.2,with8=90° ,d/b-80.eithereitheryou6tOR)(J�l.33>1YY=5.71 ° <10° );alsoK,=1.00to
not be a side wall,KL=1.00 to not be required intheTable 3.6, K,. 1.00, for not being a
coating or anchor. Thus, the local design pressure for these stringers is:
p, =(-0.433)(1.00)(1.00X1.00)(1131.89)-(905.51)=-1395.62Pa(-142.53 kg/rrr)
Since there are no restrictions regarding the affected area, this local pressure must
be applied throughout the tributary area corresponding to these stringers.
3. Stringers of the side walls (walls CY D)
To calculate the pressuresdesign locations of these elements is obtained,

fromTable 3.3 (withii=7.50m):
Distance
C,,, horizontal
-0.65 0.00- 7.50m)
·0.50 7.50- 15.00m)
-0.30 (15.00-22.50m)
-0.20 (22.50 - 80.00m)
For a tributary area of the stringers Same a 16.00 m2 Y according to Table 3.5,
havewhatand K., -0.960. ANDheokrdand ;.. ·,. , andssamehe a 1.00,perneitherI
knowrcovering
no anchor. For its part, and in accordance with section 3.5.1.1 and Table 3.6, the
local pressure factor, K,, is worth 1.00, 1.50 or 2.00 depending on its distance
from the edge
windward.
The value KL= 1.00 has no restrictions in relation at the distance to the edge.
The value K,=1.50 it is applicable when you have one distance at the border<
year=7.SO mYa nd he aread and affectationand s � 7.50two = 56.25m 2 • ANDhe
okrK L =2.00 ands applicable when you have an edge distance<0.5 years= 3.75
m and the affected areais � 3,752 = 14.06 m2.
With the above values, we have the following cases for the stringers thatgo from!
axis 1 to axis 2.
When K, =1.00 the local design pressure is:
For0.00 - 7.50m
358
Pz = (-0.65)(0.960 )(1.0389)-(5.1 = -1611.81Pa(-164.61kg/mt w o )For 7.SO - 8.00 m
pc =(-0.50)(0.960)(1.00)(1.00)(1131.89)-(905.51) =-1448.82Pa(-147.97kg/mt w o )
When K,=l.50the local design pressure is:
For o.oo - 7.50m

p, =(-0.65)(0.960)(1.50)(1.00)(1131.89)-(905.51) =-1964.96Pa(- 200.68kg/rri')
For 7.so - s.oo m

p, =(-0.50)(0.960)(1.00)(1.00)(1131.89)-(905.51) =-1448.82Pa(-147.97kg/m')
When K L=2.00 local design pressureit is:
For0.00 - 3.75m
p,=(-0.65)(0.960)(2.00)(1.00)(1131.89)-(905.51) =-2318.11 Pa(-
236.75kg/mt w o )For 3.75 - 7.50m
Pc = (-0.65)(0.960)(1.00)(1.00)(1 131.89)-(905.51) =-1611.81Pa(-164.61kg/ rri')
for 7 .50 - 8.00m
p. =(-0.50)( 0.960)(1.00)(1.00)(1 1 3 1.89)-(905.51)=- 1448.82Pa( -147.97kg/mt w o )
In Fig E.6.11 The three alternative cases of the above design local pressures are
shown for the stringers from axis 1 to axis 2. The designeryou should choose
the most critical condition.
359
DATES OF D15ENO
DECK00S WATERS
�------------------,- -Yo,
- "
Y
o 0.50m
AreatnlHr,>rleither of -
1448.82Pa
rouc,o•1600rn' ".- , he-(.14797 oglm')
-1964.96 Po 1•200.68 kglm'J,
_,..:
read, or -i--------------------+---<2.00 m
Y
o
1
Yo
.l
800m ---=-i
Fig E.6.11 Cases of local design pressures for the lateral walls, of theaxis 1 to
axis 2.
For the stringers located between the remaining axes of walls C and D, the local
pressure factors will be LOO, while the external pressure factors will vary
according to their location. relative to the windward wall (wall A in this case).
Thus, the local design pressures for these stringers will be:
Beams from axis 2 to axis 3:
For 0.00 - 7.00m
A =(--0.50)(D.960){1.00X1 DDX1131.89)-(9D5.51) =-1448.82Pa(-147.97kg/m2)
For 7.00 -8.00m
p,=(--0.30)(0.960)(1.00)(1.00)(1131.89)-(905.51)=-1231.49 Pa(-
125.77kg/mtwo)
Beams from axis 3 to axis
4:For 0.00 - 6.50m

360
A =(-0.30)(0.960)(1.00)(1 .00)(1 131 .89)-(905. 51) = -1231.49Pa( -125.77 kg/ m2)
For 6.50 - 8.00m
p,=(-0.20)(0.960)(1.00)(1.00)(! 131.89)-(905.51)=-eleven22.83Pa(-114.68kglm')
stringers ofaxis 4 to axis 5 up to the. beams from axle 10 to axle 11:
For 0.00 - 8.00m
p, =(--0.20)(0.960)(1.00)(l. OO)(Ihe3 YO. 89)-(905.51) =-1122.83Pa (-Yo he4.68kg/m 1 )
4. deck joists
Paira h/d=7.50/80.00=0.094fifty.5yy=5.71° <J0', there are two cases of

external pressure coefficients, c,..,, they are (Table 3.4(b)):
c,� Distance
horizontal
-0.90 -0.40 0.00 - 7.50m)

-0.50 0.00 7.50 - 15.00m)
-0.30 0.10 (15.00- 22.50m)
-0.20 0.20 (22.50- 80.00m)
dadeitherthat the tributary area of these joists is 12.10 m 2, K"'-0.986(Table

3.5). km, It is equal to 1.00, because it is not a coating or an anchor. Therefore,
with these values and considering that the local pressure factor, K,, is equal to
1.00,
1.50, 2.00 or 3.00, depending on its distance from the windward edge (incise
3.5.1.1 and Table 3.6), we have the following local design pressures (TableE.6.7):
361
DATES OF D15ENO
Table E.6. 7 Local pressures for roof joists.
located Kind ofdistance in

c,.. K ' fl,
joistsbetween theJoist joist (m) Pa (kg/mtwo)
the axes
0.00 - 7.50 -0.90 1.00 -1909.95 ( -195.06)
0.00 - 7.50 -0.90 3.00 -3918.83 ( -400.23)

A 7.50 • 8.00 -0.50 1.00 -1463.53 ( -149.47)
0.00 - 7.50 -0.40 1.00 -1351.93 ( -138.07)
0.00 - 7.50 -0.40 3.00 -2244.76 ( -229.26)
7.50 - 8.00 0.00 1.00 -905.51 (-92.48)
0.00 - 7.50 -0.90 1.00 -1909.95 ( -195.06)
7.50 • 8.00 -0.50 1.00 -1463.53 ( -149.47)
ooo - 7.50 -0.40 1.00 -1351.93 ( -138.07)
7.50 · 8.00 0.00 1.00 -905.51 (-92.48)

1-2
0.00 - 7.50 -0.90 1.50 -2412.17(-246.36)
7.50 - 8.00 -0.50 1.00 -1463.53(-149.47)
0.00 7.50 -0.40 1.50 -1575.14 ( -160.87)
7.50 - 8.00 0.00 1.00 -905.51 (-92.48)
0.00 - 3.75 -0.90 2.00 -2914.39 ( -297.65)
3.75 - 7.50 -0.90 1.00 -1909.95 ( -195.06)
7.50 - 8.00 -0.50 1.00 -1463.53 ( -149.47)
0.00 - 3.75 -0.40 2.00 -1798.34 ( -183.67)
3.75 - 7.50 -0.40 1.00 -1351.93 ( -138.07)
7.50 - 8.00 0.00 1.00 -905.51 (-92.48)
NOTE:Negative limit of the product Kl.Cl" is -3.00.

For the joists located between the remaining axes of walls C and D, thelocal
pressure factors will be worth 1.00 while external pressure factors will vary according
to their location with respect to the windward wall (wall A in thiscase). Thus, the
local design pressures for these joists are (Table E.6.8):
362
Table E.6.8Local pressures for roof joists.
Vlguetaslocated Guyof Distance inthe /1,
between theaxes Joist joist(m) c,. Pa (kg/m')

.
0.00 - 7.00 -0.50 •1463.53 (-149.47)
7.00 - 8.00 -0.30 1240.32 (·126.67)

two -3 C
ooo -7.00 0.00 -905.51 -92.48)
7.00 - 8.00 0.10 -793.91 -81.08)
0.00 - 6.50 -0.30 -1240.32 (-126.67)
6.50 - 8.00 -0.20 -1128.72 (-115.28)

3-4 D
0.00 - 6.50 0.10 -793.91 -81.08)
6.50 - 8.00 0.20 -682.30 -69.68)
0.00 - 8.00 -0.20 1128.72 (•115.28)

4 upeleven AND
0.00 - 8.00 0.20 -682.30 (-69.68)
In Fig E.6.12 the local design pressures for the roof joists are presented when the wind
direction is parallel to the ridge. These pressures are shown assuming that the values
noted in bold and underlined, in Tables E.6.7 and E.6.8, are those that present the
most unfavorable conditions.
363
DATES OF D15ENO
DECK00S WATERS
1
Vtglletas area Zoneby VIQIJCtaS
llpo C upO 8.0
110 -t
Zotla de liigl,letas Area Cle vtgue1as 8.0
Yo
hpo E t1poE
Zone of "'1glle1Bs vtQUeili!S area

8.0
Y
lll>OE trpoE
2M.!ldelftDI.Jetas
live E
Zone of V1gLI8l!.S
apoE 80 o
F7
Z0rn1 d2 Zone of 80
h
e
1/tQ'!Jet:asloo E 'JlguelaslipoE
JF
(6
Muroc-
.,,.. Travel areallpo E Ce 'llguelas area
lipcE
Yo
zooa by llitJlieta&
Type E Zone o� �1oue1a1>
l1PoE
joist area11poO area of vlguelas

�
Ilpo D 80
V1g1,1e1as canvas
F
i"ooa de
VIQHeTa&t1 type C 8.0
poC
FJ
Z011ade area ae•Ague.as C zone
Zone
ofvlguetasVJgueta5� 11 poa Yov1guct.:m, 80
t1po l\pc;lA
and hpr.JA
12
7 5(
-7.50- -7.50----,
8.0
Y
(1'1 o
Yo
NOTE: Pressures in Pa (',:g!m-') Connections

in m
r -;
• 1.51j ,1.51, j1.51•1 Yol.511
either" r .00�
,....--"I Yo Yo
he j:-,
Yo � 'J
800k,
'' Yo
he
you
7.00
Yo "� ·:
650
n □il
□ □
391s.8J r'v"J2412.17 [7-:'j 1463.53 FL1240.32 1128.72
n
L.::J(-400.23) 0(-24636) L:s.](-149.47) l;;;._J(-12667) f-115,28)
146:353 177146353 -114037 112sn
(-14947) LJ(-14047) 1-12667) L::'..]{115-28)
vguetaTtpoA V1gue1t1 Tmo B.
Fig E.6.12 Local design pressures for the secondary elements of the roof, when
the wind is parallel to the ridge.
364
d. Calculation of the design pressures for the coatings of the structure.
Considering that the detachment of the coatings is not dangerous, they will be
designed as if it were a structure belonging to Group B (item 1.3). According
to subsection 3.5.1.1, to calculate the pressures due to the wind on the
coverings and their anchors, the external and internal pressures are affected
by the factorK�-ISO,so the internal pressures of
design are:
p, = (-0.20)(1.50)(1131.89) = -339.57 Pa (-3. 4.68 kg/m')

p, = (0.80)(1.50)(1131.89} =1358.27Pa (138.72 kg/rrr)
When the wind is normal,0=0"and parallel, 6=90°to the ridge,

respectively.
On the other hand, the factorreduction K, is equal to 1.00 because the

tributary area of each of the coatings is 1.86 m2 s 10.00 m2 •
corresponding to some of the cases in Table 3.6 are presented here, these are not
applied simultaneously for the design, so the most unfavorable condition must be
verified according to the size and position of thecoatings.
i. Normal wind to the ridge (along the 60.00 m), 8=0°.
Forthis addressa0=b=7.50m,0.5n0=3.75m,a!= 56.25 m'Y0.25�=14.06nl.
1. Cladding of the windward wall (wall C)
According to Table 3.2, the external pressure coefficient is 0.80, and

according to Table 3.6 and incise 3.5.1, the factorK,is equal to 1.50 or 1.00.
Therefore, the pressure
of local design for the coatings of wall C, withK,,=l.50,when thewind is normal to
the ridge, is:
p, =(0.80)(1.00)(1.fiftyX1.50)(1131.89)-(-339.57) =2376.97Pa(242.76kg/ m2)
p, =(0.80)(1.00)(1.OOX1.50)(1131.89)-(-339.57) =1697.84Pa(173.40kg/ m2)
So the most unfavorable condition is the first of these last twopressures.
2. Coatings of the lee wall (wall D)
365
DATES OF D15ENO
00S WATERS
For the coatings of this wall it is necessary to c,�=-0.50(Table 3.2),
K,=1.00because it is not required in Table 3.6 andK,,=1.50.So, you have to:
p, =(-0.50)(1.00)(1.00)(1.50)(1131.89)-(-339.57)=-509.35 Pa(- 52.02 kg/mtwo)
Coatings of the lateral walls (walls A and B)
To calculate the local design pressures of these coatings, from Table3.3( co n h

=7.50 111)external pressure coefficients are obtained:
c,,, Distance
horizontal
-0.65 0.00 7.50m)
-0.50 7.50 -15.00m)
-0.30 (15.00 22.50m)
-0.20 (22.50 - 60.00m)
With these values and in accordance with subsection 3.5.1 and Table 3.6, the
local design pressures of the coverings of walls A and B, withK,. t so,when
wind is normal to the ridge (Table E.6.9), are:
Table E.6.9 Local pressures for coatings on lateral walls.
Location of the coatings of

side walls A and Bwith P, =p,-p,
KL
C. K A"'
Pa (kg/mtwo)
relative to the windward wall,c,
(m)
-0.65 1.00 1.00 -764.02 (-78.03)
0.00 - 3.75 -0.65 1.00 1.50 -1315.82 (-134.39)
-0.65 1.00 2.00 -1867.62 (-190.74)
-0.65 1.00 1.00 -764.02 (-78.03)

3.75 - 7.50
-0.65 1.00 1.50 -1315.82 (-134.39)
7th - 15.00 -0.50 1.00 1.00 -509.35 -52.02)
15.00- 22.50 -0.30 1.00 1.00 -169.78 -17.34)
22.50- 60.00 -0.20 1.00 1.00 0.00 ( 0.00)
NOTE:The values in bold are the most unfavorable forthe location ofthecoatings with
respect to wall C.
366
Four. deck coatings
In this case the cases of external pressure coefficients are:
c, Distanceh
orizontal
.
-0.90 -0.40 0.00 -7.50m)
-0.50 0.00 7.50-15.00m)
-0.30 0.10 -
(15.00 22.50m)
-0.20 0.20 (22.50- 60.00m)
According to item 3.5.1 and Table 3.6, the local pressure coefficients are equal to
1.00, 1.50, 2.00 or 3.00, depending on its distance from the windward edge.
ForY=5.71° <10°,the zonesof affectation of the roof are defined as if it were
flat roof, so the local pressure factor, K,,will not apply in the area
from the ridge. Thus, the local design pressures for the roof coatings, with
K,.=1.50,when vielilto is normal totheridge (Table E.6.10),
are:
Table E.6.10Local pressures for coatings on the roof.
Location of liners
/J==flandQ,
of the cover with respect toto the C KA
Khe Pa (kg/m2)
windward wall, C (m).
-0.90 1.00 1.00 -1188.48 -121.38)
0.00 7.50 -0.90 1.00 3.00 -4244.58 -433.50)

(Corner) -0.40 1.00 1.00 -339.56 (-34.68)
·0.40 1.00 3.00 1697.83 -173.40)

·0.90 1.00 1.00 1188.48 121.38)
-0.90 1.00 1.50 1952.51 199.41)
-0.90 1.00 2.00 -2716.53 (-277.44)
0.00-
-0.40 1.00 1.00 -339.56 (-34.68)
-0.40 1.00 1.50-679.13
-69.36)
-0.40 1.00 2.00 -1018.70 (-104,040)
-0.90
3.75 -7.50 1.00 1.00 -1188.48 -121.38)
-0.90 1.00 1.50 -1952.51 -199.41)
367
DATES OF D15ENO
00S WATERS
-0.40 1.00 1.00 -339.56-34.68)
-0.40 1.00 1.50-679.13 -
69.36)
-0.50 1.00 1.00 -509.35 -52.02)
7.50 - 15.00
0.00 1.00 1.00 339.57( 34.68)
15.00 - 22.50 -0.30 1.00 1.00 -169.78( -17.34)
0.10 1.00 1.00 509.35( 52.02)
-0.20 1.00 1.00 0.00( 0.00)

22.50 - 60.00
0.20 1.00 1.00 679.14( 69.36)
GRADE
S:
The values in bold are the most unfavorable (in absolute value) for
thelocationrelative to wall C.
The underlined values are the most unfavorable in the corner zones.
Umlte negative def productKLCP"is -3.00.
The distribution of these pressures is shown in Fig E.6.13Fig . These pressures

should be applied throughout the tributary area of the coatings.
368
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
., 1-
375t375 7fifty
j
-
7 50
Yo 37.50
Yo
7 ,fifty '"Yo"'
�
"'"'
R"!
O Yo Y
"'0
"F :!.
Yo
YoYo o
.
T Y
he
o
Yo Yo Y I
Yo Yo o I ridge
Yo Y Yo /
Y o
Address o Y
of the wind
Yo o
Y "' Y -;0 Yo"'
o
0
& "'
MaurochsC
o Y
O
'.!,
" Yo
!'.',
)ll
lo
;!
....
·' Yo Yo nadn '0
"
_,,.,,-
Yo Yo "?
0
Y
:;- Yo.., o
"".
_.,,._ '" I
"'
'" Yo'�"�
..c,Yo..c, Yo
I
,._ "'
Yo Y
Yo Yo o
Y
-
Yo Yo
Yo o
.
Yo
fift
Y I
Yocoverings, when the wind is normal to the
NOTE: Aeotaeione• in m, pressures in Pa (kglm').
I
y
Fig E.6.13 Local design pressures for roof
o
ridge.
Yo I
Yo
Y
ii.
Yo Yo
o
Wind parallel to the ridge(aalong the 80.00 m), 8::90 °.
Yo Yo
Y
Pairathis address also has to be 0 =h=7.50m, either_5a0 =375m,a;=56.25 nor1And
., ___jni1.
0.25a( =14.06
'
"0 o
��
�:s
�� I 369
I
Y
DATES OF D15ENO
00S WATERS
1. coatings of! windward wall (wall A)
According to Table 3.2, the external pressure coefficient is equal to 0.80, and Table
3.6 and incise 3.5.1, the K factor is equal to 1.50 or 1.00. Therefore, the design
pressure
local for the coatings of! wall A, with K�=1st so, when the wind it isparallel to the
ridge, is:
p, =(0.80)(100X1.50)(1.50)(1131.89)-(1358.27)=679.13Pa(69.36kg/m2) 6
p,=(0.80)(1.00)(1.00)(1.50)(eleven3189)-(1358.27) =0.00Pa(0.00kg/m")
LaThe most unfavorable condition is the first of these last two cases of pressures.
2. coatings of! lee wall (wall Bl
For the coverings of this wall, c,�=-0.433 (Table 3.2),K,=1.00because notI

knowrequired in Table 3.6 andK,.=1.50.So, you have to:
p, =(--0.433)(1.00)(1.00)(1.50)(1131.89)-(1358.27)=-2093.43 Pa(-213.80kg/m2)
In order to calculate the local design pressures of these liners, from Table 3.3
(withii=7.50 m) you get:
c, Distanceh
orizontal
,,
-0.65 O.DD - 7.50m)
-0.50 7.50-15.00m)
-0.30 (15.00- 22.50m)
-0.20 (22.50- ao.oo m)
With these values and according to item 3.5.1 and Table 3.6, the pressuresof
local design of the coatings of walls A and B, withK,.=1.50,when
the wind is parallel to the ridge (Table E.6.11), they are:
370
Location of the linings ofthe side

walls C and D withrelative to the c, KL
µ,-Q,-Q,
windward wall, A Pa (kg/mtwo)
(m).
.
-0.65 1.00 1.00 -2461.86(-251.43)
0.00 - 3.75 -0.65 1.00 1.50 -3013.66
-0.65 1.00 2.00 -3565.46 (-364.14)
-0.65 1.00 1.00 -2461.86 (-251.43)

3.75 - 7.50
-0.65 1.00 1.50 -3013.66(-307.79)
7.50 - 15.00 -0.50 1.00 1.00 -2207.19 (-225.42)
15.00 - 22.50 -0.30 1.00 1.00 -1867.62 (-190.74)
22.50 - 80.00 -0.20 1.00 1.00 -1697.84(-173.4)
NOTE:The values in bold are the most unfavorable (in absolute value) for thecorresponding
location with respect to wall A.
4. deck coatings
For roof coverings, the cases of external pressure coefficients are as follows:
C Distance
horizontal
-0.90 -0.40 0.00-7.50m)

-0.50 0.00 7.50 - 15.00m)
-0.30 0.10 -
(15.00 22.50m)
-0.20 0.20(22.50 -80.00m)
According to item 3.5.1 and Table 3.6, the local pressure coefficients are 1.00,
1.50, 2.00 or 3.00, depending on their distance from the windward edge. Thus,
the local design pressures for the roof liners, with K••=wow
when the wind is parallel to the ridge (Table E.6.12), they are:
371
DATES OF D15ENO
Table E.6.12 Local pressures for roof coatings.
Location of the linings of

the roof with respect to the wall Khe ( two
P:1 -JJ -p,
Q
windward, A (m) Pa kg/m )
-0.901.00 -2886.32 -294.78)

1.00
0.00 - 7.50 -5942.42-606.90
-0.901.00 )
(Corner) -0.40 1.00 1.00 -2037.40 -208.08)
3.00
-0.40 1.00 3.00 -3395.67 -346.80)
-0.90 1.00 1.00 -2886.32 -294.78)
-0.90 1.00 1.50 -3650.35 -372.81)
-0.90
0.00 -3.75 1.00 2.00 -4414.37 -4S0.84)
-0.40 1.00 1.00 -2037.40 -208.08)
-0.40 1.00 1.50 -2376.97 -242.76)
-0.40 1.00 2.00 -2716.54 -277.44)
-0.90 1.00 1.00 -2886.32 (-294,780)
-0.90
3.75 -7.50 1.00 1.50 -36S0.35 -372.81}
-0.40 1.00 1.00 -2037.40 -208.08)
-0.40 1.00 1.50 -2376.97 -242.76)
-0.50
7.50 -15.00 1.00 1.00 -2207.19 -225.42)
0.00 1.00 1.00 -1358.27 -138.72)
-0.30
15.00- 22.50 1.00 1.00 -1867.62 -190.74)
0.10 1.00 1.00 -1188.49 -121.38)
-0.20
22.50 -so.co 1.00 1.00 -1697.84 -173.40}
0.20 1.00 1.00 -1018.70 (-104,040)
GRADE
S: The values in bold are the most unfavorable (in absolute value) for the
corresponding location with respect to wall A.
The underlined values are the most unfavorable in the corner zones. Negative
edge of the KiC product p,is -3.00.
The distribution of these pressures, which should be applied throughout the

tributary area of the coatings, is shown in Fig E.6.14.
372
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
-1697.84 (-173.40) 57.50
ridge
/
-1867.62 (-190.74) 7.50
---------�-- -2207.19 (-225.42)
-3650.35 (-372.81) T 3.75

-5942.42 -5942.42
Y
(-606 90) -4414.37(-450.84) o (-606 90) 3.75
7 50 wall a 750-
OR
/ \
windy
NOTE: Acotac,onss in m,
pressures in Pa (kglm').
Address
Fig E.6.14 Local design pressures for roof coatings, when thewind is parallel to the ridge.
373
DATES OF D15ENO
e. Calculation of the design pressures for the anchors of the coatingsof the
structure.
Since the tributary areas of the anchors are also less than
10.00mtwo Y whatand 0.25a�= 14.06 111two ,itscoefficientsdand reductionporareatax,K,,
those of local pressure, K, and the pressure factor for coatings Yanchors,K,.1are the
same as those used for coatings. Therefore, the pressures
local design pressures for these anchors are the same as the corresponding liner
pressures; however, they must be applied on the tributary area of the
corresponding anchorage.
Coating manufacturers usually provide the separationrecommended between

anchors. However, these should be analyzedYdesign according to applicable
regulations, to check that the efforts do not exceed the load capacity of the
coatingYof the anchors. This analysis will allow
It is up to the designer to determine if it is necessary to decrease the spacing
between anchors, increase the thickness of the cover or increase the diameter of
the anchors.
f. Comments.
It is important to point out that in this example the design pressures were
calculated for when the wind strikes normally and parallel to the ridge of the
industrial building, independently of each other. However, for these directions only
one direction was studied, so the designer must anticipate whether or not it is
necessary to calculate the pressures corresponding to the opposite direction.
Additionally, the case in which the door of the ship is closed should be considered.
The above must be done to1 can select,dand Come in the mentioned situations, the
most unfavorable load condition and thus properly design each structural
element.
374
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN

on an industrial building with a
roofcylindrical.
It is desired to determine the design pressures produced by the wind on an industrial

warehouse with a cylindrical roof located in the city of Campeche. The ship will be located
in a field of cultivation without major obstructions in its surroundings. Its geometry and
dimensions are shown in Fig E.7.ll. The coatings of the structure are sheet panels of 1.52
x 0.61 m, so its tributary area is 0.93 mtwo•
A= 7t (16.00)/2=25.13 m
Fig E.7.1 Geometry and dimensions of the industrial building.
375
DATES OF D15ENO
EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION 7: CALCULATION OF PROVIDED PRESSURESBY THE WIND ON AN INDUSTRIAL BUILDING WITH
DECKOLFNDRICA
Unless otherwise indicated, the subsections mentioned correspond to the Sectionof
Recommendations.
Due to its importance (section1.3), the structure belongs to Group B.
2) Determination of design speed.
The design speed is determined based on item 2. Since this speed depends on
several parameters, these will be calculated as indicated below.
a. Land category.
According to the characteristics of the land mentioned, it is classified within

Category 2 (Table 2.1, section 2.1). The surrounding ground roughness is
assumed to be uniform beyond the minimum lengths stated in the same table.
b. region speed.
Considering the region where the ship will be located, which belongs to Group
B, is obtained from Appendix 4C, Table C.1, for a return period of 50 years:
v, = 126.80 km/h
c. Exposure factor.
The exposure factor,r,,,is constant since the height of the ship is lessthan 10.00
meters (item 2.3). Therefore, this factor is worth:
/ ;,C 1.00
Since the industrial warehouse will be located on practically flat land, the
corresponding local topography factor (item 2.4) is:
F, =1.00
e. Design speed.
The design speed, which in this case is constant throughout the top of thestructure, is
(item 2):
V0= (1.00)(1.00)(1'.26.80) = 126.80 km/h
376
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN

Given the the place where the structure will be unplanted, is about 5.00 m above
sea level, the corresponding barometric pressure is
759.60 mmHg (Table 3.1, incise 3.2). What's more, the mean annual
temperature of the minimum daily temperatures of the site is 13.70 °c. So, the
factor G is worth:
G=(0.392)(759.60)
=Yo.o4273+ 13.70
Since the height of the structure is less than 10.00 m, the dynamic base pressure
is constant throughout its height. Thus, according to section 3.2:
wh,=0.047(1.04)(126.80)'=785.90 P� (80.26 kg/m')
4) Selection of the load analysis procedure.

According to the provisions of section 3.1, the relationship height/width
it is 8.00/16.00=0.50<5 and,In addition, due to the geometric characteristics
of the construction, obtaining the fundamental period is not required. With
this, the structure is Type 1 (item 1.4), so static analysis will be used.
5) design pressures.
The internal design pressures obtained here will be applicable in the

designdand thestructureaprincipalhe Yof· theselements secondary.
Assuming that the door in wall A (Fig E.7.2) is open,present the following
cases.
a. internal design pressures.
i. Normal wind to the ridge (along the 16.00 m). 8=0 °.
According to Table 3.S(b) (case c) of item 3.5.1.2, the internal pressure

coefficient, Cpr, is equal to the value of Cpe for lateral walls since the relation
between the open area of the lateral wall (8.00 x 2.00 = 16.00 m2) Y the total
open area of the other walls and the roof (= 0.00 m2 ) is greater than 6; that is,
C,; = c,,. =
-0.50 (Table 3.3, item 3.5.1.1), since the door is at a distance,
from the windward edge,from 8.00 m. The value of K,a, is equal to 1.00
because it is the main structure. Thus, when the wind is normal to the
ridge, the internal design pressure is (item 3.5.1.2):
p, = (-0.50)(1.00)(785.90) = -392.95 Pa (-40.13 kg/nl)

377
DATES OF D15ENO
EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION 7: CALCULATION OF THE PRESSURE PRODUCED BY THE WIND ON AN INDUSTRIAL BUILDING WITH A
ROOFOLFNDRICA
ii. Wind parallel to the ridge Ca along the 24.00 m), 8=90°.
From Table 3.S(b)(case a) of section 3.5.1.2, the coefficient of internal

pressure, Cp, is equal to the value of Cp, for windward walls, since the
relation between the open area of the lateral wall (8.00 x 2.00 = 16.00
m2 ) and the area
opentotalof the other walls and the roof(=0.00 m2) is greater than6; that
is, c,.; = Cp, =0.80, Table 3.2, (item 3,5.1.1). The value of K,a, is equal to
1.00
because it is the main structure. Thus, when the wind is parallel to the ridge,
the internal design pressure is (item 3.5.1.2):
A= (0.80)(1.00)(785.90)= 628.72 Pa (64.21 kg/rn')
Fig E.7.2 shows the areas where the pressures must be applied.design of the
main structure corresponding to the two orthogonal directions,
independent of each other. in which the analysis is performed.
The value of K,., is equal to 1.00 pou- dealing with pressures for the
structuremajor.
(a) Wind perpendicular to the ridge ( 0=O') (b) Wind parallel to the ridge (0=90')
Fig E.7.2 Pressure zones for the main structure of the industrial building.
378
WORK DESIGN MANUAL5 CIVILES-CFE
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
i. Wind normal to ridge {along 16 o'clock}, 8=0°,

1. Deck
According to Table 3.11 of the incYoYoso 3.5.4, we have that for a relation,r, you
d-8.00t Yo r>.eithereither - either.seither, the coefficientsdandpress6n
Exteriorpairathesdifferents roof areas, in the direction of 16.00 m, are those in
Table E.7.1. The effect
of the ratio, bid, is taken into account by multiplying the C poby the factor (b/d)0-
25=(24.00/16.00)0-25=1.11,resultingeitherthes pressuresdandsayeither following:
Table E.7.1Design pressures on the cover.
Zone p,=p,-p,
what,. KA KL
Pa
(kg/m2)
Windward 10.50-0.40(4.00/8.00)] =0.30 0.80 1.00 602.31 (61.51)
(0.00 - 4.00m) 0.00 0.80 1.00 392.95 (40.13)
centerhe
-(0.55-0.20(4.00/8.00)]=-0.65 0.80 1.00 -60.67 (-
(4.00 - 12.00 m)
6.twenty)
Leeward -[EITHER. 10-0.20(4.00/8.00)]=-0.20 0.80 1.00 253.37 (25.88)
(12.00 - 16.00 m) 0.00 0.80 1.00 392.95 (40.13)
2. Side walls (wall A and_ B}
For lateral walls, the external pressure coefficient varies according to the
horizontal distance measured in the direction of 16.00 m (Table 3.3, item
3.5.1.1). So, you have to:
c,.. Horizontal distance
-0.65 ooo - 4.00m)

-0.50 4.00 8.00m)
-0.30 6.00 - 12.00m)
-0.20 (12.00 - 16.00m)
For the lateral walls, (Fig E.7.2), it is considered that there are no main or
secondary elements, resulting in the tributary area for wall A equal to 84.53
mtwowith a KA factor = 0.82, and for Wall B, there is a tributary area greater than
100.00 m2, so in this case the KA factor = 0.80 (Table 4.3.5).
Since it is the main structure, then KL =1.00YK,,,=1.00.
Therefore, the design pressures for the main structure of the lateral walls (Table
E.7.2YTable E.7.3) when the wind is normal to the ridge, they are:
379
DATES OF D15ENO
DECKOLFNDRICA
Table E.7.2 Design pressures for side wall A.
Distance c,,. p,=p,- p,

K, kr
horizontal (m) K,,.
Pa (kg/mtwo)
0.00 -4.00 -0.65 0.82 1.00 1.00 -26.25 ( -2.68)

4.00 -8.00 -0.50 0.82 1.00 1.00 70.48 (7.20)
8.00 - 12.00 -0.30 0.82 1.00 1.00 199.47(20.37)
12.00 -16.00 -0.20 0.82 1.00 1.00 263.96(26.96)
Table E.7.3 Design pressures for side wall B.
Distance c,,. p,=p,-p,

&, KL K.,
horizontal (m) Pa (kg/mtwo)
0.00 - 4.00 -0.65 0.80 1.00 1.00 -15.72 ( -1.61)

4.00 8.00 -0.50 0.80 1.00 1.00 78.59 (8.03)
8.00 - 12.00 -0.30 0.80 1.00 1.00 204.33 (20.87)
12.00 -16.00 -0.20 0.80 1.00 1.00 267.21(27.29)
In Figs E.7.3(a) and E.7.3(b) the design pressures of the main structure are
shown for the case in which the wind is normal to the ridge.
380
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
70 ,4 $ Yo
(7.two 0)
Yo( 37) Yo
1 99.47
Yo 2s3
two0 Y
(26.96)
o
96
address
wallsside
def wind 24_00m 6 0 two 3 two 53 .3 7
( 6 1 .5 ( two5.8 and ) A(With door)
1
1)
78 .5 2004_8-
(8.03
J._._ __---'-- - - --'
9 1 (two
33 Yo
Zone
YoYo
Zone Zooa
) 7)
central sot.aven. Yo c 1,291
to
226721
Extended deck viewNOTE.
side wallsB (y,n

Pensions inPa (kglrn") gate)
Fig E.7.3(a) Design pressures for the main structure, when the wind is normal
to the ridge. Combination of pressures 1.
10•s Yo
-8.38m (7.20i
1 9 9Y• 1 Yo Yo
(otwo 0 .3 7 )
Yo
Yo Yo(26.9
EITHER to
Wallheayouit
6)
d and
washeA(With
go andC
D i6 n door)
he v,andnt either
24_00m
Z eithern a Z on a
hear to vandmo cZconntma he SW l:8\/ andnt
Extended deck view
Sidewall B
{no door)
Fig E.7.3(b) Design pressures for the main structure, when the wind is normal
381
DATES OF D15ENO
DECKOLFNDRICA
ii. Wind parallel to the ridge(aalong the 24.00 m), 8=90°.
The external pressure coefficients for this direction, (8 = 90°) are obtained
according to item 3.5.1.1.
1. Windward wall (wall A)
Forand=90°, from Table 3.2 we have thatcp,=0.80, andK,=1.00because it is not a

side wall. In this way, you get:
Pz = p,-A = (0.S0)(J.OO)(I.00)(785.90)-(628.72) = 0.00Pa(0.00 kghem')
lee wall (wall B}
Forand= 90°, dib= 24.00/16.00= 1.50, the interpolated external pressure

coefficient isCi,,=-0.40 (Table 3.2), whileK.,=1.00 porn be sidewall. Thus, the
design pressure is:
p, = p,-p, = (---0.40)O.00XI.00)(785.90)-(628.72) =-943.08Pa (-96.31kg/m2)
3. Cover
According to Table 3.4{b), for ratio h/d=4.00/24.00=0.166�o.50and for any

/, there are two cases of external pressure coefficients, Cp,, according to the
horizontal distance measured from the windward wall:
c,,. Horizontal distance
-0.90 -0.40 0.00 -4.00m)

-0.50 0.00 4.00 -8.00m)
-0.30 0.10 8.00 - 12.00 m)
-0.20 0.20 (12.00 - 24.00 m)
On the other hand, given that the tributary area is greater than 100.00 m two, the K
factor, is equal to 0.80 (item 3.5.1.1, area size reduction factor) while, since it is the main structure, Kiand
Kn, take the value equal to 1.00. Therefore, the design pressures of the main roof
structure, when the wind is parallel to the ridge is {Table E.7.4):
382
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
Table E.7.4 Design pressures for the roof.
Distancea with
P1-P,-P1
regardto the cop, Ke KL Km
Pa (kg/mtwo)
wall A (m)
-0.900.80 1.00 1.00 -1194.57 {-
0.00 -
122.00)
4.00m)
-0.40 0.801.00 1.00 -880.21(-89.89)
-0.50 0.80 1.00 1.00 -943.08(-96.31)
4.00 - 8.00m)
0.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 -628.72(-64.21)
-0.30 0.80 1.00 1.00 -817.34(-83.47)
8.00 - 12.00m )
0.10 0.80 1.00 1.00 565.85(-57.79)
-0.200.80 1.00 1.00 -754.46(-77.05)
(12.00 - 24.00 m)
0.20 0.80 1.00 1.00 -502.98(-51.37)
Since in this case there are two external pressure coefficients for each of the
horizontal distances from the windward wall, the designer will have to verify
which combination of pressures is the most unfavorable for the design of the
roof of the main structure. before the action of the wind parallel to the ridge.
Figs E.7.4(a) and E.7.4(b) show the design pressures of the main structure
when the wind is parallel to the ridge.
r-- two5.13m -;
-- 4:00 p.m.
0.00
-754.46 12.00m (0.00)
(-77.05)
24.00m -817.34
(-83.47) 4.00m wall
-943.D8 a(Windward
(-96.31) 4.00m )
------eleven�Ms1 .,._
(-122.00) 4.00m
16.00m
deck
-943.08
viewextended
(-96.31)
wind
direction wall
NOTE: Pressures in Pa (kglm')
b(Leeward)
Fig E.7.4(a) Design pressures for the main structure, when the wind is parallel
383
DATES OF D15ENO
EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION 7: CALCULATION OF PRESSURESCAUSED BY THE WIND ON AN INDUSTRIAL BUILDING WITH
DECKOLFNDRICA
25.13m
Yo-----16.00m -------- ,
0.00
-502.98 12 00m (0.00)
(-51.37)
24.00m
-565.85
(-5 7.7 9) 4 00m Wall A
:and- twoa n 400m
(Windward}
(-64.21)
-88021-- 4.00m
----16.00m -------- ---<
Extended deck view -943.08

(-96.31)
wind
direction
NOTE Pressures in Pa (kg/m')
Walls
(Lee}
Fig E.7.4(b) Design pressures for the main structure, when the wind is parallel to
the ridge. Combination of pressures 2.
c. Calculation of the design pressures for the coatings of the structure.
Considering that the detachment of the coatings is not dangerous, these will
be designed as if it were a structure belonging to Group B (item 1.3).
According to subsection 3.5.1.1, to calculate the pressures due to the wind on
the coverings and their anchorages, the external pressures and interiors are
affected by the K factorro equals 1.50, so the internal design pressures are:
The internal design pressures are:
p, =(-0.50)0.50X785.90) = -589.43 Pa (-
60.20kglm1)A =(0.80)0.50X785.90) = 943.08 Pa
(96.31kglmtwo)
When the wind is normal, 8=0° and parallel, 8=90° to the ridge,respectively.
corresponding to some of the cases in Table 3.6 are presented here, these are not
applied simultaneously for the design, so the most unfavorable condition must be
verified according to the size and position of thecoatings.
384
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
Since the tributary area of each of the coatings is 0.93 m two, the reduction
he
factorK,iis equal to one. Also, from Fig E.7.1, we have that
a0=Ullll
h=4.00m
0.20 X 24.00 = 4.80 Il
0.20X 16.00 = 3.20ill
So 0.5ao = 1.60 m, aotwo= 10.24mtwoand 0.25aotwo= 2.56mtwo.
i. Yientonormal to the ridge {a IP along the 16.00 rol, e-0°,
1. deck coatings
According to Table 3.6 of subsection 3.5.1.1, for an aspect ratio, iiloeither, we have a
factor K, equal to 3.00, for a distance between 0.00 and
3.20 m with respect to the windward corners, K, equal to 2.00 or 1.00 for a
distance between 0.00 and 1.60 m, likewiseK,equal to 1.50 or 1.00 for a
distance between 1.60 and 3.20 m. For him rest Of The Cover, from 3.20 to
16.00 m,the value ofK,is equal to 1.00. The ratio effect factor, bid, is equal to
1.11. Therefore, when the wind is normal to the ridge, with K2 equal to 1.50, the
design pressures of the roof coverings are (Table E.7.5):
The local design pressures when the wind is normal to the ridge are shown in
Fig E.7.5. It is important to note that these pressures were selected assuming
that they are the ones that give the most unfavorable condition.
385
DATES OF D15ENO
EXAMPLE OE APPLICATION 7:CALCULATION OF PRESSURES PRODUCED BY THE WIND ON AN INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGWITH
COVEROLFNDRICA
Table E.7.5Local pressures for the cover.
Zone Location with c P,=P,-A

about the edge ,,. K., KI. Kr.,
Pa
windward (m)
(kg/mtwo)0.30 1.00 1.00 1.50981.99
{100.29)
0.00 -3.20 0.30 1.00 3.00 1.50 1767.10 (180.47)

(Corner) 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.50 589.43 60.20)
0.00 1.00 3.00 1.50 589.43 60.20)

0.30 1.00 1.00 1.50 981.99(100.29)
0.30 1.00 1.50 1.50 1178.27(120.33)

0.30 1.00 2.00 1.501374.54(140.38)
0.00 - 1.60
0.00 1.00 1.00 1.50 589.43 60.20)
windward
0.00 1.00 1.50 1.50 589.43(60.20)
0.00 1.00 2.00 1.50 589.43(60.20)
0.30 1.00 1.00 1.50 981.99(100.29)
0.30 1.00 1.50 1.501178.27 (120.33)
1.60 - 3.20
0.00 1.00 1.00 1.50 589.43 60.20)
0.00 1.00 1.50 1.50 589.43 60.20)
0.30 1.00 1.00 1.50 981.99(100.29)

3.20 - 4.00
0.00 1.00 1.00 1.50 589.43(60.20)
Central 4.00 -12.00 ·0.651.00 1.00 1.50-261.11(-26.66)
-0.201.00 1.00 1.50 327.73(33.47)
Leeward 12.00 - 16.00
0.00 1.00 1,001.50 589.43(60.20)
GRADE
S: The values in bold are the most unfavorable (in absolute value) for thelocation with
respect to the windward edge.
TheUnderlined values are the most unfavorable in the corner zones.The
negative limit of the product &c,. is -3.00.
386
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
� --------------- ridge
1767.10
3 2,0 m
180.47)
0M
a0�, "'a,
h :::., .,,_
N M�
Address eith
::;[g q- 0
,..._ er, a
,,N g
of the 24.00 m ww
wind eN N
�
N
wN
'J, oc ic
"'�
eit
he
r a,
• .-!,
�
¢
M .,;I
,..._
heard
1
7
two 1�6;_�0
F
3. 01 m 180.47)
3.twentymYO-- Yo
--8.38 m-. he
>-- -----16. 76 m -------- ---<
>-- 25.13m �..
deck viewextend1da NOTE;Pressures in Pa (k�ml)
Fig E.7.5 Local design pressures for roof coatings,when the wind is normal to
the ridge.
2. Coatings of the lateral walls (wall A and B\
According to Table 3.6 of subsection 3.5.1.1, parcl uncl aspect ratio

h1D=4.00/16.00=0.25sl, the factor K, is equal to 2.00, 1.50 or 1.00 for a distance
between 0.00 and 1.60 m with respect to the edge windward, and K is equal to 1.50
or 1.00 for a distance between 1.60 and 3.20 m. For the rest of the wall, from 3.20
to 16.00 m, the value of K is equal to 1.00. Therefore, when the wind is normal to
the ridge, with
K,,, equal to 1.50, the design pressures of the coverings of these walls are (TableE.7.6):
387
DATES OF D15ENO
DECKOLFNDRICA
Locationof the coatings

of the lateral walls (wallsA c,,. x. JJ,1=p<-p,
Kriver KL
and B) with respect to the Pa (kg/mtwo)
edge ofwindward
(m)
-0.65 1.00 1.50 1.00 -176.82(-18.05)
0.00- 1.60 -0.65 1.00 1.50 1.50 -559.95(-57.18)
-0.65 1.00 1.50 2.00 -943.08(-96.31)

-D.65 1.00 1.50 1.00 -176.82(-18.05)
1.6D - 3.20
-0.65 1.00 1.50 1.50 -559.95(-57.18)
3.2D - 4.00 -0.65 1.00 1.50 1.00 -176.82(-18.05)
4.00 - 8.00 -a.so 1.00 1.50 1.00 o.oo (0.00)

8.00 - 12.00 -0.30 1.00 1.50 1.00 235.78 (24.08)
-
12.00 16.00 -0.20 1.00 1.50 1.00 353.66 (36.12)
NOTE:Thevaluesinboldaretheplusunfavorableforthelocationcorresponding to the windward
edge.
In Fig E. 7.6 the design pressures in the linings of theside walls when the wind is
normal to the ridge.
-176.82 0.00
(-18.05)
Y (0.00)
235.78
(24.08)
-943.08
(-96.31)
o 353.66
(36.12)
----16.00 m----....
side mumsA
(with door) and
B (without
door)
NOTE: Pressures in Pa (kg/m')
figureE.7.6 Local design pressures for wall coverings.
388
ii. Wind parallel to the ridge (along the 24.00 m). 8-90°.
1. deck coatings
According to Table 3.6 of subsection 3.5.1.1, for any aspect ratio, h/D, there is a
factor K, equal to 3.00, for a distance between 0.00 and
3.20 m with regard athes cornersdand windward,KYo Same a2 .0 0
either1.00for a ad is ta nce aenteredand 0.00 Y1.60 m, likewise KL equal to 1.50 or
1.00 for a distance between 1.60 and 3.20 m. For the rest of the roof, from 3.20 to
24.00 m, the value of K. is equal to 1.00. Therefore, when the wind is parallel to the
ridge, with K,.equal to 1.50, the design pressures of the roof coatings are (Table
E.7.7):
Table E. 7.7 Local pressures for the roof.

Location with respect p,=p,.p,
c, K., KL
to windward edge (m) Pa {kg/m')
.
-0.90 1.00 1.00 1.50 -2004.05 (-204.66)
0.00 -3.20 -0.90 1.00 3.00 1.50 -4125.98 (-421.36)

(Corner) -0.40 1.00 1.00 1.50 -1414.62 (-144.47)
-0.40 1.00 3.00 1.50 -2357.70 (-240.78)
-0.90 1.00 1.00 1.50 -2004.05 (-204.66)
-0.90 1.00 1.50 1.50 -2534.53 (-258.84)
-0.90 1.00 2.00 1.50 -3065.01 (-313.01}

0.00 - 1.60
-0.40 1.00 1.00 1.50 -1414.62 (-144.47)
-0.40 1.00 1.50 1.50 -1650.39 (-168.54)
-0.40 1.00 2.00 -1886.16 (-192.62)
-0.90 1.00 1.00 1.50 -2004.05 (-204.66)
-0.90 1.00 1.50 1.50 -2534.53 (-258.84)

1.60 - 3.20
-0.40 1.00 1.00 1.50 -1414.62 (-144.47)
-0.40 1.00 1.50 1.50 -1650.39 (-168.54)
-0.9D 1.00 1.00 1.50 -2004.05 (-204.66)

3.20 - 4.00
-0.40 1.00 1.00 1.50 -1414.62 (-144.47)
-0.50 1.00 1.00 1.50 -1532.51 (-156.51)

4.00 - 8.00
0.00 1.00 1.00 1.50 -943.08 (-96.31)
8.00 -12.00 -0.30 1.00 1.00 1.50 1296.74 (-132.43)
389
DATES OF D15ENO
DECKOLFNDRICA
Location withregard c K., KL K p,=p,-
p,
,,.
to the windward Pa (k9/mtwo)
,,.
edge(m)
0.10 1.00 1.00 1.50 -825.20 (-84.27)
-0.20 1.00 1.00 1.50 -1178.85 (-120.39)

12.00 - 24.00
0.20 1.00 1.00 1.50 -707.31 (-72.23)
GRADE
S: The values in bold are the most unfavorable (in absolute value) for the location with
respect to the windward edge.
The underlined values are the most unfavorable in the corner zones.
TheIfnegative limit of the product &c,,. It is -3.00.
In Fig E.7. 7 shows the local design pressures for the roof coverings when the
wind is parallel to the ridge.
-1178.85
12.00m
(-120.39)
-
-1296.74
4.00m
(-132.43)
'°t:,; ; .,;- ------

1 -1532.51
4 oo m (-156.51)
·
0
:��i :eleven:( -- ;_;,;,-,; -lf
L
1--------- - --- --- - - , two1 - 320m
(-4213 6 >1 36)1 .60
-30 65.01 (-313 .0 1) -------------------,(-4 m1
--13.20m 18.73 m -3.20 m�
Extended deck view NOTE: Pressures in Pa (kglm')
address
ofhewind
Fig E.7.7 Local design pressures for roof coverings, when the wind is parallel to
the ridge.
390
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
2. Cover up grandchildren of Wall windward <MureAhe

According to Table 3.2, the external pressure coefficient, c,,, is equal to 0.80 and
according to
Table 3.6 and section 3.5.1.1 the factor K, is equal to 1.50 or 1.00. Thus, the pressure
of
local design for the coatings c:le of the windward wall, with K ro equal to 1.50, when the wind is
parallel to the ridge, is:
P:=(0.80)(1.00)(1.50)(1.50)(785.90)-(943.08) =471.54 Pa (48.16 kg/mtwo )

6
p- = (0.80)(1.00)(1.00)(1.50)(785.90)-(943.08) =0.00Pa (0.00 kg/m2)
Of which it can be seen that the first one is the most unfavorable.
3. covergrandphotos of the lee wall <Mure Bl
On this wall, to draw=24.00/16.00=1.50, the external pressure coefficient is -0.40

(Table 3.2) and K,=1.00 because it is not required intheTable 3.6. By
Therefore, when the wind is parallel to the ridge, with K, equal to 1.50, the
local design pressure for the lee wall coverings is:
Q: =(-0.40)(1.00)(1.0O)(I.50)(785.90)-(943.08) =-1414.62Pa (-144.47 kg/rn2)
In Fig E. 7.8 the design pressures are presented. for windward wall cladding Y
leeward in the case in the that the wind is parallel tothe ridge.
i-----16.00m- Yo 16.00m--
471.54 -1414.62
(48.16) (-144.47)
WallA WallB
(Windward) (Lee)
NOTE: Pressures in Pa (kg.Im')
Fig E.7.8 Local design pressures for windward and leeward wall coverings, when the
wind is parallel to the ridge.
Finally, the comments made in example 6 should also beapply for this example.
391
DATES OF D15ENO
DECKOLFNDRICA
392
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN

on a monopole pole.
It is desired to obtain the pressures that the wind produces in a spectacular that is
located in the city of Veracruz, Ver., on a suburban type land, surrounded
predominantly by low-rise houses. its geometryYdimensions are shown in Fig E.8.1; the
fundamental frequency of the structure, obtained with a numerical model, is 3.18 Hz.
v.00
3.00
0.00
w-
0 CUT AA
�
A ,=311kg/mw,...co=
-- 1050 kgI=
115.338.00 cm4
E = 2.04 E•06 kglm'
Dimensions in m
.• ,•.,.:,1,.
Fig E.8.1 Geometry and dimensions of! spectacular ad.

393
DATES OF D15ENO
EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION 8: CALCULATION OF PRESSURES PRODUCED BY THE WIND ON A MONOPOLE POINT
In the following, the subsections mentioned refer to the Recommendations

Section,unless otherwise stated.


The basic design speed depends on several parameters (section 4.2); these are
calculated as follows.
a. Land category.
According to the data, the land is classified within Category 3 (Table 2.1). The
roughness of the surrounding terrain is assumed to be uniform plusbeyond the
lengths established in said table, so it is not necessary to consider gradual
changes in relation to this characteristic.
b. region speed.
According to section 2.2, in a return period of SO years (for structures

displacement is (Appendix 4C, Table Cl):
v,=180.00km/b
c. Exposure factor.
I followednsubsection 4.4.1, Fig 4.2(b), the reference height, z,, is equal to:
3.0
z=13.00-
, - -
0
=eleven.so
mtwo
From Table 2.2, the parameters for Category 3 terrain are obtained; c = 0.832,
a= 0.140 Y ,=,410, so the exposure factor, F,., is equal to:
3211 50
01
F.� =0.8 (·)10 '=0.848
394
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
------b-7"'
d
h/2
H
h1
/'��::-:.. :��-rheYo -
r -,;YO-.,,.....,,,__
.,.,. --,,,L,,,. -,,,c- r- ..,,._-r'=- -.,,c-
_.,,.... -.,JI-.-� -.,,YO
�, ., . ,,, L ,�., , . . c . ,,.
Fig E.8.2 Dimensions of a monopole billboard.
Since the spectacular will be planted on flat terrain, and considering that the
terrain has a slope of less than 5%, the local topography factor, F,,
is (item 2.4):
e. Basic design speed.
Finally, the basic design speed is (item 2):
V0=(1.00)(0.848)(180.00)=152.64km/h=42.40m/s
The city of Veracruz is located at a height of 16 meters above sea level and
the barometric pressure is obtained by interpolating between the values in
Table 3.1, for elevations of 0 and 500 masl, resulting in 758.72 mm of
Hg;thus, the correction factor considering an annual mean value of daily
minimum temperatures equal to 10.2°C is:
(0.392)(758.7two)1 _05
G=
273-'-10.2
Then, the dynamic base pressure, q,, (item 3.2) is:
what, =0.047(1.05)(152.64/ =1149.80Pa(117.43 kg/mt w o )
395
DATES OF D15ENO
According to its response to the action of the wind, despite the fact that its
natural period of vibration is less than one second, given the slenderness ratio
of the column,YO,= 10.00/0.50 8 = 19.68 > 5,sand considerswhatand the
structureandsofhe Guy
3(item 1.4) and, therefore, it will be· necessaryobtain the effects of the wind
by means of a dynamic analysis (item 4).
5) Design pressures and forces.
The pressure acting on the structure, in the direction of the wind, is obtained
withthe expression (item 3.3):
P, =p, =C, q,
i. Normal wind to the plane of the spectacular, 8=0 °.
1. Wind force on the sign
According to section 3.5.8, the net pressure coefficient, c,..,for a

relationshipb/h=6.00/3.00=two.00,Yh/H=3.00/13.00=0.two3(Fig E.8.2) we
getthe coefficientnet pressure rating of the sign in Table 3.18(a):
Cl"' =l.30+0.fifty[0.30+lo%0(b I h)j(EITHER.80-h/H)

cl"' =1.3o+o.so[o.3o + 1og10(two.oo)J(o.ao-o.23) =1.47
2. Pressure acting on the structure
Therefore, the design pressure is (item 3.3):
Q, =(1.47)(1149.80)=1690.21 Pa (172.62 kg/m2)
3. Exposure factor
Inthedynamic analysis, to calculate the exposure factor,F,(item 4.2.1) for Category

3 terrain, from Table 4.1 the values of the parameters are takenb=0. 8 2,a'=0.19
and from Table 4.2,a=0.61,d=0.25,zil=0.20 andZm;o=5.00, which is obtained:
F,; = 0.702(0.82)
(1
�-i 0 ,.
0
) = 0.591
Average Design Speed
According to section 4.2, to determine the gust response factor, the average
speed is used,v;,thewhich is calculated forz_=11.I am, What
follow:
396
D-
3.6
5. Equivalent static force
The equivalent static force,F.,,at a height z, for structures in which the internal
pressure is not considered, it is obtained with the expression (item 4.4):
Burst response factor.
The procedure for obtaining the response factor is shown below.dandburst, F,. ,
Following it indicatedandnandheincisand4.4.1.
The intensity of turbulence, forz,=11.SWm,is given pair:
'' 1010
The length of the turbulence scale,L(z,), forL,=11.50m, okay:
z)"
L(z' )=300( - ' =300 - - 0 =52.54m
_two00 200 6
(11.50J
'
ANDhe factor ofanswera ofbackground, B.,',is equal to:
1
B/= o51 ---- ---=0.•-=, =0.772
1+0_90(
b+h).. 1+0.90(600+3.00)
L(z,) 52.54
Consideringthat the fundamental frequency of the structure is, 11,�=3.18 Hz, the power
density spectrum of the wind, sL (z..11,,),okay:
29.55
]513 0.043
[ 29.55
397
DATES OF D15ENO
Calculating the value of ,1i, :
4. 4.6(3.00)(3.18) =1.485
6am1'1.x 29. 55
"" = v;(z,)
The aerodynamic admittance functionforthe modal formfundamental,R, (,,,.)

, okay:
Yo Yo
,"b ( r;b ) =- -- ., -and
(t _,,, ) 1 1
two( 1-and-2(t.485l)=0.458
=-
1.485
fib 2 T/s 2(1.485)
--
Pair other part, calculatedandheokrof• eleven.:
1/you,=- --=-- - -=2,970

v; (z, ) two
-
9.5 5
So the aerodynamic admittance function for the fundamental mode shape,

R,,(r1,), is:
eleven 2 70
R,,(T/b)=_!_ two (you-'") = - -- (1-e '( .lii)= 0.280

TJ
b 2.97 0 2(2,970)two
rt,
398
e damping ratio,r;,,.,,,,can be considered equal to that of a steel chimney
C
welded, uncoated and without external thermal insulation (Table 4.3), eat the
o
values of aerodynamic damping, q:°"', and damping due to
n
s mechanismsspecials, ;,,,,,are null, the value ofthetotal damping ratio,r;,.,., it
i is:
d
e
r
i
n The response factor at resonance, R}, is:
g
t
h
a The frequency of zero crossings or average rate of oscillations, ,., in Hz is
t calculated as:
t
h
e
p
a
s
t
e
i
s
s
t
e
e
l
a
n
d
u
n
c
o
a
t
e
d
,
t
h
For thethatthepeak Factor,kp,is equal to:
0.5 0.5
k =J2�1(6001') + J21u[600(2,730)]+ 4,003;, 3.0
P
J2ln(600v)J2�1[600(2 .730)]
Por latest,andhefactrdand response of burst,I".,, is equal to:
FAA =1+two k, 1,,(z,) js/ +R/ =1+two(4.003)(0.243) ✓0.772+two165 = 4,334

With this, the equivalent static force, F,, on the advertisement is equal to:
F P, FA 1690-twenty-one (4.334)(3.00x600)=48 817.72N(498572kg

., )
)
(1+7J.(z,)J RR"l' (1+7(0.243)
6) Wind force on the pole.
Considering that the post, up to the base of the sign, has a height of 10.00 m(Fig
E.8.1), the basic design speed is (item 2):
v0= (1.00)(0.8 32)(180.00) = 149.76km/h= 41.60 mls
Because the spectacular sign post is made of galvanized steel and withcircular
section, it is obtained that for
bvn=(0.508x41.60)=21.13m'/s>heEITHER.EITHERDm'/:s,according to Table
3.22, the drag coefficient, c. , for an average height of the roughness of the
surface,h,,Samea150xl0..(Note S, Table 3.22), it is worth:
C, =1.0 +0.033(log10(V0h,)]-0.025(log10(V0h,)j'
c,=1.0 +0.033(log10(41.60x0.00015)]-0.025(log10(41.60x0.00015)]'= 0.81>0.6
Since the column has a height less than 10.00 meters (Fig E.8.1), the design
velocity is the same, and the base dynamic pressure, q,, is:
<J,=0.0471 05)(149.76)two= 1106.82Pa (113.04kg/rn2)
For theTherefore, the design pressure, P,, is:
p, =p,. =(0.81)(1106.82)=896.5twoPa(91.56kghemtwo )
399
DATES OF D15ENO
Porheeitherwhat andhe astre ngt ha dynamic equivalent,F,_.(z), per meter of height, is

equal to:
896
F(Z)= Q, FA = -52 (4,334)(0.508)=731.05N/m(74.66kg/m)
"
RR
(1+71,,(z.,)) · '"'(1+7(0.243))
ii. Wind direction, 8=45°.
For the 45° wind analysis, according to item 3.5.8, the net pressure coefficient,
c,,,, (Table 3.18(b)) is the same as for the normal wind at the plane of the
spectacular, 8 =0°. On the other hand, it is considered that the gust response
factor,F,,,, andssame as 8=0° . However, there is an eccentricity,
and,of the force on the sign:
and=0.2b=()_2(6.00)=1.20m
2. Wind force on the pole
The column has the same force per unit length as in the previous case.
iii. Wind direction, 8=90°.
For the wind parallel to the plane of the sign, according to subsection 3.5.8, the
exposed area is very small, therefore, from Table 3.18(d) considering the
relationship, hi H=3.00/13.00= 0.23, the net pressure coefficient is taken, c"' = ±1.20
, so the design pressures are:
p, =p. =Ce., q,=(1two0)(1149.80)=1379 76Pa(140.92kg/mtwo)
In the following, the pressure condition on the sign is exemplified, the designer
must analyze the other condition (suction).
The equivalent dynamic force, F,(z), on the sign, using the same gust response
factor, FAA, is:
1379.76
F(z)= Q, {"" (4.334)(3.00x6.00)=39851.11N (4070.14kg)
A="'(1+71.(z.) ( 1+7(0.243))
·""
400
C.1.4P0RVENT DESIGN
two. S e l l i n g f o r c e o n
the cake
On the column there is the same force per unit length as on theprevious
cases.
In Figs E.8.3 to E.8.5 the forces for the three cases presented are shown.
-----um------
Address
of!
windQ;C)
"
3.00 48,617.72 ill
{4,985.72kg)
731.05Nlm
(74.66kg/m)
10.00
-0508
Fig E.8.3 Forces with normal wind to the plane of the spectacular.
401
DATES OF D15ENO
EXAMPLE OE APPLICATION 8: CALCULATION OF PRESSURES PRODUCED BY THE WIND ON A MONOPOLE POINT
731 OS Nim
(74.66kor1m)
011occ:16n
dol
11ionto9=
45'
Fig E.8.4 Forces with wind at 45° from the plane of the spectacular.
�39,851.11N
(4,070.14kg)
Ol'ection
of the
/
vianto0•
00-
731.C5Nlm
(74.66 ko'm)
Fig E.8.5 Forces with windparallel to the piano of the spectacular.
402
Effect of periodic vortices.

According to item 4.9, the effect of periodic vortices can be neglected if it holds
that:
The periodic vortices will appear on the column, therefore, the exposure factor, F;,,
(item 4.2.1) at a height of 10.00 meters is:
F;. �0.702(0.82) � 0.576
Porwhatthe speedyd halfdand design, v,;, (subsection 4.2)andsof:
Vo=(1.0)(0.576)(180.00) =2S.SOm/s
The critical speed of the periodic vortices, �,r,,is obtained considering the
Strauhal number, s,, for a circular section is equal to 0.20 (item 4.9.1):
=b111,, =(0.508)(3.18) 8_08mis<v�

v""
yes, 0.20
Therefore, the effect of periodic vortices should be studied.
The forces due to periodic vortices are calculated with the following
expression(item 4.9.2):
Porwhat is necessary to obtain the maximum displacement (item 4.9.3),r,.._•.,,:
The standard deviation of the cross-wind displacement, a, , isget with the

following equation:
Pairaknownrthesconstantsc , Yc ,, andsnecessaryeither gethea

constantwhatandlimitsthe amplitudes of the displacements, n,, the maximum
aerodynamic damping factor, K,__ , and the aerodynamic constant
dependent on the
403
DATES OF D15ENO
cross section of the structure, c,, whose values depend on the Reynolds number,
R,.
To calculate the value of R,, we have that the external diameter of the post, b, is
equal to 0.508 m, and the kinematic viscosityofair,,.•, equal to lSxl0-6 mtwo/s,
resulting:
' v, 15><10"
constantsa0,K. ....,Ywware obtained from the interpolation between the values

from Table 4.5. It is important to note that these constants vary linearly with the
logarithm of the Reynolds number, in this case it is in the interval from 105 to
Sx105, for which,itg(105)=5,000; log(Sx105)=5.699 and log(2.74x105)=5.437;
resulting:
c_ =0.0106
K.,..,;,.=1.0618
QL =0.4000
In turn, the aerodynamic damping factor, K. , is given by:
ANDnwhereand intervenesandhe indexdand turbulence, 1,., evaluated a theheightaandn

wherethedisplacement of the structure is maximum.
' .10 .10
and the function /(I,J for I,(10.00)=0.25, is equala:
f(l,.)= 1-3/and = 1-3(0.25) = 0.25
With the previously calculated values, the value of K can now be determined:
K.=(1.067 8) (0.25)=0.265
constantsc,Yc,They are given by the following equations:
404
To calculate the equivalent mass per unit length,m,, the form is used normalized
Modal, er,�,(z), obtained a from the results of a
Numerical model of analysis by finite element, considering a mass of 1050.00 kg
in the upper part of the column, corresponding to the sign, distributed between
10.00 and 13.0 m in height. The exponent of variation of the modal form, ,., I
know gets of a adjustment of Least Squares from
model y is equal to 1.3076 .
c[11"(z) =( �J
Table E.8.1 summarizes the calculation of the generalized mass.
Table E.8.1Calculation of the generalized mass.
z m(Z)
1\,(z) m(Z)<l>;,. (z)
(1)/.,(z)
(m) (kg/m) (kg/m)
0.50 0.014 311.00 0.000196 0.06096
1.50 0.059 311.00 0.003481 1.08259
2.50 0.116 311.00 0.013456 4.18482
3.50 0.180 311.00 0.032400 10.07640
4.50 0.250 311.00 0.062500 19.43750
5.50 0.325 311.00 0.105625 32.84937
6.50 0.404 311.00 0.163216 50.76018
7.50 0.487 311.00 0.23716973.75956
8.50 0.574 311.00 0.329476 102.46704
9.50 0.664 311.00 0.440896 137.11866
10.50 0.852 350.00 0.725904 254.06640
11.50 0.852 350.00 0.725904 254.06640
12.50 0.852 350.00 0.725904 254.06640
L 3.566127 1193.99626
m, =
r
0
m(z}<D;,)..(z)dz
H
1193.99626
3.566127
334.82kg/m
'<'ir(z)dz
J0'YO
405
DATES OF D15ENO
So the constantc,okay:
334.82
1 two ·)=-0_559
2K, bp' two 0.265 (1.225)(0.508)
The constant c,, is equal to:
c, =.:'.£..�c � 0.400D(1.225)(0.508)0.010� D.508= 2_03.10_.

two � 2222=
Kill,s:-,H 0.265334.82 0.20 1000
With which, the value of the standard deviation of the transverse

displacement to the wind flow, a,, is:
)"' =0.508(-D.559+ ✓(-0.559) )'

1
a,=b c,+yc;+c, +2.03x10·6
( -r,. =0.000685m
two
Calculating the peak factor, k,,, result:
✓ 0.00 two
k, = two [1+1.2 arctan [ 0.75 ( - -
334.82
two ).
)] =4,080
0.265 (1.225)(0.508)
Therefore, the maximum transverse displacement to the flow of the wind, Ji,...._ , is
worth:YF...,, =a, kP =(0.000685)(4.080) =0.0028m
As mentioned earlier, the inertial force per unit length isobtained by the
following equation:
Recalling that, for this example, the modal shape was normalized so that the
maximum value is unity, the force in N per unit length at any height,due to the
mass of the column, it is obtained with:
F,,.(z)=(two7rx3.18)' (311.00)<I\,(z) (00028)=347.64<1\,(z) NYom
The results of the force as a function of height, dividing the column into ten one-
meter sections, are summarized in Table E.8.2:
406
Table E.8.2 Forces of inertia by vortices.
1-:12)
plot z <1\,(z)
(N)
0.50 0.014 4.87
two 1.50 0.059 20.51
3 2.50 0.116 40.33
4 3.50 0.180 62.58
5 4.50 0.250 86.91
6 5.50 0.325112.98
7 6.50 0.404 140.45
8 7.50 0.487 169.30
9 8.50 0.574 199.55
10 9.50 0.664 230.83
Sign 11.50 0.852 1000.00
The inertial force due to the mass of the sign is obtained using the value of
1050.00 kg, instead of the mass per unit length of the column, and the mode
form at the average height of the mass:
(11.50)1.3□=.852
7•
(z)' 0
Fw (z) = (::,rn1.,)' m(z)<1>1_y(z) YF.•"" = (2;rx 3,18)\1050. 00)(0. 852)(0. 0028) = 1000. 00 N
407
DISEND HELP5
APPLICATION EXAMPLE 9: (ALCULATE OE PRE510NE5 PRODUCED5 BY THE WIND ON A TELECOMMUNICATION TOWER5
APPLICATION EXAMPLE 9: Calculation of pressures produced by the wind on

a telecommunications tower.
It is desired to obtain the pressures that the windproduces on a telecommunications tower

that is located in the city of Toluca, State of Mexico. The land in the surrounding areas
corresponds to farms with few obstructions, with a flat local topography.
The elements of the structural systemare the following.
Principal structure
The tower is of equilateral triangular section, 36.00 m high, with a variable cross section,
from a width at the base of 2.10 m, to 1.00 m at the top (Fig E.9.1).
Accessories
On the front face there is a guide bed formed by angles with equal sides of 1 112 x 311either·
, on which twelve feeder cables or "feeders" with an outer diameter of 2.819 cm are
supported. On the left rear face there is a staircase made up of angles of the same
geometry as the guide bed. The details of the guide bed and the ladder can be seen in Fig
E.9.1. Both the guide bed with its cables, as well as the ladder, extend over the entire
height of the tower. It also has two drum-type antennas at levels 20.25 m and
32.05 m. The diameters of the antennas are 0.60 m and 0.70 m and their weights are
31.00 kg and
38.00 kg, respectively.
In the following, the subsections mentioned refer to the Recommendations Section,

unless otherwise indicated.
408
MANUAL OFDESIGN OF 0BRA.5 CIVIL-CFE
C 1.4 WIND DESIGN
1200
lo�
��
�,
1::
1200
x .,
1,200 �;:
- _,
_,"'
."'-"'
11.60 -;;,
x�
?
, X
!: -
;�
��
01=
.,
SECTIO
-;;,
N7
TRAMOG
36?OO
, 361
TRAMD5 1.4Yofifty
�� . c��:ic��D
1,450 x�
--_,,,,
LADDER
Yo !:!-
�"
!1-
-
1,450
TRAM04 1,450
"'"�.'
,:;ii
ACMAGorthe-
1,449 A
"' -
XN
o
:Y
12 FEEDERS 0 7l'd"Y
"�
_,
s
e
y <
0 I=
Yo
h
-,..
1.6 16
Yo ,;a: �
;-; �
"�
J�
ili1=
TPI\M02
�;;;
�s
e
Y
1.�17 �N
o _, :::l
RT LE �
c<
�
Fig E.9.1 Geometry and accessories of the telecommunications tower.
409
DISEND HELP5
(CALCULATEOE PRE510NE5 PRODUCED5 BY THE WIND ON A TELECOMMUNICATION TOWER5
APPLICATION EXAMPLE 9:
The tower forms an important part of a process that requires communication to be

maintained, therefore, according to its importance, the structure belongs to Group A
(item 1.3).
The basic design speed depends on various parameters (Item 2); these are calculated as
follows.
a. land category.
According to the data, the land is classified within Category 2 (Table 2.1). It is assumed
that the roughness of the surrounding terrain is uniform beyond the lengths established
in said table, so it is not necessary to consider gradual changes in relation to this
characteristic.
b. region speed.
According to section 4.2.2, in a return period of 200 years (for structures belonging to
Group A), the regional velocity corresponding to the site of displacement is (Table C.1 of
Appendix 4C):
v, 105.XO km/h
c. Exposure factor.
The exposure factor for the average height of section 1, zta= 1.92111(Fig E.9.1), because it is
less than 10.00 meters, it is equal to the constantc=1,000from Table 2.2 for category 2, so
the exposure factor, Fr., is equal to:
Since the telecommunications tower will be located on flat land, and considering that
the land has a slope of less than 5%, the local topography factor, F,, is (item 2.4):
F, =1.00
e. basic speedofdesign.
Finally,thebasic Design Speed,v0,for the average height of section 1 of the tower is (item 2):
V0= (1.00)(1.00)(105.80) = 105.80 km/h
410
C1.4 WIND DESIGN
The height above sea level of the implantation site is 2726 m, and the mean
valueannual minimum temperaturedaily temperature is 6.60 °C (Appendix 4C,
Table C.3). The barometric pressure for that height is 549.18 mm Hg (Table
3.1). Therefore, the factor G is equal to:
G (0.392)(549.SL) O.77273
=
+6.60
Therefore, the base dynamic pressure (item 3.2) is worth:
q, = 0.047(0.77)(105.80)'=405.IOPa (41.3l kglni')
According to Fig E. 9.1, the total height of the building is, H. = 36.00 m, and the average
width of the base, b~(2.1o+1.00)/two-1.55111, then, the relationship of slenderness,(,. =
to theyouura1awidth),a n d s ,. = 36.00/1.55 = 23.23 nor> 5 ,The structure is considered to
be
Type 2 (item 1.4) and, therefore, it will be necessary to obtain the effects of the
wind by means of a dynamic analysis (item 4).
5) design forces.
In the dynamic analysis, in the case of telecommunication towers, the effects of the
wind are obtained considering a gust response factor, F••r,what do you take in
account the fluctuating characteristics of the wind and the physical and dynamic
propertiesof the structures. According to section 4.5, for the wind acting on any
face of the tower, the equivalent static force, Fff1(z), in N, actingparallel to the
wind direction and variable with height, z, in m, givesthrough the following equation:
t
wh, CAF
"' w
o
(1+7I,(z,))"' ·"Ii.ST
6) Calculation of the factorburst response.
The gust response factor for lattice towers, FRRr , is given by the expression(item 4.5.1):
411
DISEND HELP5
To calculate the corrective factors of the modal shape,c,0Yc0,it is necessary to obtainthe
factor,"•:
• Yo.00
Yo bH
b0 2.10
EIT
HER·two
Conheeitherwhatanditsfactors c.,, Y c;,, cona·=0.14(Tablea 4.1) are worth:
- 1-¾,·• - he·¾(0.524) -
co - [ - - --
] [ 0.193 -
a'+ 3 0.14 3
]
c =[-1 ...!:.L_]= - Yo • o.s24 he=either 1s,

a 2a'+32a'+4 _2(0.14)+32(0.14)+4_
F ·-
To calculate the background response factor,B�,with;;-0.52(Table 4.2), it is necessary
r)
first obtain the turbulence scale length, L(z,) , at the reference height,z,-36.00m :
05:
L(z,) =300 �ii = 300(3-
60 -), = 122.988111
200 .200
The background response factor, B:,, is:
"
B. '=-- 1--=
. .JHb -- 0.892
,✓;=63.00(1.ss=)
1+2 1+2
L(z,) 122,988
The natural frequency of vibration was calculated with a three-dimensional model, using
a commercial analysis program, considering the self-weight of the structure and the
weight of the accessories, obtaining:
n,.. =l.46Hz
a. Correction factor for mass and modal shape.
The correction factor for mass and modal shape is determined with equation 4.34 of item
4.5.1, where 1.�is the exponent of variation of the modal shape with height
is 1,., assuming a variation of the modal form of <D(z) = (z!H{m :
el
[
1 0.5-"-
111
F, = �
JIIYo,
b.. )
-0.3 (Yo.• - two) + 1.4 {1-
]
F
e
v
0.4henYo•.,)
e b
n
0
412
DESIGN MANUAL FOR CIVIL WORKS 0BRA.5-CFE
C1.4 DESIGNBY WIND
In this example, the value of , was determined from the shape of the first mode,
;
performing an adjustment using the method of least squares. The adjustment is
made considering the displacement of each section, of the first mode of
vibration of the tower in the longitudinal direction of the wind (Fig E.9.2),
resulting:
,.,,,=1.8895
,....-'°
_you
0.9
0.8
/
r;i
0.7 ./
{
�:
0.6
Eo.s
0.4 ..-
!].
03 •.13'
�· ·
v- 0.0012MLIIIIOS
{,•·
0.2
._£
0.1 '
...0····s' .. .
1!1""
0 '
0 4 8 12162024283236
Height Im)
□Model
Fig E.9.2 Adjustment of variation of the modal shape with height.
The generalized mass (item 4.5.1) was calculated with the following expression, dividing
the tower into sections and integrating numerically (Table E.9.1):
m, = fw(z) two(z) dz= 831.22 kg

0
Laplusaallhedand hea tower, ,,,_, , includingaccessories and antennas, is from:
'"••••• = 4433.50 kg
413
DISEND HELP5
APPLICATION EXAMPLE 9: (CALCULATEOE PRE510NE5 PRODUCED5 BY THE WIND ON A TELECOMMUNICATION TOWER5

tablea AND. 9.1Calculation of• heaplusa widespread.
plot m(z) <J>'(Z) 111(2)<)>'(2)
1 609.52 0.000 0.13

two 616.56 0.003 1.92
3 560.04 0.013 7.37
4 426.14 0.036 15.18
5 367.38 0.070 25.63
6 379.77 0.128 48.62
7 326.52 0.209 68.31
8 268.64 0.306 82.23
9 248.45 0.421 104.64
10 266.02 0.582 154.88
eleven 183.60 0.770 141.45
12 180.86 1,000 180.86
111,..;... 831.22
With the above values, the correction factor for mass and modal shape is:
443 3.5 0 _ 1.00 )< he ) -j[

F_•·1 =- - -[( 0.) --0.3 1.89-2 +1.4 1-0.4 II ( 1.89 )] =J.119
5x831.22 2.10
b. Average design speed.
For the following calculations,know the value of the mean design speed,v 0 ,to the
reference height z,, which is equal to the total height of the tower. For
This gives the exposure factor,F;,,with the corresponding parameters for Category 2 terrain
(Table 4.1) according to section 4.2.1, so we have:
""
he 0
F',.. =0.70two b (,;_ =0.70two (1.00) ·6.0 = 0.84
he10)•· ( JO ),
Applying what is indicated in section 4.2, the average design speed, v,;,it is:
V'=F7F;. v, = (1.00)(0.84)(105.80) 24_69 m I 5

D 3.63.6
c. Resonance response factor.
I knowwill obtain the values of the variables that intervene for the calculation of the
response factor in resonance, N,,,2:
414
C 1.4 WIND DESIGN
The reduced frequencies 'YO,. Y ,,,, are determined
with:
F/, 24.69 Four.258

v;(zJ
v;(z,) 24.69
Then,thes functionsdand admittance aerodynamics, ll,(1/, he Y R., (eleven,), result:

Yo Yo
R.(11.)=- -=-- -=0.!90
Yo+17• Yo+4,258
Yo Yo
R,, Saw. he = - - = -- -= either.757
1+17.1+0.321
The spectrumdand densitydand power, s,. (zn,,) 1 evaluated a hea heightareference,Z's,

and epsa:rahea frequency fundamentald and vibratedandhea
structureandnheaaddress6n longitudinal
4((1.46)(122. 88)
9
24.69 )
= 0 031
rI+ n((1.46)(122.988)1)1 )'''

, 24.69
Considering a relationship of structural Damping,

s,,,_,, =0.005, dcoerrresppounesdtieanrteesoantaonrrtees, dRe c, elvoaslfea
.,two :
conscrews ofaltaresistancea (Table 4.3), the factor
R,.' = _ !! _yesr (z, .eleven1 ,) R,, (17yes) R,,(11,,) = rr_ (0.031)(0.190)(0.757) = 0.700
4s .,,. , 4(0. 005)
d. peak factor.
Thefactr peak,k,.,sandcalculateadandhea form Next:
0 60
kP=J21n(600,')+ . >3.0
J 2ln(600v)
where, v, is calculated as follows:
two,
1=n.J;\' =l.46J
"B,.- +R,;
EITHER.?()()
10. 892+0.700
=0.968Hz
415
DISEND HELP5
therefore, the value ofkP is equal to:
0.60
k = Jtwo!eleven(600x0.968) :
P
J2Jn(600x0.968)
of the table 4.2, I know returns the worth of zm;,(2.00 m) < z,(36.00 m) < z,,,.,(200.00 m) Y
the of
J�0.17 for a Category 2 land, so the turbulence indexathe height ofreference, 1, (z.),
sandget as:
••
Yo(z )=;:,(z, )-«· =0.17(36 00\"·"
=0.14two he
10 10}
Finally, from the values obtained, the gust response factor,YO",.,,result:
0 193
F,.,-r =l+2(0142)(3736),/0 892+0700[ · ](1,119) = 2,776
0.182
7) Forces in the tower and in the accessories.
The equivalent forces, F,. , on different sections of the tower, are obtained with the
expression given above:
It is important to mention that the response factorofburst,FM, is the same for allits
sectionsdandheatower,Y e s n embargo, hea pressure dynamicd and base,q,, will depend
on the average height of each section.
The drag coefficients, c.,, in the sections of the tower without accessories are obtained,
as indicated in section 3.5.12, from Table 3.24 because it is a tower with an equilateral
triangular section with members with flat sides.
The tower was divided into twelve bays; the upper heights (ztop), the areas, solid (AA,)
and total (oh)that delimit each section,therelationsofsolidity(qi)and the coefficientsdrag
(Ca1), are summarized in Table E.9.2.
416
C 1.4 WIND DESIGN
Table E.9.2Drag coefficients of the tower sections.
Sectio Ztop(m) A.<, (m2) A,w(m2) �' c.,

n
3,833 1.99 7.83 0.25 2.50
two 7,816 1.99 7.66 0.26 2.46
3 11,449 1.81 6.56 0.28 2.38
4 14,899 1.36 5.86 0.23 2.58
5 17,799 1.19 4.64 0.26 2.46
6 20,899 1.07 4.68 0.23 2.58
7 23,799 1.01 4.11 0.25 2.50
8 26,320 0.83 3.36 0.25 2.50
9 28,639 0.77 2.92 0.26 2.46
10 31,200 0.78 3.04 0.26 2.46
eleven 33,600 0.70 2.66 0.26 2.46
12 36,000 0.69 2.49 0.28 2.38
The drag coefficients of each section were calculated by interpolating betweenthe

values of Table 3.24; For example: for section 1, the solidity ratio is:
he .99 or/
<f> = - - -, = 0.25
7.83m -
The drag coefficients for towers with an equilateral triangular section, for solidity ratios
of 0.20 and 0.30, are 2.70 and 2.30, respectively. Interpolating between these values,
tocµ=EITHER25is obtained:
c. = 2 30• 2 JO (0.25-0.twenty).1.2. 70 = 2.50

0.30-0.20
,
a. Accessories.
The equivalent forces on the accessories are taken into account as indicated in item
3.5.13.2. This is achieved by adding its area to the projected area of the tower,
whenthey are installed symmetrically; otherwise, the drag coefficient of the tower is
modified, being as:
The additional drag coefficient, 6.Ca,, for each accessory, is calculated using the following
equation:
417
HELPOF DESIGN
APUCATION EXAMPLE 9: (Ji.CLE OF PRESSURES PRODUCED BY THE WIND ON A TELECOMMUNICATIONS TOWER
The tower accessories can be seen in Fig E.9.1. Twelve feeder cables, known as
"feeders", are housed on the outside of the front face, running vertically throughout the
height of the tower. Each of these cables, considering the insulating coating, has an
outside diameter of 2.819 cm (1.11 inches). These cables rest on a guide bed 50
centimeters wide, made with angles of 1 112"x3116", cross sections are placed every
30
centimeters. On the rear left face of the tower there is a staircase with the same
characteristics as the guide bed. Due to the physical characteristics of the accessories
and their location, they can be grouped into three types of accessories: guide bed,
power cables and ladder. This is because, although the guide bed and the ladder are
the same, they are located on different sides of the tower, so they have different angles
of incidence of the wind. Next, the calculation oft;,C�of these three
groups of elements in the first section, assuming that the wind strikes in the direction
perpendicular to the front face of the tower.
Power cables (feeders)
The cables have a circular cross section, however, because they are in a group, they
form an equivalent cross section with rectangular geometry. According to item 4A.8 of
Appendix 4A, to the group of rectangular linear
accessories,heandmatchandorncoefficientanddanddraggedandc .,,=1.SO.
The correction factor for slenderness ratio, K,., should be obtained from Table A.4 in
Appendix 4A, where, since they are very long elements, with a slenderness ratio
greater than 40, K,,=1.00.
As indicated in section 3.5.13.3, as the wind affects the front face (

b. = 0° )and the wires meet en. heap a r t and Exteriord andsaid face, the interference
correction factor is:
K,,, =(1.5+0.5costwo(0°-90")]and:-..'P[-1.8(2.SOx0.'.25)t w o ]= 0.495
The exposed area of the cables in section 1 is determined according to Fig A.4 of
Appendix 4A, resulting in:
A,, =3.833(6x0.0two819) arena) + 3.833(6x0.02819)sin'(0)=0.65m'
The additional drag coefficient, !'JC,,,_, for the feeder cables is:i'.Cms =i'.C.,
=(1.50)(1.00)(0.495)( �:!�) =0.243
418
C 1.4 WIND DESIGN
guide bed
The guide ladder is made up of angle profiles with equal sides. The drag coefficient of
these elements, as a function of the angle of incidence of the wind, is taken from Table
A.3 of Appendix 4A:
Comeithera nd n thec a s e eitherprevious,Since they are very long elements, with a

slenderness ratio greater than 40, the correction factor for slenderness ratio, K,,, is equal
to:
As in the previous case, in section 3.5.13.3, the interference correction factor,K,., is:
Km =[l.5+0.5 cos2(0"-90°)] exp[-1.8(2.S0x0.25)']=0.495
The exposed area of the stair angles in the section, considering steps every 30
centimeters is:
A, = (two +�0.3 os)<o.0381)(3,833) = o.54 m'

Conheeitherwhatandandhecoefficientanddand draggedandadditional,!!.Cm, for the guide
bed it is:
0 54
DC,, = Yo .SW(l.00)(0.495)( ·
1.99J
1= 0.242
Ladder
The ladder has the same geometry as the guide bed. However, the angle of
wind incidence is different. Rigorously, the drag coefficient of the profiles that make up
the staircase is different in each one, due to the position of the angles. An average
value, calculated as a function of the angle of the wind with respect to each profile, as
a function of the length of these elements per meter, is 1,514. However, this example
conservatively assumes:
c.,,=1..SWY K,. = 1_oo

Since the ladder is located attheleft rear face,&.=240° ,and the factor ofcorrection for
interference, it results:
K,,=(1.5+0.5 cos2(240° -90° )] exp(-1.8(2.50x0.25)two]=0.866
419
DISEND HELP5
(CALCULATEOE PRE510NE5 PRODUCED5 BY THE WIND ON A TELECOMMUNICATION TOWER5
APPLICATION EXAMPLE 9:
The area of the angles of the ladder isAa=0.54 m2, with which:
r-.c., =1.80(l.00)(0.866)G:;iJ =0.423
Consequently, the drag coefficient of section 1 of the tower, including theaccessories

is:
c•,. =2.50+0.243 +0.242 + 0.423 = 3,408
The results of the coefficients obtained in each section, for each type of accessory,are
presented in Table E.9.3:
b. Forces in the tower.
The forces in each section of the tower, including the accessories, are obtained with
thefollowing expression (item 4.5):
For example, for the first section, the average height is:
z = 1.92m
The topography factor, F,,for being in a flat area is:
FR-1.00
The exposure correction factor,F,,,according to section 4.2.3, because it is at a heightless

than 10 meters is:
With which, the design speed\01 vn , is:
The dynamic base pressure,q_,in Pa (item 3.2), it is obtained with the following
formula:q, = 0.047 GV5
For a height above sea level of 2,726 meters, the barometric pressure is obtained by
interpolating between the values in Table 3.1, for 2,500 and 3,000 meters above sea
level, where
420
-
O
Y
w
0-
I heard"
m
'°
Ladder bed gluttony cables feeders
""
Section c_
ye a. "" A,c,, a, K• AC. 4, c� K� a. t, C,
n
K,, K,,
ar (m'J (m'J (m'J 0
0.:54 1.0 240 0.866 OA23 1.8 1.0 0 0.495 0.242 0.65 1.0 0 0.495 0243 3,400
;:;
;, 0.56 1.8 1.0 740 08.18 0.4?4 0.55 AI IT 0 0.479 0.743 0.67 1.5 1.0 0 0.479 0.242 3,369 rive
0.51 1.8 1.0 240 0.787 0.399 0.51 J.8 1.0 0 0.450 0.228 0.61 0 0.450 0 227 3,234 ·
3 LS it
r·
4 048 tR l0 740 O.Q78 0.5QO tA 10 0 EITHER 0.337 0 SR fift 1.0 0 0.531 0.340 3,847
(1)
."Yo31 een vl
5 0.41 1.8 1.0 240 0.838 o.sio 0.41 1.8 1.0 0 0.479 0.297 0.49 l.5 it 0 o.•79 0.2% 3,573 c.
(1)
6 043 tR it 740 O.Q7'8 0.671 0.43 1-R 10 0 0" i31 0.384 0" i7 1.5 it 0 0.531 0.387 4,022 w
7 0.41 1.8 1.0 240 0.866 0.633 O.◄I 1.8 1.0 0 0.-495 0.362 0.-49 l.5 IT 0 0.495 0.360 3.85J �
,.,.
lv
"
0.385 3.91B
8 0.35 1.8 1.0 240 0.866 0.657 0.35 1.8 1.0 0 0.495 0.376 0.43 1.5 1.0 0 0.495
ii:
9 0.32 1.8 1.0 240 0.838 0.62/ U.J2 1.8 1.0 0 0.479 0.3�8 U.39 l.� IT 0 0.4/9 0.36 1 3,809
he !!::
>
)
10 0.36 1.8 1.0 240 0.838 0.696 0.36 1.8 1.0 0 0.479 0.398 0.43 1.5 IT 0 0.479 0 :)<}6 .1,950 ci1 z
C
0 ;!:
or IT
elev
en
0.34 1.8 1.0 l40 0.8d8 0./3J 0.34 1.8 LU 0.4/9 U.419 U.41 l.� 0 0.4/9 0.421 4,033 vl �
w 0
12 1.8 1.0 240 0.787 0.698 0.34 1.8 1.0 0 0.450 0.399 0.41 LS IT 0 0.450 0 401 .1,879 n
gjz,
vl 0
0
�
0
ill....
,,.� �
z
0
�,;
,
.I>
N ,
,,,
�
<
�....
0
DATES OF D15ENO
OE EXAMPLEAPPLICATION 9: CALCULATION OF WIND PRESSURES ON A TELECOMMUNICATION TOWER5
of 549.18 mm of Hg; thus, the correction factor for a mean annual value of daily
minimum temperatures of 6.6°C is:
)
G = (0.392)(549. 18 or.77
273+6.6
Resulting in the dynamic base pressure,wh,:
what, = 0.047(0.77)(105.80)' = 405.10 Pa (41.31 kg/m1)
Calculating thefactor(1+77,(z, ))result:
( Yo - 7F,, ( z,)) = (1+7(0.142)) = 1994
So the force in the first section turns out to be:
4
F"'(z)= 0S. JO(3.408)(1.99)(2.776)=43824.80N
1994
If you want to know the forces in the accessories, it will suffice to

use6C'.,,insteaddandc�, in the previous expression. For example, for the guide bed:
F (z) =40S. IO(EITHER 242)(199)(2,776)=29997 N

"
1994
The forces in each section and accessory are summarized in Table E.9.4.
422
Table E.9.4Forces on the tower and accessories.

F,what Fcq Fcq F"YO Fcq
Sectio z Fa c- A.YO,
(m)
YOU
is;aphera bed f6<1C'11S lorn, lol
n wh, (N) (N) (N.J.
1 1.92 1,000 105.80 405.10 3,408 1.99 474.73 271.60 272.72 2805.75 3824.80
two 5.82 1,000 105.8D 405.10 3,369 1.99 475.86 272.72 271.60 2760.86 3781.03
3 9.63 1,000 105.80 405.10 3,234 1.81 407.29 232.74 231.72 2429.47 3301.23
4 13.17 1,027 108.60 426.82 3,847 1.36 476.79 272.34 274.76 2084.96 3108.85
5 16.35 1,048 110.86 444.77 3,573 1.19 383.16 218.84 218.11 1812.64 2632.75
6 19.35 1,065 112.65 459.25 4,022 1.07 459.04 262.70 264.75 1765.01 2751.50
7 22.35 1,079 114.20 471.98 3,855 1.01 420.09 240.24 238.91 1659.13 2558.37
8 25.06 1,091 115.45 482.37 3,918 0.83 366.20 209.58 214.59 1393.45 2183.82
9 27.48 1,101 116.46 490.84 3,809 0.77 329.91 188.37 191.53 1294.37 2004.18
10 29.92 1,110 117.41 498.88 3,950 0.78 377.05 215.61 214.53 1332.GG 2139.84
ele 32.40 1,118 118.30 506.48 4,033 0.70 361.79 206.81 207.80 1214.20 1990.59
ve
n
12 34.80 1,126 119.11 513.43 3,878 0.69 344.25 196.79 197.77 1173.82 1912.64
8) Calculation of forces in microwave antennas.
antenna 1
The first microwave antenna is 0.60 m in diameter and has an area

ofA.=0.two83111'.It is located at a height of z= 20.25m, con it thatthe factor of
exposure correction, F,,, according to section 2.3 is:
F =/
,, he �)• =1.00[
10
two0 25
10
)�°"'= 1.069
The design speed, v,,, is:
V0 =Fr F,, V:, =(1.00)(1.069)(105.80)=113.10km/h
So the dynamic base pressure, q,, is:
wh, =(0.047)(0.77)(113.10) '= 462.93 Pa(47.21kg!m')
As can be seen in Fig E.9.1, the antenna is on the main face. Since the
calculation assumes that the wind hits said face, the angle of incidence of the
wind is zero degrees and the force on it in the direction of the wind
corresponds to the force F,,,,.ANDhe coefficientsandTomadandhea
TableA.7ofAppendix 4A, for microwave drum antennas, where for zero degrees
is:
423
DATES OF D15ENO
OE EXAMPLEAPPLICATION 9: CALCULATION OF WIND PRESSURES ON A TELECOMMUNICATION TOWER5
c.=1.2617
The force in the direction of the wind is obtained as:
How the effects on the tower are being obtained:
f.�ar 2,776
=1,392
(I+ 7/, (z,)) 1.994
with which the force, F,,., is worth:
F,�={462.93)(1.392)(1.2617)(0.283) =230.09N
In this case:
C, -C.=0.00
For which there is no transverse force or moment on the antenna.
Antennatwo
the second antennaofmicrowave is 0.70 m in diameter and has an area of A,
=0.385 111two .At the height at which it is located, z = 32.05 m, the correction
factor
per exposure, according to item 2.3 is:
F" = c(�)" = 1.0( jl.05

10. 10
)'·'"' = II17
So the speedof design, v0, it is:
vD=FrF,, V,=(1.00)(1.117)(105.80) =118.18 km/h
The dynamic base pressure, q, :
'l, =(0.047)(0.77)(118.18)' =505.45 Pa (51.54 kg!m')
As can be seen in Fig E.9.1, this antenna has an angle of 90°with respect to the
wind when it strikes the front face. In this case, the force in
the direction of the wind is the force F,,.. The coefficients are taken from Table A.7,of
Appendix 4A, that for 90°are from:
c,=0.6250
c.=-0.1094
c"'=o.o9so
The force in the direction of the wind is:
Fm = q, G, C, A, = (505.45)(1.392)(0.625)(0.385) = 169.30 N
The forcetransverse, F and the moment, Mm, are worth:

.,
0
F..=q, G,c.A,=(505.45)(1.392)(-0.1094)(0.385)=-29.63N
M� = what,a,c•.-1, D, = (505.45)(1.392)(0.098}(0.385)(0.70) = 18.58 Km
425
MANUAL OF THE O!5ENO OF CIVIL WORKS5-CFE
C.1.4O!SINO BY W!ENT
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440
MANUAL OE Oi5ENO OE CIVIL WORKS-CF[
C.1.4 WIND STORM
APPENDICES
4A FORCE AND DRAG COEFFICIENTS
4A.1 INTRODUCTION
This appendix specifies the values of the drag and force coefficients for structures or
structural members with uniform cross section. For all the cases of Figs A.1 and A.2, and
Tables A.1 to A.3, the length is considered to be infinite, so when the slenderness ratio of the
elements (length/width) is elderly or same as 8,its corresponding drag or force coefficient
will be multiplied by the correction factor for slenderness ratio, K..., given in Table A.4.
Likewise, the drag coefficients for microwave antennas are presented.
4A.2 ELEMENTS WITH CYLINDRICAL OR PRISMATIC SHAPE WITH

ROUNDED EDGES
The values of the drag coefficient, Ca, dimensionless, for structures or members thereof, with a cylindrical or prismatic shape
with rounded edges, will be obtained from Table A.1. Cables can be treated as smooth-surfaced cylinders, but it should be noted that they may
experience small transverse (uplift) forces. For more information see Holmes (2007).
Table A.1 supplements Table 3.22 in the Recommendations Section.
4A.3 ELEMENTS WITH PRISMATIC SHAPE WITH SHARP EDGES
The values of the drag coefficient, c., dimensionless, for buildings or structural elements
whose cross sections have sharp edges, except for rectangular sections, will be obtained
from Table A.2. Sharp edges will be considered when the relationshipb/r is greater than
16.
Table A.2 complements Table 3.23 in the Recommendations Section.
441
C.1.4 WIND DAMAGE
APPENDIX 4A: FORCE V DRAWING EFFICIENTS
Table A.1 Drag coefficient c., for cylindrical structural elements and binocularswith rounded
corners, of infinite length.
coefficient of coefficient of
address of wind drag (c.) addressof the wind drag (c)
theshape of andsecti b RV<4 b V;:, > and shape of the bRV<4 bVD>
the on mtwo/s 10mtwo/s section mtwo/s 10 m'/s
' 1
See •• he
1.20 1.20 0.50
note 4
C)i
d
0.70 0.30
·E 1.60 1.60
IT
H
E
R
1.70 1.50 1.60(5) 1.60(5)
0�
.a •
1.20 0.60 '

b- .t
1
1.20 0.50
b•l
� =1
'-1 1.30 0.70 1.40 1.40
IJ-16
YO) _1
1.30(5)
,cl - two
0.40 0.30 1.30iS)
b=1
a= 1 • d
'-' 0.70 0.70 r-

b-
Yo
'
1.30 0.50
he has
1.90 1.90 2.1015) 2.10(51
Gave 1.60 0.60
GRADES:
1. b is given in meters and Vo must be converted from km/ham/s.
2. Vo is the design wind speed (even 2) evaluated at the full height of the construction
or at the midpoint of the element, in m/s.
3. For intermediate values of b·Vo it is possible to use linear interpolation. For circular cylindrical
shapes, a value Same to 0.6 for b Vo equal to 10 m2/s, for the purposes of this
interpolation only.
4. For smooth circular cross sections, where b Vo> 10 mtwo/s, the drag coefficient will be
selected as follows:
AC= 1.0 + 0.033 [log10(V0 h, )] -0.025 [1og10(V0h,JF or 0.6, whichever is
greaterwhere
h, average height of surface roughness, in m.
5. These cases can be considered as sections with sharp edges since their b/r ratio
is greater than 16, so Table A.2 will apply; however, the designer may choose
the more critical drag coefficient values.
442
MANUAL OF OI5END OF CIVIL WORKS-CF[
C.1.4 Oi5ENO BYWind
Table A.2 Drag coefficient, c., for prismatic elements with sharp edges of
infinite length.
ADDRESS
DRAG COEFFICIENT
OF SECTION SHAPE
(C:1)
WIND
(with a vertex 1.20
towardswind)
(with one side to 2.00
the wind)
1.55
□
Right triangle
Yo Square
b (with one side facing 2.20
1 the wind)
0'
Square
(with a vertex 1.50
towardswind)
b
Y pantagon
¢
o
(with a vertexinto the 1.70
wind)
0'
Pentagon
(with one side
0
Yo 1.10
facingwind)
b
(with one side to 1.20
'
b the wind)
0� Hexagon
(with a vertex 1.50
0'
Yo towardswind)
b Octagon 1.40
0
he
b Polygon of twelve I ados 1.30
Y
o
0
polygon
Yo 1.00
ofsixteen days
b
443
APPENDIX 4A: FORCE V DRAWING EFFICIENTS
4A.4 ELEMENTS WITH RECTANGULAR PRISMATIC SHAPE

The values of the force coefficients CF){ and Cey, for structures or elements of these, withconstant
rectangular cross section, are presented in Figs A.1 and A.2.
addressof
� the
wind
�
he ----d --
aspect ratioof the

coefficient corrective
section offorce, Cf factorofC, if 9 >
(d/b) x
15° F>-
0.1 2.2
0.65 3.0 1.0
1 2.2
two 1.6
4 1.3 1+gso 6
.:::10 1.1
NOTE: For intermediate values of d/b, a linear interpolation can be performed.
Fig A.1 Coefficient of longitudinal force, CFx, for rectangular prisms of lengthinfinite.
444
MANUAL OF OI5END OF CIVIL WORKS-CF[
C.1.4 WIND STORM
wind F,.
direction
c�� »
Yo b
RelationshipAspect
coefficient
of the section
ofstrength,
(d/b)
C'r_,,
0.5 ±12
1.5 ±0.8
±0.6
4 ±0.8
�20 ±1.0
NOTE: For intermediate values of d/b, a linear interpolation can be performed.
Fig A.2 Transverse force coefficient, CFr, for rectangular prisms of infinite length.
Fig A.1 is only applicable for wind incidence angles between 0° and 15° with respect to each
direction parallel to the faces of the rectangle.
Fig A.2 contains maximum CFY values for wind incidence angles between 00 and 20° with
respect to each direction parallel to the faces of the rectangle, since for larger angles
fluctuations in its value may occur due to turbulent flow.
For oblique wind directions greater than 20°, more detailed information or specialist opinion
should be consulted.
4A.5 STRUCTURAL PROFILES
The values of the force coefficients CFx and CFy, for sections of structural profiles are shown in
Table A.3. The angle e, which in this table defines the direction of the wind, should be measured in
a counterclockwise direction.
445
-I> �
m- 0
-I> ,-.
z
0.Yo,.
�9
"' �
> z,
)..0
-OJ � C.J.
•-rb-'·
F,.
F, :z:,
Yo Yo F,
no,twotwo
, i5 $
�yom m
.
)>..;
wu � ....
. §][ -,.
�
EITHER'-l
t -
n.,,
-,
'
�
"
EITHER'-�·
'
v. F,
0 )ai
(Y "'
B' �
O
<3• 11b (YO)
)
C•05D ::,"
)> '
d=b X•O1b
d•b
8 Cr, c,, Cr, Cr, CT> Cr, c,.

d=045b
c,., c,, c,, m �
,...j;!
0..
(YO)
Phil
eit +1.90 +0.95 +1.80 +1.80 +1.75 +0.10 +1.60 0.00 +2.00 0.00 two'
he (YO)
r• +l.20
+0.75 -1.60 ;:J
Fou +1.80 +0.80 +2.10 +1.80 +0.85 +0.85 +1.50 --0.10 +0.90 w
r. -1.10
Fiv
e• -1.70 yes;;>�
-<
90° +2.00 +1.70 -1.90 -1.00 +0.10 +1.75 -0.95 +0.70 +2.15
135°
.,
-1.80
-2.00
-0.10
+0.10
-2.00
-1.40 ., -1.40
-0.75
-1.75 -0.10
-0.50
-1.50 0.00
+2.40
±2.LO
Q
::c
o
1-,,
r
Yo
fi ,
w
Yo
F, ii)
you ! Yo o
r
(YO)
:;JJ-,, ·�-�
�rive
:I]-F, •-;igp-,,
"'
(YO)
" �
two
d=O◄
:lb d=01b d=0.48b d=b d= I6b
w
8 Cr, C,; Cr, Cr, CT, C,; Cr. Cr,
---
Cr, C,;, ro!"
+2.05 0.00 +2.00 0.00 +2.05 0.00 +1.60 0.00 +l.40 0.00
450 +l.85 +0.60 +l.80 +0.10 +1.95 +0.60 +1.50 +1.50 +1.20 +l.60
90° 0.00 +0.60 0.00 +0 .10
135° -1.60 +0.40 ---- ---- 0.00
---- --- - --
+0 .90
-- -
0.00
----
+1 .90
--
+2 .two0
-- --
180° -1.80 0.00
--- - --- ---- -- -- ---
C.1.4 OISENOBY WIND
4A.6FACTOR OF CORRECTION BY RELATION OF SLENDER

The slenderness ratio correction factor, K re, is applied according to the relationship
LeibYis obtained from Table A.4.
Table A.4Correction factor for slenderness ratio,Kre,

Correction factor,K,,
L./b ratio
0.7
58 0.8
14 0.9
30 1.0
40 or older
NOTE: For intermediate values of L.Jb, it can be linearly
interpolated.
In Table A.4 it can be seen that, as the slenderness decreases, the correction factor also
decreases. This is because the airflow around the ends of the construction or member
flows more easily, thereby decreasing the magnitude of the average force on the section.
447
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
APPENDIX 4A: (FORCE V DRAG OEFFICIENTS
4A.7 DRAG COEFFICIENTS FOR MICROWAVE ANTENNAS
Table A.5 Drag coefficients for reflectorless microwave antennas.
Wind incidence angle a (graphs) c. c, cm

0 1.5508 0.0000 0.0000
10 1.5391 -0.0469 -0.0254
twenty 1.5469 -0.0508 -0.0379
30 1.5547 -0.0313 -0.0422
40 1.5938 0.0078 -0.0535
fifty 1.6641 0.0898 -0.0691
60 1.6484 0.2422 -0.0871
70 1.3672 0.4570 -0.0078
80 0.7617 0.3789 0.1000
90 -0.0117 0.3438 0.1313
100 -0.4023 0.3828 0.1320
110 -0.4609 0.4141 0.1340
120 -0.4570 0.4570 0.1430
130 -0.4688 0.4688 0.1461
140 -0.5742 0.4453 0.1320
150 -0.7734 0.3906 0.1086
160 -0.6672 0.2930 0.0636
170 -0.9453 0.1445 0.0508
180 -1.0547 0.0000 0.0000
190 -0.9453 -0.1445 -0.0506
200 -0.8672 -0.2930 -0.0836
210 -0.7734 -0.3906 0.1086
220 -0.5742 -0.4453 -0.1320
230 -0.4688 -0.4688 -0.1461
240 -0.4570 -0.4570 -0.1430
250 -0.4609 -0.4141 -0.1340
260 -0.4023 -0.3828 -0.1320
270 -0.0117 -0.3438 -0.1313
280 0.7617 -0.3789 -0.1000
290 1.3672 -0.4570 0.0078
300 1.6484 -0.2422 0.0871
310 1.6641 -0.0898 0.0691
320 1.5938 -0.0078 0.0535
330 1.5547 0.0313 0.0422
340 1.5469 0.0508 0.0379
350 1.5391 0.0469 0.0254
NOTE(applies to Tables A.5 to A.SJ: C,,, Csand Cmare applied in the
equations3.34, 3.35 and 3.36 (Recommendations
Section),respectively,with the help of Fig A.3.
448
C.1.4 OISENOBY WIND
Table A.6 Drag coefficients for microwave reflector antennas.
Wind incidence angle a (degrees) c. cs c..

0 0.8633 0.0000 0.0000
10 0.8594 0.1484 -0.0797
twenty 0.8203 0.2969 -01113
30 0.7617 0.4102 -0.1082
40 0.6641 0.4883 -0.0801
SW 0.5469 0.5313 -0.0445
60 0.4180 0.5000 -0.0008
70 0.3125 0.4609 0.0508
80 0.2266 0.4375 0.1047
90 0.1328 0.4063 0.1523
100 0.0313 0.3906 0.1695
110 -0.0664 0.3711 0.1648
120 -0.1641 0.3477 0.1578
130 -0.2930 0.3203 0.1395
140 -0.4102 0.3047 0.0906
150 -0.5195 0.2734 0.0516
160 -0.6016 0.2266 0.0246
170 -0.6563 0.1484 0.0086
180 -0.6914 0.0000 0.0000
190 -0.6563 -0.1484 -0.0086
200 -0.6016 -0.2266 -0.0246
210 -0.5195 -0.2734 -0.0516
220 -0.4102 -0.3047 -0.0906
230 -0.2930 -0.3203 -0.1395
240 -0.1641 -0.3477 -0.1578
250 -0.0664 -0.3711 -0.1648
260 0.0313 -0.3906 -0.1695
270 0.1328 -0.4063 -0.1523
280 0.2266 -0.4375 -0.1047
290 0.3125 -0.4609 -0.0508
300 0.4180 -0.5000 0.0008
310 0.5469 -0.5313 0.0445
320 0.6641 -0.4883 0.0801
330 0.7617 -0.4102 0.1082
340 0.8203 -0.2969 0.1113
350 0.8594 -0.1484 0.0797
449
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
Table A.7 Drag coefficients for drum type microwave antennas.

0 1.2617 0.0000 0.0000
10 1.2617 0.0977 -0.0281
twenty 1.2500 0.1758 -0.0453
30 1.2109 0.2344 -0.0520
40 1.1563 0.2813 -0.0488
SW 1.0859 0.3047 -0.0324
60 0.9453 0.3672 -0.0086
70 0.6719 0.4766 0.0227
80 0.2734 0.5820 0.0695
90 -0.1094 0.6250 0.0980
100 -0.3438 0.6016 0.1125
110 -0.5391 0.5313 0.1141
120 -0.7109 0.4375 0.1039
130 -0.8594 0.3125 0.0926
140 -0.9336 0.2305 0.0777
150 -0.9570 0.1758 0.0617
160 -0.9727 0.1484 0.0438
170 -0.9961 0.0977 0.0230
180 -1.0156 0.0000 0.0000
190 -0.9961 -0.0977 -0.0230
200 -0.9727 -0.1484 -0.0438
210 -0.9570 -0.1758 -0.0617
220 -0.9336 -0.2305 -0.0777
230 -0.8594 -0.3125 -0.0926
240 -0.7109 -0.4375 -0.1039
250 -0.5391 -0.5313 -0.1137
260 -0.3438 -0.6016 -0.1125
270 -0.1094 -0.6250 -0.0980
280 0.2734 -0.5820 -0.0695
290 0.6719 -0.4766 -0.0227
300 0.9453 -0.3672 0.0086
310 1.0859 -0.3047 0.0324
320 1.1563 -0.2813 0.0488
330 1.2109 -0.2344 0.0520
340 1.2500 -0.1758 0.0453
350 1.2617 -0.0977 0.0281
450
C.1.4 OISENOBY WIND
Table A.8Drag coefficients for grid type microwave antennas.

0 0.5352 0.0000 0.0000
10 0.5234 0.1016 0.0168
twenty 0.5078 0.1797 0.0289
30 0.4609 0.2305 0.0383
40 0.4063 0.2617 0.0449
SW 0.3438 0.2734 0.0496
60 0.2344 0.2813 0.0527
70 0.1289 0.2734 0.0555
80 0.0391 0.2500 0.0492
90 -0.0508 0.2422 0.0434
100 -0.1172 0.2734 0.0469
110 -0.1875 0.2852 0.0504
120 -0.2656 0.2773 0.0512
130 -0.3359 0.2617 0.0496
140 -0.4063 0.2344 0.0445
150 -0.4766 0.2031 0.0371
160 -0.5469 0.1563 0.0273
170 -0.5859 0.0859 0.0148
180 -0.5938 0.0000 0.0000
190 -0.5859 -0.0859 -0.0148
200 -0.5469 -0.1563 -0.0273
210 -0.4766 -0.2031 -0.0371
220 -0.4063 -0.2344 -0.0445
230 -0.3359 -0.2617 -0.0496
240 -0.2656 -0.2773 -0.0512
250 -0.1875 -0.2852 -0.0504
260 -0.1172 -0.2734 -0.0469
270 -0.0508 -0.2422 -0.0434
280 0.0391 -0.2500 -0.0492
290 0.1289 -0.2734 -0.0555
300 0.2344 -0.2813 -0.0527
310 0.3438 -0.2734 -0.0496
320 0.4063 -0.2617 -0.0449
330 0.4609 -0.2305 -0.0383
340 0.5078 -0.1797 -0.0289
350 0.5234 -0.1016 -0.0168
451
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
�
yes
D her
d and levc,cein6tnoJ.-
AngleeitherdandYo n c go and
dandhe v
.
"'-
na a
1e nyoueither f--o
WITHOUT REFLECTOR
_/,_>/) dDeirlvc1n6tno
AngleeitherdandYo F)
d and ,
c go and nc Yoa
he v ie nyou eith
r
foo
Yo
�
F.,.,,
WITH REFLECTOR
/) D to go andc ci 6 n
Angle of incidence1
-.,/ yes of he v1e nyoueither
of the wind
1Wm
DRUM TYPE
D to go and
_,/>I) dand he vcieinotno
angle of incidence1 ,'

ofwind ,__!} .
"',
GRID TYPE
Fig A.3 Types of microwave antennas and wind direction.

452
C.1.4OISENO BY WIND
4A.8 COEFFICIENT OF ADDITIONAL DRAG DUE TO LINEAR FITTINGS

IN GROUP, L\C.,,
The additional drag coefficient due to group linear accessories, L\�,,., dimensionless,
is equivalent to the drag coefficient due to accessories, nC�, and isdetermined with
the following equation:
(To the)
where
c,., is the drag coefficient for the linear fitting group,dimensionless,
in the absence of wind tunnel data:
= 1.20 for circular linear fitting groups (Fig A.4 (case a)),
= 1.50 for groups of rectangular linear accessories (Fig A.4(case b)),
the area projected on a plane transverse to the wind flow, of the
group of linear accessories located in the section considered. It is
determined for each case according to fig A.3, in m2,
.,
andcalculated factorsas indicated in section 3.5.13 of
theRecommendations Section
0 Ire.ction
<=---
� from v1e11th
0direction
�
b
give wind
Yo
h <=i
.
he
\®'(YO)
cessation or)
J., = L, b
e Address
of!wind
r2
Addressof
the wind I®an 0
050
d��i-
=-��
plan view
C ••b)
As"" L b coshe(O) + L�dsin4(0}
Fig A.4 Area projected on the plane transversal to the flow of the wind.
453
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
ADDENDUM048: AEROELASTIC INSTABILITY AND SERVICE CONDITIONS
4B AEROELASTIC INSTABILITY AND SERVICE CONDITIONS
4B.1 INSTABILITY AEROELASTIC
48.1.1 Galloping
Galloping is a form of aerodynamic instability of a single degree of freedom, it is
characterized by presenting purely translational transverse vibrations.
In general, this effect causes the amplitudes of movement of the structure to increase
rapidly with increasing wind speed. The onset gallop velocity, vra, in m/s, can be
obtained from the equation:
(B.1)
where
",.,fundamental frequency of the bending vibrating mode of the structure,
in the direction perpendicular to the wind flow, in Hz,
dimension of the structure, in m, is defined in Table
B.1,yes, Scruton number, dimensionless, and
a0 gallop instability factor, dimensionless, some valuesof this factor
are shown in Table B.1 and a value of 10 can be used for those
structures not mentioned in said table.
The Scruton number is defined as:
= 4,T<'.',_,,m,
y
' (B.2)
e bp
where
s,
structural damping ratio, dimensionless,
equivalent mass of the structure per unit length; I knowcalculates
with equation 4.51 of theRecommendations Section,in kg/m,
air density, equal to 1,225 kg/m3, Y
p dimension of the structure, defined in Table B.1.
b
454
C.1.4 OISENOBY WIND
Table B.1 Parameters to estimate the gallop onset speed.
:'either
cross section {/G cross section {JG
you = 0.06 b
ice on wires
b
.
;:;: =
b/d two 0.7
0
1.0
. Yo YO =
. b/d 2.7 5.0
.
. 0� 1.0
:b
d
.
. d d/b = 5 7.0
.
Ui� •
c/3
. :b
. Yod Yo =
• C!
. dlb 3 7.5
+�
c/3
b/d= two 2.0
□'.
. b/d= fiftee 1.7 .
dlb= n . b/d=3/4 3.2
.
d 1.2
1
d
. dlb 213 1.0
=dlb 112
=dlb 113
0.7
� _i_� b/d=two 1.0
• d = . d
To avoid the galloping effect, it must be fulfilled that:
(B.3)
455
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
where
vD· average speed, in m/s, calculated as indicated in subsection
4.2 of theRecommendations Section,at a height wheregallop
is expected to occur or where the maximum oscillation
amplitude occurs.
On the other hand, wind tunnel studies should be carried out if it is true that:
where
V,,;,critical speed of appearance of periodic vortices, in m/s, calculated
as specified in section 4.9.1 of theSectionof
Recommendations.
4B.1.2 Gallopingincoupled cylinders

Lacanter start speed in coupled cylinders,vL,.,,andnm/s, isdadaportheequation 6.1,
but using the parameter values shown in Table6.2.
To prevent this type of gallop from occurring, the following must be met:
Vc,0>1.25v; (6.5)
the average speed,v;,was defined in equation B.3.
456
C.1.4OISENO BY WIND
Table B.2 Parameters to estimate the gallop onset speed in coupled cylinders.
Scruton number for group cylinders

4 /fs..
F,
coupled cylinders Lm�.,
s,= SAW
'
pb
�0-0 tlG= 1.5 llG= 3.0
ao =6.0 ao = 3.0
'
b
i=3
IGC= 1.0 y = 2.0

h
e
b
3cl0 -
j=4
NOTE: Can be interpolated for intermediate values of aCIG /b.
48.1.3 Galloping due to interference of two or more individual cylinders

This type of gallop is a self-excited oscillation between the force of the wind and the
displacement, which can occur when two or more cylinders are very close to each other,
but without coupling. If the angle of incidence of the wind is in the interval ofthecritical
wind direction, /J,(Fig.6.1), and ifalG/b<3,the onset speed of this type of gallop, vCJG, in
m/s, can be estimated by the following equation:
(B.6)
457
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
ADEN□04B: AERODELASTIC INSTABILITY AND OE 5 SERVICE KNOWLEDGE
where
eleven,.,frequencyg r o u n d s heof the mode of vibration of the
cylinder, in the direction perpendicular to the flow of the
wind, in Hz,
b cylinder diameter, in m,
Yes, Scruton number of the cylinder, is obtained with equation
6.2,dimensionless,
a,.1<1 distance between the centers of the cylinders (Fig Bl), in m, and
a/g The dimensionless combined instability parameter is taken
to be equal to 3.
This type of galloping can be avoided by coupling the cylinders; in which case you
should
Check the effect of gallop on coupled cylinders.
l\""10•
rrc(m/s)
b-
Fig B.1 Geometric parameters in gallop byinterference.
4B.1.4D i v e r g e n c e torsional and flapping

Torsional divergence and flapping are instabilities caused by deflection of the
structure, which modifies the wind-induced loading. These instabilities occur in flexible
plate-shaped structures, such as signs. Theoccurrence of these instabilities should
be avoided.
For a flexible plate-shaped structure to be susceptible to torsional divergence or

flutter, the following conditions must be satisfied:
The structure, or a large part of it, has an elongated (plate-like) cross section with 11.1d
less than 0.25 (Fig B.2).
The axis of torsion is parallel to the plane of the plate and normal to the directionof the
wind, and the center of torsion is at a distance downwind greater than or equal to d/4
from the windward edge of the plate, where d is the dimension of the plate in the
direction parallel to the flow of the wind. Cases where the center of torsion coincides
with the geometric center (for example, center-supported signs) are included, as well
as cases where the center of torsion does not coincide with the geometric center.
The lowest natural frequency corresponds to the torsion mode, or the lowest torsion
frequency is less than 2 times the translational natural frequency.
458
..---------
CG
-,, _J hd
CG: geometric center

The wickindicates the direction of the wind.
Fig B.2 Identification of parameters for the evaluation of divergence criteriatorsional and
flapping.
48.1.4.1 Critical speed of torsional divergence

The critical wind speed for the torsional divergence effect to occur,v,;.,in m/s, is
given by:
(6.7)
where
''• torsional stiffness, in N-m2,
tic.,, relationshipndand changeofhe coefficientdand moment
aerodynamic, c,111do with respect to rotation about the center of torsion,
e,
expressed in radians,
p air density, equal to 1,225 kg/m3, and
d dimension of the structure in a direction parallel to the wind
flow(Fig 6.2), in m.
,·
Values of ---1L are presented in Fig 6.3 dmeasured around the geometric center of
do
different rectangular sections.
459
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
ADEND048: AEROELASTIC INSTABILITY AND SERVICE CONDITIONS
dceleven/of
1.5
1.0 -+- --+- -- --- -+- ---+ --

0.05 0.1 0.150.2 --0.25
t
figb.3Variation of d and.,with respect to the geometric center for sectionsrectangular.
eleven 0
To prevent torsional divergence from occurring, the following must be true:
(B.8)
where
the mean design speed, in m/s, calculated as specified in item 4.2 and
at a reference height,z,.
Fig 4.2, of the Recommendations Section
In the event that equation B.8 is not met, experimental tests must be carried out in a
wind tunnel to evaluate mitigation measures. Likewise, for cases in which the section
studied varies from that presented in Fig. B.2 or that the interest ratio h/d
4
is not found in Fig B.3, experimental tests should be carried out in tune! of
wind to identify the variation of tic,., .
t/0
460
C.1.4 OISENOBY WIND
4B.2 CONDITIONS AND LIMIT STATES OF SERVICE
4B.2.1 Serviceability limit states

In this section, the permissible limit values are presented for the service conditions of
structures subjected to the action of the wind. For other limit value conditions, specialized
literature or an expert on the subject can be consulted.
The review of the serviceability limit states must be carried out regardless of thetype
of analysis used (static or dynamic).
The designer may choose to revise the serviceability limit states for speeds associated with
return periods of 10 or SO years, provided on the maps ofisotach of item 2.2 of the
Recommendations Section.
Table B.3 shows the limit values for service conditions for wind design, for structures
with regular geometry, such as those consideredthis chapter.
Table B.3 Limit states of service of distortions and ofside shift.

effect to control Serviceability limit state(l)(JI Observations
When there are no

elementsstructures that can be
1/200
damagedas a consequence of
distortions theangular deformations.
ofmezzanine
<2l When there are elementsstructural
that can be damagedas a
1/500
consequence of theangular
deformations.
Displacementsi Calculated at the maximum height of

de(4l H/500
thebuilding, h.
GRADES:
6. ANDhedlsefiador may choose per revhesarthese limits for speeds associated with return
periods of 1eithereitherSWyears.
7. The gap distortion will be evaluated as the ratio between the relative displacement
and the height of the corresponding gap, dimensionless.
8. The value of the serviceability limit for lead-in distortions is adlmenslonal.
9. ANDheservice limit state value for lateral displacement, 1-1/ 500, it will have the same
units as those used for the maximum height of the building, H .
461
C.1.4 D15£NO FORWARD
AD£ND048: AEROEIASTIC INSTABILITY AND SERVICE CONDITIONS
48.2.2 Terms of Service
This section presents procedures to estimate the displacement and acceleration service
conditions, which only apply to structures sensitive to the dynamic effects of the wind, as
well as the permissible limit values with which they should be compared. This verification
is carried out so that the structure does not present an inadequate performance of the
functions for which it was designed, or discomfort of its occupants.
48.2.2.1 Maximum displacement in the longitudinal direction
The maximum displacement can be obtained from a structural analysis considering the
equivalent static forces. Alternatively, for the case of structures sensitive to dynamic
effects, said displacement can be evaluated by applying the following procedure.
The maximum displacement of a prismatic structure (buildings) in the longitudinal

directionofhewind, x....,.(z),in m, it is obtained with the expression:
(B.9)
where
<fl,., (.l) modal form of the fundamental mode of vibration of the structure
in the direction of the wind, dimensionless,
p air density, equal to 1,225 kg/m3,
b dimension of the structure in the direction perpendicular to the
wind flow, in m,
c. coefficient of force or drag, dimensionless, is equal to the sum of
the coefficients of pressure, cp, on windward and
leeward,
Mean design speed, in m/s, calculated as specified in item 4.2
and at a reference height, z,. figure
4.2, of theRecommendations Section,
the gust response factor obtained from Equation 4.4.1of
theRecommendations Section,dimensionless,
the correction factor of the vibration mode shape by the
acceleration, dimensionless, is calculated with the equation
8.10,
the equivalent mass of the structure per unit length, in kg/m, is
calculated with equation 4.51 of theSection
fromRecommendations,Y
the fundamental frequency of the bending vibrating mode of the
structure, in the direction of the wind, in Hz.
462
C.1.4 OISENOBY WIND
The correction factor of the vibration modal shape, K,., for the calculation of the
displacement (or acceleration, incise 46.2.2.2) is obtained with the following
equation:
(6.10a)
where
H total height of the structure, in m.
The other variables have already been defined in equation 6.9.
Dandwaya alternative, sYo sandI assumedandaa formfashionheofheguyeither<l>t.,(z) =(z/

H),,_ , dowhere J.••
is an exponent equal to 1.0 for tube-shaped buildings with central walls and
peripheral columns or slender columns and braces, or equal to 1.5 for slender
foundation-embedded buildings structured by means of central shear walls, the
correction factor for the mode form of vibration for the calculation of the displacement
(or acceleration, item 46.2.2.2) can be obtained with:
(1.67)'•·
K_
(B.10b)
• - Yo + (?_a1-t v.,,,
..,
-,,.
he
where
a'is the exponent of the variation of the mean velocity with height,
dimensionless, for each category of terrain roughness; corresponds
to an averaging interval of ten minutes and itsvalue is obtained
from Table 4.1 of the Section ofRecommendations,Y
-l, theexponent of variation of the mode form, dimensionless.
The allowable Hlimit offset is determined from Table B.3.
48.2.2.2 maximum accelerationin the longitudinal direction
Procedure 1
The maximum acceleration of a prismatic structure in the longitudinal direction of
thewind, x"'"', in m/s2, is obtained with the expression:
(B.11)
463
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
where
k,, is the dimensionless peak factor, calculated with the expression
B.12, andthe standard deviation of the acceleration of the structure,
in m/s2,is calculated with equation B.13.
The peak factor is given by:
(B.12)
where
T is the time in which the speed of ! wind, equal to 600 yes,Y
the frequency of zero pair crossings is taken equal to the
frequency
of the vibrating mode of the structure in the direction of the wind,
that is, ,,=eleven,.,,in Hz
The standard deviation of the acceleration of the structure, a_,,in m/s2, is obtained with:
(B.13)
where
Yo,.youz,J andsandheindicateanddand turbulence,d i m e n s i o n l e s s ,
evaluated ahea heightofreference, z,, calculated with Equation
4.6 of the Section ofRecommendations,Y
R the square root of the response factor at resonance,
dimensionless,obtained with equation 4.9 of the Section of
Recommendations.
The other variablesthey were already defined in item 4B.2.2.1.
For this procedure, the recommended limit values for building accelerations, in milli-g,
are calculated with the equations in Table B.4, depending on the use and the frequency of
vibrating the structure.
Table B.4 Acceleration limit states for buildings.

Use of the Acceleration limit (mlll-g)
structureOffices --4.35 lu(n,)+ 5.5 for 0.20yes111 yes1.00
Resldenclal
NOTE: ,,, , is the fundamental frequency of way of vibrating in bending of the structure,in
the direction of the wind, in Hz.
464
C.1.4OISENO BY WIND
procedure two
The level of wind-induced acceleration in a building will be considered acceptable if:
( X .,, x F., J� a, (6.14)
wher
e is the maximum acceleration in the direction of the wind at the total
height H, in milli-g (1 milli-g = 1000/9.81 m/s2), calculated with
equation B.11, with a wind speed associated with 10 ai \os of return
period and with <D,�( H) =1.0.
the factor of maximum acceleration in the direction of the wind,
dimensionless, is obtained from Fig B.4, as a function of the
percentage of people who perceive acceleration, and
the maximum critical acceleration in the direction of the wind, in
a,. milli-g, is obtained from Fig BS
2.0
1.2
"·"
0.8 1--------r------::,,,..,..__,.----1---+-i
10 twenty 30 4050 60 70 80 90
People who perceive acceleration (%)
Fig B.4 Acceleration factor (fA1) as a function of the percentage of people who perceive
the acceleration.
10
"' (mill,g)
1
0�.2,-----------,-H�z-�-�------------------,,'1.0
Fig B.5 Critical acceleration (ac) as a function of the natural frequency of vibrating (n,).
465
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
466
C.1.4DESIGNBY WIND
4C REGIONAL SPEEDS
Cl TableRegional speeds for fixed return periods of the most important cities.
Key codeof
City LengthLatitude IOI T50 T200
observatory
Acapulco, Gro. 12002 -99,749 16,763 112.00 140.70 163.40
Aguascalientes, Ags. 1001 -102,291 21,651 111.40 134.40 152.70
Alvarado, Ver. **30501 -95,633 16,716 114.40 131.10 148.00
Bahia de los Angeles, b.c. **2502 -113,54628,971100.30115.00 132.00
Basaseachl,Chlh. **8500 -108,209 28,19999.30 112.40123.20
* Buenavista, Edo.Mex. -99,20819,60292.48106.62118.31
* Cabo San Lucas,BCS -109,91722,891136.20173.66 202.64
Calakmul,Camp. "'*4500 -89,89316,36572.30 82.3091.10
Campeche,Camp. 4003 -90,50719,837100.90126.80154.80
* Cancun, Q.Roo -86,85221,030131.51195.92 241.09
catavine,B. .c. "'* 2505 -114.719 29,727 107.20 123.10 135.90
* City Aculla,Coah. -100,97729,301125.77142.02154.05
* Cd. Apodaca, N.L. -100,27125,767126.07147.21164.54
* Cd. Benito Juarez,NL -100,10625.652 126.45147.74 165.24
Constitution City, BC5. 3132 -111,66225,010102.50135.60160.80
* City of VIIa de Alvarez,Cabbage. 103,73819.264 94.71118.31134.79
"' Cd. def Carmen,Camp. -91,868 18,65093.08 110.85128.03
* CD. General escobedo, N. L. -100,313 25.783 125.91 146.98164.25
Guzman City,Jal. 14030 -103,46419,718 85.10101.70115.40
* Cd juarez,Chlh. -106,72931,654126.06140.91152.92
* Cd. López Mateos, Edo.Mex. -99,303 19,55692.68106.75118.14
* Madero City,Tamps. -97,85022,249127.26 152.70 180.10
* Cd. Nezahualcoyotl, Edo.Mex. -98,99219,39990.93105.32117.68
Obregon City,Are. 26020 -109,93227,372131.00152.00168.90
* Cd. Santa Catarina, N,L. -100,50325,685124.53144.97 161.77
* Cd. Valles, SLP. -99,05121,993108.22124.92137.97
Victoria City,Tamps. 28165 -99,17023,742108.10127.60143.60
* Celaya, Gto. -100,85120,529 100.11115.28124.83
Celestun, Yue. ** 31500 -90,38320,858107.50135.10162.70
*Chalco de Diaz Covarrubias, Edo.Mex. -98,93219.262 91.35 105.79117.95
Chapala, Jalisco. "'*14500 -103,202 20,291 106.10 122.10 134.90
Chaplngo, Edo. Mex. 15021 -98,889 19,467 88.30 103.70 117.00
Chetumal, Q. Roo 23006 -88,328 18,500 96.40 150.10 189.70
* Chlcoloapan de Juarez, Edo. Mex. -96,918 19,403 90.10 104.42 116.47
467
C.1.4WINDPROOF DESIGN
APPENDIX 4C: REGIONAL SPEEDS5
Key of
City
theobservat
Length Latitud T10 OST noo
e
ory
Chihuahua, Chih. 8040 -106,030 28,671 116.10 134.90 150.00
* Chllpancingo, Gro. 12033 -99,514 17,572 112.90 129.70 143.30
Chimalhuacán, Edo. Mex. -98,993 19,430 90.76 105.14 117.46
German City, Ver. ** 30500 -96,098 18,190 81.20 92.60 102.20
Mexico City. 9048 -99,197 19,404 104.10 118.80 130.80
Coatzacoalcos, Ver. **30601 -94,511 18,140 122.80 140.00 153.90
Collma,Cabbage. -103,721 19,218 95.57 119.67 136.81
Colotlán, Jal. 14032 -103,268 22,108 126.20 147.30 164.10
Eat, Chis. 702.5 -92,135 16,232 86.40 98.40 108.30
* Cordova, Ver. -96,944 18,876 129.23 151.07 170.31
Cozumel, Q.Roo 23005 -86,910 2.0.432 135.40 198.70 245.50
Four Cienegas, Coah. *"5500 -102,072 27,002 119.00 131.90 142.60
* cuautltlan Izcall, Edo. Mex. -99,258 19,653 92.88 107.00 118.47
* Cuautla, Mor. -98,990 18,813 95.86 111.01 123.25
Cuernavaca, Mor. 17726 -99,215 18,943 94.70 110.30 122.90
Cullacan, Syn. 25014 -107,441 24,635 102.20 130.80 154.90
Delights, Chih. ** 8501 -105,533 28,186 131.30 148.50 162.40
Durango,Say. 100Jl.7 -104,60024,062110.60126.20138.90
* Ecatepec de Morelos, Edo.Mex. -99,086 19,602 91.47 105.65117.47
Splice, Son. 26204 -110,797 27,957 99.60 123.60 145.40
Cove, B.C. 202.5 -116,530 31,850 81.00 96.80 109.60
Scarcega, Camp. **4501 -90,754 18,608 85.50 98.40 109.60
Felipe Carrillo Puerto, Q. Roa 23045 -88,054 19,576 96.00 140.40 171.90
* Fresnillo, Zac. -102,896 23,193 119.91 137.53 151.67
* Gomez Palacio, Dgo. -103,502 25,588 132.12 155.18 175.05
Guadalajara, Jalisco. 14065 -103,392 20,707 92.80 107.60 119.70
* Guadeloupe, NL -100,262 25,680 126.04 147.16 164.47
Guanajuato, Gto. 11024 -101,266 21,014 137.90 157.00 171.50
guamas,Are. ** 26602 -110,943 27,915 97.90 123.60 146.80
Gustavo Diaz Ordaz, BCS "'* 3500 -113,457 27,643 84.10 104.30 123.00
Hermosillo, Son. 26040 -110,930 29,078 89.20 106.60 120.70
Heroica Matamoros, Tamps. **28602 -97,503 25,869 113.20 164.60 204.70
Heroica Nogales, Son. -110,952 31,301 112.11 125.70 137.16
Hidalgo del Parral, Chlh. 8078 -105,677 26,919 127.40 149.20 166.50
Huajuapan de Leon, Oaxaca. 20298 -97,772 17,789 105.90 121.90 134.90
Huatulco, Oaxaca. ** 20601 -96,134 15,749 106.50 151.90 185.30
* Huixquilucan, Eda. Mex. -99,350 19,361 92.34 106.42 117.86
* Just like Independence, Gro. -99,600 18,344 104.52 120.37 133.59
468
C.1.4WIND DESIGN
Key codedef
city UNCLE T50 TWO
lengthlatitudeobservatory
1IC
Irapuato, Gto. -101,412 20,677 114.55 130.88 146.41
Isla Mujeres, Q. Roo **23602 -86,741 21,249 138.00 199.90 239.50
Socorro Island, Col. ** 6602 -110,980 18,800 169.00 215.00 248.10
* Ixtapaluca, Edo. Mex. -98,911 19,309 90.74 105.10 117.16
Jimenez, Chlh. """ 8502 -104,907 27,111 100.00 113.20 124.10
* Jiutepec, Mor. -99,208 18,895 94.79 109.85 122.23
La Paz, B. CS 3026 -110,321 24,129 124.80 165.00 195.00
La Rumorosa, B. c. ** 2500 -116,206 32,272 117.30 131.10 142.10
Lakes of Moreno, Jal. 14083 -101,942 21,348 119.00 134.30 146.70
* Green Lagoon, Ver. -96,403 19,727 133.48 153.95 170.29
Las Vegas, Dgo. **10501 -105,467 24,186 83.20 94.20 103.40
Lazaro Cardenas, Mich. ** 16601 -102,191 17,963 126.20 165.20 194.20
,. Leon of the Aldamas, Gto. -101,736 21,122 120.66 137.52 152.80
Loreto, BCS 3168 -111,349 26,012 109.10 141.30 167.80
1IC
The Mochls, Sin. -109,013 25,792 113.75 147.16 177.75
* The Kings Acaquilpan, Edo. Mex. -98,987 19,366 91.10 105.50 117.86
Manzanillo, Col. 6018 -104,319 19,044 137.20 184.20 218.30
Matlapa, SLP 24167 -98,816 21,325 97.20 114.40 128.40
Mazatlán, Sin. 25062 -106,411 23,217 124.60 172.60 207.50
Merida, Yue. 31019 -89,652 20,947 123.10 164.20 197.30
* Metepec, Edo. Mex. -99,634 19,253 90.15 103.73 113.05
Mexicali, BC **2504 -115,590 32,614 110.20 123.20 133.70
* Mlnatltlan,Watch. -94,579 18,009 122.87 139.91 154.00
* Miramar, Tampas. -97,872 22,339 128.07 153.58 181.07
Monclova, Coah. 5019 -101,434 26,900 122.90 143.00 159.20
Monterey, NL 19052 -100,272 25,683 126.20 147.50 164.50
Morelia, Mich. 16080 -101,183 19,722 93.00 108.10 120.50
* Naucalpan de Juárez, Edo. Mex. -99,280 19,463 92.61 106.73 118.57
* Navojoa, Son. -109,487 27,068 130.47 151.64 169.84
Nochlxtlan, oax. *"' 20501 -97,249 17,437 78.40 87.70 95.50
New Casas Grandes, Chih. 8107 -107,931 30,377 121.60 141.90 158.10
* New Laredo, Tampa. -99,615 27,453 114.86 130.24 140.98
Oaxaca, Oaxaca. 20078 -96,721 17,002 115.50 129.00 140.00
Ojinaga, Chih. *"' 8504 -104,469 29,535 121.10 137.60 151.10
* Eye of Water, Edo. Mex. -99,068 19,678 91.40 105.48 117.00
Orizaba, See. 30120 -97,098 18,866 129.80 152.70 171.10
P. Allende, Gto. ** 11500 -100,826 20,849 81.00 92.40 101.80
Pachuca, Hgo. 13022 -98,750 20,088 90.30 103.50 114.30
469
C.1.4P0RVIND DESIGN
APPENDIX 4C: REGIONAL SPEEDS
Key of T10
City Length Latitud T50 TWO
theobservat
ory e
Palenque, Chis. ** 7501 -91,991 17,526 72.70 83.30 92.10
Pledras Negras, Coah. 502.5 -100,549 28,684 171.80 193.60 209.10
* Pillars of Nacozari. Are. -109,684 30,366 109.21 123.52 135.06
Plnotepa, Oaxaca. ** 20500 -98,053 16,350 96.50 122.90 145.90
* Playa del Carmen, Q. Roo -87,109 20,630 131.64 190.63 236.21
* Poza Rica de Hidalgo, Ver. -97,480 20,535 92.13 111.74 127.77
Progress,Yue. 31023 -89,654 21,277 130.00 189.60 231.40
Puebla, Pue. 21065 -98,153 19,055 99.80 114.30 126.00
Puerto Cortes, b.cs ** 3602 -111,830 24,480 118.60 153.30 180.70
Puerto Penasco,Are. 26208 113,54831,300 97.50 114.20129.40
"' Vallarta Port,Jal. -105,260 2.0.641 114.16 145.71 170.34
queretaro,q r o . 220!1.3 100,369 20,563 117.80 137.60 153.30
* Reynosa,Tamps. -98,366 26,053 99.15 115.56131.64
* RiverGreen, SLP. -99,988 21,930 117.68137.12155.12
* Salamanca,Gto. -101,12020,340101.74117.10128.03
Salina Cruz,Oaxaca. 20100 -95,227 16,162108.30127.10142.30
Saltillo,Coah. 5034 101,02425,351119.50137.50151.90
San Cristobal de las Casas,Shh. 7144 -92,637 16.72.S 82.10 95.30 106.10
* San Francisco Coacalco, Edo.Mex. -99,203 19,644 92.49 106.62118.22
* San Jose del Cabo,BCS -109,70223,064139.87181.17212.90
* San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec,Oaxaca. -96,145 18,081 83.14 94.68 102.01
* San Juan del Rio,Qro. -100,02120,395108.40126.02143.53
San Juanico, BCs. **3501 112,47926,257104.10137.50162.90
San Luis Potosr,yesL.P. 24070 -100,98722,176129.20151.20 168.90
* San Luis Rio Colorado,Are. -114,79432,446105.72118.87130.41
* San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L. -100,29425,740 125.94147.01164.33
* San Pablo de las Salinas, Ede.Mex. -99,090 19,674 91.59 105.68117.24
* San Pedro Garza García, N.L. -100,41425,656125.18145.90162.94
San Quentin, B.c. **2501 -115,93730,532 71.20 85.00 98.40
Saint Cecilia,Coah. "'*5501 -101,21528,399110.80126.30139.10
Santa Rosalia,BC 2109 -112,27327,338115.00142.00167.30
* Soledad de Graciano Sanchez, SLP. -100,963 22,175127.58148.91167.68
Bonnet,Zac. 32115 -103,63723,639120.00134.70146.70
Soto the Navy,Tamps. 28092 -98,208 23,764109.70133.60165.30
Tampico,Tamps. 28110 -97,925 22,387128.80154.90 181.90
Tamuin, yes. L.P. 24140 -98,783 22,017110.00126.50140.00
Tantakin,Yue. **31501 -89,050 20,037 94.80 123.70150.80
Tapachula, Chis. 7164 -92,296 14,887 86.20 101.50113.90
470
HANDBOOKOF D15ENO OF0BRASCIVIL-CFE
C.1.4DESIGNBYWIND
Key of the
city observatory lengthlatitude UNCLE T50 TZOO
* Tehuacan,Well. -97,44418,462118.42138.30 157.68

Tem6sachic, Chih. 8142 -107,828 28,955 100.50 114.80 126.50
Tepehuanes, Dgo. 10020 -105,724 25,332 133.50 152.10 167.10
* Tepexpan, Ed� Mex -98,938 19,615 89.97 104.04 115.52
Teplc, Nay. 18039 -104,884 21,519 112.50 132.50 148.80
* Texcoco de Mora, Edo. Mex. -98,884 19,506 89.42 103.64 115.29
* Tijuana, BC. -117,046 32,514 94.41 108.33 119.36
* Tlalnepantla, Edo. Mex. -99,226 19,535 92.62 106.80 118.64
* Tlaquepaque,Jal. -103,323 20,634 97.10 112.59 124.16
Tlaxcala, Tlax. 29031 -98,247 19,325 74.10 86.10 95.90
Toluca, Edo. Mex. 15126 -99,714 19,291 84.10 96.10 105.80
* Tonala, Jal. -103,253 20,622 98.07 113.64 125.54
Torreón, Coah. 5040 -103,416 25,520 133.00 156.40 175.10
Tulanclngo, Hgo. 13041 -98,357 20,084 95.50 108.90 119.80
Tuxpan, Ver. 30190 -97,417 20,960 96.90 129.50 163.50
Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chis. 7165 -93,147 16,763 111.40 127.50 140.30
* Uruapan, Mich. -102,070 19,405 95.24 111.14 125.49
Valladolid, Yue. 31036 -88,216 20,693 107.80 153.60 189.30
Veracruz, Ver. 30192 -96,111 19,143 161.20 180.00 193.80
Villa Ahumada, Chih. ** 8505 -106,505 30,616 131.40 148.10 161.70
* v III Nicolas Romero, Edo.Mex. -99,34719,625 93.01 107.07118.24
Villahermosa, Tab. 27083 -92,921 17,981 112.40 130.80 145.50
Xalapa, Ver. 30075 -96,904 19,513 112.00 131.30 146.60
* Xico, Edo. Mex. -98,976 19,296 91.44 105.87 118.22
Yecora, they are. ** 26500 -108,931 28,370 97.60 110.50 121.20
Zacatecas, Zac. 32031 102,567 22,779 119.80 139.10 154.70
Zamora, Mich. 16143 -102,282 20,010 98.40 115.10 128.80
*
Zapopan, Jalisco. 103,393 20,722 96.86 112.35 123.36
In this table:
Key codeof code of the observatory assigned by the
SMN,observatory
( *) citieswithrecordsof speedsofwindscarce0
Non-existent, therefore, their speeds were obtained from the maps
of isotaches,
(*"') password assigned by INEEL, and
T10.TSO.T200 columnsthatcontainthespeedsregional,inkm/h,
corresponding to the return periods of10, 50Y200years.
471
C.1.4P0RVIND DESIGN
Table C.2Optimal regional speeds of the most important cities.

Key codeof
City Length Latitud Q5 Qfifteen
observatory
e
Acapulco,Gro. 12002 -99,749 210.00 223.00
16,763
Aguascalientes,Ags. 1001 -102,291 21,851 193.00 204.00
Alvarado,Watch. **30501 -95,633 18,716 199.00 216.00
Bahia de los Angeles, b.c. """2502 -113,548 28,971 177.00 189.00
Basaseachi,Chih. **8500 -108,209 28,199 151.00 159.00
*Buenavista, Edo.Mex. -99,208 19,602 149.28 156.41
*Cabo San Lucas,BCS
Calakmul, Camp. "'*4500 -109,917
-89,893 22,891 253.60
18,365 121.00 269.98
130.00
Campeche, Camp. 4003 -90,507 19,837 210.00 226.00
� Cancun, Q.Roo -86,852 21,030 299.25 322.11
Catavlfla, B. c. �* 2505 -114,719 29,727 168.00 176.00
* Cd. Acuna, coah. -100,977 29,301 187.58 194.80
* Cd. Apodaca, NL -100,271 25,767 200.98 210.53
* Cd. Benito Juarez, NL -100,106 25,652 201.58 211.14
Cd. Constltucl6n, B.cs 3132 -111,662 25,010 210.00 225.00
* City of Villa de Alvarez, Col. -103,738 19,264 181.79 193.29
* City of Carmen, Camp. -91,868 18,650 172.68 184.98
* General Escobedo City, NL -100,313 25,783 200.67 210.21
Cd. Guzman, Jal. 14030 -103,464 19,718 150.00 158.00
* Cd. Juarez, Chih. -106,729 31,654 181.30 187.69
* Cd. López Mateos, Edo. Mex. -99,303 19,556 149.25 156.25
* Cd. Madero, Tamps. -97,850 22,249 232.38 251.52
* Cd. Nezahualcoyotl, Edo. Mex. -98,992 19,399 148.63 155.99
Cd. Obreg6n, Son. 26020 -109,932 27,372 208.00 218.00
* Santa Catarina City, NL -100,503 25,685 197.69 206.98
* Cd. Valles, SLP -99,051 21,993 174.13 183.06
Victoria City, Tamps. 28165 -99,170 23,742 182.00 191.00
* Celaya, Gto. -100,851 20,529 160.96 167.89
Celestun, Yue. '"" 31500 -90,383 20,858 2.17.00 233.00
* Chalco de Diaz Covarrubias, Edo. Mex. -98,932 19,262 149.12 156.38
Chapala, Jalisco. ** 14500 -103,202 20,291 167.00 174.00
Chapingo, Edo. Mex. 15021 -98,889 19,487 152.00 161.00
Chetumal, Q. Roo 23006 -88,328 18,500 251.00 273.00
* Chicoloapan de Juarez, Edo. Mex. -98,918 19,403 147.90 155.25
Chihuahua, Chih. 8040 -106,030 28,671 186.00 195.00
Chllpanclingo, Gro. 12033 -99,514 17,572 177.00 185.00
* Chimalhuacán, Edo. Mex. -98,993 19,430 148.52 155.91
472
Key of
city length latitude Q5 Q15
theobservat
ory
German City, Ver. ** 30500 -96,098 18,190 131.00 138.00
Mexico City. 9048 -99,197 19,404 161.00 169.00
Coatzacoalcos, Ver. ** 30601 -94,511 18,140 188.00 196.00
*Colima, Col. -103,721 19,218 183.74 195.40
Colotlán, Jal. 14032 -103,266 22,108 202.00 211.00
Eat, Chis. 7025 -92,135 16,232 136.00 142.00
*Cordova, Ver. -96,944 18,876 203.71 213.66
Cozumel, Q.Roo 23005 -86,910 20,432 312.00 336.00
Four Cienegas, Coah. ** 5500 -102,072 27,002 171.00 178.00
*Cuautltlan Izcall, Edo. Mex. -99,258 19,653 149.60 156.65
�Cuautla, Mor. -96,990 18,613 155.10 162.36
Cuernavaca, Mor. 17726 99,215 18,943 155.00 163.00
Culiacán, Sin. 25014 -107,441 24,635 204.00 219.00
Dellclas, Chlh. ** 8501 -105,533 28,166 196.00 204.00
Durango, Dgo. 10017 -104,600 24,062 171.00 178.00
*Ecatepec de Morelos, Edo. Mex. -99,086 19,602 148.66 155.93
Splice, Son. 26204 -110,797 27,957 193.00 207.00
Cove, B.C. 2025 -116,530 31,850 142.00 150.00
Scarcega, Camp. ** 4501 -90,754 18,608 143.00 153.00
23045 -88,054 19,576 229.00 247.00
Fresnillo, Zac.Puerto, Q.Roo
Felipe Canillo
" -102,896 23,193 186.42 194.79
*Gomez Palacio, Dgo. -103,502 25,588 211.00 221.62
Guadalajara, Jalisco. 14065 -103,392 20,707 151.00 158.00
*Guadeloupe, NL -100,262 25,680 200.89 210.41
Guanajuato, Gto. 11024 -101,266 21,014 204.00 211.00
Guaymas, Son. ** 26602 -110,943 27,915 195.00 209.00
Gustavo Diaz Ordaz, BCS ** 3500 -113,457 27,643 168.00 178.00
Hermosillo, Son. 26040 -110,930 29,078 156.00 165.00
.. Herolca Nogales, Son.

Heroica Matamoros, Tamps. ** 28602 -97,503 25,869 266.00 287.00
-110,952 31,301 164.13 170.94
Hidalgo del Parral, Chih. 8078 -105,677 26,919 205.00 214.00
Huajuapan de León, Dax. 2.0298 -97,772 17,769 167.00 175.00
Huatulco, Dax. ** 20601 -96,134 15,749 242.00 261.00
*Huixquilucan, Edo. Mex. -99,350 19,361 148.83 155.78
"Iguala of Independence, Gro. -99,600 18,344 165.19 172.61
*Irapuato, Gto. -101,412 20,677 173.47 180.54
Isla Mujeres, Q. Roo ** 23602 -86,741 21,249 303.00 326.00
Socorro Island, Col. "'*6602 -110,980 18,800 302.00 319.00
473

Key of
City Length Latitud Q5 Q15
theobservato
e
ry
*Ixtapaluca, Edo. Mex. -98,911 19,309 148.47 155.75
* Jimenez, Chlh.
Jiutepec, Mor. "'*8502 -104,907 27,111 153.55
-99,208 18,895 153.00 160.79
160.00
La Paz, 8. c. yes 3026 -110,321 24,129 248.00 264.00

La Rumorosa, 8. C. ** 2500 -116,206 32,272 171.00 177.00
Lakes of Moreno, Jal. 14083 -101,942 21,348 178.00 185.00
*
Green Lagoon, Ver. -96,403 19,727 211.15 224.37
Las Vegas, Dgo. ** 10501 -105,467 24,186 130.00 136.00
Lazaro Cardenas, Mich. ** 16601 -102,191 17,963 246.00 261.00
*
Leon de las Aldama, Gto. -101,736 21,122 181.64 189.22
Loretto, 8.cs 3168 -111,349 26,012 219.00 233.00
*
the mochis,Without. -109,013 25,792 228.35 244.65
* The Acaqullpan Kings, Eda. Mex. -98,987 19,366 148.75 156.09
Manzanillo, Col. 6018 -104,319 19,044 274.00 292.00
Matlapa, SLP 24167 -98,816 21,325 163.00 171.00
Mazatlán, Sin. 25062 -106,411 23,217 265.00 284.00
Merida, Yue. 31019 -89,652 20,947 259.00 278.00
*Metepec, Edo. -99,634 19,253 146.39 152.99
Mex.Mexicali, BC "'* 2504 -115,590 32,614 161.00 167.00
*Minatltlan, Ver.
-94,579 18,009 186.49 194.56
*Miramar, Tampas. -97,872 22,339 233.31 252.48
Monclova, 5019 -101,434 26,900 197.00 206.00
Coah.Monterey, 19052 -100,272 25,683 203.00 213.00
NLMorella, 16080 -101,183 19,722 152.00 160.00
Mich. -99,280 19,463 149.09 156.14
*Naucalpan de Juárez, Edo. Mex. -109,487 27,068 207.52 218.50
*NaV0J0a, Son.Nochlxtlan, "*20501 -97,249 17,437 119.00 124.00
Oaxaca. 8107 -107,931 30,377 195.00 205.00
New Casas Grandes, Chih. -99,615 27,453 175.17 182.79
*New Laredo, Tampa.
Oaxaca, Oaxaca. 20078 -96,721 17,002 169.00 175.00
Ojlnaga, Chlh. ** 8504 -104,469 29,535 185.00 193.00
* Eye of Water, Edo. Mex. -99,068 19,678 148.37 155.58
Orizaba, See. 30120 -97,098 18,866 211.00 222.00
P. Allende,Gto. **11500 -100,826 20,849129.00135.00
Pachuca, Hgo. 13022 -98,750 20,088 143.00 150.00
Palenque, Chis. ** 7501 -91,991 17,526 117.00 123.00
Black Stones, Coah. 5025 -100,549 28,684 241.00 248.00
* Pillars of Nacozarl, Son. -109,684 30,366 164.13 170.96
474
MANUAL OE D15ENO OF CIVIL WORKS-CFE
C.1.4WIND DAMAGE
Key of
city Length latitude Q5 Q15
theobservat
ory
Plnotepa, Oaxaca. ** 20500 -98,053 16,350 194.00 207.00
*Playa del Carmen, Q. Roo -87,109 20,630 297.53 320.78
*Poza Rica de Hidalgo, Ver. -97,480 20,535 174.85 187.29
Progress, Yue. 31023 -89,654 21,277 299.00 324.00
Puebla, Pue. 21065 98,163 19,055 156.00 163.00
Puerto Cortes, B.c. s. """ 3602 -111,830 24,480 232.00 247.00
Puerto Pef'lasco, Son. 26208 113,548 31,300 171.00 183.00
*Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco. 105,260 20,641 216.36 229.81
Queretaro, Qro. 22013 -100,369 20,563 190.00 198.00
*Reynosa, Tampas, -98,366 26,053 178.76 191.60
*Rio Verde, SLP -99,988 21,930 186.94 195.92
*Salamanca, Gto. 101,120 20,340 161.99 169.14
Salina Cruz, Oaxaca. 20100 -95,227 16,162 179.00 188.00
Saltillo, Coah. 5034 101,024 25,351 186.00 195.00
Saint Christopher ofthe Houses, Chis. 7144 -92,637 16,725 135.00 141.00
*San Francisco Coacalco, Edo. Mex. -99,203 19,644 149.27 156.39
*San José del Cabo, BCS 109,702 23,064 265.31 282.99
*"'San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec, Oaxaca,
San Juan del Rio, Qro.
-96,145 18,081 138.09 145.60
-100,021 20,395 170.77 178.19
San Juanico, BCS **3501 112,479 26,257 213.00 227.00
San Luis Potosí, SLP 24070 100,987 22,176 209.00 219.00
*San Luis Rio Colorado, Son. -114,794 32,446 157.90 164.86
*San Nicolas de los Garza, NL 100,294 25,740 200.63 210.15
*San Pablo de las Salinas, Edo. Mex.
*San Pedro Garza Garcia,N.L. -99,090 19,674 148.53 155.73
100,414 25,656 199.04 208.41
San Quentin, BC, "*2501 -115,937 30,532 134.00 143.00
Santa Cecilia, Coah. **5501 -101,215 28,399 172.00 180.00
Santa Rosalfa, BC 2109 112,273 27,338 219.00 234.00
*Soledad de Graciano Sanchez, s. LP -100,963 22,175 202.25 212.07
Hat, Zac. 32115 103,637 23,639 177.00 185.00
Soto la Marina, Tamps. 28092 -98,208 23,764 225.00 243.00
Tampico, Tamps. 28110 -97,925 22,387 240.00 260.00
Tamuin, SLP 24140 -98,783 22,017 174.00 182.00
Tantakin, Yue. **31501 -89,050 20,037 205.00 221.00
Tapachula, Chis. 7164 -92,296 14,887 145.00 153.00
*Tehuacan, Pue. -97,444 18,462 186.85 196.46
Tem6sachlc, Chlh. 8142 107,828 28,955 158.00 165.00
Tepehuanes, Dgo. 10020 -105,724 25,332 203.00 211.00
475
C.1.4 WIND DESIGN
Key codeof
City Latitud
observatory Length Q5 Q15
e
*Tepexpan, Edo. Mex -98,938 19,615 147.21 154.49
Teplc, Nay. 18039 -104,884 21,519 187.00 197.00
*Texcoco de Mora, Edo. Mex. -98,884 19,506 147.31 154.67
*Tijuana, BC. -117,046 32,514 150.36 157.63
* Tlalnepantla, Edo. Mex. -99,226 19,535 149.39 156.52
*Tlaquepaque, Jalisco. -103,323 20,634 158.58 165.93
Tlaxcala, Tlax. 29031 -98,247 19,325 123.00 129.00
15126 -99,714 19,291 133.00 139.00
Toluca,
Tonala,Edo.
Jal. Mex.
,. -103,253 20,622 159.53 166.89
Torreón, Coah. 5040 -103,416 25,520 215.00 227.00
Tulanclngo, Hgo. 13041 -98,357 20,084 149.00 156.00
Tuxpan, Ver. 30190 -97,417 20,960 223.00 243.00
Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chis. 7165 -93,147 16,763 172.00 179.00
*Uruapan, Mich. -102,070 19,405 156.24 164.07
Valladolid, Yue. 31036 -88,216 20,693 250.00 270.00
Veracruz,Watch. 30192 -96,111 19,143 224.00 232.00
Villa Ahumada, Chih. ** 8505 -106,505 30,616 195.00 203.00
*VII Nicolas Romero, Edo. Mex. -99,347 19,625 149.56 156.50
Villahernosa, Tab. 27083 -92,921 17,981 181.00 189.00
30075 -96,904 19,513 183.00 191.00
Xalapa, Ver.Mex.
Xico, Edo.
* -98,976 19,296 149.09 156.39
Yecora, Son. ** 26500 -108,931 28,370 150.00 156.00
Zacatecas, Zac. 32031 -102,567 22,779 191.00 200.00
Zamora, Mich. 16143 -102,282 20,010 163.00 171.00
*Zapopan, Jalisco. -103,393 20,722 158.77 166.15
In this table:
Key of the observatory key assigned by the SMN,

observatory
citieswith scarce or non-existent wind speed records, for which their speeds were
obtained from the isotach maps,
key assigned by the INEEL, and
Q5. Q[5 Columns containing optimal regional speeds, in km/h. corresponding to loss
importance factors 5 and 15.
476
C.1.4 OISEN BY WIND
Table C.3Location, altitude and minimum daily temperatures of the largest citiesimport:
before.
Key codeof AltitudeTemp. minimal
City LengthLatitude
observatory (masl) dollar (0c)
Acapulco, Gro. 12002 -99,749 16,763 3 10.7

Aguascalientes, Ags. 1001 -102,291 21,851 1874 0.6
Alvarado, Ver. ** 30501 -95,633 18,716 64 14.0
Bahia de los Angeles, BC ** 2502 -113,548 28,971 10 6.5
Basaseachl, Chlh.
**8500 -108,209 28,199 1973 -4.1
Buenavista, Edo. Mex. -99,208 19,602 2308 4.8
Cabo San Lucas, BCS -109,917 22,891 twenty
-one
* Calakmul, Camp. ** 4500 -89,893 18,365 28 10.4
Campeche, Camp. 4003 -90,507 19,837 5 13.7
Cancun, QRoo -86,852 21,030 1 15.5
* Catavina, B. c. *"'2505 -114,719 29,727 514 4.9
* Cd. Acuna, Coah. -100,977 29,301 282 -0.1
Cd. Apodaca, N, L. -100,271 25,767 432 -0.6
* Cd. Benito Juarez, NLCd. -100,106 25,652 396
52 0.4
" Constltucl6n, BC 5. 3132 -111,662 25,010
* City of Villa de Alvarez, Col. -103,738 19,264 518 7.1
City of Carmen, Camp. -91,868 18,650 4 3.6
15.1
* General Escobedo City, NL -100,313 25,783 501
Cd. Guzm�n. Jal. 14030 -103,464 19,718 1515 3.8
Cd. Juarez, Chih. -106,729 31,654 1128 -1.8
* Cd. López Mateos, Edo. Mex. -99,303 19,556 2328 2.7
* Cd. Madero, Tamps. -97,850 22,249 32
* Cd. Nezahualcoyotl, Edo. Mex. -98,992 19,399 2237 -1.3
Cd. Obreg6n, Son. 26020 -109,932 27,372 38
Santa Catarina City, NL -100,503 25,685 2237 2.7
Cd. Valles, s. LP -99,051 21,993 124 9.0
Victoria City, Tamps. 28165 -99,170 23,742 4.0
Celaya, Gto. -100,851 20,529 1762 0.1
Celestun, Yue. ** 31500 -90,383 20,858 10 -3.4
13.5
Chalco de Diaz Covarrubias, Edo. Mex. -98,932 19,262 2246
Chapala, Jalisco. ** 14500 -103,202 20,291 1493 6.9
Chapingo, Edo. Mex. 15021 -98,889 19,487 2250 -2.0
Chetumal,QRoo 23006 -88,328 18,500 9 11.6
*Chicoloapan de Juarez, Edo. Mex. -98,918 19,403 2250 -1.4
Chihuahua, Chlh. 8040 -106,030 28,671 1372 -1.0
Chilpancingo, Gro. 12033 -99,514 17,572 1265 9.1
477
C.1.4P0RVIND DESIGN
APPENDIX4C:REGIONAL SPEEDS
Key codeof Altitude

City LengthLatitude Temp.minimal
observatory (masl) dollar (°C)
*Chimalhuacán, Edo. Mex. -98,993 19,430 2240 -1.3
German City, Ver. ** 30500 -96,098 18,190 107 13.1
*
Mexico City. 9048 -99,197 19,404 2232 0.0
*Coatzacoalcos, Ver. ** 30601 -94,511 18,140 37 10.3
*Colima, Col. -103,721 19,218 500 7.3
Colotlán, Jal. 14032 -103,268 22,108 1673
Comltan, Chis. 7025 -92,135 16,232 1607 23
* Cordova, Ver. -96,944 18,876 832 3.9

Cozumel, Q.Roo 23005 -86,910 20,432 8 11.9
Four Cienegas, Coah. ** 5500 -102,072 27,002 757 1.9
*cuautltlan Izcall, Edo, Mex. -99,258 19,653 2280
Cuautla, Mor. -98,990 18,813 1305 7.1
Cuernavaca, Mor. 17726 -99,215 18,943 1618 7.8
Culiacán, Sin. 25014 -107,441 24,635 39 8.1
Delights, Chih. ** 8501 -105,533 28,186 1173 -1.5
Durango, Dgo. 10017 -104,600 24,062 1872 -2.7
*
Ecatepecof Morelos, Edo. Mex. -99,086 19,602 2260 0.3
*Splice, Son. 26204 -110,797 27,957 12 7.5
Cove, B.C. 2025 -116,530 31,850 184 5.3
Scarcega, Camp. ** 4501 -90,754 18,608 60 10.8
Felipe Carrillo Puerto, Q. Roo 23045 -88,054 19,576 10 9.5
Fresnillo, Zac. -102,896 23,193 2192 -1.5
*Gomez Palacio, Dgo. -103,502 25,588 1123 -2.4
" Guadalajara, Jalisco. 14065 -103,392 20,707 1551 3.5

Guadeloupe, NL -100,262 25,680 500 2.6
Guanajuato, Gto. 11024 -101,266 21,014 1984 3.1
*Guaymas, Son. ** 26602 -110,943 27,915 3 7.9
Gustavo Diaz Ordaz, BCS *"' 3500 -113,457 27,643 3.7
Hermosillo, Son. 26040 -110,930 29,078 211 6.3
*Heroica Matamoros, Tamps. no 28602 -97,503 25,869 3 6.3
Herolca Nogales, Son. 110,952 31,301 1219 -2.2
Hidalgo del Parral, Chlh. 8078 -105,677 26,919 1785 -4.8
Huajuapan de Leon, Oaxaca. 20298 -97,772 17,789 1606 1.7
Huatulco, Oaxaca. 0
20601 -96,134 15,749 25 12.2
Huixquilucan, Edo.Mex. -99,350 19,361 2699 -0.5
Equal toof Independence, Gro. -99,600 18,344 745 10.2
Irapuato, Gto. -101,412 20,677 1724
Isla Mujeres, Q. Roo ** 23602 -86,741 21,249 3 18.2
478
Key codeof altitude

city LDngltitudelatitude Temp. minimal
observatory (masl) daily (DC)
* Socorro Island, Col. """6602 -110,980 18,800 900 12.0
Ixtapaluca, Edo. Mex. -98,911 19,309 2246 -0.6
Jimenez, Chlh. ** 8502 -104,907 27,111 1360 -23
Jiutepec, Mor. -99,208 18,895 2246 8.3
La Paz, B. CS 3026 -110,321 24,129 24 8.0
La Rumorosa, B.C. ** 2500 -116,206 32,272 1262 -5.3
Lakes of Moreno, Jal. 14083 -101,942 21,348 1920 -0.6
* Green Lagoon, Ver. -96,403 19,727 twenty- 7.9
one
Las Vegas, Dgo. ** 10501 -105,467 24,186 2398
Lazaro Cardenas, Mich. ** 16601 -102,191 17,963 3 15.8
Leon of the Aldamas, Gto. -101,736 21,122 1807 4.4
Loreto, BC s. 3168 -111,349 26,012 7 9.0
Los Mochis, Sin. -109,013 25,792 13 10.1
The Kings Acaquilpan, Edo. Mex. -98,987 19,366 2248 -1.4
* Manzanillo, Col. 6018 -104,319 19,044 2244 9.8
Matlapa, SLP 24167 -98,816 21,325 129
Mazatlán, Sin. 25062 -106,411 23,217 two 17.2
Merida, Yue. 31019 -89,652 20,947 12 9.2
* Metepec, Edo. Mex. -99,634 19,253 2624 5.7
Mexicali, B.c. ** 2504 -115,590 32,614 fifty 0.9
Mlnatitlan, Ver. -94,579 18,009 27
Miramar, Tampas. -97,872 22,339 14 0.2
Monclova, Coah. 5019 -101,434 26,900 615 8.8
Monterey, NL 19052 -100,272 25,683 500 2.8
* Morelia, Mich. 16080 -101,183 19,722 1913 4.2
" Naucalpan de Juárez, Edo. Mex. -99,280 19,463 2301 0.9
* Navojoa, Son. -109,487 27,068 48 6.2
Nochlxtlan, Oaxaca. ** 20501 -97,249 17,437 2040 -1.8
New Casas Grandes, Chih. 8107 -107,931 30,377 1456 -4.0
New Laredo, Tampa. -99,615 27,453 141
Oaxaca, Oaxaca. 20078 -96,721 17,002 1530 5.1
Ojlnaga, Chlh. ** 8504 -104,469 29,535 795 1.6
* Eye of Water, Edo. Mex. -99,068 19,678 2245 -0.3
* Orizaba, See. 30120 -97,098 18,866 1259 2.8
* P. Allende, Gto. ** 11500 -100,826 20,849 1915 1.7
Pachuca, Hgo. 13022 -98,750 20,088 2368 -3.0
Palenque, Chis. *"' 7501 -91,991 17,526 52 11.7
Black Stones, Coah. 5025 -100,549 28,684 247
479
C.1.4 P0RVIND DESIGN
APPENDIX4C:REGIONAL SPEEDS
Key codeof
City
AltitudeTemp.minimalobservatory (masl)
Latitude Length
dollar (°C)
Pillars of Nacozari,Are. -109,684 30,366 1278 2.5
Plnotepa,oax. ** 20500 -98,053 16,350 195 10.5
Playa del Carmen, Q.Roo -87,109 20,630 eleven 11.2
Rich Pool of Hidalgo,Watch. -97,480 20,535 59 8.3
* Progress,Yue. 31023 -89,654 21,277 0 10.4
Puebla,Well. 21065 -98,163 19,055 2179 0.2
"' Puerto Cortes, b.cs *"3602 -111,830 24,480 3 7.0
Pefiasco Port,Are. 26208 -113,548 31,300 3 1.7
Vallarta Port,Jal. -105,260 20,641 8 13.3
queretaro,Qro. 22013 -100,369 20,563 1824 4.4
Reynosa,Tamps. -98,366 26,053 5.9
Rio Verde, SLP. -99,988 21,930 990 0.5
Salamanca,Gto. -101,120 20,340 1716 1.8
"' Salina Cruz,Oaxaca. 20100 -95,227 16,162 8 11.7
Saltillo,Coah. 5034 -101,024 25,351 1790 -1. 9
" San Cristobal de las Casas,Shh. 7144 -92,637 16,725 2115 9.1
* San Francisco Coacalco, Eda.Mex. -99,203 19,644 2247 3.8
San Jose del Cabo,BCS -109,702 23,064 10 8.2
San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec,Oaxaca. -96,145 18,081 14.9
San Juan del Rio,Qro. -100,021 20,395 1925 1.6
San Juanico, BCs. ""3501 -112,479 26,257 36
San Luis Potosi,yesL.P. 24070 -100,987 22,176 1883 4.5
San Luis Rio Colorado,Are. -114,794 32,446 44
San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L -100,294 25,740 498 8.8
" Saint Paul ofthe Salinas, Edo.Mex. -99,090 19,674 2247 0.4
* San Pedro Garza Garcia, N.L. -100,414 25,656 663 4.0
*San Quentin, B.c. *"2501 -115,937 30,532 32 4.9
"' Saint Cecilia,Coah. *"' 5501 -101,215 28,399 595 1.4
Santa Rosalfa,BC 2109 -112,273 27,338 3 9.9
Soledad de Graciano Sanchez, SLP. -100,963 22,175 1853-0.8
Bonnet,Zac. 32115 -103,637 23,639 2351 -1.6
Soto the Navy,Tamps. 28092 -98,208 23.76420 5.6
Tampico,Tamps. 28110 -97,925 22,387 6 10.7
Tamufn,yesLP. 24140 -98,783 22,017 8.9
*Tantakin,Yue. **31501 -89,050 20,037 30 10.8
Tapachula,Shh. 7164 -92,29614,887 118 8.5
Tehuacan,Well. -97,444 18,462 1648 0.3
Tem6sachic,Chih. 8142 -107,828 28,955 1870 -9.4
480
MANUAL OE DESIGN OF CIVIL WORKS-CFE
C.1.4 OISENOBY WIND
Key of altitud Temp.

city Length latitude
theobservator e(masl) minimaldaily
y (DC)
Tepehuanes, Dgo. 10020 -105,724 25,332 1824 -2.0
Tepexpan, Edo. Mex -98,938 19,615 2264 -4.6
Teplc, Nay. 18039 -104,884 21,519 915 5.1
Texcoco de Mora, Edo. Mex. -98,884 19,506 2256 -3.0
Tijuana, BC -117,046 32,514 113 23
Tlalnepantla. Edo. Mex. -99,226 19,535 2254 1.9
Tlaquepaque, Jalisco. -103,323 20,634 1587 -1.0
Tlaxcala, Tlax. 29031 -98,247 19,325 2248 -5.0
Toluca, Edo. Mex. 15126 -99,714 19,291 2726 6.6
1.7
Tonala, Jal, -103,253 20,622 1667
* Torreón, Coah. 5040 -103,416 25,520 1123 -2.4
* Tulanclngo,Hgo. 13041 -98,357 20,084 2214 -1.5
* Tuxpan, Ver. 30190 -97,417 20,960 10
Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chis. 7165 -93,147 16,763 569 12.6
4.7
Uruapan, Mich. -102,070 19,405 1617
Valladolid, Yue. 31036 -88,216 20,693 27 13.0
* Veracruz, Ver. 30192 -96,111 19,143 16 10.2
Villa Ahumada, Chih. "'*8505 -106,505 30,616 1195 -5.5
3.3
* VII Nicolas Romero, Edo. Mex. -99,347 19,625 2397
Villahermosa, Tab. 27083 -92,921 17,981 2397 14.1
Xalapa, Ver. 30075 -96,904 19,513 1360 4.6
,. Xico, Edo. Mex. -98,976 19,296 1298 -1.9
Yecora, Son. "'*26500 -108,931 28,370 1531 -8.1
Zacatecas, Zac. 32031 -102,567 22,779 2612 0.5
Zamora, Mich. 16143 -102,282 20,010 1562 3.6
Zapopan, Jalisco. -103,393 20,722 1632 4.9
istable:
InKey of code of the observatory assigned by the SMN,
theobservat
ory( * ) cities with non-existent daily minimum temperature records orscarce, the
values were obtained by interpolation,
( ** ) key assigned by the !NEEL,
Altitude altitude, in meters above sea level, and
(masl)Temp. Mean annual value of the minimum daily temperatures, in °C. The information
minima comes from the National Meteorological Service (SMN).
ldaily (OC)
GRADES:
1. Par., the sites where there is keyof the observatory, the altitude (masl) corresponds to "the
locationof the meteorological observatory, for the other cases, the informa tion was obtained from
the databaseLand One-kilometer Base Elevation (GLOBE) dataset.
2. The valuesofthe altitude and the average annual value of the minimum temperatures, recommended
andnThis table may be replaced if there are records of these parameters that
providestylomaconesplusspecified.
481
GENERAL CONTENT OF THE MANUAL
Hydrotechnics, Geotechnics and

Structures Sections
483
Theme Chapter Description
1 Hydrology
1 General Hydrology Considerations
two Precipitation
3 runoff
4 Losses
5 Relationship Between Precipitation and Runoff
6 Statistical analysis
7 design storms
8 dlseno avenues
9 Transit of avenues and simulation of the functioning of storage vessels
10 flood forecasting
eleven Geohydrology
12 Geographic information systems, with application in hydrology and hydraulics
13 Hydrology and hydraulics in small basins
two Hydraulics
1 General considerationsofhydraulics
two Planning of hydroelectric exploitation systems
3 Evaluation of the environmental impact for the execution of hydroelectric projects
4 pressure pipes
5 Intake obm for hydroelectric plants
6 Intake works and cooling systems for thermoelectric plants
7 Hydraulic machines
8 Hydraulic Transients in Pressure Lines
9 Turbines and dynamic analysis
10 runoffto free surface
ele Hydrological and hydraulic transport, in channels
ven
12 bypass obm
13 Surplus work
J4 Design of surroundings in pouring structures
fift river hydraulics
ee
n
16 Sedimentation in reservoirs and desarenaclores
Maritime works
18 Terminal structures for receipt and handling of fuels
19 Interaction sea - land
twenty dredging
twenty- Hydraulic instrumentation
one Experimental hydraulic techniques
22
23 Numerical Methods of Hydraulics
24 Risk and reliability analysis in hydrology
25 Assessment of the hydraulic safety of structures
26 Hydraulic rehabilitation of structures
485
SECTION B -
8EOTECHNICS
triplet Chapter Description
1 Geology
1 Existing geological information
two Collection and analysis of geological
3 informationPresentation of geological information.
4 Seismic hazard studies
two Soil MechanicsClassification
1 and characterizationof soil deposits
two Test of. laboratory to determine the properties of soils and riprap
3 Field tests to determine soil properties and riprapbehavioreither ofdrea ms
4 partiallyc r o w d e d s Yapp'Jatio ns Foundatio ns in soil s
5 retention structures
6 Stability of slopes in soils, exrnvaclone.s and slopes in soilsSoil
7 improvement
8 WATER FLOW IN SOILS
9 rock mechanicsRoe
3 mechanical laboratory tests
1 Rock mechanics field testsCoract.-ization
two of rock massesRock foundations
3 Stability ytrrock slope ties
4 Injections in rock masses
5 Metocloof excavation in rocky mounds:
6 characterization of boundary geomaterials
7 Design of
8 DamsGeneral Dam Considerations
4 Rockfill dams with 111k\e,o clay
1 Rockfill dams with concrete faceRockfill dams
two with asphalt coretailings dams
J Dams of Har dfill
4 v
Tlines luminaries
s Tijneles and luminaries in
6 dreamsTunnels and crevices in
5 rockscavernsfor machine class
Yo QA Geotechnical
two statistical control of constructionRisk analysis and
3 reliability in geotechnics
6 Instrumentation General
1 considerations of geotechnical instrumentationgeotechnical
two instrumentation
7 Structural instrumentation
1 Evaluation of the geotechnical safety of structures9Geotechnical
two rehabilitation of structures
3 General Applications
4 Criteria for exploration and field and laboratory tests in geotechnics
5 Criteria for the use of numerical methods in engineering
8
1
two
8a:tioN C • EsnwcruRAS
triplet wtitle Description
1 General analysis and design criteria
1 Design methods for structures
two Actions
3 Dlsealby earthquake
4 Design by wind
s amillsls of structures
two Design of Special Structures
1 Design structure of foundations
two Structural design of transmission lines
3 Structural design of cooling towers
4 Structural design of tanks and reservoirs
s Structural design of pipes
6 Structural design of chimneys
7 Structural seal of bridges
8 Toplcos isr uctural in hydraulic works
9 Design of industrial structures
10 Structural design of substations
ele Structural design of compounds
ven
12 Structural design of caseof machines
13 Structural design of time Ies and Iumbreras
3 Monitoring and control of structural responses
1 Structure monitoring
two Say it to structures with base isolation
3 Design of structures with seismic energy absorbers
4 Thermal analysis in structures
4 Safety assessment and rehabilitation of structures
1 Structural Safety Assessment of Existing Structures
two Structural rehabilitation
5 building materials
1 Steel, polypropylene, carbon and glass fibers
two massive concrete
3 roller compacted concrete
4 Self-compacting concrete
s asphalt concrete
6 concrete technology
6 Design of concrete or masonry dams
1 General considerations of rigid dams
two Gravity dams (Conventional and roller compacted concrete)
3 arch dams
4 buttress dams
487

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DESIGN MANUAL FOREITHERBRASCIVILES

Section C: Structures Topic 1: General Analysis and Design Criteria

Federal electricity commission

Corporate Department of Engineering and Infrastructure Projects. Mexico 2020

Federal electricity commission'

Lie. Manuel Bartlett Diaz Dr. Georgina Izquierdo Montalvo

Cesar Fernando Fuentes

Ing. Antonio Gutierrez

Mr. Javier Angel Garcia de la Merced

Ing. Roberto Jaime Mendoza Nieto

Mr. Rafael Antonio Ramirez

Ing. Vicente Arevalo Mendoza

Ing. Luis Efren Chavez Ramirez

TOPIC 1. GENERAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN CRITERIA

CHAPTER 4. WIND DESIGN

They have participated in this chapter:

Dr. Alberto Lopez Lopeztwo

Ml Celso Juaquín Muñoz Black two

Ml David Porras Navarro

GonzaleztwoDr. Luis Eduardo Perez

Ml Marco Aurelio Fernandez Torres two

Dr. David de Leon

Mena Sandoval5Dr. Luis Esteva

Dr. Mario Gustavo Ordaz

Schroeder3t Dr. Neftalí Rodríguez

Clara Javier Castro1

Ml Luis Enrique Hernandez

Cruz1Dr. Ulises Mena

Ing. Angel Sanchez Cruztwo

TOPIC 1. GENERAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN CRITERIA

CHAPTER 4. WIND DESIGN

1. CRITERIA FORDESIGN BYWIND 1

2. DETERMINATION OF THE BASIC DESIGN SPEED,vD 13

3.5.3 Multi-Span (and <60°) Roof Constructions 52

4. DYNAMIC ANALYSIS 101

1. CRITERIA FOR WIND DESIGN 133

2. DETERMINATION OF THE BASIC DESIGN SPEED,vD142

3. STATIC ANALYSIS 163

Four. DYNAMIC ANALYSIS 189

4.9 Equivalent forces perpendicular to the wind direction, 200 effect of

DESIGN AIDS 209

APPLICATION EXAMPLE1: Factorof exposition corrected,Fcsr 209

APPLICATION EXAMPLEtwo: Factorof exposition corrected,Fcsr 211

APPLICATION EXAMPLE3: Factorof exposition corrected,Fcsrc 213

APPLICATION EXAMPLE 4:Calculation of pressures produced by the wind 218

APPLICATION EXAMPLE 5:Calculation of pressures, forces and accelerations 259

APPLICATION EXAMPLE 6:calculation of pressures produced by th wind 332

APPLICATION EXAMPLE 7:calculation of pressures produced by th wind 375

APPLICATION EXAMPLE 8:calculation of pressures produced by th wind 393

APPLICATION EXAMPLE 9:calculation of pressures produced by th wind 408

4A FORCE AND DRAG COEFFICIENTS 441

4B AEROELASTIC INSTABILITY AND SERVICE CONDITIONS 454

4C REGIONAL SPEEDS 467

GENERAL CONTENT OF THE MANUAL 483

LIC. MANUEL BARTLETT DIAZ

Wind System is available on the following page:

Dr. Alberto Lopez Lopez

WIND DESIGN CHAPTER, 2020 EDITION

Dr. Alberto Lopez Lopez

A Design tributary area, in m two.

4two Bottom response factor for lattice towers, dimensionless.

Pressure coefficient, dimensionless.