Conyneht ® olencoe/Mesiawe@dision othe Mecrans Name Date cass oESEIOn, e |= Reinforcement Directions: Match the cause in Column | with its effect in Column Il by writing the correct eter inthe space provide. Earth’s Place in Space Column I Column II |. revolution of Earth around the Sun a. night and day 2. rotation of Earth b, eclipses 3. tilt of Earth’s axis . Moon phases 4. position of Earth, the Sun, and the Moon 4d. seasons 5. new moon and half moon fe. years Directions: For each cause-and-effect pair that you matched above, write one or two complete sentences explaining the relationship. The first one is dane for you. 6. It takes one year for Earth to revolve all the way around the Sun. -] Ff Ey 4 rt EI a = 3 = m 7 10. The SelarSystem and Beyond 27Date Class The Solar System Directions: Use the dues below to complete the crossword puzzle, ir re Across 3. These pieces of rock form a belt that separates the inner planets from the outer planets. 4, Pluto is the planet in size. 6, Saturn is known for its dazzling 8, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto make up the planets 9. This force holds the objects in the solar system in place 10, This is the number of planets that are in our solar system. 11. Earth is the Sun, planet from the 13. A piece of rock or metal that plunges through the atmosphere and falls to Earth is called a(n) 28 TheSolar System and Beyond Down 1. This is made up of the nine planets and numerous other objects that orbit the Sun. 2. This large body of frozen ice and rock sometimes forms what appears to be a bright, glowing tail when it gets near the Sun. 5. Jupiter is the planet in size 7. Thais is what we call the star in the center of our solar system, 12. Mars looks because the rocks on its surface contain iron oxide, 3Conyneht ® olencoe/Mesiawe@dision othe Mecrans Name Date cass EELIOn, = Reinforcement Directions: Explain the relationship among the following groups of words. Use complete sentences, 1. star’s color, temperature, cool, medium, hot Stars and Galaxies 2. supergiant, supernova, neutron star, black hole 3. giant, white dwarf, black dwarf 4, elliptical, spiral, irregular, Milky Way 5, astronomical units, light-years 6. huge clouds of gas and dust, gravity, fusion 7. Milky Way, galaxies, universe The SelarSystem and Beyond 29 -] Ff Ey 4 rt s a = S = mName Date Class eEEElOn, ‘When you think of a day on Earth, you probably think of 24 hours. However, if you had lived millions of years ago, a day on Earth would have been much shorter. For example, 900 million years ago, the length of Earth's day was about 18 hours. Earth’s Slowing Rotation You already know that Earth rotates about its axis, But Earth hasn't always rotated at the same speed. It used to rotate much faster Scientists know that since about 1600, Earth has rotated about 0.002 s slower every 100 years. Scientist don’t have accurate data about Earth’s rotation before 1600, but they assume that Earth’s rotation has been slowing from its original speed. The length of a day is the time it takes Earth to rotate once, so as Earth rotates more slowly, days last longer: A Day on Earth Earth and Its Moon As the Moon orbits Earth, its gravity pulls ‘ocean water back and forth, causing tides. The water flowing across the ocean floor produces enough friction to slow Earth's rotation, Meanwhile, Earth's oceans, as they go through the tides, have enough mass to form their own gravitational pull on the Moon. Some energy is transferred ftom Earth's tides to the Moon. As a result, the Moon speeds up in its orbit about Earth, causing it to move a little farther away. The distance from the Moon to Earth increases by about 3 or 4m every year 1. Scientists have calculated that the Moon’s revolution around Earth is increasing by about 0.015 s per century. At this rate, how long would it take the length of a month to increase by one full day? 2. Do you think Earth's slowing rotation affects the length of a year? Why or why not? 3. How is the Moon's orbit around Earth changing? 30. TheSolar System and Beyond iConyneht ® Gleneoe/Mesiawei@dision othe Mecranes Date cass LSaTareaTea SUN For centuries, people have wondered if we were alone in the universe, Many people once thought there might be life on Mars, We know now that at best, bacteria may have lived there once. But another place offers more hope than Mars does. Conditions for Life People used to think that life required two things: water and sunlight. In 1977, though, a discovery on Earth changed everything. Life was found on the bottom of the ocean, far from any sunlight. All along the seafloor, volcanoes and vents send heat and certain chemicals into the water. Microbes, fish, and even giant clams thrive there. If life can exist without sunlight on Earth, it might exist somewhere else, too. Are there any places in the solar system that might have a heated ocean? By Jupiter! The best bet seems to be Europa, Europa is the fourth largest of Jupiter's 61 moons. Life in Other Worlds? Itis about the size of Earth's Moon, and it is covered with ice, Scientists used to think it was made of solid ice, but they have learned itis not Cracks in the Ice ‘The spacecraft Galileo has sent back infor- mation about Jupiter. When Galileo passed. Europa, it took pictures of the moon. Those pictures show a crust of cracked ice. The patterns of cracks look as though ice is floating on liquid water. The surface temperature of Europa is -145°C. If there is water below the surface, it might have been melted by volcanic heat. Jo, the moon nearest Europa, has many volcanoes. Europa may also. Itis still too early to say anything for sure. Europa may have an ocean beneath its ice. In that ocean, conditions may be right for life to exist. Some scientists think that brownish areas around some of Europa’s cracks may be made of carbon-bearing molecules, On Earth, life is based on such molecules. 1. Scientists used to think two conditions were necessary for life as we know it. What were they? 2, What changed their minds? 3. Buropa is far from the Sun, and its surface is very cold. How could there be liquid water there? The SelarSystem and Beyond 31 3 Ey Ee z J E| a = 3 4 ey 5 3 Ey =La TaCeaT natu In 1922, astronomy’s governing body, the International Astronomical Union, adopted and recognized 88 constellations in the north- ern and southern hemispheres. If you were to count the number of objects in the sky, how- ever, you would find more than 88. That's because some constellations include more than one object or creature. For example, the star pattern you're most likely to recognize is the Big Dipper. But the Big Dipper is not, by itself, a constellation. It’s part of Ursa major, a constellation named by the Greeks meaning “the great bear” Early Star Gazers Although the Greeks are credited with inventing our modern-day constellation system, astronomers have traced their origin back to the Babylonians and Sumerians. Di Date Class Constellation History And almost half of the 88 constellations weren't even added by European astronomers until the 17th and 18th centuries. Guided by the Stars Regardless of when and how they were named, constellations have been used for cen- turies by people needing help in finding their way through oceans and across deserts. They've also been used to help people decide when the time was right for planting and harvesting of crops. Further, people also used constellations, such as the Summer Triangle, to mark the pass- ing of the seasons. That's because the stars of the Summer Triangle are only seen in the nighttime skies of summer. Although the constellations no longer serve as a celestial calendar, one thing has stayed the same, Constellations continue to be a source of wonder, enjoyment, and imagination. ctions: Use resources from the library to help you answer the following questions 1. How many constellations represent men and/or women? How many represent birds? How many represent dragons? 2. Throughout the centuries, many other cultures have seen the star pattern we know as the Big Dipper. List four other names or descriptions for the Big Dipper along with their cultural origin 3. Ancient Arabs said that “summer came on the wings of birds.” Explain how the Arab saying is related to the Summer Triangle. 32 _ TheSolar System and Beyond iConyneht ® olencoe/Mesiawe@dision othe Mecrans Name Date cass [eeachurm ‘The Solar System and Beyond Neosat n1—_Earth’s Place in Space A. Earth , even though it appears that the Sun does. 1. Rotation—spinning of Earth on its , which occurs once every 24 hours 2, Barth moves around the Sun in a regular, curved called an orbit. 3, It takes one year for Earth’s__—— around the Sun. 4 occur due to Earth's tilted axis and its revolution around the Sun. " B. The Moon around Barth every 27.3 days. 3 1, The Moon's changing shapes are known as of the Moon, z 2, The Moon's phases are caused by the of Earth, the Moon, and a the = 2 a, When the Moon changes from new to full, it is called b. When the Moon changes from full to new, it is called 3. Asolar occurs when the Moon is between the Sun and Earth and the Moon's shadow falls on Earth 4A eclipse occurs when Earth is between the Moon and the Sun and Earth's shadow falls on the Moon. Section2 — The Solar System AL —the Sun, its nine planets, and other objects that orbit the Sun L in space are so vast they require different units of measurement than are used to measure things on Earth, 2. An is about 150 million km, the mean distance from Earth to the Sun. The SelarSystem and Beyond 33Name Date Class Note-taking Worksheet (continued) B. Inner planets are , with minerals similar to those on Earth. 1 —second-smallest planet and closest to the Sun a. Little atmosphere, resulting in extremes of temperature b. Heavily cratered surface 2 —second-closest to the Sun a. Heavy cloud layer b. Clouds trap solar energy, making the planet extremely hot—about 470° Celsius 3. —third planet from the Sun a. Atmosphere allows life to flourish b. Water exists as a solid, liquid, and gas. 4 —fourth planet from the Sun a. Has seasons and polar ice caps b. May have water shaping its surface 5. The separates the inner and outer planets. C. Outer planets—most are huge balls of 1 —fifth planet from the Sun and largest a. Has 61 moons b. Great Red Spot is a giant storm on the planet's surface. 2 —sixth planet from the Sun a. Has at least 31 moons b. Several broad rings of ice and dust 3. —seventh planet from the Sun a. Axis makes the planet spin nearly sideways b. Has rings and at least 21 moons 4 —eighth planet from the Sun i a. A gas planet with rings and at least 11 moons b. Methanes in its atmosphere gives planet a blue color, 34 TheSolar System and BeyondConyneht ® olencoe/Mesiawe@dision othe Mecrans Name Date cass Note-taking Worksheet (continued) 5. —smallest planet and farthest from the Sun a. Rocky and frozen crust b. One moon large body of frozen ice and rock that travels toward the center of the solar system. 7 —fragments of space material that land on Earth's surface a. Pieces may be ion, rock, or both b. Age (4.5 billion years) provides a clue to the Solar System’s age ra E Section3 Stars and Galaxies & 3 A. —groups of stars that form a pattern in the sky a 5 B. A star has a that depends on its size. = 1. Stars begin as huge clouds of dust and gas that contract and heat up to the point of 2. Small stars shine than larger stars, 3. A medium-sized star ends up as a black dwarf, while a larger star explodes as a that could eventually become a black hole. group of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity -shaped galaxies are most common. 2. galaxies look something like a pinwheel. 3. galaxies are smaller and less common than other galaxies. 4, Earth is located in the Galaxy. BA is the distance light travels in a year, approximately 9.5 trillion km. 6. The , containing billions of galaxies, seems to be expanding. The SelarSystem and Beyond 35Assessment 36 TheSolar System and BeyondConyneht ® olencoe/Mesiawe@dision othe Mecrans Name Date cass farncs The Solar System and Beyond SWS Part A. Vocabulary Review Directions: Use the words in the list to fill in the blanks below. constellation rotation galaxy eclipse 1. When the Moon’s shadow travels across part of Earth, a(n) solar system revolution has occurred. . The term for the nine planets and other objects that orbit the Sun is ‘The spinning of Earth on its axis is called Earth's . A group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky is called a(n) 2, 3 4, The movement of Earth around the Sun is known as Earth's 5, 6 . An) is a group of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity. Part B. Concept Review Directions: Answer the following questions using complete sentences. 1, What causes day and night on Earth? 2, What causes seasons? 3. Describe the movement of the Moon in relation to Earth. 4, In which galaxy is Earth located? How many galaxies might there be? The SelarSystem and Beyond 37Name Date Class Geum 5, In the space below, draw a model of the solar system. Indicate and label all of the following. ™ comets ™ the asteroid belt ® the outer planets ™ the inner planets = Pluto = Mars = Neptune = Earth = Uranus = Venus = Jupiter = Mercury * the smallest planet in the solar system = the Sun ® the largest planet in the solar system. = an astronomical unit i 38_ TheSolar System and BeyondConyneht ® olencoe/Mesiawe@dision othe Mecrans Date cass Testing Concepts The Solar System and Beyond Directions: Match the description in Column I with the item in Column I by writing the correct letter in the space provide. Column I 1. a group of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity 2. all galaxies and all their stars 3. the spinning of Earth on its axis 4. a group of stars that forms a pattern in the sky the movement of Earth around the Sun the imaginary line around which Earth rotates a huge star that begins to use the gases in its core the nine planets and other objects that orbit the Sun 6. 7. 8, 9. 10, the most common form of galaxy when the Moon's shadow travels across part of Earth Column I a. galaxy b. elliptical «. revolution d. axis . rotation £. solar system g universe hi solar eclipse i. constellation j. supergiant Directions: For each ofthe following, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes the sentence or answers the question. 11. Which statement is true? a. Earth spins on its axis. b. The Moon revolves around Earth. c. Both Earth and the Moon revolve around the Sun. d. all of the above 12, Which takes the least amount of time? a. Earth rotates once, b. Earth revolves once. ¢. The Moon revolves once. d. All take the same amount of time. 13, Seasons are a result of a. Earth’s rotation ¢. the Moon’s rotation b. Earth's tilted axis d. the Moon's revolution 14, What is an astronomical unit? a. average distance from Earth to the Sun b. amount of time it takes Earth to orbit the Sun . average distance from Earth to the Moon d. amount of time it takes light to travel from the Sun to Earth The SelarSystem and Beyond 39Name Date Class (eur y oh imri a cone) 15. What is the Sun? a. star b. galaxy . planet 4. solar system 16. Which is the largest? a. supergiant . solar system b. constellation d. galaxy 17. Earth is the planet from the Sun. a. first b. second . third 4. fourth 18. What is the best estimate of the number of galaxies in the universe? a, one b. thousands ¢. millions d. billions 19. When the Moon is waxing, it appears to be getting a. closer b. farther away c. larger d. smaller 20. What is the largest planet in the solar system? a. Earth b. Mercury . Jupiter d. Pluto Il. Understanding Concepts Skill: Making Diagrams Directions: Read and complete the following sets of directions. 1. Make a diagram of a solar eclipse. Label Earth, the Moon, the Sun, and the Moon's shadow. 2. Make a diagram of a lunar eclipse. Label Earth, the Moon, the Sun, and Earth's shadow. 40. The Solar System and Beyond onyih © Genece/MetrawConyneht ® olencoe/Mesiawe@dision othe Mecrans Date cass Groat Skill: Sequencing 3. Number the following planets and the asteroid belt to show their location in the solar system. Number the object closest to the Sun 1, the second closest object 2, and so on. a. Pluto —_b. Jupiter ¢. Earth —— 4 Saturn ¢. Neptune —— f. Venus g- Uranus ——_h. Mars . the asteroid belt —_ j. Mercury Ill. Applying Concepts. Directions: Match the planets on the right with their descriptions on the left. L 2. 3. 9. has an atmosphere of thick clouds that trap solar energy and can get as hot as 470°C has a very thin atmosphere and can get very hot during the day and very cold at night looks blue and has a moon that shoots gaseous nitrogen into space haas a surface temperature that allows water to exist as a solid, aliquid, and a gas is a small, rocky planet with a frozen crust looks red because rocks on its surface get rusty is known for its dazzling rings and a moon whose atmosphere seems to be much like that of Earth long ago is the largest planet and has a giant storm called the Great Red Spot looks blue-green and has an axis that is tilted almost even with, the planet’ plane of orbit a. Jupiter b. Earth c. Neptune . Saturn, . Mars f. Pluto g Uranus h. Venus i. Mercury The SelarSystem and Beyond 41Name Date Class (eur y oh imri a cone) IV. Writing Skills Directions: Answer the following questions using complete sentences, 1. Which other planet in the solar system seems most like Earth? Explain the reason for your choice. 2. Compare and contrast the outer planets of the solar system with the inner planets. 3. What causes the phases of the Moon? 4, How is a star formed? 5. List what makes up a galaxy and describe the three major shapes of galaxies. 3 A2_ The Solar System and BeyondTransparency Activities 3 a a4 B = ¢ ae 5 Ey 3 ig iS The Solar System and Beyond 43=! 5 EA a 4 rs 3 cy > 2. ef B Name Date Class eT g Sess On the Move Transparency Activity Sometimes animals migrate in response to seasonal changes. Snow geese, like those shown below, migrate from Greenland and the Canadian Arctic to New Jersey and the Carolinas. 1. What time of year do you think this picture was taken? What seasonal changes occur at this time? 2. What is summer like in your area? What is winter like? 3. How does the light reaching Earth change between sunrise and sunset? 44 TheSolar System and Beyond onyiht © Genece/Merawil a disen of the MEG Companies, heEe 2 Resabaderty A Really Big Belt Transparency Activity Planets aren’t the only things in our solar system; asteroids also orbit the Sun. Most of these asteroids are in an area between Mars and Jupiter called the asteroid belt. This photo shows an asteroid named Gaspra (Asteroid 951). The image was made by the Galileo space probe. 1. Describe Gaspra’s shape. 2. Judging from the picture, what do you think asteroids are made of? 3. Name some objects that orbit the Sun. Name some objects that orbit Earth. The Solar System and Beyond 45Name Date Class The star nearest Earth is our very own Sun. Scientists think the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and that it will continue to shine for another five billion years or so. As far as stars go, the Sun is medium- sized. 1. What would our Sun look like from a distant galaxy? 2. How do people group stars in the night sky? 3. Why do some stars appear brighter than others? 46 The Solar System and BeyondName Date cass June September March © cleneoe/Mecraw tt 3 December 3 a4 B = ¢ ae 5 Ey 3 ig iS The SelarSystem and Beyond 47Name Date Class Teaching Transparency Activity (continued) 1, What are the two movements of Earth in space? 2. What causes night and day? 3. Which movement do the green arrows on the transparency indicate? 4, How is Earth’s tilt related to the seasons? 5. What month does the north pole receive the most light? What month does the south pole receive the most light? 6. Describe the position of the Moon during a lunar eclipse. 48_ The Solar System and Beyond i‘onyneht ® Glencoe/Mesiawl aise ofthe Merawet Companies Ie. Date cass Cs Ti transparency Activity Beyond The Solar System and Directions: Carefully review the table and answer the following questions. Inner Planets n » Planet Diameter (km) aT La ae Mercury 4,875 0.39 -170 to 450 Venus 12,104 0.72 470 Earth 12,756 1.00 -50 to 55 Mars 6,794 1.52 -170 to 27 F Mercury G Venus H Earth J Mars with a temperature of 470°C is probably on __. A Mercury B Venus C Earth D Mars . According to the table, the inner planet with the largest diameter is. A Mercury B Venus C Earth D Mars . According to this information, which planet is closest to the Sun? . According to the table, a space probe sitting on an inner planet The SelarSystem and Beyond 49 zg 4 i S g Es A s s