Republic of the Philippines UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES University Town, Northern Samar ‘Ast Semester, S.Y. 2022-2023 COLLEGE OF SCIENCE BIO 211: GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 A WRITTEN REPORT IN KINGDOM FUNGI (WITH EMPHASIZE Course & Year: Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science 2-A Submitted to: Mr.Tom Jericho Abobo Subject Professor Class 1D: 1710820 Date: January 8,2023 ‘Submitted by: Aljun C. Morito kyle A. Merigeldo Michelle R. Mahinay Joreca E, Mijares Malobago Alexis J. Loyogoy Mark Wendel Lipata Darl Vin JulatonTable of Contents Title Page. Table of Contents... Abstract... 1.) Introduction... Objectives of the study Scope of the study 2.) Body ... Discussion Finding or results of the study 3.) Conclusions... 4.) References.Abstract Kingdom fungi includes an enormous variety of living organisms collectively refereed to as Eumycota, of true fungi. In general fungi are non-green organisms lacking chlorophyll. They cannot manufacture their own food from simple inorganic materials, such as water, carbon dioxide, and nitrates, using energy from the sun, as is the case with the green plants. They derive their food from complex organic materials found in dead or living tissues of plants and animals. Those obtaining their nutrients from dead organic material, e.g, agricultural crop residues, wood of dead trees, animal dung, etc, are referred to as saprophytic fungi. Those deriving their food substances from living plants and animals and causing harm to the hosts are called parasitic fungi. Edible mushrooms, yeasts, black mold, and penicellium notatum (the producer of the antibiotic penicellen) are all member of the kingdom fungl, which belongs to the domain eukarya. There are three major classification of fungi based on the phylum amastigomycota of kingdom fungi, and this three classes are class Zygomycota, Basiomycota, and Ascomycota. The class zygomycota is mainly terrestrial, live in soil and compost and on foods such as bread (eg. black bread ), and class basiomycota have many different shapes, considerable variation exists even within species (e.g. button mushrooms). whereas the class ascomycota found in all terrestrial ecosystems world-wide, even in Antarctica, often involved in symbiotic relationships (e. g. baker's yeser). The three most common fungi such as mushroom, molds, and yeast is they have a distinct types and classification and have some important roles in nature, such as they serve as decomposers that the one who breakdown plants and animal debris and transporming it to nutrients, that where give availability for plants nutrients necessities, and also fungi are essential to many household and industrial processes, notably the making of bread, wine bear and certain cheeses, as well as they uses by human as medicine. Aside from their important role in nature, itis also very important to identify their various types and classification, especially since some non- edible fungi are sometimes misidentified as edible fungl, and not knowing that those types of 10211] Biology 2 : Kingdom Fungi Department of BS Environmental Science iHtoxic fungi are dangerous to their health, which is why it is important to know some guidelines and rules when it comes to the classification and identification of fungi. Introduction Alllife on Earth has distinct characteristics and origins, which define and are reflected in how life works and exists on Earth, but due to different adaptations in the earth's atmosphere, there are some superior and inferior living organism species that remain competitive through their own ways of survival on Earth. That's why all things with life have a uniqueness value that sustains and supports other fellow living things, but depending on how species interact and meet their own adapting necessities to live in their specific areas where they belong, that's why God's creation is like a flower in a garden, with different color, origin, and peculiarity from each other, and that's what we think about what life is. Non-vascular and vascular plants are among the most. valuable living organisms on the planet. The way they differ in kingdoms and species is how other living organisms relate to and are similar to them. Humans sometimes unconsciously fail to recognize the risk when consuming various resources derived from the environment, such as a variety of fungi, because they do not know how to properly classify and identify them. Asa result, incidents involving toxic or poisonous fungi have occurred. As a result, knowing how to classify and identify fungi can help us understand which types are edible and which are not. Consequently, the analysis and identification of fungi are the main foci of this report. The emphasis is placed on the edible unicellular (such as yeast) and multicellular fungi (molds, mushrooms). The three major divisions of fungi are phylum mastigomycota, phylum amstigomycota (which has three classes such as zygomycetes, ascomycetes, and basidiomycetes], and phylum deuteromycota. These divisions are based on the type of spore: bearing structure that each type of fungus produces. This report aims to understand how to recognize various types of edible and non-edible fungi in nature. The three-fold division of the kingdom fungl is used to identify and classify where the mushrooms, mold, and yeasts belong in 810211] Biology 2: Kingdom Fungi Department of BS Environmental Science Page 1the three different major classifications of fungi. Body (Discussion, Method, Results) Fungi are a distinct kingdom of Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic, mostly multicellular organisms lacking chlorophylt they are not plants, and the majority of them are saprobes (living on dead organisms), which makes them consumers and primary decomposers in ecosystems. There are thousands of different types of fungi in our environment, and we are constantly exposed to them through the air we breathe, the food we eat, and the water we drink. Yeasts, rusts, smuts, mildews, molds, and mushrooms are examples of fungi. Fungi have many uses in humans, such as food, medi 1e, and alcohol beverages, but some of them act as pathogens of man, animals, and crops, such as ringworm, athletes foot, yeast infections, and some forms of respiratory illness, and plant. diseases such as Dutch elm disease, peach scab, and gray mold on strawberries. Most fungi live in moist environments and reproduce both sexually and asexually. Fungi are classified into three groups based on the type and shape of the spore-bearing structure, the common fungi found in nature such as mushroom, mold, and yeast, and their distinguishing characteristics. Table 1. Classific: Nn of fungi based on the type of spore bearing structure they produce = sporangium. 1.) Phylum Mastigomycota - Ex) Water Molds + Motile spores _ flagella with cellulose cell walls + Mainly saprophytes + Sexual and asexual reproduction 2) Phylum Amastigomycota + Non - motile spores _chitin cell walls 810211] Biology 2: Kingdom Fungi Department of BS Environmental Science Page 2Three (3) Classes of Amastigomycota Class Zygomycetes (Lower fungi) Example: Bread mold Class Ascomycetes (Sac Fungi) Example: Yeast Class Basidiomycetes (Club Fungi) Example: Mushroom + Form zygospores (sexual reproduction) + Some saprophytes * Sexual and asexual spores + NO dikaryotic stage * SAC fungi (sac shaped sporangia) + Sexual and asexual spores Sexual spores called ascospores. + SHORT dikaryotic stage + Many pathogens of plants ex) Dutch Elm's disease CLUB fungi + No asexual spores (sexual spores only = basidiospores) + LONG dikaryotic stage ‘+ Many are pathogens ex} smuts & rusts, 3.) Phylum Deuteromycota (Imperfect fungi) infections + Imperfect fungi-resemble sac & club fungi + NO sexual spores (asexual spores only) + Pathogens of animals -» ringworm, Athlete’s foot Ex) Athlete’s foot, ringworm, thrush, yeast To better understand the classification of fungi, three common examples of fungi have been provided, each with a distinction between classification and identification. 810211] Biology 2: Kingdom Fungi Department of BS Environmental Science Page 3Mushroom - Fungi that belong to the mushroom category are characterized by their umbrella-shaped fruiting bodies. True mushrooms are characterized by gill-like structures on the bottom surface that release spores. True mushrooms usually belong to the biological order Agaricales, but the term mushroom is commonly used to describe any sporophore, which is the spore-bearing fruiting bodies of some fungus species. Many species of mushrooms are edible and delicious, but others can be very toxic. Even expert mushroom gatherers can have trouble in distinguishing between edible and poisonous species closely resembling themselves. Classification and identification of the edible and nor-edible mushrooms are presented in Table 2 and Figure 1 for sample pictures of actual specimens’. 1 naa * Taylor, S. (2023) Mold Study Guide: www inspritur.com/general-bio/protists-and-fungl 10211] Biology 2 : Kingdom Fungi Department of BS Environmental Science Page 4Table 2. Classification and identification of the edible and non-edible mushrooms Kingdom: Fungi Phylum Basidiomycota Scientific name of mushroom ‘Agaricus bisporus Division Eumycota Class Hemenomycetes (open gills) Gasteromycetes (closed basidiocarp untilmaturity/ puffballs Class Homobasidiomycetes (for both) order Agaricales( arrange gills) Polyporales (network gills) ‘Sclerodermatales Aphyllophorales Lycoperdales Auriculariales 10211] Biology 2 : Kingdom Fungi Department of BS Environmental Science PagesTremellales Family Agaricaceae Chanterellaceae Lepiotaceae Genus ‘Species Agaricus ‘Amanita Ganoderma Polyporus Chanterella Campestris Cibarius Cepaestipes Table 3: Poisonous mushrooms and their effects on humans. Toxin Level of Toxicity | Effect when consumed 10211] Biology 2 : Kingdom Fungi Department of BS Environmental ScienceAlpha Deadly Liver damage 1-3 days after ingestion. Principal toxin in genus amanitin Amanita Phallotoxin | Non-lethal Gastrointestinal upset. Found in poisonous Amanitas Orellanine | Deadly Kidney failure within 3 weeks after ingestion. Principal toxin in genus Cortinarius. Muscarine | Potentially Respiratory failure. Found in genus Omphalotus. Deadly Gyromitrin | Deadly Neurotoxicity, gastrointestinal upset, and destruction of blood cells. Principal toxin in genus Gyromitra. Coprine | Non-lethal Illness when consumed with alcohol. Principal toxin in genus Coprinus Ibotenic —_| Potentially Neurotoxicity. Principal toxin in Amanita muscaria, A. acid Deadly pantherina, and A. gemmata Muscinol | Non-lethal CNSs depression and hallucinations. Principal toxin in Amanita muscaria, A. pantherina, and A. gemmata. Psilocybin | Non-Poisonous | CNS arousal and hallucinations. Principal effects in psilocybin and psilocin mushrooms, many belonging to the genus Psilocyb. Arabitol Non-lethal Gastrointestinal irritation in some people. 810211] Biology 2: Kingdom Fungi Department of BS Environmental Science Page 7Bolesatine | Non-lethal Gstrointestinal irritation, vomiting, nausea . Ergotamine | Deadly Affects the vascular system leading to loss of limbs and death. An alkaloid found in genus Claviceps. Table 4: Differences between Poisonous and edible mushrooms Poisonous mushroom Edible mushroom When you cut the mushroom it turns either green or purple. When you cut the mushroom it does not stain green or purple When you taste a piece of the mushroom, it burns or stings the tongue. When you taste a piece of the mushroom, it does not burn or sting the tongue. Poisonous mushrooms have bad odour. Edible mushrooms have pleasant odour. Ittastes bitter. Ithas sweettaste There is no presence of worms There is presence of worms. There is presence of scales on the cap There is no scale on the cap. Molds isthe term used to describe fungus species that form large, fuzzy masses of mycelium and fruiting structures. The presence of conspicuous, filament-like hyphae that form a mycelium is why molds are termed multicellular filamentous fungi. Molds are characterized by the presence of conidia, which are asexual spores born directly from the hyphae. 810211] Biology 2: Kingdom Fungi Department of BS Environmental Science Page 8Many mold species that are associated with food spoilage and agricultural diseases belong to the Aspergillus, Penicillium, or Rhizopus genera. The green-grey fuzz seen on old loaves of bread is an example of mold caused by the species Rhizopus stolonifer’. ‘Types of Mold ‘There are three main classifications of mold, depending on its how hazardous they are to our health: 1. Allergenic: Causes an allergic reaction such as eye irritation, skin irritation, or asthma. 2, Pathogenic: Can cause disease, and it's often hard to pinpoint this type. 3. Toxigenic: Produces substances that are toxic and can lead to dangerous or deadly health conditions. Table 6: The common examples of mold, and where they are usually found are explained below. Example of Mold Description ‘Acremonium * This is a mold that's commonly found in buildings that have been affected by water seepage. * It is slow-spreading, making it easier to detect and remove copapated to other molds. Alternaria ‘Is found both indoors and outdoors. * It is usually observed in damp places such as dead plant material, grass with dew, and overwatered soil. Taylor, S. (2021) Mold Study Guide: www.inspiritvr.com/general-bio/protists-and-fungi. B10211| Biology 2: Kingdom Fungi Department of BS Environmental Science Page 9* This mold variety spreads during dry and windy conditions. Aspergillus * These molds range from yellow-green to blue-green hues. « Aspergillus has a cotton of wool texture. * This mold produces allergic reactions, and its effects can lead to serious conditions such as Aspergillosis -a type of lung disease. Aureobasidium ‘* Aureobasidium have colors ranging from black to softer cream or pink hues. * They are commonly found in bathrooms and kitchens, growing in the tile grout or caulking. Chaetomium Cladosporium * Colonies of Chaetomium are found in damp and humid locations of buildings or areas that don't get sunlight and have poor ventilation. * Chaetomium mold can have both allergenic and pathogenic effects. This type of mold is found in basements or attics. + Cladosporium has a velvet texture andis olive-gray. It causes an allergic reaction, especially in infants. Itis also known to cause Infections in the fingernails, toenails, and eyes. 10211] Biology 2 : Kingdom Fungi Department of BS Environmental Science Page 10Fusarium * Fusarium can be found in various colors, from tans and whites to brighter pinks and purples. ‘* Fermented fusarium, also called Quom, is used as a meat substitute by many vegetarians and vegans. Mucor + Mucor isa yellow or white mold with a cottony texture It's usually found in the air in schools, offices, and homes. Penicillium ium can be identified by its musty odor. * It's often found in blue-green, white, yellow, or pink hues and has a powdery texture. * It can be found indoors with moisture and often contaminates leather and cloth items. * By studying penicillium, scientists found a component of the fungi named Penicillin -an antibiotic commonly used to treat infectious diseases. Yeast -is the term used to describe unicellular (single-celled) fungi. They are very small, measuring only about 0.075 mm in diameter, but are larger than most bacterial cells, and thrive in sugar-rich environments like overtipe fruits or the nectar inside flowers. Yeasts most commonly belong to the phylum Ascomycota, but some also belong to the Basidiomycota phylum. B10211| Biology 2: Kingdom Fungi Department of BS Environmental Science Page 11Yeast is the term generally applied to a unicellular fungus, and there are hundreds of species now identified. One of the most notable and well-known species of yeast in health and wellness is known as Saccharomyces cerevi , which is also known by its more common names, brewer's yeast or baker's yeast. Typically, YEAST CELL STRUCTURE brewer's yeast is used as a protein supplement, energy Mitochondria booster, immune enhancer, or other vehicle where other ipedovaste rs Membrane Bad scar, Periplasen compounds can be inserted to create a commercialized Periplasm x Vacuole health product. Candida albicans is another example of a . nl og yeast species that is associated with yeast infections in Cel wall | Golgi apparatus scout humans’. Dis sececeescmeszeasr] Table 7: Classification and Identification of Yeast Kingdom: Fungi Scientific Name of Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Phylum Ascomycota (Sac fungi) ‘Subphylum saccharomycotina Class Saccharomycetes are single celled fungi called yeast and don't possess a fruiting body. They feed on sugar. (Malloch 2008). * Moyad, Mark. (2008) Brewer's/baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and preventive medicine: Part, butps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm nih gov/18335702/ 10211] Biology 2 : Kingdom Fungi Department of BS Environmental Science Page 12Family Saccharomycetaceae are related based on their DNA sequence order Saccharomycetales feed on primarily plant sugars Genus Saccharomyces posses both a metabolism pathway and a fermentative pathway in respiration. They are usually very easy to culture and manipulate. (Mycology Guidebook 1974) ‘Species Saccharomyces cerevisiae are commonly used in labs and in food products such as breads and beers. (Mycology Guidebook 1974). Yeast is a type of single-celled fungus that is used in the production of bread, beer and wine. Yeast is a microorganism that consists of single-cell fungi with the same species of edible mushroom. Yeast is an essential component of the human body for more than a decade. Yeast has a positive effect on the health of your gut. There are two main types of yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces yeast. Wine yeast isa strain of S. cerevisiae that is used to ferment 810211] Biology 2: Kingdom Fungi Department of BS Environmental Science Page 13,grape juice into wine. Bread yeast is a strain of S. cerevisiae that is used to leaven bread. A yeast is. a plant that is commonly found in plants. Beer is the same for all of them, as itis for beer. itis not necessary to dismiss something simply because it has never been heard of before. There are approximately 50 different types of wine and champagne yeasts available as well as 100 different types of beer yeasts available. When it comes to making bread, it may surprise you to team that it is made using a variety of yeasts. ” In the world of bread yeast, dry active yeast and instant yeast are the two most common types. When comparing wine yeast and bred yeast, you'll notice differences in stains and properties. What Is The Difference Between Instant and Active Dry Yeast? Instant and active dry yeast are essentially the same ingredient, just in slightly different forms and applications. You should keep sealed packets of both yeast types at room temperature and store pattially used packets in an airtight container in the refrigerator. The main differences between the two are: Active yeast needs rehydration. Instant yeast can be mixed directly into dry ingredients, whereas active dry yeast must first be dissolved and rehydrated in warm water. Instant yeast needs less time to rise. Since instant yeast has a finer texture than active dry yeast, it’s possible to skip the initial rise time and shape loaves immediately after kneading. Loaves made with active imei Yul AD Tea aoa Hemet dry yeast require longer rising times for the yeast to rae work its way through the dough. 10211] Biology 2 : Kingdom Fungi Department of BS Environmental Science Page 14Conclusion Fungi are crucial microbes in our ecosystems, there is no question about that. Because fungus can produce their own nourishment from organic substances in the environment, they differ strangely from plants and mammals in this regard. Mushrooms, which have long been highly appreciated as food, tonics, and, in some circumstances, medicines, are the most helpful fungi to people. The rising demand for bigger production volumes demonstrates how popular mushrooms have become in recent years. Their popularity stems from three highly desirable qualities as foods: (I) they have a remarkable taste and flavor; (Il) they are nutritious, both for what they do contain (high protein contents with significant amounts of lysine and methionine, which are low in plants), fibers, minerals, and vitamins; and (III) they can be processed, dried, pickled, and canned easily to allow for mass production. In communities where people gather mushrooms, ethnomycological information is passed down orally from generation to generation, which is not a dependable security measure. Every year, a number of intoxications are reported in nations where mushrooms are widely consumed, primarily as a result of misidentification of mostly wild species. These species contain dangerous poisons that, depending on the dosage consumed, can result in a variety of symptoms that can be lethal. It is challenging to prevent accidental mushroom consumption, especially in nations where consuming wild species is common. The success of treatment depends on early detection of symptoms and signs of intoxication. Proper identification is crucial to prevent accidents. As a result, the researcher/reporter suggests in this report to those people who are unaware of the classification of any division of the kingdom fungi that they should have 810211] Biology 2: Kingdom Fungi Department of BS Environmental Science Page 15,an awareness and be civilized enough to determine what some edible and non- edible/poisonous fungi are in the environment, particularly those types of mushrooms that people now mistake for edible. That Is why itis critical to have a solid understanding ofall types of fungi, particularly how we consume them and how we recognize them. 810211] Biology 2: Kingdom Fungi Department of BS Environmental Science Page 16References Taylor, S. (2021) Mold study Guide: www.inspiritvr.com/general-bio/protists-and-fungi. Solanki, N. Hartsock A, (2021) Fungi types and Examples and description : https://study.com. Ukwuru MU, Muritala A, Eze LU (2018) Edible and Non-Edible Wild Mushrooms: Nutrition, Toxicity and Strategies for Recognition. J Clin Nutr MetKingdom Bear, R. Rintoul, D. (2019,Nov. 11) Kingdom fungi: Principles of Biology, Openstax, Steve Altaner, and Eva Home, Page 407-407. Ware, M. (2016, Jan 12). Mushrooms: Health Benefits, Facts, Research 810211] Biology 2: Kingdom Fungi Department of BS Environmental Science Page 17