English IV

Units I - IV
LeDLI Miguek Alfonso
Esparza González
Introduction
Main Objective:
● Apply basic English learning strategies to communicate

● Emplear las herramientas básicas del idioma inglés

para su comunicación
Classroom rules
● Be on time.
● Be kind.
● Use the uniform or formal clothes.
● You can use the cell phone only when properly asked.
● A 15 minutes break each hour and a half.
● You can eat or drink but you must leave the classroom clean.
● Raise your hand up if you’d like to speak.
● Don’t copy.
FINAL PROJECT
Presentation “The evolution of law”

Realizar una presentación de 15 min. en el que describen la historia de un

tema visto en la carrera de derecho (derecho romano, juicio oral, etc.).

RÚBRICA: Una presentación por equipo de 15 minutos de duración donde

se utilicen los diferentes tiempos verbales vistos en clase.
ENGLISH LEVEL TEST
https://www.englishtag.com/tests/level_test.asp
Simple Present
What is Simple Present?

Simple Present (or Present

Simple) tense is used to express
habits and routines, general
facts, repeated actions and
events and emotions.
Grammatical rules
3rd Person Verbs

In simple present the verb changes in the third person

singular (He, She, It) where at the end of the verb --s,
--es or --ies is added.
Depending on the way the verb ends the following rules
can apply:
Present Perfect
Present Perfect
The present perfect is used to
indicate a link between the present
and the past.

The time of the action is before now

but not specified, and we are often
more interested in the result than in
the action itself.
Uses
An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present:
● I have lived in Durango since I was born.

An action performed during a period that has not yet finished:

● She has been to the cinema twice this week (= and the week isn't over yet.)

A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now:

● We’ve visited Mexico City several times.
Time Markers
We often use the present perfect with time
adverbials to talk about events of the recent
past or that have not been done yet.

This adverbs are:

Just, already, yet, still, never y ever.

 The adverbs ever and never
express the idea of an unidentified
time before now. 'Ever' and 'never'
are always placed before the main
verb.

Ever / Never Have you ever work in a company?

Haven't they ever been to Europe?
It 's the first time that I've ever
eaten tacos de alacrán.
I have never visited Iztapalapa.
 Already / Yet
Yet is used in negative statements and
questions, to mean (not) in the period
of time between before now and now,
(not) up to and including the present:
● Have you met Judy yet?
● I haven't visited Bellas Artes yet.
Already refers to an action that has
happened at an unspecified time
before now. It suggests that there is
no need for repetition:
● Don't write to Manuel, I've already
done it.
● I have been to Iztapalapa already.
● Have you already written to
Manuel?
 Just / Still
Still used with the present perfect means Just used with the present perfect
that something hasn't happened. We use
it to emphasise that we expected the thing
means 'a short time before'.
to happen earlier.
Mike has just called. Can you ring him
Still (in this context) is only used in back, please?
negative sentences:
I've just seen Susan coming out of the
I've been waiting for an hour and the bus still
hasn't come. cinema.
She still hasn't replied to my email.
 For / Since
Using the present perfect, we can
define a period of time before now
by considering its duration, with
for + a period of time, or by
considering its starting point, with
since + a point in time
 Do the following worksheet.
https://es.liveworksheets.com/wo
rksheets/en/English_as_a_Second_
Activity Language_(ESL)/Present_perfect/
Present_Perfect_with_FOR_and_S
INCE_uf2589960jc
Present Perfect
Continuous
Present Perfect
The present perfect continuous is used to refer to an
unspecified time between 'before now' and 'now'.

The speaker is talking about an action that started in

the past and stopped recently.

He/she is interested in the process as well as the result,

and this process may still be going on, or may have just
finished.
Uses
Explanation for the present situation:
● She has been waiting for you all day.

Actions that have just finished, but we are interested in the results:
● It's been raining (= and the streets are still wet).

A repeated habit that has been developing for some time:

Time Markers
FOR
I have been studying for three hours.

Tara hasn't been feeling well for two weeks.

He has been playing football for a long time.

SINCE
I have been watching TV since 7pm.

Tara hasn't been visiting us since March.

He has been living in Bangkok since he left school.

Wishing and Hoping
Hope and wish have very similar meanings. We use them to express our desire for
something different from how it is now.

In a nutshell, hope mainly expresses a desire that is possible or likely to happen. Wish
usually expresses a desire that is impossible or unlikely to happen.

● I've been hoping to have a PlayStation 5.

● They have been hoping for justice to be made.
● How long have you been wishing for a pony?
● Humanity has been wishing to realize peace and happiness.
 Search for three song
Activity titles that use present
perfect continuous.
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
The past perfect, also called the
pluperfect, is a verb tense used to talk
about actions that were completed
before some point in the past.
It’s used to talk about some point in
the past and to reference an event
that happened even earlier, using the
past perfect allows you to convey the
sequence of the events.
 Uses
We can use the past perfect to show the order
of two past events. The past perfect shows the
earlier action and the past simple shows the
later action.
● When the police arrived, the thief had
escaped.
● The thief had escaped when the police
arrived.
EXCEPCION: The Romans spoke Latin. (NOT
The Romans had spoken Latin.)
We use the past perfect simple to talk
about time up to a certain point in the
past.
● She'd published her first poem by
the time she was eight.
● We'd finished all the water before
we were halfway up the mountain.
● Had the parcel arrived when you
called yesterday?
 Time Markers
We often use the adverbs:
already (= 'before the specified time'),
still (= as previously),
just (= 'a very short time before the
specified time'),
ever (= 'at any time before the specified
time')
or never (= 'at no time before the
specified time') with the past perfect.
● I called his office but he'd already
left.
● It still hadn't rained at the beginning
of May.
● I went to visit her when she'd just
moved to Berlin.
● It was the most beautiful photo I'd
ever seen.
● Had you ever visited London when
you moved there?
● I'd never met anyone from
California before I met Jim.
AFTER
We use after + past perfect to talk
about an action that happened
before something else:
● After the exams had finished,
they had a party.
● We had dinner after Mum had
phoned.
BEFORE
We can use before with past
simple OR past perfect to talk
about an action that happened
before something else:
● They spoke to us before we
had left the conference.
● Luckily, we arrived before
the plane doors had closed.
WHEN
We use when + past perfect to talk
about an action that happened
immediately before something else:
● When we'd done the
washing-up, we watched TV.
● When she had finished her
homework, she browsed the
Internet.
UNTIL
We can use the past perfect negative +
until to talk about something which
didn't happen before a particular time
in the past:
● They hadn't celebrated a foreign
holiday until this summer.
● He hasn’t eaten caldillo until today.
 https://www.englishcl
ub.com/grammar/verb
Activity
-tenses_past-perfect-q
uiz.htm
Past Perfect
Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
The past perfect continuous tense (also
known as the past perfect progressive tense)
shows that an action that started in the past
continued up until another time in the past.

The past perfect continuous tense is

constructed using had been + the verb
present participle (root + -ing).
Past Continuous vs Past Perfect Continuous
If you do not include a duration such as for five minutes, for two weeks,
or since Friday, many English speakers choose to use the past
continuous rather than the past perfect continuous.

Be careful because this can change the meaning of the sentence. Past
continuous emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas past perfect
continuous emphasizes a duration of time before something in the past.
He was tired because he was exercising so hard.
This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he was exercising at
that exact moment.

He was tired because he had been exercising so hard.

This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he had been
exercising over a period of time. It is possible that he was still exercising at
that moment OR that he had just finished.
Grammar Rules
Uses
Uses

Something that started in the past and continued up to another action or

time in the past. The past perfect continuous tells us 'how long', just like the
present perfect continuous, but this time the action continues up to a point
in the past rather than the present. Usually we use 'for + time'.

● She had been working at that company for a year when she met James.
● I'd been walking for hours when I finally found the house.
● We'd been living in Berlin for three months when we had to leave.
Uses

Something that finished just before another event in the past. This is usually
used to show a result at a time in the past. It's very similar to the present
perfect continuous, but the action finishes before another time in the past,
rather than finishing before the present.

● The pavement was wet, it had been raining. (The rain had finished before the
time I'm describing in the past. We could see the result of the rain.)
● The children had been playing and so the room was a mess!
● I'd been working before I saw you and that's why I was really tired.