EE-383 Instrumentation and Measurements

Course Information
Course Number and Title: EE-383 Instrumentation and Measurements
Credits: 4 (3+1)
Instructor(s)-in-charge: Dr Mazhar Abbas (Asst Prof)
Course type: Lecture + Lab
Required or Elective: Required
Course pre-requisites EE-215 Electronic Devices and Circuits
Degree and Semester DE-42 Department of Electrical Engineering, Semester 5
Month and Year Fall 2022

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Contents
 Chapter 6: AC INDICATING METERS
 Moving Iron Instruments
 Thermocouple meter
 Electrostatic Voltmeter
Describe and Explain working of Analog and Digital
CLO 2 Electrical-Measuring Instruments, Transducers, Transducer PLO 2 C2
interfacing, and Instrument Communication Protocols

C2 : Focus on the understanding of construction and working principles

Course book and Related Course Material
Textbook: 1. Principles of Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement by Berlin & Getz
1. Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement by David A Bell, 1994
Reference Books: 2. Electrical and Electronic Measurement & Testing by W Bolton, 1992
3. Process Control Instrumentation Technology, 8th Ed. by Curtis D. Johnson

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 Chapter 6: AC indicating meters

 Moving Iron (MI) Instruments: Construction

 Electromagnet
 Iron Vanes/ Cylinder segments
 Control spring
 Pointer Coaxial cylinder segments based MI
Vane based MI

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 Chapter 6: AC indicating meters

 Moving Iron Instruments: Construction

 The strength of the magnetic field is proportional to the number of lines
per unit area known as magnetic flux density

𝑩∝𝑰

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 Chapter 6: AC indicating meters

 MI instruments are non-linear

 Hysteresis in Electromagnets

𝑭 ∝ 𝑩𝟏 × 𝑩𝟐 𝑭 ∝ 𝑰𝟐
𝑩𝟏 ∝ 𝑩 𝑻∝𝑭
𝑩𝟐 ∝ 𝑩
𝑩∝𝑰 T∝ 𝑰𝟐

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 Chapter 6: AC indicating meters

 Moving Iron Instruments

 The repelling action always produces torque in the same direction.
Consequently, this type of movement may be used for either AC or DC
measurements.
 Hysteresis makes the iron vane movement impractical for most DC
measurements that require any degree of accuracy
 They are used extensively for low- frequency AC measurements where
accuracies of 5 to 10% are satisfactory
 Since coil reactance increases with frequency, causing changes in
calibration, the iron-vane meter is usually calibrated for a specific
frequency
(𝑿𝑳 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑳)
 To use as Ammeter: The coil is usually wound with fewer turns
 To use as Voltmeter: The coil is composed of several turns of fine wire

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 Chapter 6: AC indicating meters

 Thermocouple meter
 When two dissimilar metals are joined, a voltage is generated at the
junction
 Moreover, that voltage is proportional to the junction temperature
 The thermocouple meter is based on the Seebeck effect
 The heat energy transferred to the hot junction is converted back
to electrical energy.

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 Chapter 6: AC indicating meters

 Thermocouple meter

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 Chapter 6: AC indicating meters

 Thermocouple meter
 The electrical current to be measured is passed through a heater element
 The heat produced by the heater element is sensed by a thermocouple
 As a result, an electromotive force (EMF) (conversion of other form of
energy into electrical energy) is generated at its terminals which can be
measured with the help of a PMMC instrument.
 The EMF generated is proportional to the temperature and hence to the
RMS value of the current passing through the heater.
 Heat produced is directly proportional to 𝑰𝟐 𝑹 (square law response)
 Scale is crowded at the lower end
 Suitable for measurement of I and V at higher frequencies, therefore the
heater element of such instrument should be free from skin effect
 Skin effect: at higher frequency, the current is forced to pass through the
outer surface of the conductor (as the inductance and reactance of the
inner part of the conductor is much larger than that of the outer part)

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 Chapter 6: AC indicating meters

 Thermocouple meter
 Correctly indicate the RMS value of voltage or current irrespective of the
waveform
 Not affected by stray magnetic fields or frequency of the waveform
 Can be used over a very wide frequency range
 In fact, they are primarily designed for current measurements at high
frequencies
 They are superior to any other type of instrument both in accuracy and
frequency range
 Accuracy as high as 1% for frequencies up to 50 MHz
 Above this frequency the effective resistance of heater wire is increased
on account of skin effect, thereby reducing the accuracy
 Voltmeter Ranges up to 500 V with sensitivity of 100 - 500 Ω/V.
 Ammeter range of 0.5 to 20 A.
 These instruments have high sensitivity.

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 Chapter 6: AC indicating meters

 Electrostatic Voltmeter: Introduction

 The energy E stored by the capacitor of capacitance C is (1)
 Due to voltage variation, a charging current I flow (2)
 Input electrical energy is the product of voltage, current, and time (3)
 Stored energy for small incremental portion (4)

(2) (3)

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 Chapter 6: AC indicating meters

 Electrostatic Voltmeter: Working principle

 The change in stored energy is given as (5)
 From the law of conservation of energy, (6)
Input Energy = Increase in stored energy + Mechanical work done
(5) (6)

 Replace linear displacement x with angular deflection θ and F with Td in t

he above force equation

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 Chapter 6: AC indicating meters

 Electrostatic Voltmeter : Construction

Linear Movement Type Rotary Movement Type

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 Assignment

Q.1 ( 05 marks)

Explain the impact of high temperature on

the performance of PMMC galvanometer.
How the undesirable impact of temperatu
re on the performance can be reduced?
Due date: 14/11/2022
(Hint:
Chapter 5,
Topic: Temperature compensation,
Page 108~109)

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 Quiz # 2, Syndicate A, (CLO2, PLO2, Level C2)

 Q.1 (a): Redraw the circuits and represent the Ammeter and Voltmeter in terms
of equivalent circuits (2 marks).
 Q.1 (b): Why the configuration (b) is preferred to measure very low resistance
(1 marks)

 Q.2: Refer to circuit on right

(a) If voltmeter is disconnected, What will be
the voltage across points AB (1 marks).
(b) If the voltmeter range is increased to 5V,
the loading effect will decrease
comparatively. Please prove it. (6 marks)

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 Thank you
Questions/Comments??

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