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PUMPS (/productfinder/flow_transfer_control/pumps) LEARN MORE ABOUT LIQUID HANDLING PUMPS

Liquid Handling Pumps Information

Show all Liquid Handling Pumps Manufacturers (http://www.globalspec.com/SpecSearch/Suppliers/flow_transfer_control/pumps
/pumps_all_types)

Pumps, in their simplest form, are machines for moving liquids. Industrial liquid handling pumps include all
pumps designed to handle industrial liquid media such as water, wastewater, chemical slurries, oil, coolant
fluid, or sewage.

Pump Operation
In terms of operation, all pumps are ultimately classified as either positive displacement or dynamic (kinetic).
However, since most dynamic pumps in industry are centrifugal pumps, the distinction is often between
positive displacement and centrifugal.

Dynamic (Kinetic)
Dynamic pumps, also called kinetic pumps, include all pumps which use fluid velocity to build momentum and produce pressure to move the
fluid through the system. These pumps are classified as either centrifugal or specialized based on the method used to induce this velocity.

Centrifugal
Centrifugal pumps, which are the most common, use an impeller attached to a shaft which rotates to provide the energy to generate fluid
velocity. The impeller is mounted in a casing which provides a pressure boundary and channels the fluid through a volute (funnel). The
image below shows a simplified centrifugal pump layout:

view full size image

Image Credit: Engineers Edge (http://www.e ngine e rse dge .com/pumps/ce ntrifugal_pump.htm)

Centrifugal pumps can be further differentiated based on how they direct flow.

Axial flow pumps lift liquid in a direction parallel to the pump shaft. They operate essentially the same as a boat propeller.
Radial flow pumps accelerate liquid through the center of the impeller and out along the impeller blades at right angles (radially) to
the pump shaft.
Mixed flow pumps incorporate characteristics from both axial and radial flow pumps. They push liquid out away from the pump shaft
at an angle greater than 90°.

view full size image

Specialized
Some unique dynamic pumps induce velocity in a fluid through specialized means other than an impeller. These include jet ejector,
reversible centrifugal, gas lift, hydraulic ram, and electromagnetic pumps.

For more information on centrifugal pumps, visit the How to Select Centrifugal Pumps (/learnmore/flow_transfer_control/pumps
/centrifugal_pumps) page on Engineering360.

Positive Displacement

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Liquid Handling Pumps Search Form

Positive displacement pumps provide pump pressure through fixed volumes which expand and contract to push fluid through a system. This
Search manufacturer catalogs by these direct application means that the flow rate generated by these pumps is relatively constant, and varies only based on the speed at which the
specifications: pump runs. The moving parts in these pumps operate in either a rotary or reciprocating manner.

Type Of Pump: Rotary

Agitator Pumps (javascript:void(0);) Rotary pumps use a rotor to move fluid, where parts (gears, ridges, vanes, etc.) of the rotor act as dividers between chambers. As the rotor
Axial Flow Pumps (javascript:void(0);) rotates, liquid is forced through and out the pump. The image below shows a simplified vane-type rotary pump layout:
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Media: Vane rotary pump. Image Credit: FAO Corporate Document Repository (http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/004/T0218E/T0218E02.htm)
Abrasive Material (javascript:void(0);)
Acids (javascript:void(0);) Reciprocating
Adhesives (javascript:void(0);) Reciprocating pumps move fluid using linear rather than rotary motion. They operate by moving a piston or diaphragm back and forth
Chemicals (javascript:void(0);)
through a cylinder. Fluid moves in at the upstroke (suction) and out through a check valve on the down-stroke (discharge). The image below
Concrete / Grout (javascript:void(0);)
shows a simplified hand-operated reciprocating pump:
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Hand-operated reciprocating pump. Image Credit: Maritime.org (http://www.maritime .org/fle e tsub/hydr/chap1.htm)

For more information on positive displacement pumps, visit the How to Select Positive Displacement Pumps (/learnmore
/flow_control_flow_transfer/pumps/positive_displacement_pumps) page on Engineering360.

Pump Parameters
Pump operation and performance can best be described by a few fundamental parameters; flow rate, pressure, head, power, and efficiency.

Flow Rate
Volume flow rate (Q), also referred to as capacity, is the volume of liquid that travels through the pump in a given time (measured in gallons

per minute or gpm). It defines the rate at which a pump can push fluid through the system. In some cases, the mass flow rate ( ) is also
used, which describes the mass through the pump over time. The volume flow rate is related to mass flow rate by the fluid density (ρ) via the
equation:

When selecting pumps, the flow rate or rated capacity of the pump must be matched to the flow rate required by the application or system.

Pressure
Pressure is a measure of resistance: the force per unit area of resistance in the system. A pressure rating in a
pump defines how much resistance it can handle or overcome. It is usually given in bar or psi (pounds per square
inch). Pressure, in conjunction with flow rate and power, is used to describe pump performance. Centrifugal
pumps, however, typically use head (described below) instead of pressure to define the energy or resistance of the
pump, since pressure in a centrifugal pump varies with the pumped fluid's specific gravity.

When selecting pumps, the rated operating or discharge pressure of the pump must be equal to or more than the
required pressure for the system at the desired flow rate.

Head
Head is the height above the suction inlet that a pump can lift a fluid. It is a shortcut measurement of system
resistance (pressure) which is independent of the fluid's specific gravity. It is defined as the mechanical energy of
the flow per unit weight. It is expressed as a column height of water given in feet (ft) or meters (m). In other words,
if water was pumped straight up, the pump head is equivalent to the height it reaches.

Pump head (H) can be converted to pressure (P) using the specific gravity (SG) of the fluid by the equation:

P = 0.434 · H · (SG)

or by the density of the fluid (ρ) and the acceleration due to gravity (g):

P=H·ρ·g

When selecting centrifugal pumps, the rated pump head must be equal to or greater than the total head of the system (total dynamic head or
TDH) at the desired flow rate.

Selection Tip: Pump head in a centrifugal pump will be he same for all liquids if the shaft is spinning at the same speed. The only

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difference between fluids is the amount of power needed to get the shaft to the proper speed (rpm). The higher the fluid's specific gravity
(SG), the more power is required.

Another specification to consider is net positive suction head (NPSH) - the difference between the pump's inlet stagnation pressure head
and the vapor pressure head. The required NPSH is an important parameter in preventing cavitation in a pump. Cavitation happens inside a
pump when the local pressure falls below the vapor pressure of the liquid being pumped, causing the liquid to boil.

Selection Tip: The pressure inside the pump should be above the NPSH to avoid cavitation, which can result in noise, vibration, reduced
efficiency, and damage to impeller blades.

Power
Net head is proportional to the power actually delivered to the fluid, called output power (Pout) or the water horsepower (measured in
horsepower or hp). This is the horsepower rating which describes the useful work the pump will do to the fluid. It can be calculated by the
equation:

Pout = gH = ρgQH

where:
ρ is fluid density
g is the acceleration due to gravity
Q is the volumetric flow rate
H is the pump head

is the mass flow rate

In all pumps there are losses due to friction, internal leakage, flow separation, etc. Because of these losses, the external power supplied to
the pump, called the input power (Pin) or brake horsepower, is always larger than the water horsepower. This specification is typically
provided by the pump manufacturer as a rating or in the pump's performance curve and is used to select the proper motor or power source
for the pump.

Selection Tip: When determining the required power from a typical pump performance curve (discussed below), it is best to use
the values at the end of the curve to ensure adequate supply at most operating conditions. For operations with little system variation (e.g.
refineries), use the value at the operating point plus 10%.

Efficiency
The ratio between the water horsepower and brake horsepower (useful power vs. required power) describes the pump efficiency (ηpump):
ηpump = Pout/Pin

Keep in mind that any efficiency rating of the pump given by the manufacturer assumes certain system conditions such as the type of fluid
transported: water is a typical standard. The efficiency may not be accurate if these assumptions differ from the consumer's intended
application.

Selection Tip: A more efficient pump is not always the best choice when considering energy costs. For example, a pump that runs at
40% efficiency would be a better choice than one in the same family which is 60% efficient but requires twice the power.

Pump Performance Curves

All pumps have a characteristic or performance curve that describes the flow rate produced at net or total head. Pump specifications relating
head and flow rate correlate to those found on its characteristic curve. A simplified curve for a centrifugal pump will look something like this:

view full size image

Original Image Credit: Pumpfundamentals.com (http://www.pumpfundame ntals.com/tutorial3.htm)

The pump curve illustrates the available total head at a given flow rate of the pump. Generally, more head is available in the pump as flow
rate decreases. Manufacturers usually designate an optimum or best efficiency point (BEP) of the curve, which is indicated in this graph by
the dotted line. Thus, this pump runs best when supplying a net head of 100 ft, which will provide a flow rate of 23 gpm.

When selecting a pump for incorporation into a system, users should map the system curve alongside the pump curve. A simplified
incorporation of this curve will look something like this:

view full size image

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The system curve illustrates the required head for different flow rates in the system. It is constructed using a form of Bernoulli's equation
(http://www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1400/Section3/bernoulli.htm)for fluid mechanics, which is beyond the scope of this guide. Generally,
more head is required as flow rate increases due to frictional forces and other losses in the system. The operating point of the pump in a
system should be where the pump curve and system curve intersect. The best pump choice for a system is one in which the required
operating point intersects at the pumps BEP.

Selection Tip: Since every system is unique and has specific head requirements, the best choice mentioned above is not always
commercially available.

Positive displacement pumps do not utilize fluid momentum, meaning that flow rate is relatively independent of pump head. Thus, (unlike
dynamic pumps), positive displacement pumps have a definitive capacity across a wide range of head pressures (as shown in the
characteristic curve below). Slippage is the result of high discharge pressures causing some liquid to leak back to the pump suction,
reducing capacity.

view full size image

Image Credit: ITU.edu (http://www.gidb.itu.e du.tr/staff/sogut/de n322/Note s/Positiv e _Disp.pdf)

Failure results when the total head of the system exceeds the maximum head of the pump.

Types of Pumps
Any pump type which can handle an industrial liquid can be considered an industrial liquid handling pump. However, variation in design
makes different pumps suitable for particular applications.

The diagram below provides an overview of pump classification by type.

view full size image

Image Credit: Pdhengineer (http://www.pdhe ngine e r.com/)

The number of different pump types can be overwhelming to even an experienced engineer. The following table provides and overview of
the basic categories and their general properties.

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Parameter
Capacity
Pressure (Head)
Maximum Flow Rate
Maximum Pressure
Requires Relief Valve
Flow Type
Flow Characteristic
Space Considerations
Initial Costs
Maintenance Costs
Energy Costs
Water and low viscosity (thin)
liquids. Can pump solutions
Liquids Recommended
impeller. Liquid should not
This next table further breaks down pump classification into specific types, and provides a summary of the features, advantages, and
recommended liquids associated with each. To learn more about selecting a certain type of pump, click on its associated link under the
pump type column.
Pump Type
Axial (/learnmore
/flow_transfer_control/pumps
/axial_flow_pumps)
Mixed
Radial
Electromagnetic (/learnmore
/flow_transfer_control/pumps
/magnetic_drive_pumps)
Jet (/learnmore
/flow_transfer_control/pumps
/jet_pumps)
Gear (/learnmore
/flow_transfer_control/pumps
/gear_pumps_positive_displacement)
Peristaltic (/learnmore
/flow_transfer_control/pumps
/peristaltic_pumps)
Rotary Vane (/learnmore
/flow_transfer_control/pumps
/rotary_vane_pumps)
Screw (/learnmore
/flow_transfer_control/pumps
/screw_pumps)
Diaphragm (/learnmore
/flow_transfer_control/pumps
/diaphragm_pumps)
Piston/Plunger (/learnmore
/flow_transfer_control/pumps
/piston_plunger_pumps)
Table includes content from Pump Scout -Pump Types Guide (http://www.pumpscout.com/articles-scout-guide /pump-type s-guide -aid100.html)
5 of 9
Centrifugal Pumps Reciprocating Pumps
Medium/High Low
Low/Medium High
100,000+ GPM 10,000+ GPM
6,000 PSI 100,000+ PSI
No Yes
Variable Constant
Smooth Pulsating
Require Less Space Requires More Space
Lower Higher
Lower Higher
Higher Lower
Viscous liquids, dirty
chemicals, tacky glue and
with solids given proper adhesives, oil, and lubricating
fluids. Specialty fitted pumps
contain gas pockets. can handle abrasives.
Table Credit: PDHengineer (http://www.pdhengine e r.com/)
Parent Type Features
Single stage (generally),
high specific speed
Dynamic, centrifugal
impeller for high capacity
and low head.
Single or mulƟstage,
medium specific speed
impeller for medium head
Dynamic, centrifugal and medium flow.
Generally mounted
verƟcally.
Single or mulƟstage, low
specific speed impeller for
Dynamic, centrifugal high head and low
capacity.
Provides torque to
impeller via inner and
Dynamic, special effect outer magnets. Isolated
inner-can with no shaŌ
penetraƟon.
Horizontal end sucƟon
pump with ejector on
pump or located in well.
Dynamic, special effect
Ejects liquid via high
pressure fluid through
venturi nozzle.
Liquid pumped between
PosiƟve displacement, two gears and surrounding
rotary casing. There are internal
and external gear types.
Roller or shoe that
squeezes a tube or hose as
PosiƟve displacement,
it rotates. The squeezing
rotary
acƟon moves the liquid
along the tube.
Rotor with vanes located
in slots rotates in an
PosiƟve displacement, eccentrically shaped
rotary casing. As rotor turns,
vanes move in and out of
the slots.
Two-screw pumps make
use of Ɵming gears. Triple-
PosiƟve displacement,
screw types use one screw
rotary
to drive the others and
don't include Ɵming gears.
ReciprocaƟng diaphragm
driven by a solenoid,
PosiƟve displacement,
mechanical drive, or fluid
reciprocaƟng
drive. Contains inlet and
outlet check valves.
One or more double
acƟng pistons or single
PosiƟve displacement,
acƟng plungers, sealed
reciprocaƟng
with o-rings against
cylinder walls.
http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/flow_transfer_control/pumps/...
Rotary Pumps
Low/Medium
Low/Medium
10,000+ GPM
4,000 PSI
Yes
Constant
Smooth
Requires Less Space
Lower
Lower
Lower
Optimum for viscous fluids.
Requires clean, clear, non-
abrasive fluid due to close
tolerances.
Liquids
Advantages
Recommended
CharacterisƟcally very high
Water and low viscosity flow rate with very low
(thin) liquids. Can pump head, a requirement for
soluƟons with solids given flood dewatering
proper impeller. and many cooling
applicaƟons.
Water and low viscosity Combines characterisƟcs
(thin) liquids. Can pump of radial and axial flow for
soluƟons with solids given medium flow and medium
proper impeller. head.
Water and low viscosity
Lowest flow rates and
(thin) liquids. Can pump
highest head of centrifugal
soluƟons with solids given
pump types.
proper impeller.
Chemicals, hydrocarbons,
and other liquids which are
Eliminates mechanical seal
difficult to seal or pose
(a large component of
serious consequences with
pump maintenance costs);
leakage; high temperature
leak-free.
fluids or liquids prone to
costly evaporaƟve losses.
Rugged and simple
construcƟon; less
DomesƟc water wells and maintenance
liquid/gas mixtures. requirements; simple
operaƟon. Good for
variable well condiƟons.
Oils and other high
Most widely used for clean
viscosity liquids. Usually
oil services; few moving
only suited for clean liquids
parts; simple construcƟon.
(no solids).
Requires no seal and keeps
the liquid inside the tube,
Wide range of liquids meaning zero leakage.
including liquids containing Good for handling of
solids and corrosive liquids. chemicals or disinfectants
and for precise metering
or dosing.
Oils and other high Good for both thick and
viscosity liquids. Usually thin liquids; oŌen chosen
only suited for clean liquids for terminals and truck
(no solids). Also good for unloading where many
thin liquids like gasoline types of liquids are
and water. handled.
Oils, fuels, and other high
Provides highest flow rate
viscosity liquids. Also
of posiƟve displacement
handles two-phase
pump types.
liquid/gas mixtures.
Handles a wide range of
liquids, including liquids
Wide range of liquids
containing solids; pump is
including liquids containing
sealless, and can run dry
solids and corrosive liquids.
without damaging the
pump.
Plunger pumps provide
Water and other thin best means of achieving
liquids. Piston pumps high pressures. Piston
specifically recommended pumps are beƩer for
for liquids containing abrasive liquids. Slow
abrasives. speeds may mean less
maintenance.
11/20/2017, 8:43 AM
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Materials
Pumps and their various components are made up of a number of different materials. Media type, system requirements, and the surrounding
environment all are important factors in material selection. Some materials used are described below.

Cast iron provides high tensile strength, durability, and abrasion resistance corresponding to high pressure ratings.

Plastics are inexpensive and provide extensive resistance to corrosion and chemical attack.

Steel and stainless steel alloys provide protection against chemical and rust corrosion and have higher tensile strengths than plastics,
corresponding to higher pressure ratings.

Other materials used in pump construction include:

Aluminum
Brass
Bronze
Ceramics
Nickel-alloy

When selecting the material type, there are a number of considerations that need to be taken into account.

Chemical compatibility - Pump parts in contact with the pumped media and addition additives (cleaners, thinning solutions) should be
made of chemically compatible materials that will not result in excessive corrosion or contamination. Consult a metallurgist for proper metal
selection when dealing with corrosive media.

Explosion proof - Non-sparking materials are required for operating environments or media with particular susceptibility to catching fire or
explosion. See the Explosion Proof Pumps Selection Guide (/learnmore/flow_control_flow_transfer/pumps/explosion_proof_pumps) for
more information on pumps designed specifically for these applications.

Sanitation- Pumps in the food and beverage industries require high density seals or sealless pumps that are easy to clean and sterilize.

Wear - Pumps which handle abrasives require materials with good wearing capabilities. Hard surfaces and chemically resistant materials are
often incompatible. The base and housing materials should be of adequate strength and also be able to hold up against the conditions of its
operating environment.

Media Properties
Industrial liquid handling pumps are distinguished as those pumps which deal with moving industrial liquids. However, there is a broad range
of media under the scope of industrial fluids. Selecting the right pump thus requires an understanding of the properties of the liquid in the
addressed system. These properties include viscosity and consistency.

Viscosity is a measure of the thickness of a liquid. Viscous fluids like sludges generate higher systems pressures and require more
pumping power to move through the system. In many cases, positive displacement pumps are better suited for handling higher viscosity
fluids. Low viscosity liquids like water and oil which generate low head are generally better suited for dynamic (centrifugal) pump types.

Consistency is the material makeup of the liquid solution in terms of chemicals and undissolved solids. Positive displacement pumps are
generally better suited for handling these solids, but dynamic pumps which are designed correctly (i.e. with certain impeller blades) can
handle them as well. Solutions with corrosive chemicals should be handled by pumps with materials and parts designed to withstand
corrosion.

Impeller Design
When selecting the right pump, the buyer may have to consider the design of the pump beyond its type and specifications. Impeller design
is important for proper centrifugal pump performance.

Closed designs are best used for water pumps, as the vanes totally enclose the water for best performance.

Closed propeller design. Image Credit: Mcnally Institute

Open and semi-open propellers are less likely to clog than closed designs, making them better suited for more viscous media.

Open propeller design. Image Credit: Mcnally Institute

Vortex impellers have a unique semi-open design which is the best solution for solid and "stringy" materials, but are up to 50% less efficient
than other designs.

Vortex impeller design. Image Credit: Egger Pumps (http://www.e ggerpumps.com/inde x.php?id=38&L=2)

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Single stage and multi-stage describe the number of impeller stages in a centrifugal pump, which affects the achievable head of the pump.
When a higher head pressure is required, a multi-stage pump is generally more economical to implement than a more complex single stage
pump.

A two-stage pump system. Image Credit: Hydraulic Pump & Motor Troubleshooting (http://www.hydraulicmotorpumps.com/hydraulic-v ane -pumps.html)

Simplex and multiplex describe the number of cylinders in a reciprocating pump, which determines its overall capacity. Simplex
reciprocating pumps have only one cylinder while multiplex pumps have more than one. Most reciprocating pumps use two or three
cylinders.

Power Source
Pumps can be driven by a number of different power sources. The most common are electric motors, but many other types exist.

AC powered - pump operates on a form of alternating current (AC) voltage, typically from an AC motor.
DC powered - pump operates on a form of direct current (DC) voltage, typically from a DC motor or battery.
Air (pneumatic) - pumpis poweredusing a compressed air source.
Combustion engine (gasoline or diesel) - pump is powered using a gasoline or diesel engine.
Hydraulic - pump is powered by a hydraulic system.
Steam - pump is powered by steam.

References and Resources

Chemical Engineers Resource Page - Centrifugal Pumps: Basic Concepts of Operation, Maintenance, and Troubleshooting
(http://www.idcon.com/pdf-doc/centrifugalpumps.pdf) (pdf)

Engineering Toolbox - Classifications of Pumps (http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/classification-pumps-d_55.html)

IT University - Positive Displacement Pumps (http://www.gidb.itu.edu.tr/staff/sogut/den322/Notes/Positive_Disp.pdf) (pdf)

Mcnally Institute - Open vs. Closed Impeller Design (http://www.mcnallyinstitute.com/14-html/14-02.htm)

PumpScout - Pump Types Guide (http://www.pumpscout.com/articles-scout-guide/pump-types-guide-aid100.html)

Pdhengineer - Pumps - Centrifugal vs. Positive Displacement (http://www.pdhengineer.com/)

Rain For Rent - Pump Training (http://www.rainforrent.com/Training/PumpTraining.pdf)

Image Credit: U.S. Plastic Corporation | Wilden Pump & Engineering, LLC.

Read user Insights about Liquid Handling Pumps (/insights/164/liquid-handling-pumps-design-trends-applications-buying-advice-from-

technical-experts)

Related Products & Services

Dosing Pumps (http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/flow_control_flow_transfer/pumps/dosing_pumps)
Dosing pumps are low-volume fluid pumps with controllable discharge rates used to inject additives into the mixing or pumping
system.

Gear Pumps (http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/flow_transfer_control/pumps

/gear_pumps_positive_displacement)
Gear pumps use intermeshing gears to pump various types of liquids. Typically, one gear is the driver and the other is free wheeling.
The gears have very tight tolerances so that the fluid being pumped cannot pass through them. Common uses for gear pumps include
high pressure, metering, and flow control applications.

Magnetic Drive Pumps (http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/flow_transfer_control/pumps

/magnetic_drive_pumps)
Magnetic drive pumps are sealless pumps that use a coaxial magnetic coupling to transmit torque to an impeller. A standard electric
motor drives a set of permanent magnets that are mounted on a carrier or drive assembly.

Plastic Pumps (http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/flow_control_flow_transfer/pumps/plastic_pumps)

Plastic pumps are designed to move fluids that would corrode or damage other types of pumps. They provide broad chemical
resistance and are less costly and lighter in weight than metal pumps.

Positive Displacement Pumps (http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/flow_control_flow_transfer/pumps

/positive_displacement_pumps)
Positive displacement pumps use a mechanical force such as gears, bladders, pistons, plungers or diaphragms to push liquid through
and out of the pump.

Sanitary Pumps (http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/flow_control_flow_transfer/pumps/sanitary_pumps)

Sanitary pumps are used to transport and meter solutions, slurries, and colloids of food and agricultural materials in operations such
as food processing that require cleanliness. There are four basic types of sanitary pumps: centrifugal, positive displacement, jet, and
airlift.

Syringe Pumps (http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/flow_transfer_control/pumps/dosing_syringe_pumps)

Infusion or withdrawal syringe pumps provide high pressure and high accuracy for applications such as high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC). Used to deliver precise amounts of fluid at specific time intervals.

Supplier Datasheets (http://datasheets.globalspec.com/ds/836)

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