Health Safety and Environment Training Course

Working at Height Training

Level 1 - Worker

28 September 2021
 INDEX
❑ Workplace injury statistics
❑ Working at Height – Definition, Policies & LSR
❑ Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment
❑ Personal Fall Protection Systems
❑ Personal Protective Equipment
❑ PPE Inspection
❑ W@H Rescue
❑ Created Opening
❑ Dropped Objects Prevention
❑ Working Platforms, Ladders, Caged Ladders, MEWPs, Flatbed Trailers
WORKPLACE INJURY STATISTICS
 WORKPLACE INJURY STATISTICS

Fatal injuries to workers by most common accident kinds

Data sources: Fatal injuries reportable under RIDDOR, 2012/13-2016/17

WORKPLACE INJURY STATISTICS
Tangguh - Fatality - 24 May, 2008
WORKING AT HEIGHT
 DEFINITION
Working at Height (WAH)
Work at height means: any work in a place
where, if there are no precautions in place, a
person could fall a distance liable to cause
personnel injury.
For example, you are working at height if you are:
❑ Working on a ladder or a flat roof;
❑ Could fall through a fragile surface;
❑ Could fall into an opening in a floor or a hole in the
ground;
❑ Working on the back of the trailer for loading and
There is no minimum height.
unloading of materials. Implementation of controls is based
on risk assessment.
Ref: Tangguh Expansion - Working At Height Procedure
 POLICY

TANGGUH W@H POLICY

For all activities at height, above 1.8 m, it is mandatory to wear

a full body harness, whether working on temporary approved
scaffold platform or permanent platform.

However, it is not mandatory to be 100% tie off when walking

or working on these platforms unless the person is exposed to a
fall.
 LIFE-SAVING RULES

Working at height is one of Life Saving Rules and, is considered as last line
of defence in protecting personnel.
As one of Life Saving rule, the Working at Height topic shall be extended to
all personnel (including subcontractors) into HSSE training, campaign,
safety meeting, & Toolbox Talks.

You should:
❑ Have authorisation to work at height outside a protective environment
❑ Be aware of what fall protection equipment to use and how to use it
❑ Check equipment before using it PROTECT YOURSELF
❑ Always tie off when at height outside of a protective environment AGAINST A FALL WHEN
WORKING AT HEIGHT
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION &
RISK ASSESSMENT
“ehy ehy…I show you how to do it…”
Being creative is not
enough…

Have you ever seen something like

that?
HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS

Hierarchy of Controls

AVOID
working at height
in the first place
PREVENT
a fall from occurring
MINIMISE
the distance and/or
consequences of a fall
PERSONAL FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS
 PERSONAL FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS

RESTRAINT SYSTEM

Personal fall protection system which

prevents the user from reaching zones
where the risk of a fall from height exists.

*EN or other relevant international recognized Standard such us ANSI or AS

 PERSONAL FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS

WORK POSITIONING SYSTEM

Personal fall protection system which enables

the user to work in tension or suspension in such
a way that a free fall is prevented

In Work Positioning Systems, the user normally

relies on the equipment for support.
It is essential therefore that special
consideration be given to the need to provide a
back-up, e.g. a fall arrest system

*EN or other relevant international recognized Standard such us ANSI or AS

 PERSONAL FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS

FALL ARREST SYSTEM

Personal fall protection

system which limits the
impact force on the body
of the user during a fall
arrest.

*EN or other relevant international recognized Standard such us ANSI or AS

FALL FACTOR

The Fall Factor provides a value to assess

the severity of consequences in the event
of a fall of specific scenarios when working
at heights.

Fall Factor is defined by the following

equation:

Fall length
Fall Factor =
Length of Lanyard / Rope
FALL FACTOR
ENERGY ABSORBER

Energy Absorbers are element component

of a fall arrest system, designed to
dissipate the kinetic energy developed
during a fall from a height

Each fall arrest system shall include energy

absorbing elements or functions to ensure
that the impact forces on the body of the
user during the arrest of a free fall are
restricted to a maximum of 6kN.
 CLEARANCE DISTANCE

Clearance distance is the minimum amount of clear space under the

anchor point that is required to prevent the user from hitting an
obstacle or the ground in the event of a fall.

CLEARANCE DISTANCE
=
A (Lanyard length)
+
B (Shock absorber extension)
+
C (Distance between harness attachment and worker’s feet: 1,5/2,0 m)
+
D (Safe distance from the ground: 1 m)
CLEARANCE DISTANCE
CLEARANCE DISTANCE
CLEARANCE DISTANCE
CLEARANCE DISTANCE

Working with low fall factor minimizes

clearance distance required, as well as
potential fall distance.
Always prefer anchor points above the
position of the user!
SWING FALLS

If a worker is involved in a fall, and his

anchorage point is not positioned directly
overhead, a swing fall or pendulum effect
will occur.

Swing falls may results in:

1. Simple swing fall and collision with an

obstacle in fall path.
SWING FALLS

2. Swing fall and collision with the ground

or lower level, if rope slips on the edge.
This situation is possible only if rope
length is greater than distance between
the anchor point and ground/lower
level.
 P.P.E.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Any equipment used for work
at height (…) shall conform to
the relevant international
standards such as ANSI, EN or
AS Standards.

13.3 Personal Fall Arrest Systems consist of a full body harness and tie-off equipment such as
dual self-retracting lanyard, dual lanyards with a shock absorber or other approved
devices matched to the fall potential the worker is exposed to.
All have compatible/manufacturer approved accessories and suspension trauma straps.
 SAFETY HARNESS
Chest Harness
Appropriate standards for harnesses are:
FALL
a) for full body harnesses: EN 361 PROTECTION
b) for sit harnesses: EN 813; SYSTEM
The principal consideration for harness DORSAL STERNAL CENTRAL LATERAL
WORK
selection is whether the harness is required
RESTRAINT
for work restraint, work positioning or fall
arrest.
FALL ARREST
Depending on the nature of the task, careful (SRL)
consideration should be given to the position
of the attachment points.
FALL ARREST Sit Harness
Sit harness can be used by itself only for (Y-LANYARD)
High
work attachment
restraint andpoints
work are designed into fall
positioning. Full Body Harness
Designed for use in combination
arrest harnesses, with Chest Harness
Combination withaschest
the individual
harness must
make beit WORK
retained in anfall
suitable for upright
arrest,position in the
resulting harness
in the best POSITIONING
after
optiona fall,
for even
rope ifaccess
they are
andunconscious.
suspension (e.g.
in the event of a fall)
SAFETY HARNESS

ERGONOMICS

Among other duties, PPE are required to:

❑ Be appropriate for the risks involved
❑ Take account of ergonomic requirements
❑ Fit the wearer correctly
❑ Take account of the characteristics of the
workstation of each such person
 SAFETY HELMET
All helmets used during WAH shall be:
❑ Provided with chin straps to prevent the helmet
from coming off the head.
❑ Certified as per applicable EN Standards (or
equivalent international standard)
Make sure that the helmet is
centrally positioned on the head,
neither too forward nor too
backward.

Any alteration to PPE may

Helmets should always affect its level of protection.
be used with the Any altered PPE shall be
chinstrap fastened. withdrawn from service
 ANCHORS
SELECTION OF ANCHORS

Suitable Design and risk Unsuitable

assessment required
Anchor points need to be identified ❑ Tested items ❑ Scaffolding ❑ Gas lines
and assessed to ensure that they are up to EN 795 ❑ Handrails (only under ❑ Instrument lines
suitable and secure. requirements (annual permission of ❑ Any pipe work less
Potential anchor points commonly testing required as a Scaffolding Inspector) than 3 inches in
encountered require careful minimum) ❑ Pipework more than 3 diameter
consideration, particularly ❑ Structural items inches in diameter
scaffolding, handrails or pipework. ‘unquestionably sound’ and (only under permission
These anchor points must be capable of performing of Site Construction
designed and risk assessed in beyond the requirements of Team)
relation to each individual activity EN 795 (e.g. steel beams,
and linked to the permit to work. sound concrete, etc.)
❑ Certified items
supplied with a
certificate, meeting EN
795 requirements
 ANCHOR DEVICES
Anchor devices are used to create temporary anchor point on
anchorage element or structures, when the work area is not
provided with structural anchor points.

Anchor loops /
Open loop slings

Anchor webbing /
Anchor straps

Anchor cable
 ANCHOR DEVICES
Actual ultimate load (tested) for anchor loop with
marked breaking load (EN 795) equal to 45 kN
The ultimate load depends on the
configuration of installation.
An improper installation results in
a loss of load bearing capacity.

Avoid placing them

around sharp edges
or abrasive or hot
115 % 115 %
60 % of ultimate load of ultimate load anchor points
on the marking on the marking
of ultimate load
on the marking
 CONNECTORS
Connectors are the items of equipment used to link parts of a fall
protection system. These include:
❑ Carabiners
❑ Hook connectors (snap hook)
❑ Maillons / Quick links

Industrial carabiners shall:

❑ be certified as per EN 362 Standard (or equivalent international
standard)
❑ have a gate locking mechanism (screwed sleeve or automatic locking
❑ be self-closing and self or manual locking.
❑ need to be capable of being opened only by at least two consecutive,
deliberate manual actions.
 CONNECTORS
TWO-ACTS OPENING TWO-ACTS OPENING

SCREW GATE AUTOMATIC LOCK

THREE-ACT OPENING

AUTOMATIC LOCK
 CONNECTORS

CORRECT LOADING POSITION

Barring exceptional circumstances, a

connector is designed to be loaded on the
major axis.

Only the strength rating for the major axis

with gate closed is suitable for the loads
sustained in a fall protection system

A carabiner with the gate open is weak:

only 30 % of the major axis strength
CONNECTORS
CONNECTORS
CONNECTORS
CONNECTORS
 CONNECTORS

ROLL-OUT
When 2 snap hooks are attached to the same D
Ring, it is possible for one of the hooks to hang off
the retaining latch of the other hook.
Under certain conditions the retaining latch can
open and the first hook can fall off.

NEVER USE TWO SNAP HOOKS

ON THE SAME D-RING
IT CAN BE FATAL
INSTEAD
USE A THREADED KARABINER OR EQUIVALENT
 FALL ARREST LANYARD WITH ENERGY ABSORBER
Double lanyards, if correctly used, Double lanyards can be used also for
provide continuous protection progression on horizontal structure
when passing intermediate anchors (combination with temporary
and enable to meet 100% tie off horizontal lifeline and work positioning
requirements during progression. lanyard might provide additional
comfort for user)

Fall arrest lanyard are designed to be used

as a part of a personal fall arrest system
and consists of:
❑ Lanyard – EN 354 / EN 795 Type B
❑ Energy absorber – EN 355
❑ Connectors – EN 392
FALL ARREST LANYARD WITH ENERGY ABSORBER
FALL ARREST LANYARD WITH ENERGY ABSORBER
FALL ARREST LANYARD WITH ENERGY ABSORBER
 RETRACTABLE FALL ARREST SYSTEMS (SRL)

A self-retracting lifeline (SRL), retractable type fall arrester,

or self-retracting lanyard, is a device that is used as part of a
complete fall arrest system.
SRL shall be compliant to BS EN 360 standard, or other relevant
international standard.

A SRL works in much the same way a car’s seatbelt does.

When a certain level of speed or force is achieved, a
locking mechanism engages, arresting – in the case of
the seatbelt - the forward motion of a car passenger or –
in the case of the SRL - the downward motion of
somebody falling.
RETRACTABLE FALL ARREST SYSTEMS (SRL)
Safety Recommended Practices
❑ Alway check manufacturer’s instructions for
safe use of the device and limitations.
❑ Follow pre-use checks procedure
recommended by manufacturers (e.g.
before each use, check the locking function
by pulling hard on the cable)
❑ Check that the cable unwinds and rewinds
freely, with no obstruction.
❑ Assess swing falls hazards and check
limitations for use when the device is not
directly above the position of the user:
manufacturer’s instructions shall indicate
maximum deviation form vertical axis (e.g.
30°)
RETRACTABLE FALL ARREST SYSTEMS (SRL)
Safety Recommended Practices
❑ Do not use the shock absorbing lanyard
during vertical use of the device to
avoid hazardous slacks that increase
fall distance.
❑ Protect the cable against sharp edges
❑ Use correctly the shock absorbing
lanyard for horizontal use (ref. to
manufacturer’s instructuons for
precautions for horizontal use).
❑ Use tag-lines to guide the lanyard back
on to the re-winder reel inside the
device after each use (leaving the cable
extended causes premature damage to
the device due to increased exposure
to hazardous chemicals and harsh
environments.
RETRACTABLE FALL ARREST SYSTEMS (SRL)
Learning From Incident
What happened:
❑ A third party driver has completed loading three compartments of his lorry at
the top of the loading gantry when he suddenly slipped and fell on the side
of his lorry. Driver was wearing safety harness and was tied off to the self-
retracting lanyard but the lanyard snapped during his fall.
Why it happened:
❑ Slippery surface caused driver to slip.
❑ The nylon webbing of the self-retracting lanyard is already in deteriorated
condition.
❑ The nylon webbing was also found to be contaminated with product residue,
dust, and dirt.
❑ Incompatibility of nylon webbing to ethanol.
❑ Existing inspection and maintenance regime is not able to control
abovementioned degradation.
❑ Improper use of tagline (section of lanyard left outside of the reel after use)
exposes SRL to dust, hydrocarbon vapour, leading to premature wear /
damage.
 RETRACTABLE FALL ARREST SYSTEMS (SRL)
Learning From Incident
Lessons learnt:
❑ For application in the Oil & Gas industry, due to
presence of hazardous chemicals and harsch
environments, it is advisable to prefer SRL with wire
rope lanyard, instead of nylon / webbing SRLs, especially
if the device is permanently installed.
❑ Mitigation measures to control premature wear and
damage of the SRLs in extreme conditions of use include
more frequent inspections by competent persons and
Results of load tests
maintenance at service centers qualified by the
conducted on webbing lanyard
manufacturer.
Tensile ❑ After each use tag-lines shall be used to guide the
Condition
Strength
lanyard back on to the re-winder reel inside the device.
New Lanyard 2040 kg ❑ Each user (including third parties) shall be trained to
conduct pre-use inspection of the SRLs, following
Actual Lanyard that
303 kg procedure recommended by manufacturer.
Failed
Lanyard soaked in
255 kg
ethanol
GUIDED-TYPE FALL ARRESTER

This fall arrest system includes a guided-type fall

arrester which connect the user harness to a safety
line (i.e. rope).

Installed on a safety line, the mobile fall arresters

follow the user automatically as he moves, whether
on an inclined or vertical surface.

In case of a shock load or sudden acceleration, they

lock onto the rope and stop the fall.
GUIDED-TYPE FALL ARRESTER

Selection Criteria
❑ Compatibility with the safety line type and diameter;
❑ It cannot be inadvertently disconnected from the safety line;
❑ It arrests falls, slides, and uncontrolled descents;
❑ It arrests falls on inclined surfaces, if required by working
conditions (e.g. work on roofs);
❑ it doesn’t slip at a static load of less than 2.5 kN, to allow for two
persons to be supported from it, e.g. in a rescue situation;
❑ It arrests falls, slides, and uncontrolled descents;
❑ It arrests falls on inclined surfaces, if required by working
conditions (e.g. work on roofs);
❑ Compatibility with energy absorber device, if it’s required to
work at a distance from the rope;
❑ preferably fail to safe in all modes of operation, e.g. prevent or
arrest a fall even when gripped in panic;
❑ …
GUIDED-TYPE FALL ARRESTER
Installation and Function Test
GUIDED-TYPE FALL ARRESTER
Precautions for Use
GUIDED-TYPE FALL ARRESTER
TEMPORARY HORIZONTAL LIFELINES

Temporary horizontal lifelines are anchor devices

intended to prepare a fall protection system (fall arrest,
work positioning, or work restraint)

They employs a flexible anchor line which deviate from

the horizontal no more than 15°

Such devices shall comply with BS EN 795 – Type B /

Type C standard requirements (or equivalent
international standard)
TEMPORARY HORIZONTAL LIFELINES
TEMPORARY HORIZONTAL LIFELINES

Structures and elements that

provide anchorage point for the
installation of temporary horizontal
lifelines must be identified, verified
(limit load) and certified for
compliance with the intended use by
a qualified and competent
professional.
TEMPORARY HORIZONTAL LIFELINES
TEMPORARY HORIZONTAL LIFELINES
TEMPORARY HORIZONTAL LIFELINES

Technical manual / Manufacturer’s

instructions shall specify maximum
number of user that can be
simultaneously attached to the system.
TEMPORARY HORIZONTAL LIFELINES
TEMPORARY HORIZONTAL LIFELINES

Temporary horizontal lifelines

can be proficiently combined
with vertical safety lines (e.g.
semi-static rope and guided-
type fall arrester) to provide
adequate fall protection in
specific scenarios.
PPE INSPECTION
 PPE INSPECTION

There are three types of inspection to which all fall protection equipment
should be subjected, to decide if the equipment can continue to be used or
if it should be removed from use:
❑ Pre-use check: visual and tactile inspection by the user before each use
to ensure that each item is in a safe condition and operates correctly
❑ Detailed inspection / Routine Thorough Examination: thorough
inspection by a competent person
❑ Interim inspection: additional inspections by a competent person at
intervals determined by the risk assessment considering specific
conditions of use
All PPE inspections should be conducted referring to the
manufacturer's Instructions for Use
Each User is responsible for pre-use check of the equipment!
 PPE INSPECTION
EQUIPMENT COLOUR CODING
❑ Colour code system is implemented to indicate
to the user that detailed inspection by
Competent Person has been performed at least
every 3 months
❑ Marking on textiles and metal items will be
done using a rubber tape that will attached for
example on the dorsal ring and lanyard.
❑ Paint spraying, use of marker pens on textiles
(e.g. Nylon webbing) and ID numbers stamped
on metal items are likely to cause damage and
must not be done.
 PPE INSPECTION
WHAT TO LOOK FOR (PRE-USE CHECKS)
Checking conditions of the device
❑ Abrasions ❑ Loose or deformed connectors
❑ Broken parts and anchorages
❑ Burn marks ❑ Mold (on belts, harnesses and
❑ Corrosion ropes)
❑ Deformation ❑ Fraying and kinking (on ropes)
❑ Excessive wear ❑ Proper storage locations
❑ Incompatible components or ❑ Stress cracks
connections

All inspection must be conducted referring to the

manufacturer’s instructions for use.

Pre-Use Checks shall be performed by the user before each use

PPE INSPECTION

CUTS

BURNS

SCRAPINGS
PPE INSPECTION
PPE INSPECTION
PPE INSPECTION
PPE INSPECTION
 CLEANING

WashPPE
onlyinspection
with fresh water Use only mild soap or
Wash at or below 30°C and mild soap special detergent

CLEANING TEXTILE
ITEMS / PARTS

Dry away from direct Keep away from corrosive

Dry away from heat sunlight substances

Refer to manufacturer’s instructions for use for detailed

informations on cleaning procedure for each PPE
 CLEANING

Avoid getting any liquid

Do not use any solvent
inside wheels’ mechanism

CLEANING METALLIC
ITEMS / PARTS

Grease mechanical mobile

Dry away from heat parts with silicon spray

Refer to manufacturer’s instructions for use for detailed

informations on cleaning procedure for each PPE
 STORAGE

Keep away from direct PPE inspection

Unpackaged and placed in a Keep away from sharp
sunlight cool and dry place objects

STORAGE

Prevent direct contact of Keep away from hazardous

Keep away from heat different metals (galvanic chemicals
corrosion)

Refer to manufacturer’s instructions for use for detailed

informations on storage procedure for each PPE
W@H RESCUE
HARNESS HANG SYNDROME (HHS)

When a worker’s fall-arrest system prevents a

fall from height, it has certainly saved that
person from the trauma of the fall.
However, once the fall has been arrested and
the worker stopped,
Harness Hanga Syndrome
less known hazard
begins to set in: also known as
Orthostatic Intolerance, or Suspension Trauma

is the development of presyncopal symptoms and

loss of consciousness if the human body is held
motionless in a vertical position for a period of time.
HARNESS HANG SYNDROME (HHS)
Health professionals are all aware of the phenomenon
of orthostatic intolerance:
❑ Crucifixion victims ultimately died of Suspension
Trauma induced pathology;
❑ It is very common for military personnel to pass out
while standing at attention.
Gravity and immobility is all that is required for a
syncopal event to occur in a vertically positioned
person; being suspended in a harness allows fainting to
occur quicker and it can be lethal.
All people involved in works at height planning,
execution and emergency response must be trained in
how to plan, mitigate and intervene to mitigate the risk
of onset of suspension trauma.
HARNESS HANG SYNDROME (HHS)

CONSEQUENCES
It is difficult to put a timeline on deaths, however from
research it is clear that death can result in as little as 10
minutes, more typically, between 15 and 40 minutes’ post-
suspension.
Death is more rapid with existing injuries but can happen to
anyone.
Stress, panic, smoking/drinking, existing cardiac conditions
and illness increase the risks
Anyone immobilised in an upright posture is in immediate
danger of death
 HARNESS HANG SYNDROME (HHS)

Leading factors that can affect risk of onset of suspension trauma:

❑ Inability to move legs
❑ Hypothermia
❑ Pain
❑ Shock
❑ Injuries / Trauma during fall
❑ Cardiovascular disease
❑ Fatigue
❑ Respiratory disease
❑ Dehydration
❑ Blood loss
❑ Type of safety harness (model and/or inadequate size / adjustment)
References:
➢ Seddon, Paul. Harness Suspension: review and evaluation of
existing information. H&S Executive. Research Report 451/2002
➢ Sheehan, Alan. Suspension Trauma. Training handout.
 HARNESS HANG SYNDROME (HHS)

Signs & symptoms that may be observed in an individual who is approaching suspension
trauma:
❑ Faintness ❑ Unusually Low Heart Rate ❑ "Greying" or Loss of Vision
❑ Nausea ❑ Paleness ❑ Increased Heart Rate
❑ Breathlessness ❑ Unusually Low Blood ❑ Numbness in lower
❑ Dizziness Pressure extremities
❑ Sweating ❑ Hot Flashes

Then a sudden drop in pulse & blood pressure and instant loss of consciousness.
If not rescued, death is certain from suffocation due to a closed airway, or from lack of blood
flow and oxygen to the brain.

References:
➢ Seddon, Paul. Harness Suspension: review and evaluation of
existing information. H&S Executive. Research Report 451/2002
➢ Sheehan, Alan. Suspension Trauma. Training handout.
 WHAT TO DO IN CASE OF…
If you are suspended in your harness after a fall:
❑ Use Suspension trauma straps
❑ Try to make the “invisible bicycle”
❑ Lift your knees into a sitting position
❑ Relax as much as possible. Panic makes things worse
❑ If you can, every few minutes swing yourself upside down
If you’re trapped and cannot move:
❑ Strain your leg muscles as hard as you can every 5 seconds
❑ Breathe slowly and deeply
❑ You’re most urgently needing rescue!
IP’s coworkers / supervisor:
❑ Shall immediately raise the alarm and activate emergency
Workers should never procedure for the intervention of the WAH rescue team
work alone when using a
harness as fall protection
 WHAT TO DO IN CASE OF…
13.3 Personal Fall Arrest Systems consist of a full body harness and tie-off equipment such as dual
self-retracting lanyard, dual lanyards with a shock absorber or other approved devices
matched to the fall potential the worker is exposed to. All have compatible / manufacturer
approved accessories and suspension trauma straps.

Suspension Trauma Straps

Are foot loops designed to be attached to
the full body harness, helping to prevent
onset of suspension trauma.
They are usually enclosed in small
pouches; once unpacked and positioned
in a way that allows the worker to step
into the straps, they reduce the pressure
of the harness on the body and promote
blood circulation.
 WHAT TO DO IN CASE OF…
13.4 A trained rescue team knowledgeable in suspension trauma (orthostatic intolerance) and
outfitted with fit for purpose emergency rescue equipment is located at the work site.

Appropriate WAH rescue equipment

system must be:
❑ Simple
❑ Fast
❑ Lightweight
❑ Not depending on size / weight of
IP or rescuer
Pre-assembled pulleys and rope
systems, combined with ascenders
and descenders, enable to release
casualty from his fall arrest lanyard
and lower him to a safe position at
ground / lower level.
 WHAT TO DO IN CASE OF…
Suspension Trauma Treatment
H&S Executive UK and IRATA ICOP recommend:
❑ During and after rescue, standard first-aid guidance should be followed, with an emphasis on airway,
breathing and circulation management (ABC).
❑ Assessment of any injuries should include those which may not be apparent, e.g. damage to the neck,
back and vital internal organs.
❑ The fully conscious casualty may be laid down and the semi-conscious or unconscious casualty placed in
the recovery position (also known as the open airway position).
❑ All casualties who have been suspended motionless in a harness should be taken to hospital immediately
for further professional medical care and observation. Medical personnel should be advised that the
casualty may be suffering from the effects of suspension intolerance.
References:
➢ Evidence-based review of the current guidance on first aid measures for suspension trauma - H&S Executive - Research Report 708/2009
➢ IRATA Internationalcode of practice for industrial rope access – Annex G – 10/07/2013
Notes:
Contents of this slide are intended just to provide a general advice for first responder, basing on available literature on the topic.
Site / Project’s medical staff and healthcare professionals shall always be consulted to provide definitive guidance on first aid protocols to be applied for CPR, basic life support and
prehospital trauma life support, consistently with current local legislation and guidelines which may differ from those presented in this slide.
CREATING OPENINGS
FALL PREVENTION
Created opening procedure covers all aspect of the panel removal activity which
brings created opening hazards, such as removal and reinstatement of grating,
stair-tread, hand-rail, kicker plates; and open underground man-holes at project.
The ‘panel’ term used refers to grating, stair thread, hand-rail, kicker plates, and
cheered plates.
Panel removal which creates a hazardous opening cannot be
proceeded unless:
- All other options have been ruled out
- A permit to work is issued with authorization by responsible
person
- JSA and/or Risk Assessment are in place
- Grating/Handrail Removal & Open Hole Work Permit is
completed and issued with
authorization by a responsible person(s), and communicated to
all affected personnel
- All control physical barriers and mitigation measures are in
place, tested and approved
- All persons involved are competent to do the work Ref. TEP-930-PRC-HS-BP4-0017
- Standby person(s) is stationed outside the restricted area, with
proven communication means to raise rescue team
 Fragile surfaces on created openings
Fragile surfaces and materials will not safely support the
weight of a person and any materials they may be carrying.
Such as:

• Fibre-cement sheets
• Metal sheets – where corroded;
• Chipboard
• Wood wool slabs (insulation) slates and tiles.

Effective precautions are required for all work on or near

fragile surfaces, no matter how short the duration, whether
the work concerns the created opening shall be protected by
hard barricade.
All voids must be hard barriered or have a cover of suitable
strength and stability in place. Never cover any void or hole
with anything other!
Its not just the work site - Local Control rooms, Sub-
stations or newly installed equipment may contain
fragile surfaces. Incidents have occurred were
sheets have been put in place to protect against
dust or water, leaving a serious hazard of falling
through.
DROPPED OBJECTS
PREVENTION
 Lesson learned
HIPO Near Miss incident for dropped object
DROP OBJECT VIDEO

95
Incident Description
• On 8th of September 2019, around 07:45
in main pipe-rack Train-3 area, one
scaffolding tube (2 meters long/5.4 kg)
fell from height to the ground.
• The scaffolding touched the concrete
structure under construction and landed
approx. 1.5 meters next to the LCI
workers.
• No personnel injury
• No harm to the environment
• No property damage
Findings
• The Scaffolder unintentionally applied excessive force to
propel the scaffold tube into the stillage (Action Error).
• The Scaffolder did not recognize the dropped object risks
inherent in the task. (Sensory Error).
• Two separate decision errors were made in: placing the
stillage next to the outer edge of the work platform and
stacking of materials to an unsafe height.
• Inadequate verification of the Scaffolder competency
process at the Site.
• Restricted access and egress.
• The inadequate design of the stillage.
• Gaps in the Self-Verification process.
• Inadequate risk assessment, for storing scaffold at height.
• Failure to safely plan the work / ineffective supervision.

97
Corrective action

98
Drop object prevention check list
DROP OBJECT PREVENTION CHECKLIST
Doc Ref: TANGGUH EXPANSION – PROJECT EXECUTE Form No:
Date: 13 Nov 16 LNG EPC Revision No: 00

Work Locat ion :

Dat e :
PTW No :
Permit Holder :
Company :

PRIOR START ANY TASK Yes No N/A

1 No loose it ems and debris has been visually inspect ed in t he w ork area

Area has been ensured t hat any fast eners, bolt ing, covers, et c. has been properly
2
secured
W HEN W ORKING AT HEIGHT Yes No N/A
Tool and equipment used are already approved and appropriat e, including lanyard
3
and/or t ool bags
Barriers have been set up beneat h t he w ork area and ensure t he ext ent of t he
4
barrier zone is appropriat e t o t he w ork height
Grat ing is secure and use mat s w here t here is t he pot ent ial for small it ems t o fall
5
t hrough grat ing

6 Where a scaffolding plat form is employed, ensure t oe boards are inst alled

W HERE TASK INVOLVE LIFTING OR LOADING Yes No N/A

Lift ing equipment , caarier, or packaging is appropriat e for t he t asks and in good
7
order

8 Loaded cont ainers are properly st acked, st ored, and secured

W HEN IS COMPLETE Yes No N/A

Clear all scrap, debris and loose it ems from t he w orksit e and ret urn all t ools,
9
before removing barriers

Inspect ed By Name: Signat ure:

100
Updated scaffolding procedure

Scaffolding procedure is updated to

manage contractor to control
scaffolding work activity specific to
job.
TEP-930-PRC-HS-BP4-0041
Drop object champion

105
Awareness for dropped object to Trainers
cascade to W@H attendees by Arteak

107
 WHAT IS A DROPPED OBJECT?

«Any item that falls or falls over from its previous position that has the
potential to cause injury, death or equipment / environmental damage.»
 INCIDENT STATISTICS

Dropped Objects are

among the Top 10 causes
of
Fatality and Serious Injury
in the Oil and Gas Industry
HIPO Categories 2009
Shell Global Wells Operations
WHAT IS A DROPPED OBJECT?
WHAT IS A DROPPED OBJECT?
DROP CALCULATOR
 BARRICADES AND SAFETY SIGNS
4.4. Barricades and signs/tags are in place to restrict access to areas under and around elevated surfaces
on which work is being performed in order to prevent entry into a potential dropped object area.

Exclusion zones should be

established using barricades
and safety signs.

If a person has to access to

the exclusion zones, work at
height should be suspended
until the area is clear
 BARRICADES AND SAFETY SIGNS
4.5. If work is necessary that puts workers in a potential dropped object area, workers below are
shielded from dropped objects using catch nets, temporary roofing, floor fabric or other means adequate
to retain objects with the potential to fall

Hard top shelter outside CS entry Dropped Objects prevention on stairs Dropped Objects prevention guard nets
point while WAH ongoing above
 TEMPORARY PLATFORMS AND SCAFFOLDING

Temporary access platforms and

scaffolding should be built with toeboards
and solid boards without gaps
 USE OF TOOLS AT HEIGHT
4.7. All tools, loose materials and equipment that have potential to drop to lower areas during work are
secured using lanyards, material bags, tool bags/boxes, etc.
4.12. Fit-up tools are secured by appropriate means to avoid their fall in case of any failure.

Tools and portable equipment

used at height shall be
adequately secured to either the
user or the workplace.

Items weighing over 8 kg should be

attached to a separate anchor line,
while those below this weight may be
secured to the worker.
(ref. IRATA ICOP)
USE OF TOOLS AT HEIGHT
Tool Attachment Points
USE OF TOOLS AT HEIGHT
Tool Attachment Points
 MANUAL HANDLING
4.6. Personnel use only mechanized means (e.g. pulley systems or ropes) to move tools and materials to
or from an elevated work area which cannot safely be transported manually or by using tool belts.

Use of gin wheel with self-
locking device is recommended
All lifting equipment, such as pulleys, bags, slings, ropes, etc.
shall be designed and certified to a safe working load (SWL)
consistent with the intended use.
Self-breaking pulleys provide an higher level of safety in
preventing accidental release of load
Gin Wheel User
• The Gin Wheel shall have valid certificate examined by an approved
Professional Engineer within the last six months.
• The cantilevered tube to which the Gin Wheel is secured does not
project more than 750mm beyond the scaffold.
• The horizontal tube holding the Gin Wheel is connected to two
standards.
• The cantilevered tube is secured to the inside and outside standard
using Right Angle Load Bearing Couplers (Doubles). Both standards are
to be diagonally braced.
• The Fiber Rope shall have a minimum diameter of 18mm and shall be
checked daily by the Scaffolding Supervisor and discarded if unfit for
use.
• Use a suitable shackle or slide the loop on the wheels bracket over a
scaffold pole and retain in place using a scaffold clip either side.
• Whenever scaffolding fittings are raised or lowered by rope, fittings
shall be in an proved bag.
• SWL (Safe Working Load) shall be clearly marked on the Bag. SWL
should not exceed 25 kg. 120
 Gin Wheel User
• Do not shock load this equipment.
• Never leave the equipment loaded or unattended.
• Make sure the landing area is unobstructed and able to accept
the load in size and weight.
• Never exceed the equipment’s safe working load
• Keep away from unauthorize person the work area.
• Cordon off area using barriers,
• For Gin Wheels Inspections shall be done quarterly and color
coded.
• Any defective components and/or excessive wear shall
immediately be reported for appropriate corrective action.

121
Knot for fiber rope
• When fiber rope is used, the following knots are preferred:
• Noose knot, for forming a loop that will draw taut around an object;
• Clove hitch, for securing a rope to a round object;
• Marlinspike hitch, for securing a rope to equipment that is to be lifted or dragged.
• Rolling hitch knot
• Half hitch knot

122
 MANUAL HANDLING
4.10. Tools and materials are not thrown or dropped to or from elevated work surfaces (specially
designed trash chutes are acceptable).
 HOUSEKEEPING
4.8. Personnel working in elevated work areas maintain the highest possible housekeeping standard at all
times to reduce the risk of potential dropped objects.

Tools and debris are one of the main

causes of falling objects.
To mitigate this hazard employees
need to ensure the work areas is
clean and tidy.
 TOOLS AND MATERIAL STORAGE

Where tools or materials are stored at height,

precautions must be taken to ensure these objects
will not have an opportunity to become drop hazards.
WORKPLACES AND WORK EQUIPMENT
 SCAFFOLDS
Scaffold Users – Safety Requirements
❑ Check the scaffold before use, e.g.:
❑ Access ladders are safe and correctly tied to the structure,
❑ No toe boards or guardrail is missing,
❑ Complete working platform, etc.
❑ Ensure that the scaffolding has the green tag installed, updated
and, signed off.
❑ Red Tag means only qualified scaffolder can access to the scaffold
❑ Always wear a full body harness
❑ 100% tie off where there is a potential to fall
❑ Do not overload scaffolds
❑ Do not modify or remove any part of a scaffold (this includes
scaffold boards)
❑ If the scaffold is unsafe (e.g. any part is missing) do not use the
scaffold and contact the HSSE supervisor
 SCAFFOLDS

Selection of scaffolds anchor points

Examples of suitable anchor points FF0

❑ Ledgers and transoms supported with load
bearing couplers
❑ Standards, but only when using a suitable anchor
devicedesigned for the purpose and no joints
between the lift and the attachment point
❑ Guardrails supported with load bearing couplers FF1
(guardrails within a scaffold structure)
❑ Plan braces (horizontal) supported on right-angle
couplers

FF2

Anchor point should be as high as possible

Fall Factor
in order to minimize fall factor
 SCAFFOLDS

Selection of scaffolds anchor points

Non-exhaustive list of unsuitable anchor points

❑ Ledgers or guardrails within a bay where it has a joint

❑ Standards unless a suitable anchor device is used
designed for the purpose
❑ Standards with a joint between the lift and the
attachment point
❑ Puncheons
❑ Transoms at foot level or below
❑ Putlog transoms or bridle tubes
❑ Underslung tubes below ledgers on non load-bearing
couplers
❑ Reveal or prop tie assemblies
❑ Vertical braces (e.g. façade or ledger braces) or other
diagonal tubes (e.g. spurs or rakers)
❑ Other tube open ended or not supported either side
of the attachment position e.g. protruding end of a
transom, needle or dropper
MEWP - MOBILE ELEVATING WORK PLATFORM

Mobile Elevated Work Platforms (MEWPs) are

defined as lifting equipment and only trained and
certified personnel shall be authorized to use
MEWP’s on the site.

MEWPs can provide a safe place of working at

height, but precautions need to be taken to
minimize the risks of:
❑ users falling from the basket
❑ users being thrown from the basket
❑ impact with other equipment
MEWP - MOBILE ELEVATING WORK PLATFORM
The precautions for safe work from a MEWP include:
❑ A guard rail, with mid rail and toe-boards round the edge of the basket.
❑ A slip resistant floor.
❑ Dead-man controls.
❑ Stability device, e.g. outriggers that are interlocked such that the MEWP
will not operate unless they are fully extended.
❑ Locking-out controls to prevent in advertent operation
❑ Suitable anchor point to allow personnel to attach a backup system.
❑ Personnel anchored to the base of the basket via a full body harness and
short lanyard that creates an effective work restraint.
In addition to the above:
❑ Spotter or banksman shall be in place at all times to assist MEWP
movement & operation.
❑ Inspection program shall be in place, including:
✓ Daily pre-use inspections
✓ Thorough examination by a Competent Person
✓ Routine maintenance to be performed in accordance with
manufacturer’s instructions
MEWP - MOBILE ELEVATING WORK PLATFORM

MEWPs
are not
forklifts
MEWP - MOBILE ELEVATING WORK PLATFORM

And are not elevators

MEWP - MOBILE ELEVATING WORK PLATFORM
MEWP - MOBILE ELEVATING WORK PLATFORM
MEWP - MOBILE ELEVATING WORK PLATFORM
 LADDERS

Ladders should only be used as work

equipment (either as a place from which
to work or for access and egress) when
a risk assessment confirms that their
use is justified due to:
❑LOW RISK
❑SHORT DURATION (LESS THAN 30 MIN)
❑NO OTHER MEANS AVAILABLE

LADDERS AND STEPLADDERS ARE THE LAST OPTION

IN THE HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS FOR W@H
Using Ladder according to GDP 4.5-0002
Scissor Lift atau Mobile Elevated Work
Platform
Mobile Platform Stairs or Ladders
(dengan rear bar atau rantai)

Perancah:
1. dengan lift
2. dengan tangga
3. dengan tangga miring internal kurang
dari 3m
4. dengan tangga miring (dengan pagar
pembatas jika lebih dari 3m)
5. dengan tangga vertikal (dengan cage
jika lebih dari 3m)

138
Using Ladder according to GDP 4.5-0002

139
Using Ladder according to GDP 4.5-0002

140
 LADDERS
When using a ladder to carry out a task:
❑ only carry light materials and tools;
❑ read the manufacturers’ labels on the ladder and assess the risks;
❑ don’t overreach – make sure your belt buckle (navel) stays within the stiles;
❑ make sure it is long enough or high enough for the task;
❑ don’t overload it – consider workers’ weight and the equipment or materials they are
carrying before working at height. Check the pictogram or label on the ladder for
information;
❑ make sure the ladder angle is at 75° – you should use the 1 in 4 rule (ie 1 unit out for
every 4 units up);
❑ always grip the ladder and face the ladder rungs while climbing or descending – don’t
slide down the stiles;
❑ don’t try to move or extend ladders while standing on the rungs;
❑ don’t work off the top three rungs, and try to make sure the ladder extends at least 1
m (three rungs) above where you are working;
❑ for a leaning ladder, you should secure it (e. g. by tying the ladder to prevent it from
slipping either outwards or sideways) and have a strong upper resting point, i.e. do
not rest a ladder against weak upper surfaces (e.g. glazing or plastic gutters);
❑ you could also use an effective stability device.
 LADDERS
When using a ladder to carry out a task:
❑ don’t stand ladders on moveable objects, such as pallets, bricks, lift trucks, tower
scaffolds, excavator buckets, vans, or mobile elevating work platforms;
❑ avoid holding items when climbing (consider using a tool belt);
❑ don’t work within 6 m horizontally of any overhead power line, unless it has been made
dead or it is protected with insulation. Use a non-conductive ladder (fibreglass) for any
electrical work;
❑ maintain three points of contact when climbing and wherever possible at the work
position;
❑ where you cannot maintain a handhold, other than for a brief period (eg to hold a nail
while starting to knock it in, starting a screw etc), you will need to take other measures
to prevent a fall or reduce the consequences if one happened;
 LADDERS
POSITIONING AND SECURING LADDERS

1 metre extension Platform access gate

past the support
point

Lashed with rope

to prevent movement

4m
Ladder set at a
Stile feet resting on a 4 to 1 ratio
firm and level surface 1m
 CAGED LADDERS
13.9. Ladders extending more than 6 metres (20 feet) have fall protection measures such as
cages, friction devices or self-retracting line in place to protect against falls.

Legislative requirements and site procedures

might not require fall protection system to
be in place for caged ladders
BUT
❑ Cages do not prevent falls
❑ Cages might not arrest a falling person
❑ Cages might hinder rescuers involved in
an emergency intervention
 CAGED LADDERS

Kinematic sequence of fall trajectory from caged ladder

Ref: Preliminary investigation into the fall-arresting effectiveness of ladder safety hoops
Research Report 258 – H&S Executive 2004
CAGED LADDERS

Anchor line with

Guided-type fall
arrester or SRLs
can be conveniently
installed on caged
ladders to guarantee
fall protection for the
users
 FLATBED TRAILERS

Although the relatively low height, fall from trailer are often
leading to serious injuries.

The risk of falling from flatbed trailers are high due to the
following hazards:
❑ Wet and muddy surfaces.
❑ Use of wrong safety apparel for the task (Wellington Boots).
❑ Improper access.
❑ Slippery trailer beds e.g. wet, oily.
❑ No identification of trailer bed edges.
❑ No barriers on trailer beds in place.
FLATBED TRAILERS

Mitigation

❑ Ensure that the safety boots are clean and free of

mud.
❑ No wellington boots allowed to wear when
accessing trailer beds.
❑ Ensure trailer beds are free of chemicals, oil and
grease.
❑ Access the trailer by ladder. One worker to hold the
ladder. Ladder shall be placed at angle shown in the
next slide.
❑ Use of hard barrier, railing, to prevent falls.
❑ Use of rope or lashing belts between stanchions to
identify the edge and keep workers aware.
 CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
Confined space can be defined as any space that has
following characteristics:
❑ It is large enough or so configured that an employee can
bodily enter and perform assigned work;
❑ It has limited or restricted means for entry or exit; and
❑ It is not designed for continuous employee occupancy
❑ It has limited of air circulation and / or potential of
oxygen deficiency

2.2. There is a documented confined space entry

procedure that describes work and permit authorization
processes.
2.12. All personnel with roles and responsibilities in the
planning, approval, execution, and monitoring of entry into
confined spaces are trained
 CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
FALL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT

In addition to all other controls, adequate

measures shall be in place for all confined
space where a risk of fall from height exists.
Typical fall protection systems appropriate
for access to and egress from confined
spaces include, for example:
❑ Tripod and SRL
❑ Davit Arm Systems
❑ Guided-type fall arrester on flexible
anchor line
❑ …