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AS 2400.22—2005
Packaging
Part 22: Closures

Australian Standard™
AS 2400.22—2005
This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee PK-025, Packaging Code. It
was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on
26 September 2005.
This Standard was published on 2 November 2005.
The following are represented on Committee PK-025:
Australian Paints Manufacturer's Federation

Canmakers Institute of Australia
Department of Defence
Printing Industries Association of Australia
Victoria WorkCover
Keeping Standards up-to-date

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Executive, Standards Australia, GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001.
This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 05272.

AS 2400.22—2005
Australian Standard™
Packaging
Part 22: Closures
Originated as AS 2400.22—1985.
Second edition 2005.
COPYRIGHT
© Standards Australia
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written
permission of the publisher.
Published by Standards Australia GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
ISBN 0 7337 6976 4
AS 2400.22—2005 2
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by Standards Australia Committee PK-025, Packaging Code to
supersede, AS 2400.22—1985, SAA Packaging Code, Part 22: Closures.
The objective of this edition is to revise the specification for the sizes and materials for
closures.
This Standard is Part 22 of the AS 2400, Packaging series of Standards. The series
comprises the following Parts:
AS
2400 Packaging
2400.1 Part 1: Glossary of packaging terms
2400.5 Part 5: Temporary corrosion protection
2400.6 Part 6: Paper and paperboard
2400.7 Part 7: Timber boxes
2400.8 Part 8: Textile bags, sacks and wrappings

2400.10 Part 10: Protection against shock and vibration (cushioning)
2400.11 Part 11: Cordage
2400.12 Part 12: Adhesive closing and sealing tapes
2400.13 Part 13: Tensional strapping
2400.14 Part 14: Adhesives
2400.16 Part 16: Flexible packaging
2400.18 Part 18: Use of desiccants in packaging
2400.22 Part 22: Closures (this Standard)
The term ‘informative’ has been used in this Standard to define the application of the
appendix to which it applies. An ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and
guidance.
3 AS 2400.22—2005
CONTENTS
Page
1 SCOPE........................................................................................................................ 4
2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS.................................................................................. 4
3 DEFINITIONS............................................................................................................ 4
4 TYPES AND PURPOSE............................................................................................. 5
5 MATERIALS.............................................................................................................. 6
6 LINERS ...................................................................................................................... 8
7 EVALUATION........................................................................................................... 9
APPENDICES
A SELECTION OF CLOSURE SYSTEMS .................................................................. 10
B EFFECTIVE SEALING ............................................................................................ 11

C CORK CLOSURES ................................................................................................... 12
4 AS 2400.22—2005
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Australian Standard
Packaging
Part 22: Closures
1 SCOPE
This Standard provides guidelines for the selection and use of closures for various types of
containers made of different materials, such as bottles, cans, jars and tubes, generally less
than 5 L capacity. It applies to closures such as bungs, caps, corks, lids, plugs, seals, strives
and stoppers but excludes seamed ends and lever lids on metal cans.
2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
The following documents are referred to in this Standard:
AS
1517 Tinplate and blackplate
2400 Packaging
2400.1 Part 1: Glossary of packaging terms
BS
1918 Glass container finishes
1918-1 Part 1: Specification for continuous thread finish
1918-2 Part 2: Specification for crown finish
3 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions given in AS 2400.1 and the following
apply:
3.1 Back
The rough exterior of the corkwood (bark face).
3.2 Belly
The inside skin of the corkwood nearest the trunk of the tree.
3.3 Cork, agglomerated or composition
Material made from granulated natural cork, mixed with glues, resins, etc. according to
method of manufacture and use.
3.4 Cork fashion
Method of cutting corks for most narrow-mouthed bottles. Corks are punched between back
and belly with the pores running parallel to top and tail, thus preventing seepage.
3.5 Disc or strive fashion
Method of cutting corks in one piece for large apertures, with pores running from head to
tail.
 Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

5 AS 2400.22—2005
3.6 Discs
Thin liners of natural or composition cork for screw caps or crown seals. Natural discs are
usually punched from sheet, but may be cut cork fashion. Composition cork discs are
punched from sheet or sliced from rod.
3.7 Hand cut
Corks originally whittled by knife from squares of corkwood and reassembled in section
squares with corners rounded. Imitation hand-cuts are made by machine and are of similar
shape.
3.8 Machine cut straights
Cork, cylindrical in shape.
3.9 Optic corks
Tapered and bored corks used for dispensing measures, on licensed premises.
3.10 Portuguese or Spanish vials
Measurements are given in Spanish lines. One Spanish line is approximately 2.2 mm.
Usually only length and top diameter are given. Taper is approximately 3 mm per 25 mm of
length.
3.11 Tapers
Corks, tapered to suit any container.
3.12 Wine corks
Cylindrical corks, compressed and driven fully into the bottle, top being flush with top of
bottle finish. Wine corks are usually 38 mm long and upwards.
4 TYPES AND PURPOSE

4.1 Types
Closures, of many and varied types, form an essential part of an efficient packaging system.
Closures are manufactured in a wide range of materials and are generally available in a
range of standard sizes with the necessary precision to ensure, upon correct application, the
effective sealing of the containers after filling. They should be designed to withstand
pasteurization and sterilization processes.
NOTE: For the selection of closure systems, see Appendix A.
A satisfactory closure exists for the sealing of practically every product handled
commercially. Final selection should be made in close liaison with manufacturers of the
containers, closures and equipment. Closures other than corks have almost always to be
fitted with liners to make a good seal, but certain thermoplastics closures are designed to be
used without liners. Most types of closures may be produced with decorative effects that
contribute considerably to the overall appearance of the packs and they may also be used as
a form of labelling. The closure itself may incorporate features for dispensing and
measuring the product and improving the pouring characteristics of the container.
4.2 Purpose
The purpose of a closure is to adequately seal a container by prevention of product leakage
from that container and by prevention of product contamination from external sources.
NOTE: For the selection of closure systems, see Appendix A.
www.standards.com.au  Standards Australia

6 AS 2400.22—2005
5 MATERIALS
5.1 General
There is a variety of materials from which the closures can be made. The choice of any
particular material or combined materials depends on the purpose and on factors as outlined
in Appendix A.
The basic materials are cork, metal and plastics.
5.2 Corks, strives, bungs and stoppers.
These closures seal by compression in the bore of the finish of glass bottles, jars, cans,
pottery and barrels. The material is usually cork, though composition cork, rubber, and
plastics are sometimes used.
NOTE: Cork is the bark of the cork oak (quercus suber).
Composition or agglomerated cork is made from granulated natural cork mixed with various
glues, resins, mould inhibitors, etc. The mix and method of manufacture are dependent on
its ultimate use. Screw cap liners are normally punched from sheet. Crown liners sliced
from rods; corks and bungs from rods or blocks, according to size.
NOTE: See Appendix C for cork closures.
5.3 Metal closures
5.3.1 General
Metal closures may be manufactured from a variety of materials but most commonly used
are tinplate, aluminium and selected aluminium alloys. Both tinplate and aluminium are
eminently suitable for the application of lacquers and enamels, which may serve the
purpose of protection against corrosion and/or decorative appeal. Lacquering and
decorating of tinplate or aluminium sheets or coils is carried out prior to fabrication of the
closure.
Both tinplate and aluminium may also be embossed for decoration or coding purposes as
follows:
(a) External decoration and varnishing
Both tinplate and aluminium can be printed in colours and designs, similar to paper or
board, by offset lithography or screen printing. After printing, the design is usually
protected by a film of overprint varnish, the film mass and type being recommended
by the coating suppliers.
Where decoration is not required, external varnishing may be used to give added
protection to the metal closures, if conditions of forming, handling and storage are
such that damage and/or external corrosion are likely to be encountered. The advice
of the manufacturer should be sought in such instances.
(b) Internal lacquering
Closures made from both tinplate and aluminium are generally internally lacquered.
This is considered necessary for a number of reasons, for example—
(i) aesthetic appeal;
(ii) protection of closure from corrosive or other chemical attack by container
contents;
(iii) protection of closure from staining by container contents; and
(iv) base for the application of the sealing compound.

7 AS 2400.22—2005
Attention should be paid not only to the physical and chemical properties required of
the lacquer itself, but also to the adhesion and continuity of the lacquer film to the
plate after its application and stoving. The advice of the manufacturer and coatings
experts should again be sought in individual instances.
(c) Sealing
The majority of metal closures available require some form of gasket to efficiently
make and maintain a seal, since metal-to-metal or glass-to-metal seals are inadequate
for most packing applications. These sealing compounds are usually liquid
dispersions (often plastisols) capable of being applied to the closure, followed by
fluxing to form a resilient gasket.
Where appropriate, some gaskets will also enable the container to be resealed after
opening.
5.3.2 Tinplate
Tinplate is a low carbon steel coated on both sides with tin, applied by electro-deposition. It
may be supplied in either sheet or coil form. Tinplate is available in a range of tempers
which allows selection of suitable material for shallow drawn through to deep drawn
closures. Thicknesses available range from 0.20 mm up to and including 0.60 mm. The tin
coating can either be applied equally or differentially to each side of the plate. Available
coatings range from 1.1 g/m2 up to 15.1 g/m 2 and the full range is tabulated in AS 1517.
The actual combination of thickness, temper and tin coating mass required for a specific
closure purpose should be subject to advice from the manufacturer.
NOTE: For specifications on tinplate refer to AS 1517.
5.3.3 Aluminium and its alloys
The aluminium used for closures is generally known as container closure sheet, and is made
from metal of a fairly high degree of purity, ranging from ‘commercially pure’ with a purity
a little higher than 99 percent, to alloys having manganese or magnesium present to some
small degree.
The alloys are used to develop differing mechanical properties providing greater strength
than the pure metal. Each grade of metal is available in a range of tempers.
Aluminium can be drawn or formed to various shapes with comparative ease, both during
manufacture and when applied to the container, and this feature is utilized to advantage in
various types of closures which are ‘tailored’ to the glass finish.
NOTE: Extruded aluminium containers may have an equivalent surface finish to glass containers.
It is readily available in both sheet and in reeled form and in the latter form is used for a
number of closures some of which are punched from the reel immediately before
application.
5.4 Plastics closures
5.4.1 General
Plastics closures can be moulded in a wide range of shapes and sizes strong enough to make
a good seal on glass, metal or plastics containers. They are low in mass production and can
be produced in any colour, opaque, translucent or transparent.
Methods of manufacture lend themselves inherently to the incorporation of such features as
tamper proofing, commodity measures, pouring facilities and cap retention devices.

8 AS 2400.22—2005
5.4.2 Plastic types

These may be divided into two basic types: thermosetting and thermoplastics. Within each
group is a wide choice of material providing the necessary properties to meet the differing
demands of a variety of end users, covering many trades. Provision may also be made for
after operations such as metallizing.
Thermoplastics materials have, within their range, grades suitable for screw threaded, snap
on and plug type closures whereas the thermosetting materials are used for screw threaded
applications only.
The flexibility (or softness) of certain thermoplastics materials may obviate the need to fit a
separate liner in order to obtain an adequate seal. Closures of this type can be produced to
give a satisfactory seal with liquids of low and medium surface tension.
Because of the wide and specialized range of moulding materials and applications, it is
always important that no material be specified without making sure, either by means of tests
or reference to previous comparable satisfactory applications, that the plastics closure is
suitable for the product to be packed.
5.4.3 Thread forms

With threaded caps, it is important that the thread form is considered relative to the material
used.
BS 1918, Parts 1 and 2 set out requirements for the manufacture of caps to suit neck finish.
5.4.4 Decoration
Plastics closures may be decorated by either of the following basic methods:
(a) Moulding-in
This includes the physical effects of knurling, panelling, embossing, engraving, etc,
designed and built into the actual mould. The effect of these designs may be enhanced
by infilling selected areas with paint.
(b) Application after moulding
In this category are included spraying, vacuum metallizing, labelling, hot stamping
and printing.
6 LINERS
6.1 General
A liner is a compressible part within a closure, which makes a seal on the container and is
compatible with the product packed. The materials which should be considered are pulp
board, natural cork or composition cork, natural or synthetic rubber, solid or moulded
plastics, usually in the form of cut discs.
Liners may be formed by injecting a solidifiable compound into the closure. For this
purpose the liquid or powder compounds are converted to solids by fluxing at elevated
temperature.
6.2 Facing materials
Facing materials are laminated to the liner for the purpose of isolating the contents of the
container from the liner material. They are selected according to their resistance to attack
by the contents. There is a fairly extensive selection of different materials which are used as
facings on liners.
Malleable non-ferrous metals such as malleable foil, commercial purity aluminium foil and
foil/plastics film laminates, as well as impregnated and coated papers, including
paper/plastics film laminates, are available to meet virtually all sealing requirements.
9 AS 2400.22—2005
When selecting a liner an appropriate testing procedure should be established with the
supplier to ensure that the correct specification is supplied for that particular application.
7 EVALUATION
7.1 Evaluation procedures
To evaluate a closure system, the prime function of the closure should be determined, i.e.
does it retain pressure or vacuum, or is it required to prevent the ingress or egress of
moisture, or any other critical applications that should be specified.
It should also be determined what type of processing and storage conditions the package is
likely to encounter, e.g. cold store or ambient temperature warehouse.
The means of transport and transit protection that should be considered when evaluating the
performance.
NOTE: The style of transport package is very important as it may affect the performance of the
closure.
7.2 Evaluation of closures
When obtaining representative samples of the closure and container they should be
collected on a random basis. These samples should be inspected to ensure that they are
within specification.
NOTE: Consultation with the supplier should occur when the evaluation is required.

10 AS 2400.22—2005
APPENDIX A
SELECTION OF CLOSURE SYSTEMS
(Informative)
The selection of an appropriate closing system is governed by the following factors:
(a) Chemical compatibility with the product to be packed and other components of the
container.
(b) Capability to withstand any required changes in temperature or pressure such as may
be experienced during processing, handling or storage.
(c) Need to be readily removable by the intended consumer.
(d) Provision of an adequate reseal, when necessary.
(e) Need to give visual signs of tampering, if required.
(f) Need to provide a child-resistant closure for the packaging of certain products, e.g.
pharmaceuticals or poisons.
(g) Performance required.
(h) Cost.
(i) Types of equipment necessary to apply.
(j) Application speed.
(k) Availability.
(l) Product image.
(m) Appearance.
(n) Ease of decoration.
The reason that there is a variety of these is simply that there are many specialist problems
to be overcome and that each system is designed to do its particular job best.
Some of these factors will always be important, some will be considered individually and
some in combination.

11 AS 2400.22—2005
APPENDIX B
EFFECTIVE SEALING
(Informative)
The following are some specific aspects to be considered when an effective sealing system
is to be achieved:
(a) Container sealing surface
The shape and width of the sealing surface of the container have an effect on the
sealing efficiency of the closure as well as ease of removal of the closure.
The sealing efficiency of all closure systems relies on the correct selection of the
container’s finish and its fitness for purpose. If the container’s finish is not well
defined, the closure function will be adversely affected.
Some requirements of the sealing surface of finishes are as follows:
(i) Reduce the incidence of capillary action.

(ii) Vacuum seal after retorting the product in the container.
(iii) Retain stoppers.
(iv) Control the outflow of the contents.
(v) Moisture exclusion.
(vi) Automatic venting.
(vii) Tamper evident features.
(b) Type of thread
Users need to understand that only compatible thread forms will mate correctly to
provide the required function. However, there is a growing trend towards the adoption
of international thread forms such as those specified by the GPI (Glass Packaging
Institute of Australia).
The container’s thread form is equally as important as that of the closure; if the
container’s thread form is out of specification, it cannot be expected that the closure
will function as designed.
(c) Application and removal of closure
There are many different types of closing machines and information can be obtained
from closure suppliers.
The supplier should provide application and removal torques data applicable to the
closure in question.
NOTE: Care should be taken that parts of the closure do not contaminate the product after the
detachment of the closure from the container.

12 AS 2400.22—2005
APPENDIX C
CORK CLOSURES
(informative)
C1 GENERAL
Types of cork closures are described in Table C1.
C2 SPARKLING WINE CORKS

Many sparkling wine corks now have a special composition cork shank with natural cork
liners glued to it in contact with the wine.
The manufacture of the agglomerated sparkling wine corks varies; there are six methods
which are as follows:
(a) Cutting shanks from rods and glueing natural cork disc(s) to one or both ends.
(b) Punching (drilling) shanks from black and again glueing disc(s) to one or both ends.
(c) Moulding shanks in multi-cavity moulds one shank at a time, turning them and ending
with disk(s) adhered to one or both ends.
(d) Moulding shanks in individual moulds one piece which is cut into two sections and
again disk(s) adhered to one or both ends and turning to size.
(e) Moulding shanks with natural disc(s) in individual moulds producing a single cork
with disc(s) attached to one end only then turning and ending to size.
(f) Discs made from a quarter-grain of ‘mirror’ cut, i.e. pores running parallel to the axis.
Turning the cork is generally done with a knife blade automatically; some corks are then
sanded to enhance appearances.
Natural sparkling wine corks are made from sections of cork wood and can be four piece,
six piece or eight piece as follows:
(i) Four piece, two halves with two discs one end.
(ii) Six piece, two halves with two discs both ends.
(iii) Eight piece, two halves with three discs both ends.
Sparkling wine corks are recommended to be inserted into bottles not more than 21 mm in
depth and for early extraction 19 mm insertion is recommended.
C3 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
The physical properties of natural cork and its unique cellular structure (about 12.2 million
air cells in 1 cm3) provide closure qualities of a high order. It provides the following
advantages:
(a) True compression and recovery, even after prolonged periods.
(b) Resistance to passage of air, moisture and liquids.
(c) Good frictional properties which enable it to resist pressure from the inside of the
container.
(d) Resistance to deterioration and non-toxicity.
(e) Easy fabrication and comparative economy in cost.

13 AS 2400.22—2005
(f) Resistance to pilferage when driven flush, when a corkscrew or other implement is
required for extraction.
TABLE C1
CORK CLOSURES
Types Description
Flange cork The whole stopper is shaped out of one solid piece of cork.
Metal topped flange cork As above but with a plain or decorated metal top crimped over the flange.
Metal topped stopper Direct clamp or clamp style metal topped stopper. A straight or tapered
cork with a metal flange clamped thereto.
Metal topped cork, wooden base A stopper as above but the metal top is crimped to a wooden base with or
without a peg. The cork is glued to the wooden base.
Plain or embossed wood topped The flange is wood and may be in a variety of plain colours or a design is
stopper with or without peg embossed thereon, to which a second or third colour may be applied.
Plastics topped stopper The flange is of a suitable moulded plastics, e.g. polystyrene. The cork is
secured to the flange by a solvent of the plastics.
Composition topped stopper The flange is of hardened wax into which the cork is inserted when the
wax is molten in the mould. This type is also supplied with metal crimped
over the wax.
C4 SORTING
Corks are sorted manually or mechanically or both. Mechanical sorting is used as a first
step, grading the corks into seven grades of quality. Manual sorting is by appearance only.
The combination of mechanical and manual sorting gives the best results.
The sorting process commences with the grading of corkwood which is sorted into seven
grades; only the top four grades are used for cutting or wine corks.
C5 SEALING
Parallel corks (wine corks) require a 6-millimetre compression to achieve the best sealing
results. A free space should be sufficient to allow for thermal expansion of the product and
not contribute to its deterioration.
Pushing the cork into the bottle to the level of the wine is detrimental to the sealing ability
of the cork.
NOTE: The types and the descriptions of closures are listed in Table C1.
Should the wine or beverage be filled a temperature below 10°C, then a greater free space
will be required to achieve the optimum results.
Table wine corks should be compressed and, with the exception of sparkling wine corks,
driven flush with the bottleneck. The end of the cork in contact with the wine is often
cleaned, i.e. the pores are cut out to prevent dust entering the wine. The corks, may be
lightly waxed and other treatments, some patented, can be applied to sterilize the corks
before use.
Straight and tapered corks are normally cut ‘cork fashion’, i.e. with the pores running
parallel to the top and tail. Thus freedom from seepage is ensured. The thickness of the
corkwood limits the diameter that can be cut this way and corks, bungs or strives in excess
of 40 mm diameter are usually cut disc or strive fashion, i.e. with the pores running from
top to tail. Bungs or strives normally have a larger diameter than depth. They are used for
wide mouth containers, etc.

14 AS 2400.22—2005
C6 STOPPERS
Though the term ‘cork stopper’ is frequently used to imply any form of cork closure, in the
trade the term usually refers to a straight or tapered cork also with a flange either shaped, as
an integral part of the cork, or provided with a wooden or metal top (or combination of
both) or a plastics top. The tops are secured to the cork by adhesive in the case of wood,
clamped in the case of metal, or by solvent or adhesive in the case of plastics. The flange is
usually the same as the outside diameter of the bottle to provide a handgrip for removal
without the use of a corkscrew. Corks for such stoppers are not compressed before entry,
but are tapered or straight with bevelled, chamfered or rounded ends to assist insertion.
They may have clean ends and be hot or cold waxed.
C7 DIMENSIONS OF CORK
In Europe, the length is quoted first, followed by the diameter of the top or head and then
the point, end or tail in case of tapered corks. In the USA, the head is given first.
Dimensions may be quoted in inches, millimetres or Spanish lines. Examples of dimensions
of corks are as follows:
(a) Wine corks—

Length (mm) 38, 44, 45, 50, 52, 54.
Diameter (mm) 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27.
(b) Imperial corks—
Length (mm) 50.
Diameter (mm) 36.
(c) Bordeaux—
47 mm.
C8 DECORATION
If decoration is required, the selected surface of cork is ‘hot-stamped’ by heated die,
whereby the required message is burnt into the surface, or it may be also printed.

15
NOTES
AS 2400.22—2005
16
NOTES
AS 2400.22—2005
Standards Australia
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most of the voluntary technical and commercial standards used in Australia. These standards are
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on Standards Australia visit us at
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AS - 2400.22-2005 Packaging - Closures - PDF (Networkable)

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LICENCE

Licensee: Mr Kenji Mori - TAX code 3501651953

Date: Tuesday, June 18, 2013 7:15 PM

1. Definitions and Interpretations

Licence means the right to access and use the Product.

Licensee means the purchaser and user of the Product.

3.2. The Licensee isLearn

Part 22: Closures

The following are represented on Committee PK-025:

Australian Paints Manufacturer's Federation

Keeping Standards up-to-date

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 05272.

Part 22: Closures

2400.8 Part 8: Textile bags, sacks and wrappings

B EFFECTIVE SEALING ............................................................................................ 11

Part 22: Closures

 Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

4 TYPES AND PURPOSE

www.standards.com.au  Standards Australia

 Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

www.standards.com.au  Standards Australia

5.4.2 Plastic types

5.4.3 Thread forms

www.standards.com.au  Standards Australia

 Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

(i) Reduce the incidence of capillary action.

www.standards.com.au  Standards Australia

C2 SPARKLING WINE CORKS

 Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

www.standards.com.au  Standards Australia

(a) Wine corks—

 Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

GPO Box 476 Sydney NSW 2001

ISBN 0 7337 6976 4 Printed in Australia

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