Hope, like the gleaming er's light, MENT OF OFFICIAL LANGUAGESENGLISH FOR BETTER COMMUNICATION Department of Official Languages. FitstEditlon = 1998 Second Edition - 2000 ‘Third Edition = 2003 Fourth Edition - 2015 Al rights reserved. ‘The contents of this book may not be reproduced in part of whole in any form without the written permission of the Commissioner of the Department of Offcial Languages. ISBN - 955 - 9180 - 02-9 Printed atthe State Printing Corporation Panaluwa, PadulkaAcknowledgments. ‘Thanks are due tothe folowing authors or their representatives and publishers of respective books, periodicals and journals for permitting fo quote copyright material, EDITORIAL BOARD Bobert Burchfield - English Language, OUP, Curriculum Development Centre, Ministry of Education, Sri Lanka, ‘loin and Jonna Gray ~ Prospects, 1. Me.WA. Jayawickrama Commissioner of Ocal Languages, George Orwell- Down and Out in Paris and London, 2 McV.Sharsasingham, BLA. Hons, (Caleta) RR ordon and Fl. Nixon Language for Economics, P.A. Samuelson- Economics 1985, New York, 9. Merton Samarium BA (Cajon), BE Gumentn Horace Shipp - English Through Reading, Macmilan india Lid, a — Leonard Wool - Vilage_n the Jungle, eee lan McEwan- Mifightfort, 4. Mr.EmestAmerasskera BA Hons.(London) M.A. (London) Raymond Malley and Denys Thomson- English Five, Spociit Td. Maharagama Moncura Daniel Conway, Readers Digest, S Meteenceae Spel, Mahragana Rosmond Castle- Observer Magazine, W.S. Senior, 6. Me Mt Jinadasa, BA (Ceylon), Dp. n Ea. (Ceylon) Roy Jeffs - Report Writing Skils, Mary Kenney - The Daily Telegraph, ‘Anrita Roddick - Newsweek, Daily News.ESS SE Sx ned Se xe exw xSscceee- CONTENTS What is Language? ‘The Thanic Save the Jungle - Save the World Contrasts Money own and Out in Paris and London Japanese Management Practices Poverty and Inequality What Economies is Making Surgery Safe “Teal of Babun ‘Nuclear Weapons ‘Shall | Gamble Ceylon as Eden Interview with Rudyard Kiping Management Quatties ffce Talk Destruction of Soi ‘The Cold War ‘Summary Wrting Walting of Reports Definitions Human Resources Development ‘The Call of Lanka Matehmakers Note Taking Letter Weting 10 13-23 25-35 37 45 a7. 56 57 65 67- 80 at 86 a7- 92 93- 97 99 - 105 407-117 119-123, 125-194 135-144 145 - 154 155 - 159 161-164 165-171 473-178 179-182 183-187 1e9- 191 193-199 201 - 205 207-212 213-217LESSON I WHAT IS LANGUAGE? A language isa signaling system which operates with symbolic vocal sounds and hich is used by a group of people for the purpose of communication. Lot us look at this definition in more detail because it is language more than anything else, that distinguishes man from the rest ofthe animal world Other animals, itis true, communicate with one another by means of cries; for example, many birds utter warning calls at the approach of danger; apes utter diferent cries, such as expressions of anger, fear and pleasure. But these various means of communication differ in important ways from human language. For instance, animal cries are not articulate, This means, basicaly, that they lack structure. They lack, for example, the kind of structure given by the contrast between vowels and consonants. They also lack the kind of structure that enables fone to divide @ human utterance into words. We can change an utterance by replacing one word in It by another; a good itustration of this is a soldier who can say, e.g. ‘tanks approaching from the north, orhe can change one word and say ‘aircraft approaching from the north’ or tanks approaching from the west’; Buthas a single alarm cry, means ‘danger’ ‘This is why the numberof signals that an animal can make is very limited; the (great ttis a case in point ithas about twenty diferent call, whereas in humaal language the number of possible utterances is infinite, It also explains whyy animal cries are very general in meaning. [* VOCABULARY ‘communication symbolic ‘approach of danger | expression of danger —_utterfutterance basically articulate contrast alarm infinite vocal EXERCISES 1. Read the passage and answer the following questions: (@) How do animals communicate? (©) Whatis the main ditference between the ‘language of the animal’ ‘and language of man? (©) What helps us to divide a human utterance into words? (4) .. What does the author mean by ‘utterance’? (e) How can we change the meaning of an utterance? (f) Why's it that animal cies are very general in meaning?Read the passage again and draw a box around all the words which have the same meaning as the word ‘example’. Notice how they are used and the punctuation that is used with them. (©) Draw line under all the examples. e.g. For example many birds utter warming calls at the approach of danger ‘The following sentences are based upon the information contained in the passage above. Complete the sentences making use of each of the following words or phrases (Use each only once). ilustration, for example, ‘case in point, an example, for instance, such as. ‘At the approach of danger many birds utter warning calls; this is. ‘of animals communicating with each other. (0) Cries, those of anger, fear and pleasure, are uttered by apes. (c) There are important differences between human language and ‘animal communication; animal cries are not articulate. (@) Animal cries tack, the kind of structure that enable us 10 id you ask the customer to tel you his address? B. Did youask the customerto toll youwhera Join the following pairs of sontences using relative clauses: 0 @ i) Hundreds applied for the post. None of them were suitable ‘The members expressed a number of ideas. Most of them were useful “The function was held last Saturday. Only heads of departments were invited toi‘Choose the word which best completes the sentence, indicate the correct answer A, B, C, D. @) () While | cannot promise that the car wil be ready by tomorrow (CN ns YOU that we are doing our best to complete the job. Avassure Bensure C. insure. reassure What would you tke forthe frst 2 There are quite a lot of interesting things in the menu. A.course B.dish —C. cover D. plate Fill in the blanks choosing the most appropriate words from thosegiven below. (a) ) © The storm began so suddenly that | hardly had time to the children to take cover. A.cheer B.wam C.how —_D. yell ‘Students wishing to re-enroll are to come to the office before the end of the month. A.advised B. commanded C. notified D. suggested You shouldnt talk about his falling. YOu ences bi confidence. A.underestimate B. undergo C.undermine. _D. worry n n @ O) @ my 0 ® ) | doubt the amount of food Ihave ordered willbe for so many people. A.adaptable ——B. adequate C. fitted _D. suitable More .. less spoed, Ahaste B.hury —C.quickness. rush ‘The lorry overtumed in the middle of the road and brought the traffic to... ‘A.closure B.conclusion _C. standstil_D. stoppage. {Lam glad to say that the advantages of the plan the disadvantages A.overbalance —_B. overlook C. outweigh D. prevail ‘She has such a beautiful ‘She must look after her skin A aspect B.complexion C.outine _D. visage You are not to join this club unless you are 18 or over. A.avallable B. cligible C. legitimate __D. permissible ‘After the accident, the car was so badly smashed up that it was by the insurance company. A.discarded —B. laid off. put down D. writen off its way slowly up the twisting mountain The car road. A. bent Bdid — C.tumed D. wound,4. Filin the blanks with suitable words from the list given below. Why many people visit Nuwara Eliya. During the very hot cof April and May, Nuwara Eliya, located eee the base of Mount Pidurutalagala, the : mountain in Sri Lanka, becomes a vacation spot for Sri Lankans. ...c.smy ofits cool cimate and beaut. . many Sivankans come this area during this period. The of Nuwara Eliya is like @ small English town. .. are English style homes of an earlier period by numerous gardens full of colourful and plants. The town has a pretty a . with clear blue water, as well... several beautiful parks and gardens. The parks places for walks and ... sarrvvennee HOVOIY family picnics. The best time oe . view the beautiful flowers in full bloom is spevssentee Mare 0 May and from AUQUS ns eseogere September. These are the times. "people fom the hot areas of Sti Lanka ty 10... . this coo! spot. Overall, the town os a pleasant and interesting pla t. = ‘are looking for a good seg tovisit, fone that is not. . expensive, Nuwara Eliya may be just you want. a Words to use: (2 words will be used more than once) surrounded eeeieeey) Grammar Notes - I “The preposition is a joining word. It shows the relationship between:- 4. Noun and noun eg. The radiois on the table 2, Noun and pronoun = eg. Ihavemy friend with me 3. Adjective and noun = @.g._-He is good in English 4, Adverb and noun e.g. Fortunately for him (or pronoun) the master is away 5. Verb and noun 2g. He bowed in respect. Proper use of prepositions regarding tim ‘The prepositions used in relation to time are : at, on, in, during, by, for. 1. Atis used for a certain moment or point of time e.g. We got up at dawn and had breakfast at eight o'clock. The bus leaves at 9 a.m, 7‘Onis used fora specific day which may be a date, ora day of the week (a special day In the year with a name of ts own, 9. Shakespeare was bom on April 26th. 1 will come on Friday. On Christmas day we visit our friends. Inis used before words which denote a period of time (in winter, in Apri) 9. Cricket is played in summer and football in winter. They came to live here in 1774 Its also used to show the length of time taken for completion of some activity. 49. He ran the distance in ton minutes. The intercity express will take you from Colombo to Kandy in an hour. During is used to expross the idea that an accurrence continues throughout a specific period of time. 2-9. During the war food was rationed. We work during the day and sleep during the night. Byis used to denote the latest time by which something has to be done. 2.9. Youmustbe home by four o'clock. The work should be completed by Friday. For is used to show the lapse of time during which some occurrence takes place. 29. trained continuously for three hours. | have not seen him for a month, 75 Prepositions in relation to plact 4. Inis used (2) _inrelation toa place when the reference is general and no specific place is named. e.g. Trades flourish in cities. | Ike to spend the New year vacation in the village. Similarly we say, in the suburbs, in the desert but atthe sea side and on the beach. (©) in relation to the names of countries, continents and large land ‘areas such as provinces or departments and for capital cities or the names of large towns. e.g. My eldest brother lives in Australia, There are several communities in Sri Lanka. (©) in relation to places of residence (houses) when the specific one Is mentioned. 2.9. She prefers to live in a bungalow. (4) in rolation to a place of work, if itis @ building e.g. He works in a bank. My friend does parttime work in a hotel 16W. Atis used: (2) in elation to vilages and smaller towns. 2.9. Our work site is at Kadawatha. Shakespeare was bom at ‘Stratford-on-Avon, (b) in relation to a particular place or house. ©.g. The Prime Minister of England lives at 10 Downing Street met him at the Savoy Hotel Prepositions attached to Vorb ‘A number of English verbs which are intransitive and which therefore cannot, take an object oftheir own are followed by a preposition as its object. In such ‘cases the preposition must not be omitted. The sentence then willbe incorrect Itis incorrect to say, He pointed the tree ‘The correct form is He pointed to the tree. ‘he pointed atthe tree. Itis incorrect to say ‘Wo listened the music The correct form is We listened to the music {tis wrong to say Tam looking a book The correct form is |lam looking for @ book. ‘or! am looking ata book. 7 Exerc Learn the use ofthe following verbs with their appropriate prepostons. 4. You should abstain from alcoholic iquor. 2. teannot agree with what you say 3. Lamwiling to agree to your proposal 4. You should apply fr the post 5. Forfurther particulars you should apply to the secretary. 6. The new regulation applies to new entrants only 7. We arrived at he destination in time 8, The committee arived atthe decision unanimously 9. You must attend to your duties with promptness. 410. Sensible people do not believe in witcha. 41. cannot compete with such an experienced player. 42. We had to compete against a much stronger team 18. Doctors and nurses care for the sic. 14, He does not care for others suggestions. 15. The train wil depart from the other platform. 816. Many people wore gazing at the spectacte. eee erer eee hhave + past participle 17. Lotus hope for the best te inset work og. have eaten, insist on accuracy in your al 19. We all lstened to his pathetic tal. You have eaten. 20. The teacher was looking for the duster ee They have eaten. 21. She spends hours looking at pictures. Grammar Notes - It ‘The Present Perfect Tense Formation: The present perfect tense is formed in the following manner. Inthe 3rd Person. singular. thas + the past participle of a verb. eg. thas eaten He has eaten, She has eaten thas eaten n fatLESSON vii POVERTY AND INEQUALITY ‘The great majorty ofthe population (of less developed countries) ve in conditions cf abject poverty. A condition of absolute poverty is experienced when the Income or consumption of a person or household falls below a normatively defined poverty ling, a condition of fe so characterized by malnutrition, literacy and disease as to be beneath the reasonable Uefinition of human decency (World Bank, 1980). Ithas been estimated that in 1969 there were 370 milion people with a per capita income of US. $50 orless. And 578 milion people with a per capita income of US $ 75 or less. By 1975 the number of people in absolute poverty had risen to 780 milion. ‘About one-haif ofthe word's absolute poor live in south Asia (mainly India and Bangladesh), one-sixth five in East and South Asia (mainly Indoriesia) and a further one-sixth tive in sub-Saharan AMtica. The poor are disproportionately located in rural areas and a substantial proportion of them are self-employed bbut sutfer from very low income levels, partly because of ter limited access to productive assets especially agricultural land, Poverty lines can be defined either with reference to the estimated cost of a bundle of ‘basic goods’ at relevant prices, or wth respect to a nutritional norm, such as the ‘required’ intake of calories and proteins. Neither approach, however, is free from problems of definitions and measurement. For example, the composition of the bundle of ‘basic goods’ is not independent of the socio- at cultural characteristics of the population, the structure of the economy and ‘imate. Calories vary according to age, sex, cimate and type of work performed, ‘and there are complex and not fuily understood inter-relationships between ‘nutrition, health, education and fertlity which must be recognized for policy purposes. (Sirnivasan) “There is thus always an arbitrary element in the definition of absolute poverty ‘Tobe socially meaningful, minimum levels cannot be defined according to some absolute biological standards but must necessarily vary with the general level ‘of economic, social and poitical development”. 1. The following statements are based upon the information in the passage. ta statement is correct, write T (True); ifit is wrong write F (False) (a) Absolute poverty exists when per capita income falls below a ccortain, defined very low level (b) From 1969 to 1975 there was a decrease in the number of people living in absolute poverty. (c) _Proportionately more poor people are to be found in country areas, (6) There are two ways to define poverty: neither presents any kind (of probier. (e) Many would argue that poverty is only meaningful in a relative sense. 2. White brief answers tothe following questions, obtaining your information from the passage. (a) For 1969 two figures are shown for per capita income - USS 50 ‘and $ 75, Could both of them represent absolute poverty? 2(©) Give one reason why many self-employed people in rural areas have very low incomes. (©) Whatare some of the problems associated with using a nutitonal orm in defining poverty? (2) Way's tot possible to have one satisfactory definition of absolute poverty? Below isa fst of words from the text. Next page gives a list of synonyms Co explanations, in mixed order. Match the words from the text with their ‘synonyms. or explanations. Une in text (1) abject @) (2) absolute @ (3) © malnutrition (4) (4) itteracy ® (5) bundle (19) (6) norm (20) (7) calories @0) (©) proteins an @) vay (20) (10) fertity (22) (11) arbitrary (25) 83 (a) o «© @ Cy) 0 @ (n) @ ® wy) ‘based on random selection, choice, or personal opinion, not on reason Lunt of energy supplied by food package, collection difer, re diferent wretched, miserable, hopeless ‘complex organic chemical compounds essential for good health, obtained in such goods as: meal, fish, cheese, eggs, milk. ‘condition caused by inadequate food ar lack of the right kind of food standard ability to produce young complete Inability to read or write, lack of educationFil in the blanks with words given below. ‘A BAD OMEN | thought that | didn't believe in such things as bed omens, two weeks ago, when I evesenses tH following experience. Let : tell you about it. 1 vp in the morning and set vsnesces MY Usual dally routine. Ht WAS nnn ‘important day for me | was to present a report on : research project to my committee a ‘advisers at the University they ‘liked my report, 1 bbe accepted, as a degree candidate. As 1 svonre @bOUL to leave the house, 1 a foud noise that WaS CAUSEM J... yy HOCK OF crows Ih @ large tree serene the HOUSE. They Were scolding and ssquawking, obviously a disturbed about something. V didn't much attention, but when I my gate, there on the grouna es was @ dead crow! | stepped over im In disgust, proceeding on my way. A thought crossed ... mind briefly about omens, and =e ‘about the importance ‘about the frst thing you encounter ‘you leave your house, | reached the University, 1 found the most important member of the committee not come because he was sick. It wdecided that | should present my report ‘and when | began | realized that | had ‘all my notes at home. The meeting thus turned to be a disaster. My advice to you consequenty oa this : if you see a dead crow. 86 Words to use: (3 words will be used more than once.) “The following phrases are taken from the text line numbers are given), Explain their meaning as used in the text? Use a dictionary f necessary. b. household (3) sub-Saharan Alica (11) ‘The poor are disproportionately located in rural areas (12) assets (13) the required’ intake (17)LESSON IX WHAT ECONOMICS IS ‘As a scholarly discipline, economics is only two centuries old. Adam Smith ‘published his path breaking book “The Wealth of Nations" in 1776, a year ‘otable also forthe Declaration of American Independence. Itis a coincidence thatboth documents appeared the same year, political freedom from the tyranny ‘of monarchy was closely related to emancipation of prices and wages from the Interfering hand of state regulation. ‘Adam Smith, of course, represented only a beginning. In more than a century ‘and a half that elapsed between the appearance of The Wealth of Nations’ and the publication of J.M. Keynes’. ‘The General Theory of Employment, Interest ‘and Money, (1936), Economics went through many stages of development. ‘Almost at the halfway point, there appeared the massive crtique of capitalism bby Karl Marx: ‘Das Kapital, (1867) followed by two posthumous volumes. () Definitions (On first encountering economics, people often want a short definition In response to this demand, there is no shortage of supply. Here are a few popular definitions, {@) Economies isthe study of those activities that involve production and exchange among people. ao (b) Economics analyses movements in the overall economy - trends inprices, output, and unemployment. Once such phenomena are understood, economics helps develop the policies by which ‘governments can affect the overall economy. {c) _ Economicsis the science of choice. It studies how people choose to use scarce or limited productive resources (land, labour, equipment, technical knowledge) to produce various commodities (such as wheat, beef, overcoats, concerts, roads, missiles ) and distribute these goods to various members of society for their consumption. (2) Economics is the study of how human beings go about the business ‘of organizing consumption and production activites (©) Economicsis the study of money, interest rates, capital and wealth. ‘The above extracts are trom P.A. Samuelson and A. Nordhaus, Economics (1985) (New York.) The listis a good one, yet a scholar can extend it many times over: Why is itso long? Because, for a subject that encompasses so much and evolves so rapidly, itis always hard to compress into a few lines an exact description that wil differentiate its boundaries from those of other disciplines. Economics certainly does involve all the elements stressed in these various definitions - and more. Eoonomics today agree on a general definition something ke the following: Economics is the study of how people and society choose to employ scarce resources that could have alternative uses in order to produce various ‘commodities and to distribute them for consumption, now or inthe future, among various persons and groups in society. ry@ ©) © Measurement in Economics. We might conclude that economics talks about many of life's practical questions. But it does more than talk. Economics is vitally concemed with the measurement of important phenomena - unemployment, prices, incomes, and so forth. (One important example of such measurement occurs in microeconomics. Microeconomics studies the behavior of the economy as a whole, movements in overall prices or output or employment. Macroeconomics, in a sense, looks at the economy through a microscope studying the ‘behavior of an economy's individual molecules, ike fms or households. Returning to measurement, one of the most important concepts in all ‘economics is the gross national product (GNP). This represents the {otal vaiue of all goods and services produced each year in a country. “The GNP tells us much about the real economic performance of a country. It's the best available summary measure of the quantity of real goods ‘and services - food, clothing, medicine, fms, cricket and football and so forth -@ country Is capable of generating. itells us much about a country’s living standard, its health status, and its educational attainment. ‘Answer the following questions. 1, Name three famous economists listed in the passage. 2. Why are the following years important in tracing the history of Eoonomics? (a) 1776 (b) 1936 (c) 1867 3, What is the most appropriate definition of Economics as given in the passage? 4. What is the difference between Micro & Macro Economics? 6. What is GNP? What does it indicate? 2, "Eoonomics is the science of choice" explain in relation tothe deffrition given in the passage. 3. Complete the following table using the information given in the passage. Key Term Expianation/defiition | Example/Further lartcation para (0) Tand, labour, equipment ‘technical knowledge Para (Ne) ‘Wheat, beef, overcoats. films, roads missiles. ‘important phenomena (Para (Xa) Studies the behavior of | Movements in overall economy as awhole | prices, out put. or ‘employment A study of economy in | Studies the behavior of minuto detail firms or households. GNP 7 2 904. Complete the following sentences using the most sultable word from the 5 Complete the following list by writin the noun forms ofthe verbs given in words given below each, the it 4. One of the biggest challenges ar 1. develop - poet tel ee 1988 any government faces is the aes 3. choose = (2) economic —_—_(b) unemployment 4 im (6) ethnic (@) productivity organize - & extend = 2. The supply of any product depends ... the demands of the 7. describe consumers. 8 ioe ® agree 10. distribute - (@)inorderto —_(b) In place of (€)in response to (4) on account of 3. The world's population will face a bleak future if natural are not utlized carefully and productively. (@)income (b)talent —_(c) resources (d) products 4. Economics .. many aspects of human existence. (a)encounters _(b) encompasses. (0) entreats, (@) endeavours 5. Economics studies how to utilize limited resources such as land 10 produce. and supply various commodities to the members of society for their (2) consummation (b) consumption (€)confusion (4) conservation. ot 2LESSON X MAKING SURGERY SAFE Pastour, a french chemist was studying why wine and beer tumed bad in the vats. Lister, an English surgeon in Glasgow was desperately fighting to save his patients from septic wounds caused after operations, Semmelweis, @ Hungarian doctor in Vienna was equally desperate to minimise the terible death-tol of the ‘mothers after the children were bor in his materity hospital Inthe early 1860s these three men knew nothing of each other, but each of them was working towards a discovery which saved millions of lives, revolutionized surgery, gave vast results in matters of ourfood and supplied the ‘clue to hundreds of diseases. That discovery was germs and microbes, the ‘minute organisms which could only be seen through the most powerful Microscopes, but which bod a fe of ter own and abl to destroy ther ving ‘organisms. twas in surgery that the most spectacular resuits ofthat discovery were obtained, and it was there that the battle between the new ideas and the old prejudices was fought out most dramatically. Its coming into that fleld changed the whole ‘conditions under which operations were performed, and so enormously extended ‘ts possiblities that we reckon the art in two eras: one covering the history of ‘making from the eariest times to this time of Lister, the other, the period sinoe. For in ancient india, in Egypt, Greece and Rome, surgery was practised, and 93 the instruments and knowledge were already remarkable. Ifit stagnated und ‘medieval influences, It revived again under such men as Paracelsus in the ‘itoonth century and moved steadily forward through the seventeenth and ‘eighteenth centuries. Physiology yielded their secrets to the scientists. In the nineteenth century the great discovery of anaesthetics by James Young Simpon ‘came to the aid of the surgeon and gave time to perform his delicate work on patients devoid of pain. But one terrible thing remained wrong. In every hospital, whether from some ‘original injury or from the surgeon's knife, wounds became inflamed, tured ‘gangrenous, or developed some similar terible degeneration, and in afew wooks the patient dies as the whole blood stream became poisoned. Terrible epidemics Of this Hospitalise’, as they call, would sweep through the wards. Often the ‘authorities would deliberately close a hospital fora time to try to stamp out the plague, But always it retumed. Even the simplest operation, the removal of a single joint of a finger, the lancing of an abscess - would prove fatal; and no operations was possible on the delicate parts of the human body, for almost Inevitably they became infected, and however skiful the surgeon had been the patient dled, {In a famous Glasgow hospital a brillant young surgeon named Joseph Lister fought this evi, He was an eamest young man, son of a Quaker family, and he had consecrated his ife to this task of making surgery safe. Once he said, ‘concerring @ wound that was healing” healthily; itis the main object of life to find out how to procure such a resutin all wounds’. He had already set his feet along the right track by studying inflammation, making strange experiments with foot of a frog and the wing of a bat under his microscope. ‘Said another great scientist ‘inthe fild of observation, chance only favours the mind which is prepared’. Lister's mind was marvelously prepared. Other men. accepted defeat; they thought vaguely that there were gases in the air which ‘caused wounds to become septic. Lister's own teacher had stated that surgery had reached fnalty; but Lister worked on. He suspected that there were minute ‘organisms which entered wounds and set up their own lfe-destroying life there, 96degenerating human tissue 2s the greeny will destroy the rose. He began his ‘experiments for some substance which would destroy this lower form of Ife, or ‘build some barrier between it and the open wound. He found what he wanted in a powerful disinfectant, a by-product of coaltar, which he learned that the authorities at Cartisle were using on their sewage. It ‘was called carbolc. Lister introduced it into the hospital wards, into the operating room, into his surgical bandages. He dipped his instruments in, and his swabs ‘were rinsed in it. He even sprayed the air around with a fine mist of carbolic while he performed his operations. Joseph Lister had introduced antiseptic surgery. ‘A. Anewer the following questions. 1 Why are three diferent people mentioned in the first paragraph? ‘Choose one of the following? (2) Because thoy allived at the same time. (b) Because they helped to solve the same problem. (©) _ Because they were the most famous scientists of that age. (@) Because they all worked together as a team. Can you tell, from the first paragraph, the name of "Hungarian doctor in Vienna’? ‘Was surgery the only field that was influenced by the discovery of microbes? How do you know? ‘We reckon the art in two eras.’ What is ‘the art’ referred to? ; ‘Which Is the second of the two eras? Did surgery make much progress in the Middle ages? How can you tel? 9 96 6. Did the discovery of anaesthetics belong to the frst era of surgery or the second? 7. What were the effects of Hospitaise'in a wound? 8. Did the terrible disease affect animals as well as human beings? How do you know? 9. Was Lister's own teacher one of the men who accepted defeat? 10. ‘He found what he wanted in a powerful disinfectant.’ What did he find? Read the following statements carefully. Only ten of them are true, ‘according to the essay you have read: the other fifteen are false. Pick ‘out the ten true statements. 1, This essay tells us how, in the 1860s, three differant scientists in England were working towards an important discovery, 2. Pasteur was a chemist by profession Only the most powerful microscopes can destroy harmful germs. 4. When microbes get into a wound, they quickly increase in number ‘and destroy the calls of the body. 5. The new discovery had its effect only on surgery. 6. The new discovery was immediately welcomed by doctors every where. 7. The history of surgery really starts with Lister. 8. Surgery had been practised in various parts of the wortd a long time before Lister. 9. Under medieval influences, new instruments of surgery were developed and knowledge about surgery made remarkable progress.10, 11 2 2B 14 15, 16. 7, 18. 19. 2 22. 2, 25. ‘Surgery had benefited grealy from the discoveries made in human anatomy and physiology in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Until the nineteenth century, a surgical operation was extremely painful to the patient. ‘Gangrene can poison the whole bload stream and cause death. "Hlospitalise’ was the name given to surgery in those days. ‘Often a hospital had to be closed fora time because alts pationts had died. No operation was possible on the delicate parts of the human body because, almost inevitably, the surgeon himself became infected and died, however skiful he may have been. Lister said that the main object of his fe was to make every wound heal healthily Lister told another great scientist that, into the field of observation, chance only favoured the mind that was prepared. Lister was lucky in his discovery but this was because he was ‘working with frogs and bats. Listers mind was marvelously prepared to accept defeat. ster didnot believe that infection of wounds was caused by gases inthe air. Lister suspected that there were minute organisms which entered wounds and destroyed their own ie. Listers own teacher had stated that surgery would make great advances as a result of Lister's experiments. Lister had introduced antiseptic surgery before he introduced carbolic into the hospital wards and the operating room, Lister came to know that the authorities at Carlisle were using ccarbolic in thelr hospitals When Lister used carbolic in the operating room and the hospital ‘wards, he was in fact introducing antiseptic surgery into medical science. 9LESSON x1 THE TRIAL OF BABUN “The proctor sat down, Babun called no witnesses. There was a curious look of pain and distress in his face. The judge watched him n slence for some minutes, ‘then he told the interpreter to call Slindu. Sitindu was pushed into the box, the interpreter recited the words of the affirmation to him. He said, "do not understand, Hamadoru' (Hamuduruwo). It took some time to make him Understand that he had only to repeat the words after the interpreter. He sighed ‘and laoked quickly form side to side ike a hunted animal. The eyes of the judge frightened him, He was uncertain whether he was being charged again with the theft. He had not listened to what was going on after he had been sent out Cf the court. it occurred vaguely o him that the best thing would be to pretend tobe completely ignorant of everything. He stil thought of the wounded buffalo listening to the hunter crawing after him through the scrub: ‘he doesrit move’, ‘he muttered to himself, ‘unt he is sure: he stands quite stupid and stl, istening ‘always; but when he sees clear, then out he rushes charging.” ‘Stop thet muttering’, said the judge, ‘and listen carefully to what | ask you. ‘You've got to speak the truth. There's no charge against you; you've got nothing tofear if you speak the truth. Do you understand” "Lunderstand, Hamadoru' (Hamuduruwo) said Silindu. But thought, ‘They are ‘cunning hunters. They lie stil in the undergrowth, waiting forthe old bull to move. 99 But he knows: he stands quite stil’ ‘Is there any reason why the headman should bring a false case against you and the accused’? "I don't know, Hamadoru' (Hamuduruwo). “You are not on bad terms with him personally?” "Ihave nothing against him. He does not like me, they say ‘Why doesn't he tke you?! “Hamadoru, (Hamuduruwo) how should | know that?” "You have never had any quarrel with him?" "No, Hamadoru’(Hamuduruwo). "Are you related to him?" ‘married a cousin of his wife?” "The accused lives in your house? He is married to your daughter”. "Yes, Hamadoru(Hamuduruwo). ‘Do you know of any quarrel between him and the headman?" “How should | know that?” “There was no quarrel atthe time of the marriage?” "They say this and that, but how should | know, Hamadoru?(Hamuduruwo) 100"You know nothing about it yourself, then?” ‘No, Hamadoru(Hamuduruwo). "Do you know the Mudalali Femando?” "No, Hamadoru(Hamuduruwo). “You don't know him? Doesn't he stay in the hut adjoining your compound?" "Thave seen him there. | have never spoken with hi "Did you hear of anything between him and your daughter?" “They talk, Hamadory(Hamudurawo).. "What did they say?" “They said he wanted my daughter’ ‘Who said? When?” “This man’ (pointing to Babun)” "When?" "Three or four days ago’. "You know nothing more, yourself, about this?” "No, Hamadoru’ (Hamuduruwo), NNelther Babun nor Babeham's proctor asked Silindi any questions: he was told to go away, and was pushed out of court by the peon. The case was over, 101 ‘only the judgament had tobe delivered now. The judge leant back in his chai, {gazing over the jungle atthe distant hil. There was not a sound in the court Outside, own on the shore, the net had been hauled in, and the fisherman was siting by a broken canoe, looking out over the waters ofthe bay. The wind had ‘died away, and sea and jungle fay sil ard silent under the afternoon sun. The court seemed very small now, suspended over this vast and soundiess world of wator and trees. Babun became very ara in the silence. The judge began to ‘rita; no one else moved; and the only sound in the world seemed to be the scratching of the pen upon the paper. At last the judg stopped wring. He looked at Babun, and began to read out his judgement ina casual, indifforent voice, afin some way ithad nothing todo with him. The interpreter translated it sentence by sentence to Babun. ‘There is almost certainly something behind this case which has not come out. There is, | feel, some iil-feeling between complainant and accused. The complainant impressed me most unfavourably. But the facts have to be considered. There can be no doubt that the complainant's things were found hidden in the house accused tives, and that the box was found in the jungle behind the house. The evidence of the Koraia is obviously trustworthy on these points. Thera is clear evidence, too that a hole had been made in complainants house wall. Then there is the evidence of the Mudalall. As matters stand, it as for the accused to show that the evidence was untrustworthy. He has not really attempted to do this. His father-in-law’s evidences, of anything, goes to ‘show that there is nothing in complainant's story that Femando wanted to get hold of his wife. Accused's defence implies that there was a deliberate conspiracy against him. 1 cannot acoept his mere statement that such a conspiracy existed without any corroborating evidence of motive fort. He has no such evidence. Even if there were li-feeling over the refusal of a chena or something else, it would cut both ways; that is, it might have been accused's motive forthe theft. | convict accused, and sentence him to six months rigorous imprisonment. (The Vilage in the Jungie) 102Vocabulary and Comprehension Quote the single word which means the same as: 2) in an i-defined manner by unaware ©) uninterested ... 4) intentional ©) SUPPOFLING vranne Explain the meaning of the following expressions and make sentences cof your own with each of them: )— onbad terms: b) There is almost certainly something behind this (case): ©) as matters stand: 4) tanythi @) cuts both ways 403 104 Quote a four-word simile from the first paragraph, Give the contextual reference of ‘he’ in “but he knows: he stands quite sti, What are the words of affrmation a witness is asked to repeatiin a court oflaw? AAs Siindu stood in the witness box, what vague thought crossed his ‘mind 2s a good thing for him to do. ‘Change the following into reported speech, using an appropriate subject, ‘object and reporting verb: Example: “There's no charge against you", ‘Answer: The judge told Silindu that there was no charge against him. 2) ‘Is here any reason why the headman should bring a false charge against you?" b) "Why doesnt he like you? ©) "Do you know the Mudalali Fernando?”4) “have seen him there,” e) “convict the accused.” Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. For ‘each question indicate letter, A, B,C or D. |) Before the nine o'clock news, here is an official ‘Aadvertisement B. advice C. announcement _D. threat li) The statue of the town's most distinguished citizen was .. by the Mayor at an official caremony yesterday. ‘A.cpened B. unpacked —-C. unveiled _D. unwrapped i) He... his shoulders out and walked without a word, ‘Aknitted B. scratched C. shook. shrugged iv) itis the responsibilty ofthe police 10 nnn the law. A.compel Bienforce C.force — D. urge V) You can't expect people to be perfect. We're all. A.defective B.tallacious C.falible D. faulty vv) He was a bitter opponent of ours at one time, but now he has BOER vn nennnnt® Our ideas. A. ensured B. converted C.convinced ——_—D. overcome 105 vi) vil) &) » x) xi) ‘The conficting statements issued by the Government are bound to enCOUrEIE nn INVERTS, A. hesitant B. predictable sensational _. speculative He's the nan... image of his father. They're so alike! A.alive —B. identical C.lvely Du lving The house is part of his from his aunt. ‘Aertage 8. ihortance C.testament ‘The sound of the horses. could be heard in the distance. A.clws B.hooves C.pads —D. paws ‘The Youth, Association exists to provide accommodation {for young people when they are traveling, ‘Homes B.Hostels C. Houses. Inns (Guests are requested to their hotel rooms before noon. A.abandon B. discharge ©. displace _D. vacateLESSON Xt! NUCLEAR WEAPONS ‘The first nuclear weapons ware developed in the early 1940s and built for use against the Germans. By the time the first bombs ware ready, Germany had surrendered, and instead ine inhabitants of Hiroshima and Nagasaki became the first victims of nuciear attack. It was by no means an inevitable choice. Reading the minutes of the committees set up to advice the American president ‘on the use of the bomb, and reading the accounts ofthe deliberations of various interested groups, | was surprised by the extant of the opposition to the use of the bomb against civilians, and by the humanity and farsightedness of the arguments deployed, ‘There were numerous proposals; dropping the bomb in the desert or the ocean with Japanese observers present was one line of approach, discounted for many reasons, The US navy was convinced that a blockade would bring a Japanese surrender within months. Japan's industrial output was a fraction ofits pre-war figure and raw materials were virtually nonexistent. There was one forcefully ‘argued case for dropping the bomb on a huge forest of cryptomeria trees not far from Tokyo. The trees would be felled along the line of blast, and the power of a single bomb would be evident. Beyond all this, intercepted radio trafic suggested that powerful figuras in the Japanese military, with access to the Emperor, were convinced that Japan could not win the war and were seeking a surrender - albeit and a conditional surrender that would salvage some degree 407 of national dignity. There were those in the US administration who argued that in this instance the difference between conditional and unconditional surrender ‘was litle more than verbal, and that with some flexibility the war could be ended by diplomatic means. However, the bomb seemed to have had its own momentum. It was a triumph of theoretical and technological daring. The scientists working on the project ‘were 80 involved in solving countless problems, and so elated when they ‘suceeded, that many of them lost touch with the utimate goal oftheir labours colossal destruction, The bomb was a pinnacle of human achievement intellect divorced from feeling and there appears to have been a deep, collective desire to'see itused, despite all arguments. Opponents of its use were always on the defensive. Furthermore, at the beginning of the war, genocide had been the ‘strategy of the Axis powers alone. By 1948 it had become acceptable to all ‘combatants; fascism had to be defeated by fascismr's methods, and the mass destruction al Hiroshima and Nagasaki had powerful precedents in the fre bombing of Dresden and Tokyo. “The nuclear bombing ofthese two cities, then was not purely the responsibilty of a handful of genocidally inclined military advisers; it was made possible by & ‘general state of mind, by @ deep fascination with technological solutions, by judgements barbarized by warfare and by nations which-rghtly or wrongly, had organized themselves to infct destruction. The public, when itheard the news ‘of the bombing, though shocked, was by no means averwnelmingly etitical Ever since that time, attempts to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons have been a total failure. There are now more than sixty thousand nuclear warheads, primed and programmed for their destinations. The smaller of these are vastly more powerful than the Hiroshima bomb. If as a species, we faced a simple test of wisdom, from the very outset we appeared to be intent on failure. (From Il fight for it-lan McEwan) 108Comprehension 1 @ ) © @ @) ‘What does the word ‘it inline 4 signify? Explain in your own words, “intellect divorced from feeling” "Opponents of its use were always on the defensive" “fascism had to be defeated by fascism's methods “The people in the allied countries were not unduly disturbed at the news of the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasak"'- which line in the passage conveys this idea? ‘Choose the statement that gives the most accurate summary of the passage- () The decision to use the atom bomb in Japan was not an inevitable choice. (i) Conditional surrender of Japan was unacceptable to the allies. (il) The reason for this production and proliferation of nuclear weapons is innate in man’s nature, especially the technologists seeking technological solutions. compared to state of affairs in 1945 the technological ‘advancement nowadays is immense’ - which line in the paragraph brings out this meaning? 109 10 Rewrite the sentences beginning them with the words given without ‘changing the meaning. a) Though the first nuclear weapons wore intended for Germany, they were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki ()) The original intention (i) teas earlier decided (i) Not with standing b) was surprised by the extent of opposition to the use of bomb against the civilians. ()) What surprised me .. (i) twas a matter of surprise (i) The fact that ©) The scientists working on the project were so involved in solving countless problems that many of them lost touch with the uitimate {goal oftheir labours. (As the scientists (i twas on account of (iy Many of the scientists5. Fillin the blanks with the words given below. LINDBERGH'S FLIGHT ‘On may 20, 1927, Charles Lindbergh took . from an airport in New York, bound vo Paris. He wanted to be the person to fly alone ’ the Mtlantic Ocean” Mary people ; ‘dreamed of doing hat, but no had yet succeeded. His plane 2 single -engine arcrat : oa The spit of St Lous", because many of the people inst Louis had helped = for the venture. In thity-hree and a half hours, Lindbergh ' 3,800 miles. When he landed "The Spit cnnsnny St Louis” in an airport near Paris, he a hungry and very tired. He had it. He was the first person to alone across the Atlantic. A hundred thousand people greeted him the airport, and immediately he a famous man. People called . "The Lone Eagle". For the rest of his he remained famous, and important from many countries asked his advice es aviation matters. His accomplishment, great for 7 ‘own time, may not impress us nt much today. After all, we can i from New York to Paris in just four a 7 tr fact, the entire planet can = Circles by olane in less. on ‘wenty-four hours. Nevertheless. we remember = outage, and we continue to honour him for - a" WORDS TO USE : (some words willbe used more than once) 4. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. For teach question indicate the correct letter A,B,C or D. ) w ry Inhis closing the chairman thanked allthose who had Contributed to the success of the occasion. A.address B.debate ©. discussionD. revision Its not surprising that he bittery the party when a new leader was chosen. being orvelooked by A.disregardsB. grudges C. objects D. resentswy ») vil) vil) iy) ‘The shares are likely to rise in value following the recent take over A.attempt B.bid C.challenge —_O. investment, twas obvious that he had been affected by the blow from the way he ‘across the ring, A.hobbled B.limped C.loped —_D. staggered He was of murder. A.charged B.condemned — C. convited _D. judged He hurt his knee early in the game, and off the fet Accaried B.left —C. limped D. trod ‘The shopping bag broke and everything | had bought was scattered all ever the pavernent, but no one von f0 help me, A.pained B. troubled C. wearied 0. worried 6. In this part of the country, the fields are separated by stone Afences B.hedges C. barriers _D. walls Hf the dispute cannot be resolved the Government has insisted that it should ga to independent, ' ‘A. atbitration B. election C. referee. trial 13 m8 » x) xi) xii) What of car do you drive? A.brand —B.fabrication —C. make. mark ‘The police believe that the robbers could only have known when the money was to be withdrawn as a result of .. information, A.confident B. inside C. interior. paying {just have a few household be ready to go out ‘o-cope with, and then fi ‘Accharges B. chores C. errands. works ‘The police managed to down the owner of the car by broadcasting a message on the radio. Accatch B.search C. trace. track Exercise on Tenses. A ‘Answer the following questions, using in each case a complete sentence, and introducing the appropriate verb tenses. Explain the use of the tense. How long do you think it will be before man is travelling regulatly to and from the moon? li, Do you think that such problems as feading the world's population adequately and curing diseases such as cancer will have been solved by then?What kinds of useful things had you already learned before you started schooling? How long ago id you buy the shoes you are wearing? Hew long have you been wearing them since the fist time you put them on? Ho did you spend your school holidays? What newspaper do you read? What will you be doing at ths time tomorrow? What do you think the weather willbe ike tomorrow? How many meals will you have eaten today by the time you goto bed? ‘Why do some young people get angry with society? What qualities do you hope to find in your husband or wie? Before you started work, had you been attending a boarding schoo!? ‘What kind of things were you always worrying your parents for when you were a small child? (Of the happenings in childhood what has remained most vividly in your mind? Describe an occasion when you were expecting something Unpleasant to happen and you had a delightful surprise, What were you talking about while you were eating lunch yesterday? How will most people be traveling to work in the year 20007 By that time how long will people have been travelling by car? ‘What had you been dreaming about when you woke up is morning? 115 6 Explain the differences in meaning between the sentences in the following groups. {Tm sony | can't come. | lecture to @ group of students on Thursday. "fm sorry I can'tcome. | amlecturing toa group of students ‘on Thursday. Where have you been all this moming? Where were you allthis morning? My foreign students wonder when they will see a sunny day in England, ‘My foreign students wonder when they see a sunny day in England. |thad been walking through the park when it suddenly started to rain | was walking through the park when it suddenly started to rain, He is always receiving extraordinary letter. He always receives extraordinary letters, He has had a free day. He! researches. He has had a free day. He has been completing the report on his researches, ‘completed the reporton his He was making a long speech when | asked the question. He made a long speech when | asked the question.xl, ‘They will take a test when they entér the class. They will have taken a test when they enter the class. He said ho was working in Leeds. He said he had worked in Leeds. He said he had been working in Leeds. He said he would be working in Loods. He said he would work in Leeds. ''m always leaving my umbrella at my friend's house. always leave my umbrella at my friend's house. Maria doesnt come to class today. Maria isnt coming to class today. Maria wor't come to class today. He assured me he always wrote to his mother. He assured me he would always write to his mother. He said he always paid for his friend's drinks. He said he was always paying for his fiend's drinks. He will mend the roof in 2 weok’s time. He will have mended the roof in a week's time. He will be waiting for you in the hall, He is waiting for you inthe hall, “7LESSON Xill SHALL | GAMBLE? Here is an essay written by a schoo! boy. It is quoted as having enough good points to be instructive and enovigh bad points tbe distructive. 1am against gambling because ( have never found any reason to believe that it {is agood thing. Although a litle gamble may do no harmitis apt to become an ‘obsession. A man (or woman! may then risk all he has, for the chance of getting more, ‘This man will create for himself an unreal world. instead of making the best of, ‘what he has and concentrating on working hard and saving to ensure the future ‘and raise his standard of living gradually, he will risk a considerable regular loss, By this loss those who take the bet will grow rch. "They" are usually quite safe and can afford and expect to lose the milion they may win, ‘Anyway, ifhe did win his milion itis ikely, to give him more trouble than he had without it. Chanties will ask for gifs, racketeers will do their best to get what they can out of him, He will become a centre of interest, and not be given a moment's peace for it. He has made an unknown man rich on the money he risked and lost; been one of the lucky few, and won; and has put himself into ‘another false world, with farhhigher standards than his former position, butittoo hasits problems. But instead of betting (for instance) on horses, ithe invested 19 in a state lottery, he would have an advantage. A state lottery, may be looked ‘on as encouraging evil by legalizing gambling. But on the other hand itcould be clear sight and common sense. Gambling seems to come naturally to some people. More, perhaps, to the Chinese, or to the prosperous Dyaks of Borneo ‘whose women lose their earrings in their enthusiasm. So if itis undertaken by the state it can make sure that there wil be fair play and equal chances for everybody. A special government department could be created to deal with state gambling concerns. It can't be stopped, so there can be nothing wrong by making gambling a national interest, ‘The State lottery is (I believe) a National Savings account for which you get no regular interest, but always the chance of winning a prize, And your “share” always be withdrawn, The use of the State Lottery (premium bond), or whatever itis called in England could be justified as a case of the evil helping the virtuous, The government Reeds money. Not enough people could be persuaded to use the National Savings Bank so the government tries a new way to tempt them to invest init. After alli there was no State lottery there would be some national tax that ‘would affect almost everybody. But the State lotery is a voluntary tax. it makes those who gamble, thought by ‘some people to be "bad", pay off those who do not, ‘the good. The gambler ‘may, and at some time almost certainly wil, win; but | think he willbe lucky fhe wins more than he has already risked and lost. Except, of course, on the State lottery where he can get back the money as itis lent to the government. Anyway gambling is nof likely to stop. tis not u new idea brought in with American slang or oiled milionaires as people might sorietimes think. It is @ vvery old vice, and gambling restriction laws have been traced certainly back to the reign of Richard 111, uncertainly to Richard 11. | think itis hardly likely that we will be any more successful in stopping gambling than the many people Who must have tried since Richard 11 fo bring it to an end. So | think the best ‘should be made ofit and let the State gain rather than the individual "bookies", 120