VOLUME 1 Guard construction

Guards shall be sufficiently strong. Unless it is clearly

SECTION A
inappropriate, these shall, without cracking, tearing or permanently
PAES 101 : 2000 deflecting, withstand a perpendicular static load of 1,200 N.

Agricultural Machinery – Technical Means for Ensuring Safety –

General Safety distance
There may be circumstances where the requirements of clause 3
can be met by ensuring a safety distance, as described in 5.3, from
DEFINITION OF TERMS: dangerous part.
Shield or cover
Safety distance from dangerous part
Protective devices designed and fitted so that alone or with other parts
The safety distance is based on measurements from the location
of the machine, they prevent the dangerous part being reached from the
where a person can occupy to operate, maintain or inspect the
side or sides covered.
dangerous part.

Casing Upward reach

The safety distance for upward reach is 2,500 mm for persons
Protective device designed and fitted so that, alone or with other parts of
standing upright.
the machine, it prevents contact with the dangerous part from all sides

Enclosure Reach below barriers

No safety distance is specified where it is possible to reach below
Protective device, which by means of a rail, fence, frame or the like
a safety barrier, unless the aperture is small enough to be considered
ensures the safety, distance necessary so that the dangerous part
only in relation to finger, hand or arm access in which case the
cannot be reached inadvertently.
requirements of 7.1.6 apply.
Reach over barriers
Barriers, the height of which is less than 1,000 mm above the
location, which a person can occupy, shall not be acceptable.
Inside reach through guards
The safety distances depend on the shape of the openings.
Openings
The openings shall not exceed the size appropriate to the
distance of the guard from the moving part.
Warning notices
Durable warning notices shall be affixed to the machine where
parts present danger to the operator. Also included are circumstances
where the inadvertent lowering of parts of equipment can cause danger.
Working stability
Machines and trailers that may create a danger to the user
through tilting, as a result of the shifting of the center of gravity (for
example when emptying or filling), shall be provided with means of
preventing such danger.

Polygonal openings
Handholds and steps
Polygonal openings, where the diameter of the largest circle that
Any machine, on which the presence of a driver or operator is
can be inscribed is not less than the distance between the two apexes
necessary, including any place to which access is required for service or
that are the furthest apart, shall meet the same requirements as for
round openings. maintenance, shall be fitted with handle or handholds and steps so the
person has a safe, convenient means of mounting and dismounting.

Pinching points
A pinching point is considered dangerous for the parts of the body Operating positions
illustrated in Table 4 if the appropriate minimum separation distance is
not maintained. Means shall be provided to prevent the operator from falling from
his workplace. Any platform on which the operator is required to stand
during the operation of the machine shall be level and shall have a non-
Operating manuals slip surface, and if necessary, drainage shall be provided.
Where safety precautions are necessary during operation and
servicing of agricultural machines, appropriate instructions shall be
provided with the machine.
The platform shall be provided with the following:
Lifting and lowering controls
a) a foot-guard (toe-board) on all sides, which shall be fitted
Provision shall be made to protect and locate controls so as to
around the edge of the platform or not more than 50 mm farther
prevent accidental operation which may cause dangerous movement.
away and shall extend not less than 75 mm above the platform;
b) a guard-rail which shall be not less than 1000 mm and not Clutches (Drive engagement controls)
more 1100 mm above the platform and an intermediate rail so The following requirements shall be complied with where appropriate:
that the vertical distance between any two rails does not exceed a) Foot-operated clutches
500 mm. It should be located in a position convenient to the operator’s left
foot. To disengage, the pedal should be pushed forward. In such
case of a combined traction-drive/PTO clutch, the PTO shall be
Seats
disengaged on the second stage.
On a machine on which the operator is required to sit, a seat shall
b) Hand-operated clutches
be provided which will adequately support the operator in all working and
It should be located in a position convenient to the operator. To
operating modes. Adequate and comfortable support and protection for
disengage,the control should be moved rearward. Control
the feet shall be provided.
should be operated only withthe operator in the operator’s
station.
Operating control
The operating controls, such as steering wheel or steering levers,
Stopping devices for power sources
transmission levers, cranks, pedals, and switches, shall be arranged and
Every power source shall be fitted with a device by means of
fitted in such a way as to allow safe and easy control and manipulation
which it can be stopped quickly. It shall be so designed that it does not
by an operator in the normal operating position.
depend on sustained manual effort for its operation and that, when it is
in the “stop” position, the power source cannot be started unless the
Steering mechanism
device is reset manually
The steering mechanism shall be so designed as to reduce the
Valves, taps and switches
force of any sudden movement of the steering wheel or steering lever(s)
In the case of hand-operated valves, taps and switches or their
due to reaction from the steered wheel(s).
means of control provided for controlling pneumatic, hydraulic or
electrical systems, the function and effect of the device in each of its
positions shall be clearly indicated, where necessary for safety reasons.
 Machines, which are not stable when disconnected, shall be
Pedals provided with a jack or other support to prevent tilting.
Pedals shall be of adequate size and of appropriate configuration.
Power take-off (PTO)
These shall have slip-resistant surfaces in order to minimize the
The PTO shall be protected as indicated in 12.1.1 to 12.1.3.
possibility of the op.erator’s foot slipping off the pedals, and where
necessary, be provided with a rim at the edge of the pedal. Power intake connection (PIC)
The PIC shall be protected as indicated in 12.2.1 and 12.2.2.
Differential locks
PTO drive-shafts
Any manually operated device fitted to a machine to lock the
The drive-shaft shall be protected as indicated in 12.3.1 to 12.3.3.
differential gear shall be designed and fitted so that there is a clear
indication to the operator that the lock is engaged. Exhaust pipes
The outlet of the exhaust pipe shall be located and directed in
Hitches
such a way that the driver or any other operator obliged to stand on the
Mobile machines that are not self-propelled shall be provided with
machine will not normally be exposed to harmful concentrations of
suitable hitch devices. Machines used for towing or which are towed
noxious gases or fumes, for example by locating the outlet over or to the
shall be provided with a towing device constructed and fitted to be
side of the head level of the operator or the air intake of the cab.
secure for the purpose.
Hot parts
Hitch hook
Protection shall be provided to minimize the possibility of
If the towing machine is equipped with a hitch hook, it shall be in
inadvertent contact with any exposed element which may cause burns
accordance with ISO 6489-1. The towed machine shall, in such case,
during mounting, dismounting or operating the tractor or machine.
have a drawbar eye according to ISO 5692.
Drawbars Battery
The drawbar shall be situated in the longitudinal mid-plane of the The location of the batteries shall be such that hazards to the
tractor. The diameter of the hole in the drawbar should be 33 mm. The operator due to fumes and electrolyte are minimized.
thickness of the drawbar shall be not more than 32 mm. 05.0−+

Jacks and supports


PAES 102 : 2000
Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and
Presentation
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Left-hand side
for mobile machines, it is the side which is on the left when an
observer is facing in the normal forward direction of travel of the
machine; and for stationary machines, it is the side which is on the left
when an observer is facing the machine
Right-hand side
for mobile machines, it is the side which is on the right when an
observer is facing in the normal forward direction of travel of the
machine; and for stationary machines, it is the side which is on the right
when an observer is facing the machine
Serial numbers
Information that enables the operator to locate and identify the
whereabouts of serial numbers and/or codes of the major components of
the machine, and any additional information necessary for initial
communication with a dealer, shall be provided within the manual.
Safety signs
Safety signs that appear on the equipment shall be reproduced in
legible size in the operator's manual, either in the appropriate section of
the text relative to the point of use, or in the safety section, or in
separate safety sign section.
Hazards
It is essential that any known hazards relating to the use of the
machine, and any restrictions for it use by classes of persons (such as
children) be clearly stated.
Operating information
Operating information should include the general specifications
and description of the machine or equipment, identification of controls,
instructions for proper operation of machine, and troubleshooting
information.
Maintenance schedules
Where maintenance tasks are required to be carried out at
specific intervals (such as time, distance, running hours, completed
operations) they should be summarized in tabular form with further
details, if necessary, in the text.
Specialized tasks
Where maintenance tasks require specialist knowledge or
resources, this shall be stated. If any work carried out by an authorized
person would affect the warranty on the machinery, it is important that
this be stated.
Initial set-up
Procedures for the initial set-up of the machine should be detailed
in full. Any special tools or testing and calibration equipment should be
listed.
Presentation of operator's manual
Paper size
A5 format is suitable for most cases, although 1/3 A4 format is
adequate for simpler machinery and equipment. A4 format is
recommended for complex machines to allow coverage with an
acceptable number of pages. A4 format is also suitable for static
equipment where there is no storage problem.
Protection
For initial shipment, the manual should be sealed inside a
transparent, water-and-oil-resistant plastic envelope.
Front cover
The front cover should be made from a stiff, durable material, and
be the same size as the pages of the manual. A cover of greater
stiffness than the pages is generally appropriate, although a paper cover
of the same stiffness as the pages is acceptable for small manuals.
Rear cover
The rear cover should be of the same material and size as the
front cover. If appropriate, there should be a pocket inside for storage of
a separate parts list.
Binding
Any type of binding which provides substantial anchorage for the
pages, while allowing the text to be accessed without damage, may be
used.
Divider leaves
Major subjects or categories of information may be conveniently
indicated for rapid reference by divider leaves, which may be ordinary
card or printed in color to attract attention.
Notes
One or two blank pages at the back of the manual for notes on
individual conditions are always useful.
Presentation of the text
Author
The author could be generally conversant with agriculture and
engineering but need not be an expert on the machine in question. He or
she should have some knowledge of technical writing principles. It is
also useful if the author has operated the machine or is otherwise
familiar with its operation.
Level of text
When developing the text, it should be assumed that the reader
(operator) has only minimal prior knowledge of the machine and its
operation.
Style of text
Text should be brief and simple. Related data should be grouped
together in a logical order. Sentences should be short and direct.
References to time intervals should be specific. Paragraphs should be
short and relate to one topic only; accepted standards of grammar and
usage should be maintained.
Checking
The draft should be carefully checked for typographical errors,
technical accuracy, and ease of understanding.
Typographic design
Paper
The paper should be good quality white paper that is sufficiently
opaque to prevent information printed on one side of the sheet from
making information printed on the other side difficult to read.
Color
Where colored paper is used, the contrast between the paper and
the ink should not be appreciably less than that provided by black ink on
white paper. Where colored inks are used, consideration should be
given to the relationship with the color of the paper, the increased cost,
and the effect on methods of reproduction.
Reproduction
Reproduction copies should be clean, clear, and durable. Such
copies may be produced by lithography, by xerography, by laser printing
or by letterpress. Inks should produce a dense, sharp image.
Type size
Ideally, the type size should be such that the main text will not be
less than 10 points.
Margins
The margins should be wide enough to allow for binding. Inner
margins (left-hand on odd-numbered pages, right-hand on even-
numbered pages) should be 10 mm to 15 mm to allow clear readability
when the bound manual is open. Outer margins (right-hand on odd-
numbered pages, left-hand on even-numbered pages) should be
sufficient (6 mm to 10 mm) to ensure that page content is not cut during
the printing and binding process. Top and bottom margins should be
equal to inner margins.
Columns
Text on A4 format paper should usually be presented in a single
column. On larger page sizes, two columns should be used, although a
single-column format is also acceptable.
Headings
Headings should be used consistently throughout the manual to
provide a systematic method of presentation. Headings should be in
larger type size than the text and in a bolder typeface or an alternative
color.
Text conventions
Terminology
Terminology should be consistent throughout the manual. Names
and part numbers shall be used consistently in all technical information.
Technical terms that require specialized knowledge should be avoided
except where no other terms convey the intended meaning.
Glossaries, abbreviations, signs and symbols
Glossaries should explain words or phrases that may be
unfamiliar to the reader and needs a specialized knowledge.
Abbreviations should not be used unless a list of those used, together
with their meanings, is included. Abbreviations should terminate in a full
stop. Symbols for units of measurement shall remain the same in both
singular and plural forms and shall not be followed by a full stop except
at the end of a sentence.
Upper case letters
Words set in upper case letters should be used sparingly. It is
usually better to use bold lower case letters to emphasize key words or
phrases. When referring to controls which have identifying titles on them
(for example, STOP control) then upper case letters can be used.\
Spelling
Spelling should conform to standard practice for the language in
which the manual is published and should be consistent throughout the
manual.
Measurements and quantities
All measurements and quantities should be expressed in the
International System of units (SI units) followed, where appropriate, by
an equivalent alternative in parentheses.
Numbers
All numbers shall be written in Arabic numerals. The only
exception is when a sentence starts with a number; in such cases, the
sentence should be reordered to move the number from the beginning of
the sentence, or, if this proves impossible, the number may be
expressed in words.
Left-hand and right-hand
Left-hand and right-hand should not be abbreviated in the text,
except in charts. For static or unusual equipment, these terms should be
defined. Clockwise and counterclockwise require an explanation of the
direction of view.
Illustrations
Position
Illustrations in the body of the text should be either adjacent, or as close
as possible, to the related text.
Use of color
Color should be used only if it is necessary to clarify complicated
diagrams. Techniques such as shading, cross-hatching, and screening
should be used in preference to color. If color is used, primary colors are
preferable. If black-and white illustrations in a manual appear in colored
form elsewhere (for example, in colored wall charts or transparencies)
the manual should make use of distinctive shading patterns to delineate
the different colors consistently.
Limitations of color
Color blindness, microfilming, photocopying, possible confusion of
colors when seen in poor or colored light, cost and difficulties of
reproduction should be taken into account when the possibility of using
color is considered. These considerations apply particularly to safety
notices.
Clarity
Simple line illustrations or good quality photographs provide the
best clarity of reproduction. Shading should be used only if it contributes
to the information given in the drawing; decorative shading should be
avoided.
Scale
If an indication of scale is required, it should be given in a form
which is independent of the reproduced size of the drawing. It is
sometimes possible to indicate scale by including in the illustration a
ruled measure or some object of known size.
Balance between text and illustrations
Illustrations and text should complement each other and should be
prepared together to shorten and simplify the subject matter.
Illustrations should always appear adjacent to the related text.
Charts
Information which is required frequently, or which is easier to
explain in flow form should be included as charts. These should be
accompanied by a glossary of abbreviations, symbols, and any
unfamiliar terms.
Tables
Tables should be presented with the minimum number of lines
required for clarity. Tables should preferably appear at the appropriate
point in the body of the text.
Instructions
Warning and Caution
Instructions identified as WARNING and CAUTION emphasizes
important safety points where personal injury may be involved. These
instructions call attention to instructions which need to be followed
precisely to avoid a hazardous situation.
Important
Instructions identified as IMPORTANT call attention to
instructions which must be followed precisely to avoid damaging the
product, process, or its surroundings.
Notes
 Instructions identified as NOTE present supplementary
information. These instructions should be worded or located to indicate
their point of application and be set to the same measure (column or
page width) as the related text. The heading should always be included
and set in bold type.
Numbering of pages, figures and tables
Page numbering
Page numbers should be visually separate from the text. The
numbering system should be designed to make selection of the correct
page as simple as possible. In short manuals, pages should be
numbered consecutively throughout the manual. In long manuals, pages
should be numbered consecutively within each main division.
Numbering of figures and tables
Figures, tables, and other non-textual material should be cross-
referenced to the corresponding text to eliminate confusion. If such
cross-referencing cannot be achieved, figures and tables should be
numbered consecutively in the same manner as pages.
PAES 103 : 2000
Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling
Definitions of Terms:
Acceptance test
test carried out on samples selected from a lot for the purpose of
acceptance of the lot.
Lot
in any consignment, all components or equipment under study
NOTE: To constitute a lot, all components or equipment of the same
kind, type, size, and manufactured from the same material shall be
grouped together.
Routine test
test carried out on each and every component or equipment to
check the specifications which are likely to vary during production
Type test
test carried out to prove conformity to the requirements of the
relevant specification
NOTE: This is intended to check the general qualities and design of a
given type of component or equipment.
Tests for visuals and dimensional characteristics
The component or equipment selected at random according to
sub-clause. shall be examined for visual and dimensional characteristics
Tests for other than the visual and dimensional characteristics
If the lot conforms to the requirements for visual and dimensional
characteristics, a sub-sample of size.
 PAES 104 : 2000
Agricultural Machinery – Location and Method of
Operation of Operator’s Controls –
Control for Agricultural Tractors and Machinery
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Agricultural tractor
self-propelled, wheeled, track-laying or semi track-laying machine
primarily designed to pull, push, carry and/or operate trailers or
provide power to implements and machines used for agricultural,
forestry and other related works
Pedestrian-operated machine
machine, having an integral power unit but normally operated by a
pedestrian, designed to carry out agricultural operation, and which
may also be operated from a seat on an attachment or trailer
Right-hand and left-hand
designations related to the operator when sitting on the operator’s
station
Self-propelled machine
having one or more integral power units which propel and operate
the machine, designed to carry out agricultural operations while on
the move.
PAES 105 : 2000
Agricultural Machinery – Symbols for Operator’s
Controls and Other Displays – Common Symbols
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Agricultural machines
consists of agricultural tractors, self-propelled and pedestrian-
operated machines, implements, and combinations thereof
primarily used for agricultural operations
Symbol
visually perceptible figure used to transmit information independent
of language.
NOTE :It may be produced by drawing, printing or other means.
 Deep tillage
PAES 106 : 2000 Primary tillage operation which manipulates soil to a greater depth than
Agricultural Machinery – Soil Tillage and Equipment – 300 mm
Terminology Note: it may be accomplished with a very heavy-duty moldboard or disc
plow which inverts the soil, or with a chisel plow or subsoiler which
DEFINITION OF TERMS: shatters the soil.

Basic tillage goals

Earthmoving
Tillage action and transport operations utilized to loosen, load, carry, and
Tillage action unload soil.
Action of a tillage tool in executing a specific form of soil manipulation
Example : soil cutting, shattering and/or inversion
Land forming
Tillage objective Tillage operation which move soil to create desired soil configurations
Desired soil condition produced by one or more tillage operations
Note: forming may be done on a large scale such as contouring or
Tillage requirement terracing, or on a small scale such as ridging or pitting.
Soil physical conditions which can be produced by tillage and is
necessary based on utilitarian and/or economic considerations
Land grading
General tillage terms and kind of tillage
Tillage operation which move soil to establish a desired soil elevation
Broadcast tillage and slope
Overall tillage
Tillage of an entire area as contrasted to a partial tillage as in bands or Example: leveling, contouring, cutting, and filling.
strips
Land planing
Tillage operation that cuts and moves small layers of soil to provide
smooth, refined surface condition
Oriented tillage
Tillage operation which are oriented in specific paths or directions with
respect to the sun, prevailing winds, previous tillage actions, or field
base lines.
Rotary tillage
Tillage operation employing power-driven rotary action to cut, break up,
and mix soil.
Soil cultivation
Shallow tillage operation performed to promote growth of crop plants by
creating a soil condition conducive to aeration, infiltration, and moisture
conservation or to pest control
Tillage
Mechanical manipulation of soil for any desired purpose
Note: in agriculture the term is usually restricted to the changing of soil
conditions for the enhancement of crop production.
Primary tillage
Tillage, which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation,
normally designed to reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and
rearrange aggregates.
Secondary tillage
Tillage, following primary tillage, which are designed to control weed
growth and to create specific soil surface configurations before seeding
Tillage depth
Tool depth
Vertical distance from the initial soil surface to a specified point of
penetration of the tool
Tillage systems
Conservation tillage
System that maintains a minimum of 30% residue cover on the soil
surface after planting or maintains at least 1,100 kg/ha of flat small grain
residue equivalent on the soil surface during the critical erosion period.
Conventional tillage
System traditionally performed in preparing a seedbed for a given crop
and grown in a given geographical area.
Minimum tillage Reservoir tillage
System wherein least soil manipulation is performed System in which a large number of depressions or small reservoirs are
formed to hold rain or sprinkler applied water.

Mulch tillage
System in which tillage of the total soil surface is performed in such a
way that plant residue is specifically left on or near the soil surface
Optimum tillage
Idealized system which permits a maximized net return for a given crop
under given conditions.
Ridge tillage
System in which the ridges are formed during cultivation or after harvest
and maintained from year to year in the same location
Note: seeding is done on the ridge top.
Strip tillage
System in which only isolated bands of soil is tilled.

Precision tillage Specific tillage operation

Subsoiling under the plant row prior to planting usually intended for Anchoring
subsurface drainage. Tillage to partially bury and thereby prevent movement of materials such
as plant residues or artificial mulches.

Reduced tillage
System in which the primary tillage operation is performed in conjunction Bedding
with special planting procedures in order to reduce or eliminate Ridging
secondary tillage operations.
listing
Tillage which forms a ridge and furrow soil configuration.
Bulldozing Middlebreaking
Pushing or rolling of soil by a steeply inclined blade. Hilling-up ; operation wherein a lister is used in a manner that forms a
furrow midway between two previous rows of plants.

Chisel plowing
Off barring
Tillage in which a narrow curved shank is used
Operation that cuts and throws the soil away from the base of plants
Note: chisel plowing at depths greater than 350 mm is termed
subsoiling. Note: this is the reverse of middlebreaking or hilling-up.

Combined tillage operations Moldboard plowing

Operations simultaneously utilizing two or more different types of tillage Operation which is performed to cut the soil with partial or complete soil
tools or implements (subsoil-lister, lister-planter, or plow-planter inversion.
combinations) to simplify, control, or reduce the number of trips over a
field.
Residue processing
Operation that cut, crush, anchor or otherwise handle residues in
Harrowing
conjunction with soil manipulation.
Operation which pulverizes, smoothens, and makes the soil ready for
planting.
Subsoiling
Note : it is commonly used before seeding.
Deep tillage, below 350 mm for the purpose of loosening soil for root
growth and/or water movement.
Incorporating
Mixing ;operation which mix or disperse foreign materials, such as
pesticides, fertilizers or plant residues into the soil.
Vertical mulching
Operation in which a vertical band of mulching material is injected into
the slit immediately behind a tillage tool shank.
Tillage equipment
General-purpose tillage implement
Implement performing functions simultaneously that of initial cutting,
breaking and pulverizing the soil.
Plow-harrow
Implement which works under the combined principles of the regular
disc plow and harrow.
Note: it has a frame, wheel arrangement and depth adjustment of the
disc plow but the disc are assembled on a single shaft and turn as a unit
similar to a gang of disc harrow.
Rotary tiller
Implement used for broadcast or strip tillage and is also used as
chemical incorporator and as row crop cultivator.
Note: it consists of power-driven shaft, transverse to the direction of
travel, equipped with curved knives that slice through the soil, chop
surface residue and mix all materials in the disturbed layer.
Spiral plow
Rotary plow ; implement which consists of two horizontal power driven
spiral flanged shafts which rotate vertically.
Note: the two shafts are placed end-to-end and oriented to throw the soil
outward.
Primary tillage implement
Implement used for cutting, displacing and/or shattering the soil to
reduce soil strength and to bury or mix plant materials, pesticides, and
fertilizers in the tillage layer.
Chisel plow
Implement which shatters the soil without complete burial or mixing of
surface materials.
Note: multiple rows of staggered curved shanks are mounted either
rigidly, with spring-cushions, spike, or shovel tools are attached to each
shank.
Disc plow
Implement with individually mounted concave disc blades which cut,
partially or completely invert a layer of soil to bury surface material, and
pulverize the soil.
Note: blades are attached to the frame in a tilted position relative to the
frame and to the direction of travel for proper penetration and soil
displacement.
Moldboard plow Comb-tooth harrow
Implement which cuts, partially or completely inverts a layer of soil to
Implement used for breaking clods after initial plowing, for subsequent
bury surface materials, and pulverizes the soil
operations prior to transplanting and for puddling and levelling.
Note: it consists of cutting edge, stabilizer and curved surface.
Note: it consists of a row of teeth that works like a rake.
Right-hand plow
Turns the furrow slice to the right of the plow.
Disc harrow
Left-hand plow
Implement used to pulverize the soil to attain a better soil tilth for the
Turns the furrow slice to the left of the plow.
seed germination and growth
Two-way plow Note: it consists of two or four gangs of concave steel disc.
Eliminates back and dead furrows and is used for surface irrigation
Note: it consists of both the right-hand and left-hand plows, with one
Single-action disc harrow
type being used at a time.
Consists of two gangs of discs, placed end-to-end at an angle, which
throw the soil in opposite directions.
Subsoiler
Implement for intermittent tillage at depths sufficient to shatter
Double-action disc harrow
compacted subsurface layers.
Tandem disc harrow
Note: it is equipped with widely spaced shanks either in-line or
Consists of two or more gangs, in which a set of two gangs follows
staggered on a v-shaped frame.
behind the front gangs and is arranged in such a way that the discs on
the front gangs throw the soil in one direction (usually outward) and the
Secondary tillage implement discs on the rear gangs throw the soil in the opposite directions.

Implement used for tilling the soil to a shallower depth than primary Offset disc harrow
tillage implements, provide additional pulverization, mix pesticides and Consists of two gangs wherein one gang is located behind the other at
fertilizers into the soil, level and firm the soil, close air pockets, and an angle and the harrow is operated in an offset position in relation to
eradicate weeds. the tractor.
Field cultivator Row crop cultivator
Implement for seedbed preparation, weed eradication, or fallow
Implement wherein the frame and cultivating tools are designed to
cultivation subsequent to some form of primary tillage.
adequately pass through standing crop rows without crop damage.
Note: it is equipped with spring steel shanks or teeth (generally spaced
150-230 mm in a staggered pattern) which has an integral forged point Note: gangs of shanks are often independently suspended on parallel
or mounting holes for replaceable shovel or sweep tools. linkages with depth-controlling wheels to provide floatation with the soil
surface.
Packer
Implement for crushing soil clods and compacting the soil
Note: it consists of one or two in-line gangs of rollers such as lugged Spike-tooth harrow
wheels or any one of various shaped ridged wheels.
Implement consisting of long spikes attached rigidly to cross bars and
staggered to attain maximum stirring and raking of soil.
Roller-harrow
Spring-tooth harrow
Implement used for seedbed preparation which crushes soil clods and
smooths and firms the soil surface Implement consisting of long, flat and curved teeth made of spring steel
Note: it consists of an in-line gang of ridged rollers, followed by one or
Note: the teeth are fastened to cross bars with the other end pointed to
more rows of staggered spring cultivator teeth, followed by a second in-
give good soil penetration.
line gang of ridged rollers.

Rotary hoe
Cultivating tillage implement
Implement for dislodging small weeds and grasses and for breaking soil
crust and is used for fast, shallow cultivation before or soon after crop Implement performing shallow post-plant tillage to aid the crop by
plants emerge loosening the soil and/or by mechanical eradication of undesired
vegetation
Note: rigid curved teeth mounted on wheels toll over the soil, penetrating
almost straight down and lifting soil as they rotate. Hoe wheels may be
mounted in multiple gangs or as short gangs on spring loaded arms
suspended from the main frame.
Continuous-tool bar cultivator Draft
Implement consisting of tool bars that extend across the top of the rows, Force to propel an implement in the direction of travel which is equal and
which allow lateral adjustments of the tools for different row spacing opposite to drawbar pull.

Separated gang cultivator Effective operating width

Implement consisting of tool bars that drop down between the rows to Operating width excluding overlap.
provide maximum vertical clearance for the plants

Edge clearance angle

Nomenclature for tillage tools and implements Effective angle which is included between the line of travel and a line
Bed shaper drawn through the back or nonsoil-working surface of the tool at its
Soil-handling implement which forms uniform ridges of soil to immediate edge.
predetermined shapes.

Blade Ground clearance

Soil-working tool, consisting of an edge and a surface, which is primarily
Minimum vertical distance between the soil surface and a potentially
designed to cut through the soil
obstructing machine element.
Example: rotary tiller blades, anhydrous ammonia blades

Hitch
Coulter Portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to a power
Circular, flat tool used to cut plant material and soil. source.
Implement width
Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between the
outermost edges of the implement.
Injector
Implement used to insert materials into the soil.
Jointer
Miniature plow attachment whose purpose is to turn over a small furrow
slice directly ahead of the main moldboard plow bottom, to aid in
covering trash.
Lateral tool spacing
Horizontal distance between corresponding reference points on adjacent
tools when projected upon a vertical plane perpendicular to the direction
of travel.
Line of travel
Line and direction along which the tillage implement travels
Lister-planter
Combined tillage implement which is composed of a lister and a planting
attachment to permit a single listing-seeding operation with the planter
normally being operated in the furrow.
Longitudinal tool spacing
Horizontal distance between corresponding reference points of two tools
when projected upon a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel.
Mechanical tillage implement
Single or groups of soil-working tools together with power transmission
structure, control, and protection systems present as an integral part of
the machine
Moldboard plow clearances
Horizontal clearance
Distance measured between specified points on adjacent plow bottoms
Example: diagonal (rake), tip of share to tip of share; fore and aft, width
of cut or furrow slice; throat width, minimum distance from face of
moldboard to projecting member of preceding bottom
Vertical clearance
Distance measured from cutting edge of share to nearest potentially
obstructing member such as main truss (backbone), frame, beam,
release mechanism, etc
Operating overlap
Distance perpendicular to the direction of travel that an implement
reworks soil previously tilled
Operating width
Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which
an implement performs its intended function
Protected zone
Soil and/or plant zone purposely protected by virtue of tool design, tool
spacing or evasive tool movement; shedding
Soil-tool reaction in which soil slides over the surface of the tillage tool
without significant adhesion
Soil-additive applicator
Machine used to apply, or to apply and incorporate soil additives by
means of tillage
Examples: granular herbicide applicator, lime or manure spreader,
fumigation and fertilizer distributor, or chemical incorporator are
examples of soil-additive applicator.
Soil-additive incorporator
Machine used to mechanically incorporate or mix material into the soil

Shank Soil opener

Structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam or Tillage tool used to slice through soil and create an opening for the
a standard insertion of material such as seeds, pesticides, fertilizers
Example: disc, knife, and runner

Shovel
Spade-shaped, v-pointed soil working tool, which is used for various Soil roller
plowstocks, cultivators, grain drills, and soil scarifiers Rotating implement which pulverizes, firms or smooths soil by crushing
or compacting
Side force
Side draft; horizontal component of pull, perpendicular to the line of Soil-sliding path
motion
Path along which one element of soil slides across a tillage tool
 Type of cultivator shovel which is wing-shaped
Soil-sliding path length
Length of the path along tillage tool upon which soil slides Teeth
Projections on tillage tools which serve to penetrate, grip, cut, or tear soil
Soil-ascending angle
Angle between the sliding path and the horizontal at any point along the Tillage tool
sliding path Individual soil-working element

Soil-sliding angle Complex tillage tools

Angle at any point on the surface of a tool between the soil sliding path
and a horizontal contour line constructed through the surface of the tool
Soil-tool geometry
Configuration of the soil-tool boundary wherein the overall shape is
usually oriented with the direction of travel of the tool and the soil
surface
Soil-working surface
Portions of tillage tools which are designed to be in contact with the soil
Specific draft
Unit draft
Draft force of an implement per unit area of tilled cross-section
Tillage tools which rotate or move so that they present a varying
boundary and contact area to the soil
Example: clod breakers, notched discs, rotary hoes
Dynamic tillage tools
Tillage tools which are powered so that some of their movements are in
direction other than along the line of travel
Multi-powered tillage tools
Tillage tools powered by more than one form of power, such as draft and
rotating power, or draft and electrical power

Standard
Beam; upright support which connects the shank to tillage implement Simple tillage tools
frame Tillage tools which present a reasonable constant boundary area to the
soil
Sweep
Tool clearance
Minimum distance in a specified direction between a point on the tool
and the nearest potentially obstructing implement element
Tool-operating width
Maximum horizontal distance perpendicular to the line of motion over
which a tool performs its intended function
Orientation, tool
Position of the tool in a framework of cartesian coordinates which is
usually oriented with the soil surface and the direction of travel
Note :orientation is specified in side, tilt, and lift angles as a minimum.
Lift angle
Rake angle ; angle, in a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel,
between a tool axis and the soil surface
Side angle
Angle, in the soil surface plane, between a tool axis and a line, which is
perpendicular to the direction of travel
Tilt angle
Angle, in a vertical plane perpendicular to the direction of travel,
between a tool axis and the soil surface
Tool overlap
Distance perpendicular to the direction of travel in which a tool operating
width coincides with the operating width of another tool
Tool-skip area
Area of soil surface left undisturbed during passage of a tool
Tool width
Maximum horizontal projection of a tool in the soil perpendicular to the
line of motion
Vertical tool spacing
Vertical distance between corresponding points on adjacent tools when
projected upon a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel
Wings
Projections attached to the sides of tillage tools to increase the volume
of soil which can be disturbed, or to control the nature and distance of
soil movement. Wings usually have lift, tilt, and side angles which are Soil heaving
different from those found in the orientation of the main tool and
Lifting or swelling of soil resulting from natural forces such as freezing
standard

Soil reaction nomenclature Soil reaction

Soil abrasion Soil response to the application of mechanical forces

Scratching, cutting, or abrading of materials caused by the action of soil

Soil shatter

Soil adhesion Pulverization; general fragmentation of a soil mass resulting from the
action of tillage forces
Sticking of soil to objects such as tillage tools or wheels

Soil sliding
Soil compaction
Sliding of soil across a surface
Act of reducing the specific volume of soil

Throw
Soil cutting
Movement of soil in any direction as a result of kinetic energy imparted
Separation of a soil mass by a slicing action to the soil by the tillage tool
Soil failure Soil nomenclature
Alteration or destruction of a soil structural condition by mechanical Additive, soil
forces such as in shearing, compression, or tearing
Foreign; materials, other than seeds, which are added to and/or
incorporated in soil for directly influencing the soil condition or
environment
Example: pesticides, fertilizers, mulches, or conditioners, but not foreign
bodies such as drain tiles, which have an indirect influence
Foreign materials
All materials added to or mixed into soil, including residues, soil
Adhered soil bodies additives, and foreign bodies that have not originated in the soil's
development
Masses of soil (may be stationary or in a relatively slow motion) which
adheres on soil-working surfaces and act as a part of the tool
Example: soil cone, an adhered soil body which resembles a cone; soil Mechanical impedance
sheet, an adhered soil body which covers a large area of tool like a
Resistance to the movement of plant parts or tillage tools through soil
sheet; soil wedge, an adhered soil body which resembles a narrow
that is caused by the mechanical strength of the soil
wedge

Mechanical stability
Compacted layer
Mechanical strength; degree of resistance of soil to deformation
Hard pan ; plow pan; plow soil
Dense layer of soil immediately below tillage depth created by
mechanical pressure and/or soil-shearing forces
Shear blocks
Clods ; blocks of soil which are sheared loose from the main soil mass
Concretions by tillage tool action
Soil structural units which are irreversibly cemented together

Shear surface
Covering depth Failure surfaces occurring where the soil has sheared
Thickness of soil with which materials are covered by an implement

Primary shear surfaces

Initial and distinct surfaces appearing during failure which are caused
mainly by shear
Secondary shear surfaces
Shear surfaces which result from the twisting, pushing, or tumbling of the
soil after or during the initial displacement
Note: secondary shear surfaces are often perpendicular to the primary
shear surfaces
Open trench (about twice the width of one plow bottom) left in between
the adjacent strips of land after finishing of plowing
Note: it is formed when two adjacent furrow slices are thrown opposite
each other.
Furrow
Trench left when the plow bottom cuts and turns the furrow slice

Soil aggregates
Furrow crown
Soil peds ; agglomerations of primary soil particles which are produced
Peak of the turned furrow slice
by natural processes

Furrow depth
Tillability
Ditch depth ;pit depth ;trench depth
Degree of ease with which a soil may be manipulated for a specific
purpose Depth of depression below a specified (initial or subsequent) soil surface
Soil and surface characteristics
Back furrow Furrow slice
Raised ridge left at the center of the strip of land, when plowing is Soil mass cut, lifted, pulverized, inverted and thrown to one side of the
started from center to side plow bottom
Note: it is formed when a furrow slice is lapped over another slice.
Dead furrow Furrow wall
Undisturbed or unbroken side of the furrow
 Soil density
Head land
Weight of a unit volume of soil expressed on either a wet basis
Unplowed soil at the end of the furrow strip (including soil and water) or on a dry basis (soil only, most common)

Paes 107 : 2000

Land
Agricultural Machinery – Hitch For Walking-Type Agricultural
Unplowed soil Tractor – Specifications

Ridge height
Bed height ;hill height; windrow height
Height of soil above a specified (initial or subsequent) soil surface
Hitch assembly
Structure made for attaching and/or supporting the implement. Note it
consists of hitch frame, pin sleeve and hitch pin.
Size of primemover
Rated power rating of the primemover as specified by the manufacturer.

Root bed Walking-type agricultural tractor

Pedestrian controlled tractor hand tractor self-propelled machine having
Soil profile modified by tillage or amendments for use by plant roots
a single axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or mounted
agricultural implements and machinery.

Root zone
Part of the soil profile exploited by the roots of plants Paes 108 : 2000
Agricultural Machinery - Hexagonal Axle And Hub For Walking-
Type Agricultural Tractor – Specification
Seedbed
Type 1
Soil zone which affects germination and emergence of seeds
Hexagonal axle for walking-type agricultural tractor with a primemover Applicable work
size of up to 3.4 kw (4.5 hp) using diesel engine and up to 3.7 kw (5.0 Range of operations that could be performed by the machine as
hp) using gasoline engine. specified by the manufacturer.

Type 2 Ground clearance

Hexagonal axle for walking-type agricultural tractor with a primemover distance between the supporting surface and the lowest point of the
size of 3.5 kw to 10.8 kw (4.6 hp - 14.5 hp) using diesel engine and 3.8 tractor.
kw to 11.9 kw ( 5.1 hp - 16.0 hp) using gasoline engine.
Overall height
Distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal
plane touching the uppermost part of the tractor.
PAES 109 : Note all parts of the tractor, in particular, fixed components projecting
2000 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – WALKING-TYPE upwards are contained between these two planes.
AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR – SPECIFICATIONS PART 1 : PULL-
TYPE Overall length
Distance between two vertical planes at right angles to the median plane
Walking-type agricultural tractor of the tractor and touching its front and rear extremities.
hand tractor pedestrian tractor self-propelled machine having a single Note all parts of the tractor, in particular, components projecting at the
axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or mounted agricultural front and at the rear are contained between these two planes. Where an
implements and machinery. adjustment of components is possible, it shall be set at minimum length.

Pull type Overall width

traction type capable of pulling various kinds of implements.
PAES 111 : 2000
Agricultural Machinery – Walking-Type Agricultural Tractor –
Methods Of Test
Distance between two vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the
tractor, each plane touching the outer-most point of the tractor on its
respective side and with wheels set for minimum track.
Note all parts of the tractor, in particular, fixed components projecting
laterally are contained between these two planes.
Slip
Ratio of the difference between the speed of pulley or belt and wheels or
track with load, to the speed without load.

Tractor weight Paes 113 : 2000

Total weight of the machine excluding ballast and implements with the Agricultural machinery – lever-operated knapsack sprayer –
fuel tank filled to 80 percent capacity and with normal amount of cooling methods of test
water and lubricating oil (if engine is integrated with the tractor) and with
specified wheels. Definition of terms:

Walking-type agricultural tractor Verification of the specifications

Self-propelled machine having a single axle designed primarily to pull  Laboratory tests
and propel trailed or mounted agricultural implements and machinery  Volumetric efficiency
 leak
 Tilt and inversion
PAES 112 : 2000  Nozzle performance
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – LEVER-OPERATED KNAPSACK  Cut-off valve
SPRAYER – SPECIFICATION  Pressure chamber fatigue
 Continuous running
Lever-operated knapsack sprayer (LOKS) Backpack sprayer sprayer  Strap
which is operated manually with a lever and can be carried on the back  Drop
of an operator for spraying.
 Actual field test
Pressure chamber  Rate of work
Component of the sprayer that evens out the fluctuations of the fluid  Ease of operation
pressure and induces more uniform flow of the sprayed liquid.  Operator’s safety

Tank capacity
Maximum allowable volume of the liquid to fill the sprayer tank, when
equipped with all its internal mounting.
 PAES 114 : 2000
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – CENTRIFUGAL PUMP – Head
SPECIFICATIONS Quantity used to express a form (or combination of forms) of the energy
content of the liquid per unit weight of the liquid referred to any arbitrary
Capacity datum.
Discharge at maximum efficiency
Net positive suction head required (NPSHR) Performance
Centrifugal pump characteristic required of the pump and is the NPSH at the pump inlet.
Type of pump with impellers rotating inside a closed casing which draws NOTE It is the statement of the minimum suction conditions required to
water into the pump through a central inlet opening and forces water out prevent cavitation.
through a discharge outlet at the periphery of the housing by means of
centrifugal force. Pump
Device used to lift or transfer water from one source to another.
Diffuser pump
Turbine pump type of centrifugal pump wherein the impeller is Pump efficiency (ηp)
surrounded by diffuser vanes. NOTE The diffuser vanes have small Ratio of the power output to the power input of the pump
openings near the impeller and enlarge gradually to their outer diameter
where the water flows into the chamber and around to the pump Priming
discharge. Filling up the pump with water to displace or evacuate the entrapped air
through a vent and create a liquid seal inside the casing
Volute pump
Type of centrifugal pump with a casing made in the form of a spiral or Shaft power
volute curve. Power required to drive the pump shaft.
NOTE The casing is proportioned to reduce gradually the velocity of NOTE It is the input power to the pump.
water as it flows from the impeller to the discharge, thus changing
velocity head to pressure head. Water power
Theoretical power required for pumping.
NOTE It is the head and capacity of the pump expressed in kilowatt.
Discharge
Volume of water pumped per unit time.
PAES 115 : 2000
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – CENTRIFUGAL, MIXED FLOW AND Friction head, hf
AXIAL FLOW WATER PUMPS – METHODS OF TEST Equivalent head required to overcome the friction caused by the flow
through the pipe and pipe fittings.
Axial flow pump NOTE It is specifically defined by the expression.
2
Type of pump which develop most of the suction and discharge head by IQ
h f =k 2 2
propelling or lifting action of the impeller vanes on the water. C D

Base plane Head

Datum elevation for horizontal shaft pumps, the distance from the level Quantity used to express a form (or combination of forms) of the energy
of water source to the centerline of the pump shaft; for vertical single content of the liquid per unit weight of the liquid referred to any arbitrary
suction pumps (volute and diffusion vane type), the distance from the datum.
entrance eye to the first stage impeller; for vertical double suction
pumps, the distance from the level of water source to the impeller Mixed flow pump
discharge horizontal centreline. Type of pump which combines some of the features of both centrifugal
and the axial flow pump and in which head is developed partly by the
Cavitation centrifugal force and partly by the lift of the vanes on the water.
Formation of cavities filled with water vapor due to local pressure drop
and collapse as soon as the vapor bubbles reach regions of high Net positive suction head-NPSH (hsv)
pressure. Total suction head determined at the suction nozzle (corrected to pump
center line) minus the vapor pressure of water at the pumping
Centrifugal pump temperature.
Type of pump with vanes or impellers rotating inside a close housing Net positive suction head available (NPSHA) NPSH as determined
which draws water into the pump through a central inlet opening and from the actual suction piping conditions.
forces water out through a discharge outlet at the periphery of the
housing by means of centrifugal force. NPSHA= (
Pa− P
Γ
−H s
vp

)

Net positive suction head required (NPSHR) Performance
characteristic required of the pump and is the NPSH at the pump inlet.
Performance curve
Curve which represents the interrelationship between capacity, head,
power, NPSH and efficiency of the pump.
Pump
Device that is used to lift or transfer water from one source to another.
Priming
Filling up the pump with water to displace or evacuate the entrapped air
through a vent and create a liquid seal inside the casing.
Pump efficiency (ηp)
Ratio of the power output to the power input of the pump.
Shaft power
Power required at the pump shaft.
Note it is the input power to the pump.
Static discharge head ( hd )
Vertical distance from the centerline of the pump to the discharge water
level.
Static suction head ( hs )
Vertical distance from the free suction water level to the center line of
the pump.
Note it exists when the source of water supply is above the
center line of the pump.
Static suction lift ( hs )
Vertical distance from the free suction water level to the center line of
the pump.
Note it exists when the source of water supply is below the
centerline of the pump.
Total discharge head (hd)
Sum of static discharge head, friction, and exit losses in the discharge
piping plus the velocity head and pressure head at the point of
discharge. Note as determined on test, it is the reading of a pressure
gauge at the discharge pipe of the pump referred to datum plus velocity
head at the point of gauge attachment.
Total head (th)
Measure of energy increase imparted to the water by the pump and the
algebraic difference between the total discharge head and total suction
head. Note total head, as determined on test where suction lift exists, is
the sum of the total discharge head and total suction lift. Where positive
suction head exists, the total head is the total discharge head minus the
total suction head.
Total suction head ( hs )
Vertical distance from the center line of the pump to the free level of the Diameter of the cylinder.
water to be pumped minus all friction losses in suction pipe and fittings,
plus any pressure head existing on the suction supply. Note as
determined on tests, it is the reading of a gauge at the suction of the Compression ratio
pump referred to datum plus the velocity head at the point of gauge
Ratio of the cylinder volume on top of the piston (piston displacement
attachment. Suction head exists when the total suction head is above
and combustion chamber) when it is at its lowest position to the volume
atmospheric pressure.
remaining above the piston when it is at its highest position (combustion
Total suction lift ( hs )
chamber).
Sum of static suction lift, friction and entrance losses in the suction
piping. PD +V
CR=
Note as determined on the tests, it is the reading of the pressure gauge V
at the suction nozzle of the pump corrected to the datum minus the
velocity head at the point of gauge attachment. Suction lift exists where
the total suction head at pump datum is below atmospheric pressure Continuous brake power
which the flow source vented to atmosphere.
Power recommended by the manufacturer for satisfactory operation
under continuous duty condition within a specified speed range.
Velocity head (hv)
Pressure expressed in meters required to create the velocity of flow.
Note It is specifically defined by the expression
2
Engine
v
h v=
2g Heat engine
Mechanical device that converts heat energy produced by combustion of
fuel into mechanical energy.
PAES 117 : 2000
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – SMALL ENGINE – METHODS OF
TEST Compression-ignition engine
Engine in which combustion is achieved by compressing the air until a
high temperature is achieved to initiate combustion of fuel.
Bore
Spark-ignition engine Peak brake power
Engine in which combustion occurs through the initiation of a spark on Highest power developed.
the fuel and air mixture.

Engine performance
Rated brake power
Maximum brake power, fuel consumption and operating characteristics
Power indicated in the specification sheet or plate at a given rated speed
of the engine at different speeds.
submitted by the manufacturer.

Fuel consumption
Rated engine speed
Volume of fuel consumed by the engine on per hour basis.
Speed in revolutions per minute specified by the manufacturer.

Fully equipped engine

Specific fuel consumption
Engine equipped with all the accessories necessary to perform its
Quantity of fuel consumed by an engine on the basis of per horsepower
intended functions such as air cleaner, exhaust system, radiator,
hour.
generator, starter and related parts.

Stroke
Maximum brake power
Length of the piston travel.
Highest power developed at a given speed.
Net power
Torque
Power output of a “fully equipped” engine.
Product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of
action of that force to the axis of rotation and is expressed in kg-m.
Vertical bin type
Columnar type
Batch type dryer wherein a fixed volume of grain is held stationary in a
vertical grain holding bin
Continuous flow dryer
SECTION B Dryer in which the material being dried moves through the drying
chamber in a substantially continuous stream and is discharged without
PAES 201: 2000
being recirculated
Agricultural Machinery – Heated - Air Mechanical Grain Dryer -
Specifications
Concurrent flow type
Batch type
Parallel flow type
Mechanical grain dryer wherein the grain in fixed volume is held in the
drying chamber in batches until the grain reaches the desired moisture Continuous flow dryer wherein the product being dried moves in the
content same direction as drying air

Flat bed type Counter-flow type

Shallow bed batch type dryer wherein a fixed volume of grain is held Continuous flow dryer wherein the grain being dried move in one
stationary in a horizontal grain holding bin direction and the drying air moves in the opposite direction

Recirculating type Cross-flow type

Batch type dryer equipped to circulate and/or mixed fixed volume of Continuous flow dryer wherein the flow of air is transverse to the
grain during the drying operation direction of flow of the grain being dried
Mixing type Drying efficiency
Continuous flow dryer wherein the drying bin is similar to columnar Heat utilization efficiency
drying bin except that it includes louvers causing mixing to occur as the
Ratio of the total heat utilized to vaporize moisture in the material, to the
grain flows through the system
amount of heat added to the drying air expressed in percent
Non-mixing type
Dust collecting system
Continuous flow dryer wherein the grains in the drying bin flows through
Device used to collect dust ( i.e. Consist of aspiration fan, cyclone, etc.)
the column in a straight path
NOTE. It consists of two parallel screens or columns of louvers. The
space between the two columns is the plenum chamber where heated Fan
air is introduced and forced through the grain.
Blower
Air moving device that is used to force heated air through the mass of
Cracked grain grains at the desired air flow rate and pressure
Grains which show signs of fissures or fractures or splinters

Grain dryer
Dryer, direct-fired Device for removing excess moisture from the grain, generally by forced
or natural convection with or without addition of heat
Dryer in which the products of combustion come into direct contact with
the product b

Head rice
Dryer, indirect-fired Grain or a fraction of grain with its length equal to or greater than eight-
tenth (8/10) of the average length of the whole grain
Dryer in which the products of combustion do not come in contact with
the products being dried
Heated-air mechanical grain dryer Safety device
Device used to remove grain moisture by forcing heated air through the Any device that is used to avoid human accident and/or damage to the
grain mass until the desired moisture content is attained parts and components of the dryer during the operation and
automatically shuts-off the operation of the dryer in case of malfunction

PAES 202: 2000

Heating system efficiency
Agricultural Machinery – Heated - Air Mechanical Grain Dryer
Product of combustion efficiency and burner/furnace efficiency
Methods of Tests
Airflow rate
Moisture gradient
Volume of air in cubic meters delivered to the mass of grains per second
Difference between the maximum and the minimum grain moisture
content randomly sampled after drying
Burner efficiency
Multi-pass dryer Furnace efficiency
Mechanical grain dryer wherein grain is passed intermittently in cycles or Ratio of the heat supplied by the burner/furnace, to the heat released by
stages through a drying chamber either by mechanical means or by the fuel
gravity with subsequent cooling and tempering until the grain reaches
the desired moisture content
Combustion efficiency
Ratio of the heat released by the fuel, to the theoretical heat available
Plenum
from the fuel
Chamber wherein air pressure is developed for uniform distribution of
Conventional energy source
the heated air through the grain mass
Source of energy which includes petroleum-based fuels such as All matters other than rice/corn grains such as sand, gravel, dirt,
kerosene, gasoline, diesel oil and bunker fuel oil pebbles, stones, lumps of earth, clay, mud, chaff, straw, weed seeds
and other crop seeds
Damaged grains
Grains which are heat damaged, weather damaged, sprouted or
distinctly damaged by insects, water, fungi and/or any other means Fuel consumption
Total amount of fuel consumed divided by the total drying time
Drying air temperature
Mean temperature of the air to be used for drying the grain, measured at Grain holding capacity
a number of points as close as practicable to its entry to the grain bed
Load capacity
Continuous flow dryer: weight of grain in the dryer after a period of
Drying rate stable operation batch type dryer: weight of grain required to fill the dryer
at the input moisture content
Amount of water removed per unit of time, expressed in kilogram per
hour
Heat utilization
Drying system efficiency Total amount of heat utilized to vaporize moisture in the material,
expressed in kj/kg of h₂o
Ratio of the total heat utilized for drying, to the heat available in the fuel
expressed in percent

Immature grains
Palay which are light green and chalky with soft texture

Foreign matter Moisture reduction rate

Ratio of the average percent moisture content removed from the grain,
to drying time, expressed in percent per hour
PAES 203: 2000
Moisture Content Determination for Rice and Corn
Non–conventional energy source
Source of energy that includes non-petroleum based fuels such as
Moisture content
biomass and solar energy
Amount of moisture in the grain expressed as percentage of the total
weight of the sample, wet basis
Purity NOTE calculated as:
Percentage of grains free of foreign matter Mₒ-M₁
Moisture Content, % w.b. = x 100
Mₒ

Where:
Scattered grains
Mₒ = initial mass in grams of the test portion
Ratio of the weight of grains that fell out from the machine during the
drying operation, to the weight of the total grain input to the dryer, M₁ = mass in grams of the dry test portion
expressed in percent
Static pressure
Primary method
Pressure build-up in the plenum chamber to maintain uniform distribution
Method of grain moisture determination based on actual extraction of
of air flow through the grain mass, expressed in pascal
water either by convection heating (oven method) or distillation

Tempering
Secondary method
Temporarily holding the grain between the drying passes, allowing the
Method of grain moisture determination based on some characteristics
moisture content in the center of the grain and that on the surface of the
of the grain sample such as electrical resistance and capacitance which
grain to equalize
are related to moisture content and must be periodically calibrated
against an official primary method
PAES 204: 2000
Agricultural Machinery – Mechanical Rice Thresher – Specifications
Axial flow thresher
Throw-in type of thresher which allows the cut plants to move in a helical
manner around the threshing cylinder with a net effect of moving the
material axially between the feeding and discharge outlets
Blower loss
Ratio of the weight of grains blown with the chaff by the thresher fan, to
the weight of the total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent
Chaff
Empty grains and crushed straw being discharged from the threshing
chamber
Concave grate
Concave component iron grill frame partially or fully surrounding the
cylinder on which the threshing elements rubs, shear and/or impact the
cut plants
Cracked grains
Grains which show signs of fissures or fractures or splinters
Grain-straw ratio
Grain content
Ratio of the weight of the grains present in the panicles, to the total
weight of the grain and straw in the same sample
Hold-on thresher
Type of thresher wherein the panicles of the cut plants are fed into the
threshing chamber while the stalks are mechanically or manually held
during the threshing operation
Mechanically damaged grain
Grains that were broken and/or dehulled (partially or fully) as a result of
threshing operation
Mechanical rice thresher
Machine used to detach and separate the palay from the panicles
Note : it may or may not have a grain cleaning unit.
Peg-tooth cylinder
Type of threshing cylinder wherein spikes or pegs are attached on the
periphery of the cylinder in tandem or in helical arrangements
Purity
Ratio of the weight of clean grains, to the total weight of unclean grains
sample, expressed in percent

Moisture content
Rasp-bar cylinder
Amount of moisture in the grain expressed as percentage of the total
weight of the sample (wet basis) Type of threshing cylinder wherein threshing is done between bar-like
protrusions in parallel orientation laid on the periphery of the cylinder
Note : it is calculated as:
and stationary bars built into or attached to the concave grate
Mₒ-m₁
Moisture content, % w.b. = x 100
m₁
Rated engine speed
Where:
Engine speed indicated in revolutions per minute (rpm) of the engine
mₒ = initial mass in grams of the test portion
shaft as specified by the engine manufacturer for operation at nominal
m₁ = mass in grams of the dry test portion continuous load
Palay
Paddy Scattering loss
Rice
Rough rice
Unhulled grain of oryza sativa l., that is, grain with the hull/husk
Ratio of the weight of grains that fell out from the machine during Threshing cylinder
threshing operation, to the weight of the total grain input of the thresher,
Threshing drum
expressed in percent
Part of the threshing unit that rotates about an axis and it is equipped
with either pegs, rasp bars, or wire loops on its periphery
Separation loss
Ratio of the weight of grains that come out of the threshing chamber with
Threshing efficiency
the straw, to the weight of total grain input of the thresher, expressed in
percent Ratio of the weight of the threshed grains collected at all outlets, to the
total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent

Straw length
Cut plants length measured from the point of cut to the tip of the panicle

Threshing element
Attachments of the threshing cylinder such as pegtooth, wire-loop and
Threshed grain rasp-bar that detaches the grains from the panicles
Grains that are detached from the panicles by the thresher inclusive of
mature, immature, and damaged grains
Threshing recovery
Ratio of the weight of the threshed grains collected at the main grain
Threshing unit outlet, to the weight of the total grain input of the thresher, expressed in
percent
Threshing chamber
Part of the thresher where the grains are detached and separated from
the panicles Through flow thresher
Throw-in type of thresher wherein cut plants are fed between the rotating
cylinder and stationary concave and the threshed materials/straws are
discharged out of the threshing chamber tangentially

PAES 205: 2000

Throw-in thresher
Agricultural Machinery – Mechanical Rice Thresher – Methods of
Type of thresher which detaches the grains by feeding the cut plants into
Tests
the machine
Actual capacity
The weight of the threshed grain collected from the main grain outlet per
Total grain input unit time
Sum of the weights of collected threshed grains and all grains loss
Clean threshed grain
during threshing
Threshed grain with 100% purity exclusive of the empty grains and other
impurities
Unthreshed loss
Ratio of the weight of grains that remained in the panicles of the plants
Concave clearance
fed into the threshing chamber, to the weight of total grain input of the
thresher, expressed in percent The clearance between cylinder threshing elements and concave
component

Wire-loop cylinder
Type of threshing cylinder wherein wires of the same arc and size are
attached on the periphery of the cylinder in tandem arrangement with or
without the threshing concave
Concave component
An iron grill frame partly surrounding the cylinder on which the threshing
elements rubs, shear and/or impact the cut plants

Corrected capacity
The corrected capacity of the thresher at 20% grain moisture content
(wet basis), grain-straw ratio of 0.55 and 100% purity
Cylinder length
The distance between the outermost points along the cylinder base axis
A semi-circular shaped wire mesh or bar grate covering the lower portion
of the threshing chamber which causes the grains to separate from the
panicles
Primemover
An electric motor, or a gasoline, or a diesel fed engine used to run the
thresher threshing output the weight of the threshed grains collected at
the grain outlet

Cylinder peripheral speed Total grain input

The equivalent linear speed of the cylinder tip when running at normal The sum of the weights of collected threshed grains and all threshing
operating speed, expressed in m/s losses

Effective cylinder diameter Upper concave

Outside diameter generated by the outermost point of the cylinder A semi-circular shaped grate at the upper portion of the threshing
threshing elements cylinder with louvers which assist threshing and axial movement of the
straw

Grain-straw ratio
Grain content PAES 206: 2000
The ratio of the weight of the grains present in the panicles, to the total
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Mill – Specifications
weight of the grain and straw in the same sample

Bran
Lower concave
Outer layer of the brown rice consisting of the aleurone cells covering Dehuller
the endosperm of the rice grain
Component of a rice mill that removes the hulls (palea and lemma) from
the grains
Broken grains
Grains that break in the process of milling which have a size of less than
eight-tenth (8/10) of the average length of whole grain
Hulling efficiency
Product of the coefficient of hulling and the coefficient of wholeness of
Brown rice grains, expressed in percent
Dehulled palay (husk/hull removed) with the bran layer still intact
Coefficient of hulling Input capacity
Measure of the ability of the machine to remove the hulls Weight of palay per unit loading time into the hopper/intake pit,
expressed in kilogram per hour

Coefficient of wholeness
Milled rice
Measure of the ability of the machine to remove the hulls without
breaking the grain Grains obtained after the removal of hull and bran

Head rice Milling capacity

Grain or fraction of grain with its length equal to or greater than eight- Quantity of palay that the rice mill can process to a specified quality per
tenth (8/10) of the average length of the whole grain total milling time, expressed in kilogram per hour

Huller Milling degree

Extent or degree by which the bran layer of the brown rice is removed as Ratio of the weight of grains that do not break in the process of milling
a result of whitening and with a size ofthree-fourth (3/4) or more of the whole grain to the total
weight of milled rice, expressed in percent
Milling recovery
Ratio of the weight of milled rice to the total weight of palay, expressed
in percent Percent head rice index
Ratio of the percent head rice obtained in actual testing, to the percent
head rice obtained from the laboratory test mill
Milling recovery index
Ratio of the milling recovery obtained in actual testing, to the milling
recovery obtained from the laboratory test mill Polisher
Auxiliary device of a rice mill, which removes the remaining small bran
particles on the milled rice and gives it a glossy appearance
Multi-pass rice mill
Rice mill that employs a series of two or more whitening machines
Rice hull
Outermost rough covering of the palay grain (palea and lemma)
Palay
consisting of the empty glumes, floral glumes, and awn
Paddy
Rough rice
Unhulled grain of oryza sativa L., that is grain with the hull/husk
Rice mill
enclosing the grain
Machine used to remove the hull and bran of the palay to produce milled
rice and consists mainly of hulling and whitening assembly

Percent head rice

Cone “cono” type
Type of rice mill having an under-runner stone disc huller and vertical Type of whitening machine consisting of a cylinder or cone coated with
cone whitener abrasive material such as emery stone or any similar materials enclosed
in a perforated steel housing

Rubber roll type

Friction type
Type of rice mill using rubber roll huller and utilizes friction and/or
combination of other types of whitener Type of whitening machine consisting of a ribbed cylinder enclosed in a
perforated steel
Housing
Single-pass rice mill
Rice mill that employs only one whitening machine

Well-milled rice
PAES 207: 2000
Rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layers, and the
greater part of the inner bran layer have been removed, but part of the Agricultural Machinery – Rice Mill – Methods of Test
lengthwise streaks of the bran layers may still be present on less than
Brewers rice
15% of the sample grains
“binlid”
Chips
Small pieces or particles of grains that pass through a sieve having
Whitener
round perforations 1.4 millimeters in diameter
Component of a rice mill that removes the bran layer in the brown rice
Destoner
Abrasive type Auxiliary device used to separate stones from the palay and/or brown
rice
 Pre-cleaner
Output capacity Auxiliary device used to remove foreign matter/impurities from the paddy
before milling
Weight of milled rice per unit of milling time, expressed in kg/h

Regular milled rice

Overmilled rice
Rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layers and the
Rice grain from which the hull, the germ, and the bran layers have been
greater part of the inner bran layers have been removed but part of the
completely removed
lengthwise streaks of the bran layers may still be present on 15% to 40%
of the sample grains

Paddy grader
Auxiliary device used to classify paddy based on length and thickness Undermilled rice
Rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layer, and the
greater part of the inner bran layer have been removed, but part of the
lengthwise streaks of the bran layer may still be present on more than 40
Paddy separator % of the sample grains

Auxiliary device used to separate paddy from brown rice

Well-milled rice

Polisher Rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layer, and the
greater part of the inner bran layer have been removed, but part of the
Pearler
lengthwise streaks of the bran layer may still be present on less than
Auxiliary device used to remove the remaining small bran particles on 15% of the sample grains
the milled rice and gives it a glossy appearance
 PAES 208: 2000 Concave component
Agricultural Machinery – Power-Operated Corn Sheller – Iron grill frame partially or fully surrounding the cylinder on which the
Specifications shelling elements rubs, shear and/or impact the corn ear with or without
husk
Blower loss
Ratio of the weight of corn kernels blown by the sheller fan, to the weight
of the total corn kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent Corn cob
Part of the ear corn where the kernels are attached
Closed-frame cylinder
Type of shelling cylinder formed by a rolled metal sheet/plate (figure 1a) Corn ear
or formed by longitudinal bars adjacently arranged forming a continuous
Pistillate inflorescence of the plant zea mays l., enclosed with a leaf-like
cylinder (figure 1b)
protective covering known as husk

Corn husker-sheller
Machine used to remove the husk of corn ear, detach, separate and
clean the corn kernels from the cobs in one operation
Corn sheller
Machine used to detach, separate and clean the corn kernels from the
cobs
Note : the shelling elements are either attached around the periphery of
a cylinder or at the longitudinal bars.
Cylinder-type
Type of shelling unit consisting of a cylinder with shelling elements such Dry and indehiscent seed developed from the ovary of the ear corn
as knife bar or pegtooth
Note : the cylinder rotates inside a concave component.
Kernel-ear corn ratio
Ratio of the weight of the corn kernel present in the ear corn to the
Cracked kernels weight of the ear corn
Kernels which show signs of fissures or fractures or splinters
Mechanically damaged kernels
Disc-type Kernels that were broken and/or scratched as a result of shelling
operation
Type of shelling unit consisting of a vertical disc with spiked surface
Moisture content
Note : the disc rotates along horizontal axis.
Amount of moisture in the kernel expressed as percentage of the total
weight of the sample, wet basis
Ear corn
Dehusked corn Note : calculated as:
Corn-in-cob
Mₒ-m₁
Moisture content, % w.b. = x 100
Unshelled fruit of the corn plant where the husk has been removed mₒ
mechanically or manually
Where:
mₒ = initial mass in grams of the test portion
Hopper-fed type
m₁= mass in grams of the dry test portion
Type of corn sheller wherein the ear corn are fed into shelling chamber
by gravity
Net cracked kernel

Kernel
Difference between the percent cracked sample taken before and after
the shelling operation

Open-frame cylinder
Type of shelling cylinder where the shelling elements are attached to the
equally spaced longitudinal bars arranged cylindrically (figure 2)
Separation loss
Ratio of the weight of corn kernels that come out of the shelling chamber
with the cobs at the cob outlet, to the weight of the total corn kernel input
of the sheller, expressed in percent

Shelled kernels
Whole and damaged corn kernels separated from the cob after shelling

Shelling cylinder
Shelling drum
Part of the shelling unit that rotates about an axis and it is equipped with
pegs on its periphery
Purity
Ratio of the weight of clean corn kernels, to the total weight of unclean
corn kernels sample, expressed in percent Shelling efficiency
Ratio of the weight of the shelled corn kernels collected at all outlets, to
the total corn kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent
Scattering loss
Ratio of the weight of corn kernels that fell out from the machine during
shelling operation to the weight of the total corn kernel input of the
sheller, expressed in percent
Shelling recovery
Ratio of the weight of the shelled corn kernels collected at the main
outlet, to the total weight of the corn kernel input of the sheller,
Whole kernels
expressed in percent
Unbroken kernels after shelling

PAES 209: 2000

Shelling unit
Agricultural Machinery – Power-Operated Corn Sheller – Methods
Shelling chamber
of Tests
Part of the sheller where the kernels are detached and separated from
Clean shelled kernel
the corn cobs
Shelled kernel free from foreign matter

Table-fed type
Concave clearance
Type of corn sheller wherein the ear corn are fed into shelling chamber
with the application of external force Clearance between cylinder shelling elements and concave component

Corrected capacity
Unshelled kernels
Actual capacity of the sheller corrected at 20% kernel moisture content
Kernels that remain in the cob after shelling (wet basis), and 100% purity

Feed rate
Unshelled loss
Weight of unshelled corn fed into the sheller per unit of time
Ratio of the weight of corn kernels that remained in the cobs of the corn
fed into the shelling chamber, to the weight of the total corn kernel input
of the sheller, expressed in percent
Foreign matter PAES 210: 2000
All matters other than corn kernels such as sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles, Agricultural Machinery – Corn Mill – Specifications
stones, lumps of earth, clay and mud, weed seeds and other crop seeds
Bran
“tahop”
Coarse powder from outer covering of the corn kernel removed during
Output capacity
the milling process
Weight of shelled kernel collected per unit of time

Oscillating screen By-product

Wire mesh or perforated sheet metal used to separate large and/or small Refers to corn grit # 20 and # 24, floured corn, germ and bran
particles

By-product recovery
Primemover
Ratio of the weight of by-products, to the total weight of corn kernel
Electric motor, a gasoline or diesel fed engine used to run the sheller input, expressed in percent
Note : it is calculated as:

Total kernel input wt. Of the by-product, kg

%by-product recovery = x 100
total weight of input, kg
Sum of the weight of collected shelled kernels and all the shelling losses

Corn kernels
Total losses
Shelled corn of either dent or flint varieties
Sum of blower, separation, unshelled and scattering losses in a sheller,
expressed in percent by weight
Corn grits
Milled corn kernels where the outer covering and germs have been Machine used to remove the germ and pericarp from the corn kernel
removed and with particle size of not less than 0.86 mm

Degerminator efficiency
Grit #10
Ratio of the weight of degerminated corn kernel sample, to the initial
Milled corn kernels with particle size between 1.8 mm to 2.0 mm weight of the sample, expressed in percent
Grit # 12
Milled corn kernels with particle size between 1.5 mm to 1.7 mm Dry milling
Grit # 14 Process of reducing the corn kernels into pieces of grits, germ and
pericarp with or without conditioning
Milled corn kernels with particle size between 1.2 mm to 1.4 mm
Floured corn
Grit # 16
Fines
Milled corn kernels with particle size between 1.10 mm to 1.19 mm “tiktik”
Fine powder by-product of corn milling process
Grit # 18
Milled corn kernels with particle size between 0.86 mm to 1.09 mm Germ
“sungo”
Embryo of the kernel removed during the degermination process
Conditioning
Rewetting of dried corn kernels to about 18% to 22% moisture content Grit # 20
and tempering it to make the pericarp and the germ more pliable and
Corn grit by-product with particle size between 0.70 mm to 0.85 mm
easier to remove
Grit # 24
Corn mill
Corn grit by-product with particle size smaller than 0.70 mm
Equipment used to produce corn grits using the dry milling process
Degerminator
Input capacity Mₒ-m₁
moisture content, % w.b. = x 100
mₒ
Weight of corn kernel per unit loading time into the hopper/intake pit,
expressed in kilogram per hour Where:
mₒ = initial mass in grams of the test portion

m₁ = mass in grams of the dry test portion

Main product
Refers to corn grit # 10, #12, #14, #16, and # 18 Roller mill
Major component of the corn mill used to reduce corn kernels into corn
grits.
Main product recovery
Ratio of the weight of corn grits, to the total weight of corn kernel input,
expressed in percent
Note : it is calculated as: PAES 211: 2000
Agricultural Machinery – Corn Mill – Methods of Tests

wt. Of the main product, kg Aspirator

%main product recovery= x 100
total weight of input, kg
Cleaner that uses air to separate lower density material from the corn
kernels/corn grits such as floured corn, germ and bran
Moisture content
Amount of moisture in the corn kernels expressed as percent of the total Bulk density
weight of the sample, wet basis
Ratio of the weight (kg) of the corn kernels, to its volume (m³)
Note : calculated as:

Degerminated corn kernels

Shelled corn kernels where the germ and pericarp have been removed Quantity of corn kernels that the corn mill can process to produce corn
grits per unit of time

Feed rate
Output capacity
Weight of the corn kernels fed into the corn mill per unit of time
Weight of the milled corn collected per unit of time
Precleaner
Foreign matter
Auxiliary device of the corn mill that removes foreign material
Impurity
Any matter which is not corn kernels/corn grits or fragment of corn
kernels/corn grits sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles, stones, lumps of earth, Primemover
clay, mud, weeds and other crop seeds
Electric motor, or gasoline-fed, or diesel-fed engine used to run the corn
mill
Input capacity
Weight of corn kernel per unit loading time into the hopper/intake pit, Purity
expressed in kilogramper hour
Ratio of the weight of clean corn kernels, to the total weight of uncleaned
corn kernels, expressed in percent
Laboratory sieve shaker
Equipment with definite shaking motion used to sort the size of the Sifter
milled materials using standard screen sieves
Oscillating screen
Wire mesh or perforated metal sheet, moving in back-and-forth direction,
Milling capacity permitting smaller particles to fall through the openings and larger
particles to remain on top.

SECTION C
PAES 301:2000
Engineering Materials – V-belts and Pulleys for Agricultural
Machines – Specifications and Applications
V-belt - flexible machine element used to transmit motion and power
between two shafts, the cross section of which is shaped roughly like a
regular trapezoid outlined by the base, sides and top of the belt.
V-pulley - wheel with one or more grooved rims used to transmit motion
and power by means of one or more V-belts
NOTE: The cross section of the grooved rim is in the shape of an open-
channel outlined by the base and the two slanted sides.
V-belt drive - power transmission device, which consists of one or more
V-belts, mounted on two or more V-pulleys.
Pulley diameter - the outside diameter of the pulley.
Pulley pitch diameter - the diameter of the pulley, which coincides with
the belt pitch.
Belt pitch - the region in the belt that keeps the same length when the
belt is bent perpendicularly to its base.
Belt length - the length of the belt at the level of its pitch.
Speed ratio - ratio of the angular velocities of the pulleys making no
allowance for slip and creep.
Belt speed - the linear speed of the belt at the level of the pulley pitch
diameter.
PAES 302:2000
Engineering Materials – Flat Belts and Pulleys for Agricultural
Machines – Specifications and Applications
Flat belt - belts used to transmit rotary motion and power between two
shafts, which lie flat on the face of its corresponding pulley.
Flat belt pulley - wheel having flat or crowned face used to transmit
motion and power by means of flat belts.
Flat belt drive - power transmission device used to transmit power and
motion between two shafts consisting of flat belts which ride in flat
pulleys.
Pulley diameter - outside diameter of the pulley.
Belt length - stretched-out length of the belt.
Speed ratio - ratio of the angular velocities of the pulleys making no
allowance for slip and creep.
PAES 305:2000
Belt speed - the linear speed of the belt calculated by multiplying the
Engineering Materials – Shafts for Agricultural Machines –
rpm and the diameter of the driver.
Specifications and Applications (No Definitions of terms)

PAES 303:200
PAES 306:2000
Engineering Materials –Roller Chains and Sprockets for
Agricultural Machines – Specifications and Applications Engineering Materials – Spur Gears for Agricultural Machines –
Specifications and Applications
Chain pitch - distance between adjacent joint members.
Spur gear - a cylindrical gear whose tooth traces are straight lines
Pitch diameter - the diameter of the pitch circle that passes through the
parallel to the axis. Generally, it transmits rotational motion and power
centers of the link pins as the chain is wrapped on the sprocket.
between two axes.
Bottom diameter - the diameter of a circle tangent to the curve (called
Gear tooth - each of the projecting parts of a gear which are intended to
the seating curve) at the bottom of the tooth gap.
ensure, by contact with the teeth of another gear, that one of the other
Caliper diameter - for a sprocket with an odd number of teeth, it is the gear turns the other.
distance from the bottom of the tooth gap to that of the nearest opposite
Module - the quotient of the pitch, expressed in millimeters, to the
tooth gap
number π (or the quotient of the reference diameter, expressed in
NOTE: The caliper diameter is the same as the bottom diameter for a millimeters, to the number of teeth).
sprocket with an even number of teeth.
Pitch circle - the line of intersection of the pitch cylinder by a plane
Outside diameter -it is the diameter over the tips of the teeth. perpendicular to the axis of the gear.
Addendum - the radial distance between the addendum circle and the
pitch circle.
Addendum circle - the circle that bounds the outer ends of the teeth.
Dedendum - the radial distance between the dedendum circle and the
pitch circle.
Dedendum circle - the line of intersection of the dedendum cylinder by
a plane perpendicular to the axis of the gear.
Clearance - the amount by which the dedendum in a given gear
exceeds the addendum of its meshing gear.
Pitch diameter - the diameter of the pitch circle.
Addendum diameter - the diameter of the addendum circle.
Dedendum diameter - the diameter of the of the dedendum circle.
Tooth depth - the radial distance between the addendum circle and the
dedendum circle.
Circular pitch - the length of the arc of the pitch circle between two
consecutive corresponding profiles.
Tooth thickness - the width of the tooth measured along the circular
pitch.
Tooth space - the space between teeth measured along the pitch circle.
Backlash - the tooth space minus the tooth thickness 4.18 face width
the width over the toothed part of a gear, measured along a straight line
generator of the reference cylinder.
Tooth flank - the portion of the surface of a tooth lying between the tip
surface and the root surface.
Pressure angle - angle at the point where the profile cuts the pitch
circle.
Base circle- of an involute cylindrical gear, the "base circle" of the
involutes forming the tooth profiles.
Tooth profile - the line of intersection of a tooth flank with any defined
surface cutting the reference surface.
Tooth trace - the line of intersection of a flank with the reference
surface.
Involute cylindrical gear - a cylindrical gear of which every usable
tooth profile is an arc of an involute to a circle.
Involute to a circle - a plane curve described by a point on a straight
line (the "generating line"), which rolls out without slip on the base circle.
SECTION D. AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURE
PAES 410:2000
Agricultural Structures - Lairage for Swine, Small and Large
Animals
Lairage – Any premise or yard used for the confinement of animals
awaiting to be slaughtered which include unloading ramp, pens, and
detention pens.
Small Animals – Refers to sheep, goats, and deer.
Large Animals – Refers to cattle and carabao.
Detention Pen – Separate compartment in the lairage used to confine
sick or suspected animals.
Loose Type – Animals are free to move in a pen while waiting to be
slaughtered.
Tie-Up Type – Pugnacious animals are tied within the pen while
awaiting to be slaughtered.
Slaughterhouse – Any building or place used for the killing of animals
where the flesh is intended for human consumption.
PAES 411:2000
Agricultural Structures - Slaughterhouse for Swine, Small and
Large Animals
Slaughterhouse – Any building or place used for the killing of animals
where the flesh is intended for human consumption, typical situation,
and floor plan of a slaughterhouse.
Stunning Pen – Compartment which is suitable for confining only one
animal at a time while it is being stunned and which is so constructed as
to confine, without discomfort, to prevent any substantial movement of
the animal forward, backward, or sideways.
Stunning – Renders an animal insensible before it is killed.
Pithing – Insertion of a rod or coiled wire through the hole in the skull of
cattle made by the captive bolt to destroy the brain and spinal cord to
prevent reflex muscular action and possible injury to operatives.
Sticking – Severance of the major blood vessels in the neck or
immediately anterior to the heart by means of a knife and “stuck” shall
be construed accordingly.
Bleeding – Remove as much blood from the carcass as possible before
further handling.
Scalding – Lowering of animal into steam to prepare skin for dehairing.
Dehairing – Removal of the hair from the carcass.
Gambrelling – Suspending the carcass for a particular operation.
Singeing – Cleaning the carcass by burning the hair.
Evisceration – Process of removing the internal organs in the
abdominal and thoracic cavities.
Dressing – Preparation of carcass after evisceration, ready for storage
or sale.
Splitting – Dividing carcass into parts.
Carcass – All parts including viscera of slaughtered cattle, sheep, goats,
or swine that may be used for human consumption.
Meat – Edible part of the muscle of cattle, sheep, goats, or swine.
Offal – Part of the internal organs of a slaughtered animal.
Green Offal – Digestive tract of ruminants such as the stomach, or the
intestines which still contain fecal matter.
Black Offal – Digestive tracts of swine such as the stomach, or the
intestines which still contain fecal matter.
Detained Meat – Meat requiring further examination as declared by a
veterinary inspector after the veterinary examination.
Condemned Meat – Meat that is unfit for human consumption as
declared by a veterinary inspector after the veterinary examination.
Gut And Tripe – Black or green offal.
PAES 419:2000
Agricultural Structures – Warehouse for Bagged Storage of Grains
Warehouse – A building used for storing paddy or rice and other grains
in bags, a typical warehouse.
Bag Storage – Storing of paddy or corn kernels in bags usually made of
jute (gunny) or polyethylene and normally accommodates 44-50 kilos.
Palay – Paddy; rough rice; unhulled grain of Oryza sativa L., that is grain
with the hull/husk enclosing the grain.
Fumigation – Process of using chemicals to control insects in grains in
a form of fumes.
Moisture Content – Amount of moisture in the grain expressed as a
percentage of the total weight of the sample, wet basis.
Dunnage – Pallet; “tarima”; wooden frames are used on concrete floors
for stacking bags to prevent direct contact between the grains and the
floor.
Aeration – Moving of air through stored grains at low airflow rates
(generally between 0.07 – 0.28 cubic meters per minute per ton) for
purposes other than drying, to maintain or improve its quality.
PAES VOLUME 2:
SECTION A
PAES 110: 2001
Agricultural Machinery – Walking-type Agricultural Tractor –
Specifications Part 2: Rotary Tilling-type
Rotary tilling type - A type of walking-type agricultural tractor equipped
with rotary tiller which cuts, breaks up, and mixes the soil and/or plant
residues.
Walking-type (agricultural tractor, hand tractor pedestrian tractor)-
Self-propelled machine having a single axle designed primarily to pull
and propel trailed or mounted agricultural implements and machinery.

PAES 116: 2001
Agricultural machinery – small engine – specifications
Air-cooled (direct cooling system) - system wherein air is used to
remove excess heat from the engine through metal fins or shrouds
which are located around the cylinder thus creating the flow of air to the
engine body in order to maintain its operating temperature
Cycle - series of events occurring one after the other in a definite order
and repeats the events after the last one has occurred
Four-stroke - piston requires four movements to complete one cycle
NOTE: One movement of piston for each of the events such as intake,
compression, power and exhaust.
Two-stroke cycle - piston requires two movements to complete one
cycle
Note: one downward movement of piston for the events exhaust and
intake and one upward movement of piston for the events compression
and power
Engine (heat engine) - mechanical device that converts heat energy
produced by combustion of fuel into mechanical energy
NOTE: As the compressed air inside the cylinder reaches a high
temperature, atomized fuel is injected in the combustion chamber, it
ignites on contact with high temperature air to generate power.
Spark ignition engine (gasoline engine) - engine in which combustion
occurs through the initiation of a spark on the compressed fuel and air
mixture
Note: fuel and air mixture is first introduced inside the cylinder in
gaseous condition. It is then compressed and ignited resulting to the
generation of power
Overhead valve (ohv) (i-head arrangement) - arrangement of valves
wherein the intake and exhaust valves are located in the cylinder head
side valves (SV) (L-head arrangement) - arrangement of valves
wherein the intake and exhaust valves are located on one side of the
cylinder block
water-cooled (liquid-cooled, indirect cooling system) - system in
which water/liquid-coolant serves as the cooling medium which
circulates in the water jackets to absorb the heat of the engine
PAES 120: 2001

Internal combustion engine - type of engine where the combustion of Agricultural Machinery – Disc Harrow – Specification
fuel takes place inside the cylinder
Concave disc - circular concave steel plate used for cutting and
Compression ignition engine - diesel engine engine in which inverting the soil
combustion is achieved by compressing the air until a high temperature
is achieved to initiate combustion of fuel
Disc spacing - transverse distance between two adjacent disc edge Ground clearance - vertical distance between the ground and the
note: this can be obtained by adding thickness of one disc and length of lowest edge of the disc when the trailed harrow is supported on transport
spool. wheels
Disc harrow - implement used to pulverize the soil to attain a better soil Hitch - portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to
tilt for the seed germination and growth the power source included angle angle between the axes of two
adjacent gangs
Note it consists of two or four gangs of concave steel disc.
Scraper - component which scrapes the soil adhering to the concave
Single-action disc harrow - consists of two gangs of discs, placed end-
side of the disc
to-end at an angle, which throw the soil in opposite directions
Side angle (disc angle) - angle, in the soil surface plane, between a
Tandem disc harrow - consists of two or more gangs, in which a set of
tool axis and a line, which is perpendicular to the direction of travel
two gangs follows behind the front gangs and is arranged in such a way
that the discs on the front gangs throw the soil in one direction (usually Spool - flanged tube mounted on gang axle and placed between two
outward) and the discs on the rear gangs throw the soil in the opposite discs to prevent the lateral movement of the discs on the shaft
direction
Width of cut - transverse distance between the top or bottom cutting
Offset disc harrow - consists of two gangs wherein one gang is located edges of the end discs
behind the other at an angle and the harrow is operated in an offset
position in relation to the tractor centreline
Frame - structure on which the gangs are fitted
Gang - set of concave discs, which is mounted on a common shaft and PAES 123: 2001
separated by a spool
Agricultural Machinery – Seeder and Planter – Methods of Test
Gang angle - angle between the axis of gang and the line perpendicular
Fuel consumption - volume of fuel consumed by the engine on per
to the direction of motion
hour basis
Gang angling mechanism - mechanism by which the gang angles are
Wheel slip of seeder or planter – wheels slip is determined by the
adjusted
following formula:
Gang axle - shaft on which a set of concave discs are fitted
Wheel slip=n1-n0n0 x 100
Where: Side angle (disc angle) - angle, in the soil surface plane, between a
tool axis and a line, which is perpendicular to the direction of travel
N1 - is the sum of the revolutions of all driving wheels for a given
distance with slip, rpm Standard beam - upright support which connects the shank to tillage
implement frame
N0 - is the sum of the revolutions of all driving wheels for the same
distance without slip, rpm Tilt angle - angle in a vertical plane perpendicular to the direction of
travel, between a tool axis and the soil surface
PAES 121: 2001 Width of cut - transverse distance between either the top or bottom
cutting edges of the end discs
Agricultural Machinery – Disc Plow – Specifications
NOTE For measuring the width of cut, the tilt angle shall be set at 15 to
Concave disc - circular concave steel plate used for cutting and
25. For non-adjustable plow disc blades, the tilt angle shall be set at 18
inverting the soil
to 20
Concavity - vertical distance measured from the lowest point to the
center of the disc when its concave side is placed on a flat surface
Disc plow - implement with individually mounted concave disc blades
which cut, partially or completely invert soil slices to bury surface
material, and pulverize the soil
NOTE: Blades are attached to the frame in a tilted position relative to PAES 118: 2001
the frame and to the direction of travel for proper penetration and soil
Agricultural Machinery – Four-Wheel Tractor – Specifications
displacement.
Drawbar - bar at the rear of a tractor to which implements are hitched
Frame - structure on which the standards are fitted
Drawbar power - power available at the drawbar sustainable over a
Hitch - portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to a
distance of at least 20 meters
power source
Four-wheel tractor - self-propelled, wheeled vehicle having two axles
Scraper - component which scrapes the soil adhering to the concave
designed to carry, pull or propel agricultural implements and machines
side of the disc
Four-wheel drive - type of four-wheel tractor where power is transmitted
to all wheels
Two-wheel drive - type of four-wheel tractor where power is transmitted
to rear wheels with small front wheels being pushed along
Linchpin - retaining pin used in the hitch pins or studs
Lower hitch point tire clearance – clearance (x) expressed as a radial
dimension from the lower hitch point to the outside diameter of the tire
with the implement in raised position and all side sway removed from the
links
Lower hitch point tractor clearance - horizontal dimension (z)
between the rearmost parts of the tractor in the area between the two
lower links and the horizontal line through the two lower hitch points
throughout the range of vertical movement of the hitch points
NOTE: The power-take-off master shield may be removed, if necessary
to meet this dimension.
Hitch point - articulated connection between a link and the implement
NOTE: For geometrical analysis, the hitch point is established as the
center of the articulated connection between a link and the implement.
Leveling adjustment - adjustment of the right lower link so that the
hitch point may be moved vertically with respect to the left lower hitch
point to provide an inclination of the implement
Link point - articulated connection between a link and the tractor
NOTE: For geometrical analysis, the link point is established as the
center of the articulated connection between a link and the tractor.
Upper hitch pin - pin that connects the upper link to the implement
Upper link pin - pin that connects the upper link to the tractor
Wheel tread - center to center distance between two front or rear
wheels
PAES 119: 2001
Agricultural Machinery – Four-Wheel Tractor – Methods of Test
Ballast - any material added to the tractor for the purpose of enhancing
traction or stability
Engine power - power measured at the flywheel or the crankshaft
Ground clearance - distance between the supporting surface and the
lowest point of the tractor
Maximum drawbar pull - mean maximum sustained pull of the tractor
at the drawbar over a given distance, the pull being exerted horizontally
and in the vertical plane containing the longitudinal axis of the tractor
Tractor weight - total weight of the tractor excluding tools with the fuel
tank filled to 80 percent capacity and with normal amounts of cooling
water and lubricating oil when the tractor is at work
Overall height - distance between the supporting surface and the
horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the tractor
Overall length - distance between the two vertical planes at right angles
to the median plane of the tractor and touching its front and rear
extremities
Overall width - distance between two vertical planes parallel to the
median plane of the tractor, each plane touching the outermost point of PAES 122: 2001
the tractor on its respective side
Agricultural Machinery – Seeder and Planter – Specifications
Note: all parts of the tractor, in particular all fixed components projecting
Grain seeder - seeder planting equipment used to deposit seeds in the
laterally (i.e. Wheel hubs), are contained between these two planes.
soil for crop production
Radius of turning area (radius of clearance circle) - radius of the
Note it can be a manually-operated, animal-drawn or tractor power-
smallest circle described by the outermost point of the tractor
driven seeder.
Radius of turning circle - radius of the smallest circle tangentially
Field efficiency - ratio of effective field capacity to the theoretical field
described by the median plane of the outermost wheel of the tractor
capacity
Rated engine speed - speed in revolutions per minute specified by the
Note: the field efficiency is determined by the following formula:
manufacturer
Efc
Wheel slip – wheels slip is determined by the following formula: Ef= x 100
Tfc
N 1−N o
Wheel slip= x 100 Where:
No
E = the field efficiency, %
f

Efc = the effective field capacity, m2 /h

Tfc = the theoretical field capacity, m2 /h
where:
Effective field capacity - actual rate of being able to plant a given area
N1 - is the sum of the revolutions of all driving wheels for a given per unit of time
distance with slip, rpm
Note: the time pertains to the actual time which includes the time spent
N0 - is the sum of the revolutions of all driving wheels for the same for turning at headland, adjustment of machine and machine trouble.
distance without slip, rpm
Theoretical field capacity - computed rate of being able to plant a
Specific fuel consumption - quantity of fuel consumed by an engine on given area per unit of time 3.5 seed delivery rate amount of seeds that
the basis of per horsepower hour can be planted per unit area

SECTION B
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
PAES 307: 2001
Engineering Materials – Helical Gears for Agricultural Machines –
Specifications and Applications
Helical gear - Cylindrical gear whose tooth traces are helices, it
transmits rotational motion and power between two parallel axes.
Gear tooth- Each of the projecting parts of a gear which is intended to
ensure, by contact with the teeth of another gear, that one gear turns the
other.
Module - Quotient of the circular pitch, expressed in millimeters, to the
number π (or the quotient of the diametral pitch, expressed in
millimeters, to the number of teeth).
Normal module - Quotient of the normal circular pitch (expressed in
millimeters)and the number π, where the normal circular pitch is the
product of the circular pitch and the cosine of the helix angle.
Pitch circle - Line of intersection of the pitch cylinder by a plane
perpendicular to the axis of the gear.
Addendum - Radial distance between the addendum circle and the
pitch circle.
Addendum circle - Circle that bounds the outer ends of the teeth.
Dedendum - radial distance between the dedendum circle and the pitch
circle.
Dedendum circle - Line of intersection of the dedendum cylinder by a
plane perpendicular to the axis of the gear.
Clearance - Amount by which the dedendum in a given gear exceeds
the addendum of its meshing gear.
Pitch diameter - Diameter of the pitch circle.
Addendum diameter - Diameter of the addendum circle.
Dedendum diameter - Diameter of the of the dedendum circle.
Tooth depth - Radial distance between the addendum circle and the
dedendum circle.
Circular pitch - Length of the arc of the pitch circle between two
consecutive corresponding points of adjacent teeth.
Normal circular pitch - Length of the arc, living between the tooth
traces of two consecutive corresponding flanks of a cylindrical normal
helix.
Tooth thickness - Width of the tooth measured along the circular pitch.
Tooth space - Space between teeth measured along the pitch circle.
Backlash - Difference between the tooth space and the tooth thickness
Face width - Width over the toothed part of a gear, measured along a
straight line generator of the reference cylinder
Tooth flank - Portion of the surface of a tooth lying between the tip
surface and the root surface.
Pressure angle - Pressure angle at the point where the profile cuts the
pitch circle.
Normal pressure angle - Pressure angle at a point on a tooth trace.
Helix - Curve whose tangents are inclined at a constant angle to the axis
of the cylinder.
Normal helix - In a cylinder on which helix is considered, a helix which
is perpendicular to that helix.
Helix angle - Acute angle between the tooth trace and the generator of
any imaginary cylinder or cone coaxial with a gear whose tooth trace is
under consideration.
Base circle - Of an involute cylindrical gear, the "base circle" of the
involutes forming the tooth profiles
Tooth profile - The line of intersection of a tooth flank with any defined
surface cutting the reference surface.
Tooth trace - The line of intersection of a flank with the reference
surface.
Involute cylindrical gear - A cylindrical gear of which every usable
tooth profile is an arc of an involute to a circle.
Involute to a circle - A plane curve described by a point on a straight
line (the "generating line"), which rolls out without slip on the base circle
PAES 308:2001
Engineering Materials – Straight Bevel Gears for Agricultural
Machines – Specifications and Applications
Bevel gears - Gears which are used to transmit motion and power to
shafts having intersecting axes.
Straight bevel gears - Bevel gears whose teeth are straight but the
sides are tapered so that they would intersect the axis at a common
point called the pitch cone apex if extended inward.
Miter gears - Bevel gears having equal numbers of driver and driven
gear teeth and operate at axes with right angles.
Module - The quotient of the pitch, expressed in millimeters, to the
number π (or the quotient of the reference diameter, expressed in
millimeters, to the number of teeth).
Circular pitch - The length of the arc of the pitch circle between two
consecutive corresponding profiles which is measured at the large end
of the tooth.
Pitch diameter - The diameter of the pitch circle at the large end of the
tooth.
Addendum angle - The angle between the elements of the face cone
and the pitch cone.
Dedendum angle - The angle between the elements of the root cone
and the pitch cone
Facewidth - The length of teeth along the cone distance. Shaft angle - The angle between meshing bevel gear axes: also, the
sum of the two pitch angles
Cone distance - The distance from the end of the tooth to the pitch
apex. Note for the purpose of this standard, the shaft angle shall be 90°.
Pitch angle - The angle formed between an element of the pitch cone Face angle - The between an element of the face cone and its axis
and the bevel gear axis, it is the half angle of the pitch cone.
Front angle - The angle between an element of the front cone and a
Back angle - The angle between an element of the back cone and the plane of rotation.
plane of rotation.
Heel - The portion of the bevel gear tooth near the outer end
Back cone - The angle of a cone whose elements are tangent to a
Toe - The portion of the bevel gear tooth near the inner end
sphere containing a trace of the pitch circle.
Back cone distance - The distance along an element of the back cone
from the apex to the pitch circle.
Mounting distance - For assembled bevel gears, the distance from the
crossing point of the axes to the registering surface, measured along the
gear axis; ideally it should be identical to the apex to back.
Mounting surface - The diameter and/or plane of rotation surface which
is used in locating the gear in the application assembly
Crown - The sharp corner forming the outside diameter
Crown-to-back - The distance from the crown to the rear of the gear PAES 309:2001
Pitch apex to back - The distance along the axis from apex of pitch Engineering Materials – Anti-friction Bearings for Agricultural
cone to a locating registering surface on back Machines – Specifications and Applications
Root angle - The angle formed between a tooth element and the axis of
the bevel gear
Radial load - Load or force passing through the axis of rotation.
Rated life - L10, The number of revolutions or hours at a given constant
speed that 90 percent of an apparently identical group of bearings will
complete or exceed before the first evidence of fatigue develops.
Basic dynamic load rating – C, The radial load that a ball bearing can
withstand for one million revolutions of the inner ring.
Equivalent dynamic load – P, constant stationary radial load which, if
applied to a bearing with rotating inner ring and stationary outer ring,
would give the same life as that which the bearing will attain under the
actual conditions of load and rotation.
Basic static load rating – CO, the maximum radial load, which
corresponds to a calculated contact stress at the center of the most
heavily, loaded rolling element/raceway contact of:
• 4,600 mpa for self-aligning ball; bearings;
• 4,200 mpa for all other ball bearings
• 4,000 mpa for all roller bearings
Equivalent static load – PO, static radial load, if applied, which
produces a maximum contact stress equal in magnitude to the maximum
contact stress in the actual condition of loading.
PAES 310: 2001
Engineering Materials – Journal Bearings for Agricultural Machines
– Specifications and Applications
Journal bearing - sleeve bearing, a cylinder which surrounds the shaft
and is filled with some form of fluid lubricant
Journal - the part of the rotating shaft, axle, roll or spindle that turns in a
bearing
Lubricant - a medium that supports the shaft preventing metal to metal
contact.
PAES 311: 2001
Engineering Materials – Bolts and Nuts for Agricultural Machines –
Specifications and Applications
Fastener - A mechanical device designed specifically to hold, join, or
maintain equilibrium of single or multiple components
Bolt - An externally threaded fastener designed for insertion through
holes in assembled parts, and normally tightened or released by
torquing a nut
Nut - A block or sleeve having an internal thread designed to assemble
with the external thread on a bolt, screw, stud or other threaded part
Nominal size - The designation used for the purpose of general
identification; for external and internal threaded fasteners nominal size
usually is the basic major diameter of the thread; for unthreaded
fasteners, nominal size is usually the basic body diameter.
Length of fastener - The length of a headed fastener is the distance
from the intersection of the largest diameter of the head with the bearing
surface to the extreme end of the fastener, measured parallel to the axis
of the fastener
Right-hand thread - A thread which winds in a clockwise and receding
direction from the starting end, when viewed from that end
Left-hand thread - A thread which winds in a counterclockwise and
receding direction from the starting end, when viewed from that end
Proof load - The specified load which the fastener must withstand
without any indication of permanent deformation after the load is
released
Pitch - The distance (in millimeters), measured parallel to the thread
axis, between corresponding points on adjacent thread forms in the
same axial plane on the same side of the axis
Major diameter - For a straight thread, this is the diameter of the
imaginary cylinder bounding the crest of an external thread or the root of
an internal thread
Minor diameter - For a straight thread, this diameter is the imaginary
cylinder bounding the root of an external thread or the crest of an
internal thread
Pitch diameter - For a straight thread, this is the diameter of the
imaginary cylinder whose surface passes through the thread profiles in
such a way to make the widths of the thread ridge and the thread groove
equal
PAES 312: 2001
Engineering Materials – Rivets for Agricultural Machines –
Specifications and Applications
Rivet - A headed pin of metal used for uniting two or more pieces by
passing the shank through a hole in each piece and then by beating or
pressing down the plain end so as to make a second head
Nominal diameter - The diameter of the shank nominal length (rivets
other than countersunk or raised countersunk rivets) the length from the
underside of the head to the end of the shank.
Nominal length (countersunk and raised countersunk head) - The
distance from the periphery of the head to the end of the rivet measured
parallel to the axis of the rivet.
Lap-joint - A type of riveted joint wherein the plates overlap each other
and are held together by one or more rows of rivets.
Butt-joint - A type of riveted joint wherein the plates being joined are in
the same plane and are joined by means of a cover plate or butt strap
which is riveted to both plates by one or more rows of rivets.
Pitch - Spacing between rivet centers.
Margin - The distance from the edge of the plate to the centerline of the
nearest row of rivets
Clinch allowance - Allowance in length of rivet in order to turn over or
flatten the protruding end.
PAES 313: 2001
Engineering Materials – Screws for Agricultural Machines
Specifications and Applications
Fastener - A mechanical device designed specifically to hold, join, or Major diameter - For a straight thread, this is the diameter of the
maintain equilibrium of single or multiple components imaginary cylinder bounding the crest of an external thread or the root of
an internal thread
Screw - An externally threaded fastener capable of being inserted into
holes in assembled parts, of mating with preformed internal thread or Minor diameter - For a straight thread, this diameter is the imaginary
forming its own thread, and of being tightened or released by torquing cylinder bounding the root of an external thread or the crest of an
the head internal thread
Nominal size - The designation used for the purpose of general Pitch diameter - For a straight thread, this is the diameter of the
identification; for external and internal threaded fasteners nominal size imaginary cylinder whose surface passes through the thread profiles in
usually is the basic major diameter of the thread; for unthreaded such a way to make the widths of the thread ridge and the thread groove
fasteners, nominal size is usually the basic body diameter equal
Length of fastener - The length of a headed fastener is the distance
from the intersection of the largest diameter of the head with the bearing
surface to the extreme end of the fastener, measured parallel to the axis
of the fastener; the length of a headless fastener is the distance from
one extreme end to the other in a line parallel to the axis.
Right-hand thread - A thread which winds in a clockwise and receding
direction from the starting end, when viewed from that end
Left-hand thread - A thread which winds in a counterclockwise and
receding direction from the starting end, when viewed from that end
Pitch - The distance (in millimeters), measured parallel to the thread
axis, between corresponding points on adjacent thread forms in the
same axial plane on the same side of the axis
Proof load - The specified load which the fastener must withstand
without any indication of permanent deformation after the load is SECTION C
released
AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES
 Litter index - farrowing index average number of farrowing of one sow
per year
PAES 401:2001
Occupancy - number of days an animal stays in a pen
Agricultural Structures – Housing for Swine Production
Sow - any breeding female pig that has farrowed.
Weaner - weanling piglet that has been recently separated from its
Boar - refers to a male breeding swine which is at least 8 months old.
mother.
Creep area - place for piglets inside the farrowing pen
Culling rate - rate of removing undesirable or unproductive animals
PAES 402:2001
within the herd.
Agricultural Structures – Housing for Broiler Production
Dry sows - unbred sows which have just been weaned; non-pregnant
sows.
Farrowing - act of giving birth in swine. Brooder guard - materials that are placed around the brooder stoves to
prevent the chicks from straying too far away from the heat supply until
Farrowing pen - area in which a sow is confined during farrowing and
they learn the source of heat
lactation periods, but in which the sow can turn around.
Brooding - process of supplying heat to the chicks after hatching up to
Farrowing stall - farrowing crate device in which a sow is confined
the time that their natural heat regulatory mechanisms becomes fully
during farrowing and lactation periods, and which prevents sow from
functional
turning around
Litter - material used as bedding for animals
Fattener - swine raised for meat production usually starts at 15 kg.
Open-sided housing - long and narrow type of houses wherein at least
Finisher - swine which are 66 kg and up 3.10 gilt female swine that has
one-half of the front and the back of the house are open
not farrowed.
Enclosed housing - house wherein inside conditions are maintained as
Grower - swine from 40 to 65 kg.
near as possible to the bird’s optimum requirements with the use of
Litter - piglets born in one farrowing. mechanical ventilation and artificial lighting
PAES 403:2001
 Agricultural Structures – Housing for Layer Production
Litter - material used as bedding for animals
Litter type - type of flooring utilizing the most commonly
available materials such as rice hull and rice straw and wood
shavings over the cemented floor
Slotted type - type of flooring with openings to facilitate
cleaning of the droppings
Slot-litter type - combination of slotted and litter type flooring
wherein slats cover 60% of the total floor area and 40% is
covered with litter.
Community nest - large nesting boxes for 3 - 6 layers
PAES 404:2001
Agricultural Structures – Housing for Goat and Sheep
Buck - mature male goat
Doe - mature female goat that has kidded
Dry doe - doe without milk
Kid - young goat under six months old of either sex
Ewe - mature female sheep that has already lambed
Lamb - sheep under six months of age
Ram - mature male sheep
PAES 405:2001
Agricultural Structures – Cattle Feedlot
Feedlot - area with its physical facilities used for cattle
fattening
Bull - breeding male of any age
Calf - young male or female under one year of age
Cow - mature female that has already calved
Heifer - female between two to three years of age which has
not given birth
PAES 406:2001
Agricultural Structures – Cattle Ranch
Corral - enclosure for confining and handling livestock
Holding pen - pen for confining animals from the pasture
Crowding pen - pen used to funnel cattle into the working PAES 408:2001
chute
Agricultural Structures – Carabao Feedlot
Working chute - chute leading the cattle from the crowding
pen to the holding chute/squeeze
Feedlot - area with its physical facilities used for carabao
Holding chute - squeeze use to restrain animals
fattening
Loading chute - chute used to load cattle from working chute
Carabao - Philippine water buffalo or swamp buffalo
or crowding pen to a vehicle

PAES 413:2001
PAES 407:2001
Agricultural Structures - Biogas Plant
Agricultural Structures – Housing for Dairy Cattle

Biogas plant - plant used to process animal wastes or

Loose housing - animals are free to move between resting,
manure to produce biogas and sludge consisting of an
feeding and watering areas
inlet/mixing tank, digester, gas chamber and outlet/sludge
Calf - young male or female under one year of age tank
Cow - mature female that has already calved Integrated plant - biogas plant where the digester and gas
chamber form one unit
Yearling - one to two year old cattle of either sex
Split-type plant - digester and gas chamber form separate
Heifer - female between two to three years of age which has
units
not given birth
Multi-digester plant - plant with series of digesters
Parturition - act of giving birth
Floating type - plant consisting of digester and a moving,
floating gasholder that either float directly in the fermenting
slurry or in a separate water jacket
Fixed type - closed digester with an immovable, rigid gas
chamber and a displacement pit
Balloon type - plant consisting of a heat-sealed plastic or
rubber bag (balloon), combining digester and gasholder
Collecting tank - holding tank chamber where manure and
water are collected, stored and separated from heavy and
nonbiodegradable materials before feeding them into the
digester
Inlet pipe - serves as conveyor of the manure-water mixture
or slurry from the mixing tank to the digester
Digester
Biodigester
Bio-reactor
Anaerobic reactor
Any water and air tight container designed for the process of
anaerobic microbiological degradation of organic matter into
which the slurry is introduced for digestion and methanization
Baffle board - division in the digester that prevent the slurry
from premature exit into the sludge/outlet tank
Stirrer
Mixer
Agitator
Mechanical device inside the digester used to stir the slurry
Gas chamber - space inside or outside the digester for the
collection and storage of biogas
Gasholder retainer - cantilever beam that holds the
gasholder/movable cover in position at the desired biogas
pressure
Outlet pipe - serves as conveyor where the effluent or the
slurry is forced out
Backfill - layer of compacted soil and gravel to support the
digester wall
Loading rate - amount of slurry fed per unit volume of
digester capacity per day
Substrate - organic material used to produce biogas
Seeding - adding or introducing anaerobic bacteria to the
digester
Slurry - mixture of manure and water
Freeboard - difference in height between the digester wall
and the filling line
Filling line - level of slurry when the digesters is at full load
Retention time - average period that a given quantity of slurry
is retained in the digester for digestion
Toxic materials - materials that inhibit the normal growth of
pathogens in the digester such as mineral ions, heavy metals
and detergents
Methanization
Digestion
Various processes that take place among the methanogens,
non-methanogens and substrates fed into the digester as
inputs
Methanogens - anaerobic bacteria that act upon organic
materials and in the process, produce biogas
Mesophilic temperature rage - temperature range of 20 o C
– 40 o C where mesophilic bacteria operates
Gas production rate - amount of biogas produced per day
per cubic meter of slurry
Biogas - mixture of gas (composed of 50 to 70 percent
methane and 30 to 40 percent carbon dioxide) produced by
methanogenic bacteria
Scum - layer of floating material (mainly fibrous) on the slurry
Sludge - settled portion or precipitate of the slurry; a mud-like,
semi-solid mass
Effluent - residue that comes out at the outlet after the
substrate is digested/processed inside the digester
PAES 415:2001
Agricultural Structures – Greenhouses
Greenhouse - structure that provide a reliable enclosure
within which an environment favorable to plant growth can be
attained
Ridge and furrow greenhouse - gutter connected method of
greenhouse construction where modular roof units are
connected at the eave by a common gutter
Cooling - removal of heat from the interior of the greenhouse
Heating - addition of heat to the interior of the greenhouse
from any energy source including the sun
Shading - prevents excess solar radiation in the greenhouse
Ventilation - process of exchanging air inside the greenhouse
with outside air to control temperature, humidity, oxygen or
carbon dioxide levels
Mechanical ventilation - ventilation of greenhouse using
fans
Natural ventilation - ventilation of greenhouse which occurs
through controlled openings due to natural pressure variations
inside and outside the greenhouse.
 VOLUME 3
SECTION A
PAES 124: 2002
Agricultural Machinery – Walking-type Agricultural
Tractor
Part 3: Special Type (Float-Assist Tiller)
Float-assist tiller - A special type of walking-type agricultural tractor
with a front-mounted tilling wheel and equipped with a flotation structure
commonly used in waterlogged fields
Flotation structure – Float, Hull, Component of float-assist tiller which
provides buoyancy for the tiller
Tilling wheel - Consists of a single or pair of wheels with radially
mounted tilling blades attached to a common shaft or axle, supported
and powered by the transmission
Walking-type agricultural tractor - Hand tractor, Pedestrian tractor,
Self-propelled machine having a single axle designed primarily to pull
and propel trailed or mounted agricultural implements and machinery
PAES 125: 2002
Agricultural Machinery – Sprinkler Head
Part 1: Rotating Impact-Driven Type
Nozzle - Aperture of the sprinkler head through which the liquid is
discharged
Note a sprinkler head may contain one or several cylindrical nozzles or
nozzle of other shapes and sizes.
Radius of throw - Farthest distance measured from the sprinkler head
centerline to a point at which liquid is deposited
Rotating sprinkler head - Rotating sprinkler, Device which by its
rotating motion around its vertical axis distributes liquid over an area
Impact-driven sprinkler head - Type of rotating sprinkler head which
rotates using weighted or spring-loaded arm which is propelled by the
liquid stream and hits the sprinkler body
Sprinkler head - Hydraulically operated mechanical device which
discharges liquid through a nozzle
Trajectory angle - angle of the liquid stream above a horizontal plane,
as discharged from the sprinkler nozzle operating at the test pressure
Part-circle sprinkler - rotating sprinkler designed to irrigate a sector of
a circular area, either with or without the possibility of adjusting it to
irrigate the entire circular area
Range of effective pressure - Pressure range between the minimum
effective pressure, pmin, and the maximum effective pressure, pmax, PAES 127:2002
declared by the manufacturer as the pressure range in which the
Agricultural Machinery – Drilling Rig
sprinklers operate effectively.
Note the pressure is measured at the base of the sprinkler, at a point
situated about 0.20 m below the main nozzle of the sprinkler, but with Drilling rig - Structural assembly which is used to drill holes for the
the pressure gauge situated in the same plane as the main nozzle. purpose of water-well construction
Drilling pipe - Serves as an adaptor of the drill bit and conduit of water
jet channel
Drill bit - Bit attached to the end of the drilling pipe which is directly in
PAES 126: 2002
contact with the soil formation and serves as cutting device during
Agricultural Machinery – Rotating Sprinkler Head drilling operation
Main rig assembly - Structure which supports the entire drilling system
Base pressure - Pressure measured at a point on the riser with a Surging stem - Jetting stem light weight pipes used during high velocity
distance of at least five times the nominal sprinkler inlet diameter from flow (jetting) operation
the last upstream direction change or change in pipe cross sectional
area
PAES 129: 2002
Nozzle - Aperture of the sprinkler through which the liquid is discharged
Agricultural Machinery – Electric Motor
Radius of throw - Farthest distance measured from the sprinkler head
centerline to a point at which liquid is deposited Ampacity - Current, in amperes, that a conductor can carry continuously
under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating
Rotating sprinkler head - Rotating sprinkler, Device which by its
rotating motion around its vertical axis distributes liquid over an area
Disconnecting means – Switch, Device, or group of devices, or other
means by which the electric motor can be disconnected from the power
supply
Duty rating - Time rating, Refers to how frequently the motor is started
and how long it will run each time it is started
Electric motor - Machine which converts electrical energy
mechanical energy
Enclosure - Case or housing which prevents the operator from
accidental contact with energized parts and protect the motor from
physical damage
Frame designation - Standardized motor mounting and shaft
dimensions as established by national electric manufacturers
association (nema) or international electrotechnical commission (iec)
Locked-rotor current - Maximum current required to start the motor
Phase - Number of individual voltages applied to the motor
Three-phase - Has three individual voltages applied to the motor
Note the three-phase are at 120 degrees with respect to each other so
that peaks of voltage occur at even time intervals to balance the power
received and delivered by the motor throughout its 360 degrees of
rotation.
Single-phase - Has one voltage applied to the motor in the shape of a
sine wave
Roto- Armature winding, Rotating part of electric motor which is typically
constructed of a laminated steel core containing current-carrying copper
wires
Service factor - Indicates the maximum load that can be successfully
carried by the motor if it is to operate continuously and remain within a
safe temperature range
to
Stator - Field poles, Stationary part of electric motor consisting of
copper windings which is placed in a laminated iron core
Temperature rise - Temperature of a motor operating under rated
conditions, which is above ambient temperature
Thermal protector - Device which protects the motor against
overheating due to overload or failure to start
Torque - Twisting or turning force produced by the motor
Breakdown torque - Pull out torque, Maximum torque a motor can
develop during overload without stalling
Starting torque - Locked rotor torque, Motor torque at zero speed or the
maximum torque required to start the load.
SECTION B
PAES 316: 2002
Engineering Materials – Metal Bars, Pipes, and Tubes –
Specifications
Bar - long evenly shaped piece of solid metal
Deformed bar - steel bar with lugs or protrusions called deformations
Nominal diameter of deformed bar - diameter equivalent to the
diameter or of a plain round bar having the same mass per meter
Pipe - long hollow cylinder of specified thickness whose nominal size is
approximated by the inside diameter
Tube - long hollow product of round or any other cross-section whose
size is specified by the outside dimensions
PAES 317:2002
Engineering Materials – Metal sheets and plates – Specifications
Aluminium and aluminium alloy sheet - Rolled rectangular section of
thickness over 0.15 mm up to 6.0 mm, with sheared, slit or sawn edges
Galvanized steel sheet - Galvanized flat or corrugated metal product
cut to the standard or specified length and has a nominal base metal
thickness ranging from 0.20 mm to 1.6 mm and a flat width of 760 mm to
1,220 mm note sheets are available as coiled, with slit edges; or flat
(flattened or leveled), with sheared, silt or sawn edges.
Hot-rolled steel sheet - Hot-rolled product supplied in cut lengths and
produced by cutting from a coil rolled on a continuous mill. It has a width
of at least 600 mm and a nominal thickness of less than 3 mm. The
edges of the sheet may be either trimmed or untrimmed
Continuous hot-dip aluminium/zinc-coated steel - Sheet product
obtained by hot-dip coating steel sheet coils on a continuous
aluminium/zinc coating line to produce either coated coils or cut lengths
4.5 aluminium and aluminium alloy plate rolled rectangular section of
thickness greater than 6.0 mm with either sheared or sawn edges
Hot-rolled steel plate - Hot-rolled product supplied in cut lengths and
produced by cutting from a coil rolled on a continuous mill. It has a width
of at least 600 mm and a nominal thickness of 3 mm minimum. The
edges of the sheet may be either trimmed or untrimmed
Galvanized commercial quality - Flat sheet which is intended for
general fabricating purposes where it is used as such or for bending or
moderate forming
Galvanized lock-forming quality - Sheet or coil which is intended for
lock-seaming and other similar applications and have better formability
than commercial quality
Galvanized drawing quality - Sheet or coil which is intended for
drawing or severe forming but excluding deep drawing
Proof stress - Quotient of the load (when the specified permanent
elongation occurs in a tensile test) divided by the original cross-sectional
area
Ageing - Term applied to changes in physical and mechanical
properties of low carbon steel that occur with the passage of time and
adversely affect formability
Deoxidation - Removal of oxygen which causes oxidation of steel

PAES 318:2002
Engineering Materials – Clutches, Couplings, and Splines for
Agricultural Machines – Specifications and Applications
Friction clutches - designed to reduce coupling shack by slipping
during the engagement period. They also serve as safety devices by
slipping when the torque exceeds their maximum rating.
Centrifugal clutch - produces its torque by virtue of the centrifugal force
of weights pressing against the driving or frictionally driven member
Cone clutch - The conical friction clutch consists of a frustum of a cone,
so fitted to a shaft by means of a feather key that it can be pushed into
an opposite engaging surface rigidly attached to the other shaft.
Positive clutches - designed to transmit torque without slip, jaw
clutches are the most common. These are made with square jaws for
driving in either directions, or spiral jaws for unidirectional drive. These
are used for slow-moving shafts, where sudden starting action is not
objectionable and where the inertia of the moving parts is relatively
small.
Clamp shaft - coupling is essentially a split and bolted sleeve coupling,
proportioned to clamp firmly on the shafts
Rigid couplings - used when the shafts are virtually collinear and when
they remain in a fixed angular relation with respect to each other (except
for angular deflection)
Flange couplings - commonly used in permanent installations for heavy
loads and large sizes and particularly for vertical drives, as agitators
Flexible couplings - designed to connect shafts which are misaligned
either laterally or angularly. A secondary benefit is the absorption of
impacts due to fluctuations in shaft torque or angular speed.
Gear-type coupling - The hubs have integral external gear teeth,
perhaps crowned, that mesh with internal teeth in the casing through
360° as in a splined connection. Flexibility is obtained by play between
the teeth
Oldham (double slider) coupling - Eliminates the need for large
clearances and the resultant noisy backlash by providing a double-
tongued central slider fitting between two flanges slotted at right angles
to each other
Rubber-bushed coupling - cushions by means of steel pins bolted
alternately to one flange and sliding in self-lubricated bronze bushings,
rubber-cushioned in the opposite flange
Roller chain flexible coupling - The two opposing hubs are made with
integral sprockets over which a double roller chain is fitted rubber-
flexible coupling, the torque is transmitted through a comparatively soft
rubber in compression. It is recommended where quietness is desired
Universal joints - are used to connect shafts with much larger values of
misalignment than can be tolerated by the other types of flexible
couplings
PAES 319:2002
Engineering Materials – Engineering Plastics – Specifications and
Applications
Plastic - Synthetic organic material, including cellulose derivatives, with
or without the incorporation of fillers, binders, pigments, dyes, which is
capable of being shaped more or less permanently by casting or molding
under increased temperatures and pressures
Monomer - Simple unpolymerized form of chemical compound
Polymer - Chemical compound with higher molecular weight consisting
of a number of structural units linked together by covalent bonds
Copolymer - Polymers consisting of more than one monomer
Covalent - Non-ionic chemical bond formed by stored electrons
Thermoplastic - Substances that melt on heating and are processes in
this state by a variety of extrusion and molding process
Thermosets - Substances that cannot be melted and remelted
Service temperature - Temperature at which the plastic can withstand
without incurring a change in its physical properties
Acetals - Is a by-product of a two-step reaction between an alcohol and
an aldehyde. Provides high strength and stiffness while offering
enhanced dimensional stability and ease of machining. Good wear
properties-especially in wet environments. Excellent stability for close-
tolerance machined parts since it absorbs little moisture
Example: gears, bushings, and plumbing
Acrylic - Made from virgin acrylic monomer and offers superior optical
clarity and light transmission.
Resists aging; and it remains stable across a wide range of temperature,
moisture, and exposure conditions. Weighs half as much as comparable
glass and yet has good shatter resistance and durability.
Example: cast sheets, rods -signs, decorative and functional automotive
parts, protective goggle lenses, control knobs, pump parts, sprinkler
heads, tool handles, packaging, lenses, containers, shields
Polyamide (nylon) - One of the most versatile and widely used
thermoplastic materials. Can replace steel, brass, bronze, aluminum,
wood, and rubber, while reducing noise, using less lubrication, and
increasing gear life
Polycarbonate - Amorphous thermoplastic with excellent dimensional
stability and good strength and stiffness over a wide range of service
temperatures. Suits a wide variety of electrical applications as well,
because of its low moisture absorption, good insulation and excellent
flammability rating.
example: electrical parts, portable tool housings, glazing sheet,
impellers, body armor
Polyethylene (ultra high molecular weight) - Is a subset of the
thermoplastic polyethylene. It has longer chain serves to transfer load
more effectively to the polymer backbone by strengthening
intermolecular interactions. Odorless, tasteless, and nontoxic
It is highly resistant to corrosive chemicals except oxidizing acids
Example: packaging, structural housing panels, pipes, wire and cable
insulation
Polypropylene - Noted for its light weight, being less dense than water.
It is a polymer of propylene. Resists moisture, oils, and solvents. Used in
the manufacture of objects that are sterilized in the course of their use
Polytetrafluoroethylene (ptfe) More popularly known as tefloo Have good
dynamic mechanical properties and sufficient flexibility
Used in: chemical pipes, valves and liners, gaskets, packings, pump
bearings and impellers, electrical equipment, anti-adhesive coatings
Polyvinyl chloride - A polymer of vinyl chloride
This plastic has found extensive use as an electrical insulator for wires
and cables Used in: sheets and shapes for decorative panels, storage
tanks, pipes, valve seats
PAES 320:2002
Engineering Materials – Wood-based panels – Specifications
Exterior plywood - Type of plywood intended for outdoor or marine
uses, also known as type I
Face - Surface of the plywood showing veneer of higher grade than that
of the back side
Note: the terms face and back do not apply when the same grade or
veneer is used on both sides of the plywood.
Face-plywood - Plywood faced with a material other than wood, such
as metal or plastic
Fiberboard - Panel made of consolidated ligno-cellulosic fibers with the
primary bond derived from their inherent adhesive properties and/or the
addition of resin or other materials
Fiber-cement flat sheets - Consist essentially of an inorganic hydraulic
binder or a calcium silicate binder formed by the chemical reaction of a
siliceous material and a calcareous material reinforced by organic fibers
and/or inorganic synthetic fibers
Interior plywood - Type of plywood intended for inside use, having
limited moisture resistance
Lumber core - Side board made up of well machined lumber strips
properly dried and glued together
Lumber core plywood - Ply board plywood made up of face/back
veneer, crossboard core veneer and well composed kiln dried lumber
core
PAES 412:2002
Panel - Sheet of plywood
Agricultural Structures – Poultry Dressing Plant
Particle board - Board principally made from wood chips and formed by
hot press process with adhesive
Ply - Stratum or layer used in referring to the successive layers of Carcass - Body of dressed birds
veneer in a panel
Dressing - Process composed of bleeding, defeathering, eviscerating,
Plywood - Assembled product made of layers of veneers and/or lumber and from which the head, shanks, crop, oil gland and other inedible parts
core held together by an adhesive, the chief characteristics of which is are removed
the alternate cross layers, distributing the longitudinal wood strength
Offal - By-products, organs, glands and tissue other than meat of the
food animal
SECTION C Evisceration - Process of removing the internal organs in the abdominal
and thoracic cavities
PAES 409:2002
Shackling - Process of restraining birds prior to slitting
Agricultural Structures – Milking Parlor
Trench drain - Trough that collects the waste from a larger area and
directs the flow to a drain opening
Milking parlor - Building or a portion of building where milking occurs
but where no animals are housed
Holding area - Area provided to accommodate animals before milking
PAES 414-1:2002
Back-out stall - Type of stall where animals must back up to exit the
stall Agricultural Structures - Waste Management Structures
Walk-through - Type of stalls that allows the animals to proceed directly Part 1: Agricultural Liquid Waste
forward after milking is completed
 Lagoon - Pit in the ground where liquid waste is stored to produce a
higher quality effluent
Aerobic - Requires free oxygen
Liners - System of clay layers and/or geosynthetic membranes used to
Agricultural liquid waste - Consist of liquid waste and slurry resulting
contain leachate and reduce or prevent contaminant flow to groundwater
from the production of livestock and poultry; and processing of crops,
livestock and poultry Lot runoff - Rainfall containing animal manure
Anaerobic - Presence of free oxygen is not required Manure - Accumulated moist animal excrement that does not undergo
decomposition or drying; it include feces and urine which may be mixed
Clean runoff - Runoff not contaminated with manure such as runoff
with bedding material, spilled feed or soil
from roofs, grassed areas, drives and other areas which are not animal
alleys Pathogenic microorganism - Microorganism capable of causing
diseases
Disinfection - Process of killing all pathogenic microorganisms
Primary treatment - Treatment that causes substances in liquid waste
Dissolved solids - Part of total solids passing through the filter in a
to readily settle or float
filtration procedure
Secondary treatment - Treatment used to convert dissolved or
Effluent - Liquid waste, partially or completely treated, flowing out of a
suspended materials into a form more readily separated from the liquid
reservoir, basin, or wastewater treatment plant
waste being treated
Facultative lagoons - Lagoons that can function as aerobic or
Sludge - Precipitate resulting from coagulation or sedimentation of liquid
anaerobic depending on the environment
waste
Fixed solids - Part of total solids remaining after volatile gases driven
Slurry - Watery mixture of insoluble solid
off at 600oc
Suspended solids - Solids removed by filtration
Grit - Non-biodegradable component of liquid waste composed of sand,
gravel, cinders or other heavy solid materials Total solids - Residue remaining after water is removed from waste
material by evaporation
Holding pond - Storage where liquid waste is stored before final
disposal Volatile solids - Part of total solids driven off as volatile gases when
heated to 600oc
Influent - Liquid that flows into a containing space
5-day bio-chemical oxygen demand (bod5 ) - Quantity of oxygen
needed to satisfy biochemical oxidation of organic matter in waste
sample in 5 days at 20oc
PAES 414-2:2002
Agricultural Structures - Waste Management Structures
Part 2: Agricultural solid waste – Composting
Agricultural solid waste - Wastes resulting from the production and
processing of crops and animals or agricultural products, including
manures with at least 20% solids, pruning and crop residues wherever
produced
Bulking agent - Any item used to improve the compost structure and to
increase porosity to allow internal air movement
C:n ratio - Weight ratio of carbon to nitrogen
Compost mix - Mixture of an organic waste with amendment(s) or
bulking agent(s) in the proper proportions to promote aerobic microbial
activity and growth and to achieve optimum temperatures
Composting - Controlled decomposition of organic matter by micro-
organisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, into a humus-like product
Composting amendment - Any item added to the compost mixture that
alters the moisture content, c:n ratio, or ph
Curing - Process where fungi digest the carbons not degraded during
composting and further stabilize the nutrients
Disposal site - Site where solid waste is finally discharged and
deposited
Hazardous waste - Solid waste or combination of solid waste which
because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical or infectious
characteristics may: cause, or significantly contribute to an increase in
mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating
reversible, illness
Leachate - Shall refer to the liquid produced when waste undergo
decomposition, and when water percolate through solid waste
undergoing decomposition; contaminated liquid that contains dissolved
and suspended materials
Storage - Interim containment of solid waste after generation and prior
to collection for ultimate recovery or disposal
Windrow composting - Involves the arrangement of compost mix in
long, narrow piles or windrows that are periodically turned to maintain
aerobic conditions
PAES 416:2002
Agricultural Structures – Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory
Tissue culture - Growth of protoplasts, cells, tissues, shoot tips, roots,
anthers, embryos, flowers and meristems in a laboratory medium
Culture medium - Any nutrient material prepared for the growth and
cultivation plant tissue
Sterilization - Process of making any material entirely free from living
microorganism
Asepsis - Condition that describes the freedom of plant materials,
culture medium, confines of the culture vessel from contaminating
microorganisms
Incubation - Subjecting of cultures to conditions favorable to the growth
of the plant tissue
Laminar flow - Flow air currents in which air currents do not intermingle
PAES 417:2002
Agricultural Structures – Fruit and Vegetable Storage
Controlled atmosphere storage - Storage in an artificial atmosphere in
which the proportion of carbon dioxide and/or oxygen is precisely
controlled
Bulk storage - Produce is piled in room-sized bins, which exerts forces
that must be resisted by the building walls
Pallet bin storage - Produce is placed in boxes or pallet bins which in
turn are stacked in storage room
Pallet - Low portable platform made of wood or metal or plastic or in
combination to facilitate handling, storage, or transport of materials as a
unit load using a forklift
Drip cooler - Storage structure with continuously wetted walls
Burlap - Coarse cloth made of jute, flax or hemp
Air cooled - Storage provided with good ventilation
Vapor barrier - Materials used to prevent migration of moisture into a
storage area
Cell pack - Individual divisions in a carton formed by fiberboard dividers,
each cell to contain one fruit
Telescopic cartons - Cartons in which the cover is separate and fits
snugly over the bottom part
PAES 418:2002
Agricultural Structures – Primary Processing Plant for Fresh Fruit
and Vegetable
Primary processing - Product handling which include steps to make a
harvested commodity more suitable for manufacturers or consumers
Grading - Process of classifying into groups according to a set of
recognized criteria of quality and size, each group bearing an accepted
name and size grouping
Sizing - Process of classifying into sizes according to criteria that may or Hazardous material - Substances on farms that are highly flammable or
may not be recognized or accepted by the industry poisonous
Sorting - Process of classifying into groups designated by the person
classifying the produce either according to a set of criteria or whatever
criteria he may set
VOLUME 4
Air change ratio - Ratio of the volume of air that enters a room to the
volume of air of the empty room SECTION A
Inspection - Process of determining whether the grade standards have PAES 131: 2004
been interpreted or enforced properly by inspecting random samples
Agricultural Machinery – Moldboard Plow – Specifications
usually of predetermined amount large enough to give an indication of
the correctness of the grading procedure
Packaging - Process to ensure adequate protection and safe delivery of Colter - flat knife or revolving disc, mounted in front of the plow bottom,
a product from the producer to the ultimate consumer which cuts the soil vertically
Frame - structure to which the standards are fitted
Frog - central part of the plow to which the share, moldboard and
landside are attached
PAES 420:2002
Hitch - part of an implement designed to connect it to a power source
Agricultural Structures – Farm workshop and Machinery Shed
Landside - part of the plow that presses and slides against the furrow
wall, providing lateral stability during operation
Workshop - Building for fabrication, repair and maintenance of tools,
Landside heel - part, attached to the rear of a landside, which applies
implements, equipment’s and parts of structures and provides a place
the vertical load of the plow bottom to the furrow bottom
where tools, supplies and spare parts are stored
Moldboard - part of the plow which lifts, inverts and throws the furrow
Machinery shed - Area to protect machinery from weather, theft,
slice to one side
vandalism and to allow easy maintenance and adjustment of machines
General-purpose moldboard - plow bottom that has less curvature Share - part of the plow that penetrates the soil and cuts the furrow slice
than the stubble and can be used easily for stubble, ordinary trash and horizontally
stalk cover land
NOTE: It may be single integral piece or may consist of replaceable
Slatted moldboard - plow bottom which is used in sticky soils and soils components
that does not scour on solid moldboard
Shin - leading edge of the moldboard located above the landside
Sod moldboard - plow bottom that has long, narrow and less sloping
Standard/beam/leg - upright support which connects the plow bottom to
moldboard with a gradual twist that allows complete inversion of the
tillage implement frame
furrow slice with minimum breakage
Suction, horizontal/horizontal clearance - distance by which the point
Stubble moldboard - plow bottom that has short, broader and curved
of the share is bent out of line with the landside to cut the proper furrow
more abruptly along the top edge and is suited to work in soil which has
width
been cultivated from year to year
Suction, vertical/vertical clearance - distance by which the point of the
Moldboard plow - sliding implement that cuts, lifts, inverts and throws to
share is bent downward for the plow to penetrate the soil to the proper
one side a layer of soil (furrow slice) to bury surface materials
depth
NOTE: Main component consists of share, moldboard and landside.
Tailpiece - optional accessory, attached to the wing of the moldboard to
Left-hand plow - throws the furrow slice to the left of the plow’s improve inversion of the furrow slice
direction
Trash board - optional accessory, mounted above the shin, which
Right-hand plow - throws the furrow slice to the right of the plow’s deposits the upper edge of the furrow in the furrow bottom
direction
Two-way plow - reversible plow throws the furrow slice either to the left
PAES 132: 2004
or right of the plow’s direction
Agricultural Machinery – Disc/Moldboard Plow – Methods of Test
NOTE: It consists of both the right-hand and left-hand plow with one
type being used at a time.
Plow bottom - plow body working part of the plow which includes the Disc plow - rolling implement that cuts, lifts, inverts and throws to one
share, moldboard, and landside, all attached to the frog side a layer of soil (furrow slice) to bury surface materials
Four-wheel tractor - self-propelled, wheeled vehicle having two axles
designed to carry, pull or propel agricultural implements and machines
Headland - unplowed portion of the field at both ends of the furrow strip
initially used for turning the draft animal/tractor and implement
Moldboard plow - sliding implement that cuts, lifts, inverts and throws to
one side a layer of soil (furrow slice) to bury surface materials
Side angle - disc angle horizontal angle made by the disc with the
direction of travel
Tilt angle - angle made by the disc with the vertical line
Walking-type agricultural tractor/two-wheel tractor/hand
tractor/pedestrian tractor - self-propelled machine having a single axle
designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or mounted agricultural
implements and machinery
Width of cut – disc plow - transverse distance between the cutting
edges of the end discs at their depth of cut
NOTE For measuring the width of cut, the tilt angle shall be set at 15 to
25°. For nonadjustable plow disc blades, the tilt angle shall be set at 18
to 20°.
Width of cut – moldboard plow - distance measured from the wing of
share to the point of share
PAES 133: 2004
Agricultural Machinery – Disc Harrow – Methods of Test
Disc harrow - implement consisting of two or four gangs of concave
steel discs used for additional pulverization, mixing of pesticides and
fertilizers into the soil, leveling and firming the soil, closing of air pockets
and eradication of weeds
Gang - set of concave discs, which is mounted on a common shaft and
separated by a spool
PAES 134: 2004
Agricultural Machinery – Furrower – Specifications
Furrower/lister/ridger/bedder - tillage implement resembling a double
moldboard, one left wing and one right wing, used to make ridges and
beds for planting and trenches for irrigation and drainage purposes
Furrower bottom - lister bottom working part of the furrower which
includes the share and moldboard
Blackland bottom - bottom that has smaller moldboards and are
designed for better scouring in sticky soils
General-purpose bottom - bottom that has wider moldboards that
works well at fairly high speeds in most soil conditions
Hard-ground bottom - bottom that has very small share and moldboard
designed for use in combination with disc openers to open hard-baked
soils
Hitch - part of an implement designed to connect to the tractor
Moldboard - part of the furrower which lifts, inverts and throws laterally
the layer of soil (furrow slice) in opposite directions
Row marker - toolbar mounted device used to guide the operator in
setting the furrower for the next pass to ensure uniform furrow spacing
Share - part of the furrower that penetrates the soil and cuts the furrow
slice horizontally
Standard - beam leg upright support which connects the furrower
bottom to a toolbar
Toolbar - structure to which the standards are mounted
PAES 135: 2004
Agricultural Machinery – Furrower – Methods of Test
Furrower/lister/ridger/bedder - tillage implement resembling a double
moldboard, one left wing and one right wing used to make ridges and
beds for planting and trenches for irrigation and drainage purposes
Furrowing - listing ridging bedding tillage and land-forming operations
using the furrower which lifts, inverts and throws laterally the layer of soil
(furrow slice) in opposite directions
Furrow - trench formed after the furrower bottom cuts and turns the
furrow slices
Row marker - toolbar mounted device used to guide the operator in
setting the furrower for the next pass to ensure uniform furrow spacing
PAES 136:2004
Agricultural Machinery – Agricultural Trailer – Specifications
Agricultural trailer - trailer designed to carry load for agricultural
purposes without power of its own
Balanced trailer - agricultural trailer whose total load is supported by at
least two axles with four or more wheels when detached from the towing
tractor
Semi-trailer - agricultural trailer with one axle and two wheels which,
while in use, part of its load is transferred to the towing tractor and the
rest of the load is carried on its axle
Axle load - total static load supported by the wheels on the respective
axle
Gross load/gross weight - sum of payload and unladen mass of the
trailer expressed in metric tons
Ground clearance - vertical distance between the ground and the
lowest point of the trailer
Note in measuring ground clearance, the trailer shall be loaded to its
payload and the tires shall be inflated at the recommended pressure.
Over-run brake - brake actuated by a compressive force in the hitch
between a trailer and the towing tractor used to decelerate a moving
trailer
Parking brake - brake actuated by a pedal or lever to keep the trailer in
stationary or parked position
Payload/net weight - uniformly distributed maximum safe load which
can be transported by the trailer expressed in tons
Service brake - brake actuated by a pedal or lever to decelerate and
stop a moving trailer
Tow eye - hitch point of the trailer’s pullbar to be attached to the towing
tractor
Unladen mass/are weight - mass of a trailer with all its usual fittings but
without any load
Wheel base - horizontal distance between foremost and rearmost axles
or wheels measured at the center of the ground contact
Wheel tread/wheel track - distance between the outermost wheels at
the same axle measured at the center of ground contact
PAES 137: 2004
Agricultural Machinery – Agricultural Trailer – Methods of Test
Agricultural trailer - trailer designed to carry load for agricultural
purposes without power of its own.
Gross load - sum of payload and unladen mass of the trailer expressed
in tons.
Ground clearance - vertical distance between the ground and the
lowest point of the trailer.
Note in measuring ground clearance, the trailer shall be loaded to its
payload and the tires shall be inflated at the recommended pressure.
Over-run brake - brake actuated by a compressive force in the hitch
between a trailer and the towing tractor used to decelerate a moving
trailer.
Parking brake - brake actuated by a pedal or lever to keep the trailer in
stationary or parked position.
Payload/net weight - uniformly distributed maximum safe load which
can be transported by the trailer expressed in tons.
Service brake - brake actuated by a pedal or lever to decelerate and Manufacturer - philippine-based, foreign or filipino-owned,
stop a moving trailer. manufacturing entity involved in the production and distribution of
agricultural machinery.
Unladen mass/tare weight - mass of a trailer with all its usual fittings
but without any load. Warranty/guarantee - expressed assurance of the quality of the
materials and workmanship of the products offered for sale or length of
Wheel base - horizontal distance between foremost and rearmost axles
satisfactory use to be expected from a product under normal use
or wheels measured at the center of the ground contact.
.
Wheel tread/wheel track - distance between the outermost wheels at
the same axle measured at the center of ground contact.
PAES 139: 2004
Agricultural Machinery – Roll-Over Protective Structures (ROPS) –
Specifications
PAES 138: 2004
Agricultural Machinery – Guidelines on After-Sales Service
Roll-over protective structure (ROPS) - cab or frame installed on
agricultural tractors to protect or minimize injury of the operator from
After-sales services - consists of parts and services provided by the accidental overturning during operation.
manufacturers/distributors/dealers to the enduser to ensure continuous
serviceability of agricultural machinery
Seat index point (SIP) - point on the central vertical plane of the seat.
Agricultural machinery - consists of agricultural tractors, self-propelled
NOTE For more detailed specification of the SIP refer to ISO 5353.
and pedestrian-operated machines, implements, and other equipment
primarily used for agricultural operations
Dealer - authorized representative of distributors and/or manufacturers
to supply, trade, sell and service agricultural machinery to end-users.
Distributor - trading entity authorized by foreign and local suppliers
PAES 140: 2004
and/or manufacturers to distribute agricultural machinery to dealers.
Agricultural Machinery – Roll-Over Protective Structures (ROPS) – Agricultural Machinery – Weeder – Specifications
Methods of Test

Weeding efficiency/weeding index - percentage of weeds

Crushing test - application of a vertical load through a beam placed removed/destroyed per unit area.
laterally across the uppermost members of the protective structure.
Weeder - implement used to remove/destroy the weeds from an
Horizontal loading test - application of a horizontal load to the rear, agricultural land.
front and side of the protective structure.
Weeds - unwanted plants growing in a field competing with the main
Note as loading continues, the cab/frame deformation may cause the crop for nutrients, moisture and sunlight.
direction of loading to change. This is permissible.
Impact test - application of a dynamic load produced by a block acting
PAES 142: 2004
as a pendulum.
Agricultural Machinery – Weeder – Methods of Test (Circulated)
Roll-over protective structure (rops) - cab or frame installed on
agricultural tractors to protect or minimize injury of the operator from
accidental overturning during operation.
Damaged plants - plants injured (i.e. Teared leaves, broken stems,
Seat index point (sip) - point on the central vertical plane of the seat.
and/or uprooted plant) that may affect crop growth.
Tractor mass - mass of the unladen tractor in working order with tanks
Percent damaged plants - percentage of plants injured during the
and radiator full, protective structure with cladding, and any track
weeding operation.
equipment or additional front-wheel drive components required for
normal use. Weeding efficiency/weeding index - percentage of weeds
removed/destroyed per unit area weeder implement used to
Note the operator, optional ballast weights, additional wheel equipment,
remove/destroy the weeds from an agricultural land.
special equipment and loads are not included.
Weeds - unwanted plants growing in a field competing with the main
crop for nutrients, moisture and sunlight.
SECTION B
PAES 141: 2004
 PAES 212: 2004
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Reaper – Specifications
Actual field capacity - Actual rate of being able to reap palay in a given
area per unit of time.
Note the time pertains to the actual time which includes the time spent
for turning at the headland, adjustment of machine and machine trouble.
Conveying loss - Free grains that fall with the cut stalks during delivery
and release at the side of the reaper during operation.
Field efficiency - Ratio of the actual field capacity and theoretical field
capacity, expressed in percent.
Header loss - Grains that have fallen to the ground due to the
machine’s cutting operation.
Reciprocating cutter knife - Cutting mechanism consists of fixed lower
knife and reciprocating upper knife wherein its movement is controlled
by the crank connected to the gear box or belt drive.
Rice reaper - Machine that cuts and lays stalks of planted rice crop.
Rotary knife - Cutting mechanism consists of planetary type circular
saw-toothed blade which rotates at the same time with the pick-up
triangular frame.
Theoretical field capacity - Computed rate of being able to reap palay
in a given area per unit of time.
PAES 213: 2004
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Reaper – Methods of Test
Cutting width - Distance between two outermost divider tips
Lodging angle - Degree between the vertical line joining the center of
the plant and the imaginary line where the stalk lodges.
Potential yield - Maximum yield per unit area
Overall height - Distance between the horizontal supporting surface
and the horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the reaping unit
note all parts of the reaping unit projecting upwards are contained
between these two planes.
Overall length - Distance between the vertical planes at the right angles
to the median plane of the reaping unit and touching its front and rear
extremities note all parts of the reaping unit, in particular, components
projecting at the front and at the rear are contained between these two
planes. Where an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be set
at minimum length.
Overall width - Distance between the vertical planes parallel to the
median plane of the reaping unit, each plane touching the outermost
point of the reaper on its respective side note all parts of the reaping unit
projecting laterally are contained between these two planes.
Running-in period - Preliminary operation of the machine to make
various adjustments prior to the conduct of test until the operation is
stable.
PAES 214: 2004
Agricultural Machinery – Rubber Roll for Rice Mill – Specifications
Metal drum core - cylinder where rubber is bonded
Rubber roll - component of rice mill made of rubber bonded to an inner
metal drum core use for hulling
Rubber thickness - depth of the rubber bonded on the metal drum
core
Size - specified by the width, by the outside diameter and by the core
diameter of the rubber roll
Width - longitudinal dimension of a roll in right angle to the diameter
PAES 215: 2004
Agricultural Machinery – Rubber Roll for Rice Mill – Methods of
Test
Broken brown rice - Grain that breaks in the process of dehulling which
has a size of less than eighth-tenth (8/10) of the average length of the
whole grain
Brown rice - Dehulled paddy with bran layer still intact
Cracked grain - Grain which show signs of fissures or fractures or
splinters
Coefficient of hulling - Measure the ability of the huller to remove the
hulls
Coefficient of wholeness - Measure the ability of the huller to remove
the hull without breaking the grain
Damaged grain - Grain which is heat damaged, weather damaged,
sprouted or distinctively damaged by insects, water, fungi, and/or any
means
Foreign matter - All matters other than paddy such as sand, gravel, dirt,
pebbles, stones, metal fillings, lumps of earth, clay, mud, chaff, straw,
weed seeds and other crop seeds
Hull husk - outermost rough covering of the palay grain (palea and
lemma) consisting of the empty glumes, floral glumes, and awn
Hulling capacity - Quantity of paddy that the huller can dehulled per
total hulling time, expressed in kilogram per hour
Hulling efficiency - Product of the coefficient of hulling and coefficient
of wholeness, expressed in percentage
Immature grain - Paddy which are light green and chalky with soft
texture
Moisture content - Amount of moisture in the grain expressed as
percentage of the total mass of the sample (wet basis)
Note:
Paddy – Palay, Rough rice, Unhulled grain of oryza sativa l., that is
grain with hull enclosing the grain 3.14 purity amount of rice grains free
of foreign matter expressed as percentage of the total weight of the
sample
Running-in period - pre-test operation of the rice huller to make various
adjustments prior to the conduct of test until the operation is stable
Whole brown rice - Grain or a fraction of grain with its length equal to or
greater than eighth-tenth (8/10) of the average length of the whole grain
PAES 216: 2004
Agricultural Machinery – Hammer Mill – Specifications
Fineness modulus - Classification system that indicates the uniformity
of grind in the resultant product; sum of the weight fractions retained
above each sieve divided by 100
Hammer mill - Device use for grinding which is a result of the impact
between the particles and hammers, which are mounted on a shaft
rotating along a horizontal axis
Reduction ratio - Ratio of the average size of input to the average size
of the product
PAES 217: 2004
Agricultural Machinery – Hammer Mill – Methods of Test
Fineness modulus - classification system that indicates the uniformity
of grind in the resultant product and is defined as the sum of the weight
fractions retained above each sieve divided by 100
Foreign matter - impurity all matters other than input materials such as Overall width - Distance between the vertical planes parallel to the
sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles, stones, metal fillings, lumps of earth, clay, median plane of the hammer mill, each plane touching the outermost
mud, chaff, straw, weed seeds and other crop seeds point of the hammer mill on its respective side note all parts of the
hammer mill projecting laterally are contained between these two
Hammer mill - device used for milling which consists of rotating
planes.
hammer(s) and a heavy perforated screen at the bottom
Prime-mover - Electric motor, or internal combustion engine used to run
Input capacity - Weight of input materials per unit loading time into the
the hammer mill
hopper/intake pit, expressed in kilogram per hour
Purity - Amount of input materials free of foreign matter expressed as
Laboratory sieve shaker - Equipment with definite shaking motion used
percentage of the total weight of the sample
to sort size of the milled materials using standard screen sieves
Running-in period - Preliminary operation of the machine to make
Milling capacity - quantity of input materials that the hammer mill can
various adjustments prior to the conduct of test until the operation is
process to produce milled materials per unit of time, expressed in
stable
kilogram per hour
Output capacity - weight of the milled materials collected, expressed in
kilogram per hour
Overall height - Distance between the horizontal supporting surface PAES 218: 2004
and the horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the hammer mill
Agricultural Machinery – Forage Chopper – Specifications
note all parts of the hammer mill projecting upwards are contained
between these two planes.
Overall length - distance between the vertical planes at the right angles Blow-up type - Type of forage chopper where the chopped materials
to the median plane of the hammer mill and touching its front and rear are blown up through the blow-up pipe
extremities note all parts of the hammer mill, in particular, components
Cutterhead - Cutting rotor devices intended to cut the crop into short
projecting at the front and at the rear are contained between these two
lengths with reasonable consistency within a range of optional settings
planes. Where an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be set
at minimum length. Cylinder cutterhead - Knives on cylindrical mountings such that the
cutting edges of the knives are essentially parallel to the axis of rotation
Feedroll - Cylindrical roll generally with protrusions or flutes, used to
gather, compress and advance the crop into the cutterhead
Flywheel cutterhead - Knives mounted essentially radially with the
cutting edges describing a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation
Forage chopper - machine used to cut the crop into short parallel
lengths
PAES 219:2004
Agricultural Machinery – Forage Chopper – Methods of Test
Chopping efficiency - Ratio of the weight of the fresh chopped
materials collected at all outlets, to the total fresh weight of the input of
the chopper, expressed in percent
Forage - Any crop used as silage, soilage or animal feed, usually mixed
with fermenting agents.
Feeding table - Part of the forage chopper where the forage to be
chopped are loaded
Output capacity - Weight of processed material collected per unit time,
expressed in kilogram per hour
Overall height - Distance between the horizontal supporting surface
and the horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the forage
chopper note all parts of the forage chopper projecting upwards are
contained between these two planes.
Overall length - Distance between the vertical planes at the right angles
to the median plane of the forage chopper and touching its front and rear
extremities note all parts of the forage chopper, in particular,
components projecting at the front and at the rear are contained
between these two planes. Where an adjustment of components is
possible, it shall be set at minimum length.
Overall width - Distance between the vertical planes parallel to the
median plane of the machine, each plane touching the outermost point
of the forage chopper on its respective side note all parts of the forage
chopper projecting upwards are contained between these two planes.
Prime mover - Electric motor or internal combustion engine used to run
the forage chopper
Running -in period - Preliminary operation of the machine to make
various adjustments prior to the conduct of test until the operation is
stable
PAES 220: 2004
Agricultural Machinery – Peanut Sheller – Specifications
Blower loss - Ratio of the weight of kernels blown by the sheller fan, to
the weight of the total kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent
Damaged kernel - Wholly or partially broken and insect-damaged Shelling recovery - Ratio of the weight of the shelled kernels collected
kernel at the main outlet, to the total weight of the kernel input of the sheller,
expressed in percent
Kernel - Edible part of peanut
Unshelled loss - Ratio of the weight of kernels that remained in the
Main kernel outlet - Outlet at which shelled kernel moves out of the
pods collected from all outlets, to the weight of the total kernel input of
machine
the sheller, expressed in percent
Peanut sheller - Machine used to remove kernels from the shell by
Whole kernel - Unbroken and non-insect damaged kernel
breaking/splitting the pods
Pod - Unbroken shell with kernel inside
Purity - Amount of kernels free of foreign matter expressed as
PAES 221: 2004
percentage of the total weight of the sample
Agricultural Machinery – Peanut Sheller – Methods of Test
Scattering loss - Ratio of the weight of kernels that fell out from the
machine during shelling operation to the weight of the total kernel input
of the sheller, expressed in percent
Blower loss - Ratio of the weight of kernel blown with the shell by the
Separation loss - Ratio of the weight of kernels that come out of the sheller fan to the total kernel input expressed as percentage by weight
shelling chamber at the shell outlet, to the weight of the total kernel input
Cracked kernel - Kernel which shows signs of fissures or fractures
of the sheller, expressed in percent
Input capacity - Weight of input materials per unit loading time into the
Shell - Hull of the pod
hopper/intake pit, expressed in kilogram per hour
Shell outlet - Outlet at which shells come out of the machine in case of
Kernel - Edible part of peanut
the machine with blower(s)
Kernel-pod ratio - Ratio of the weight of kernel to the weight of the pod,
Shelled kernels - Whole and damaged kernels freed from shell
expressed as percent
Shelling efficiency - Ratio of the weight of the shelled kernels collected
Main kernel outlet - Outlet at which shelled kernel move out of the
at all outlets, to the total kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent
machine
Note in the case of the machine with no separating devise or in case of
machine with blowers, shelled and unshelled and partially-shelled pods
also come out.
Mechanically damaged kernels - Broken kernels and/or scratched as a
result of shelling operation
Net cracked kernel - Difference between the percent cracked kernel
taken before and after the shelling operation
Output capacity - Weight of the shelled kernel received at the main
kernel outlet per unit time, expressed in kilogram per hour
Overall height - Distance between the horizontal supporting surface
and the horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the shelling unit
Note all parts of the shelling unit projecting upwards are contained
between these two planes.
Overall length - Distance between the vertical planes at the right angles
to the median plane of the shelling unit and touching its front and rear
extremities
Note all parts of the shelling unit, in particular, components projecting at
the front and at the rear are contained between these two planes. Where
an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be set at minimum
length.
Overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the
median plane of the shelling unit, each plane touching the outermost
point of the sheller on its respective side note all parts of the shelling unit
projecting laterally are contained between these two planes.
Partially-shelled pod - Pod being left with kernels in it after shelling
Pod - Unbroken shell with kernel inside
Running-in period - Preliminary operation of the machine to make
various adjustments prior to the conduct of test until the operation is
stable
Separation loss - Ratio of the weight of the kernel that comes out of the
shelling cylinder with the shell, to the total kernel input expressed as
percentage by weight
Shell outlet - Outlet at which shells come out of the machine in case of
the machine with blower(s)
Shelling efficiency - Shelled kernel received at all outlet with respect to
the total kernel input expressed as percentage by weight
Shelling recovery - Ratio of the weight of the kernel collected at the
main kernel outlet to the total kernel input expressed as percentage by
weight
Total kernel input - Sum of the weight of kernel collected from the main
kernel input and the clean kernel from the blower loss, separation loss,
unshelled loss and scattering loss
Unshelled loss - Ratio of the weight of the kernel that remained in the
shell after feeding into the shelling cylinder to the total kernel input
expressed as percentage by weight
PAES 222: 2005
 Agricultural Machinery – Chipping Machine – Specifications
Blade bevel angle - Angle of the cutting edge of the blade
Chip - Thin slice of material with thickness of about 4 mm Chip - Thin slice of material with thickness of about 4 mm
Chipping machine - Chipper size reduction machine either power or Chipping machine - Chipper size reduction machine either power or
manually operated which is used to cut or slice root crops or banana into manually operated which is used to cut or slice root crops or banana into
small thin pieces called chips small thin pieces called chips
Chipping capacity - Amount of material that can be processed per unit
time, kg/h
Cutterhead - Cutting rotor devices intended to slice the crop into chips
with reasonable consistency within a range of optional settings PAES 224: 2005

Discharge chute - Opening through which chipped material is thrown Agricultural Machinery – Rice Combine – Specifications
out
Flywheel type - Type of chipping machine with knives mounted radially
Blower - Cleaning fan rotary device which produces a draught of air
with the cutting edges describing a plane perpendicular to the axis of
across the chaffer and cleaning sieve(s) to blow away the materials or
rotation
impurities lighter than grains
Guard - Component intended to provide protection for the operator or
Concave - Concave-shaped, stationary element adjacent to the
bystander from injury
threshing cylinder or threshing rotor, fitted primarily to enhance
Drum type - Knives on cylindrical mountings such that the cutting edges threshing
of the knives are essentially parallel to the axis of rotation
Note in the case of a concave that is permeable to grain flow, either in
whole or in part, it has the important secondary function of primary
separation.
Crop elevator - Auxiliary conveyor to assist in feeding the crop to the
PAES 223: 2004
threshing cylinder
Agricultural Machinery – Chipping Machine – Methods of Test
Field efficiency - Ratio of the actual field capacity and theoretical field Shaker shoe - Shoe oscillating structure which supports the cleaning
capacity, expressed in percent sieve(s) and which may also support the chaffer and the chaffer
extension
Grain elevator - Device which carries the grains from grain auger to
grain tank or bin Straw walker - Assembly of two or more racks which agitates the straw
and separates the remaining grains from straw
Grain loss - Loss classified according to source, including all field
losses attributable to the machine Stripper beater - Rear beater element placed on the rear side of the
cylinder and above to rear ward of concave or concave grate extension
Grain pan - Pan for collecting the clean grains after being passed
or transition grate to assist the deflection of straw on straw walker
through cleaning sieve(s) for conveying to grain auger
Threshing cylinder - Threshing drum balanced rotating assembly,
Grain tank - Bin tank used to hold the threshed grain
comprising rasp bars, beater bars or spikes on its periphery and their
supports, for threshing the crop, which, in conjunction with a stationary
element adjacent to it, is fitted primarily to enhance threshing, where the
Header - feed table portion of the combine comprising the mechanism
crop being threshed is contained between rotating and stationary
for gathering, cutting, and picking the crop
elements for less than 360°
Header loss - Grains that have fallen to the ground due to the
Theoretical field capacity - Computed rate of being able to reap palay
machine’s cutting operation
in a given area per unit of time.
Impurities - All matters other than grains such as paddy stalks and
leaves, and weeds
Reel - Revolving slats or arms with battens arranged parallel to the
cutter bar to hold the crop being cut by the knife and to push and guide it VOLUME 5
to a conveyor platform or feeder conveyor auger
SECTION A
Rice combine - Mobile grain-harvesting machine for cutting, picking,
stripping or picking up crop, threshing, separating, cleaning and
conveying grain into a grain hopper and depositing harvest residue onto PAES 141: 2004
the ground
Agricultural Machinery – Weeder – Specifications
 Weeds - Unwanted plants growing in a field competing with the main
crop for nutrients, moisture and sunlight
Weeding efficiency - Weeding index, Percentage of weeds
removed/destroyed per unit area
Weeder - Implement used to remove/destroy the weeds from an PAES 143: 2005
agricultural land
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Drum Seeder – Specifications
Weeds - Unwanted plants growing in a field competing with the main
Adjusting ring - Metal or rubber ring positioned to regulate the seeding
crop for nutrients, moisture and sunlight
rate
Drum hopper - Part of the seeder where the seeds are loaded and
metered
Drum seeder - Planting equipment used for pre-germinated rice seeds
for wet fields
Paes 142: 2004
Ground wheel - Part of the seeder which provides traction and activates
Agricultural Machinery – Weeder – Methods Of Test
rotation of the hopper for seed discharge
Seeding rate - Amount of seeds discharged from the seeder per unit
Damaged plants - Plants injured (i.e. Teared leaves, broken stems, time or area
and/or uprooted plant) that may affect crop growth
Skid - Part of the seeder which serves as a float to prevent the seeder
Percent damaged plants - Percentage of plants injured during the from sinking
weeding operation
Weeding efficiency- Weeding index, Percentage of weeds
PAES 144: 2005
removed/destroyed per unit area
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Drum Seeder – Methods of Test
Weeder - Implement used to remove/destroy the weeds from an
agricultural land Effective field capacity - Actual rate of planting a given area per unit of
time or area
Note: the time pertains to the actual time which includes the time spent Granular fertilizer applicator - Device for applying granular fertilizer
for turning at headland, adjustment of machine and machine trouble.
Ground wheel - Part of the fertilizer applicator which drives the metering
Damaged seed - Seed distinctly injured during operation device
Field efficiency - Ratio of effective field capacity to the theoretical field Metering device - Mechanism used to regulate the amount of fertilizer
capacity to be discharged
Hopper capacity - Maximum amount of seeds which can be loaded to
the hopper
Percent damaged seeds - Percentage of seeds injured during
operation
Seeding rate - Amount of seeds planted per unit time or area
Theoretical field capacity - Computed rate of planting a given area per
unit of time or area
PAES 145: 2005 PAES 146: 2005
Agricultural Machinery – Granular Fertilizer Applicator – Agricultural Machinery – Granular Fertilizer Applicator – Methods
Specifications of Test

Application rate - Amount of fertilizer applied in the field per unit area
Delivery tube - Part of the applicator which directs the distribution of
fertilizer in the field
Furrow closer - Device which covers the distributed fertilizer in the
furrow
Furrow opener - Device which makes the trench for the placement of
fertilizer
Application rate - Amount of fertilizer applied in the field per unit area
Effective field capacity - Actual area covered per unit time
Note: the time pertains to the actual time which includes the time spent
for turning at headland, adjustment of machine and machine trouble.
Field efficiency - Ratio of effective field capacity to the theoretical field
capacity
Fuel consumption - Volume of fuel consumed by the engine
Theoretical field capacity - Computed area covered per unit of time
SECTION B
PAES 224: 2005
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Combine – Specifications
Blower cleaning - fan rotary device which produces a draught of air
across the chaffer and cleaning sieve(s) to blow away the materials or
impurities lighter than grains
Concave concave - shaped, stationary element adjacent to the
threshing cylinder or threshing rotor, fitted primarily to enhance threshing
Crop elevator - auxiliary conveyor to assist in feeding the crop to the
threshing cylinder
Field efficiency - ratio of the actual field capacity and theoretical field
capacity, expressed in percent
Grain elevator - device which carries the grains from grain auger to
grain tank or bin
Grain loss - classified according to source, including all field losses
attributable to the machine
Grain pan - for collecting the clean grains after being passed through
cleaning sieve(s) for conveying to grain auger
Grain tank - bin tank used to hold the threshed grain header feed table
portion of the combine comprising the mechanism for gathering, cutting,
and picking the crop
Header loss - grains that have fallen to the ground due to the machine’s
cutting operation
Impurities - all matters other than grains such as paddy stalks and
leaves, and weeds
Reel revolving - slats or arms with battens arranged parallel to the
cutter bar to hold the crop being cut by the knife and to push and guide it
to a conveyor platform or feeder conveyor auger
Rice combine - mobile grain-harvesting machine (see Figure 1) for
cutting, picking, stripping or picking up crop, threshing, separating,
cleaning and conveying grain into a grain hopper and depositing harvest
residue onto the ground
Shaker shoe - oscillating structure which supports the cleaning sieve(s)
and which may also support the chaffer and the chaffer extension
Straw walker - assembly of two or more racks which agitates the straw
and separates the remaining grains from straw
Stripper beater - rear beater element placed on the rear side of the
cylinder and above to rear ward of concave or concave grates extension
or transition grate to assist the deflection of straw on straw walker
threshing cylinder - threshing drum balanced rotating assembly,
comprising rasp bars, beater bars or spikes on its periphery and their
supports, for threshing the crop, which, in conjunction with a stationary
element adjacent to it, is fitted primarily to enhance threshing, where the
crop being threshed is contained between rotating and stationary
elements for less than 360°
Theoretical field - capacity computed rate of being able to reap palay in
a given area per unit of time
PAES 226: 2005
Agricultural Machinery – Micromill – Specifications
Bran - outer layer of the brown rice consisting of the aleurone cells
covering the endosperm of the rice grain
Brewer’s rice - “binlid” small pieces or particles of grains that pass
through a sieve with round perforations of 1.4 mm in diameter
Broken grains - grains that break in the process of milling which have a
size of less than eight-tenth (8/10) of the average length of whole grain
Head rice - grain or fraction of grain with its length equal to or greater
than eight-tenth (8/10) of the average length of the whole grain
Household model - type of micromill with milling capacity of 50 kg/h to
less than 100 kg/h
Input capacity - weight of palay per unit loading time into the hopper,
kg/h
Micromill - friction type rice mill performing simultaneous hulling and
whitening operations and having a milling capacity of 50-250 kg/h
Milled - rice grains obtained after the removal of hull and bran
Milling capacity - quantity of palay that the micromill can process per
total milling time, kg/h
Milling degree - extent or degree by which the bran layer and germ
have been removed
Milling recovery - ratio of the weight of milled rice to the total weight of
palay, percent
Paddy – palay, rough rice, unhulled grain of Oryza sativa L., that is,
grain with the hull/husk enclosing the grain
Percent head rice - ratio of the weight of grains that do not break in the
process of milling and with a size of eight-tenth (8/10) or more of the
whole grain to the total weight of milled rice, percent
Rice hull - outermost rough covering of the palay grain (palea and
lemma) consisting of the empty glumes, floral glumes and awn
Village model - type of micromill with input capacity of 100-250 kg/h
well-milled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran
layers, and the greater part of the inner bran layer have been removed,
but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layers may still be present
on less than 15% of the sample grains
PAES 227:2005
Agricultural Machinery – Micromill – Methods of Test
Bran streaks - longitudinal bran layers remaining in the dorsal grooves
after milling
Brewer’s rice - “binlid” small pieces or particles of grains that pass
through a sieve with round perforations of 1.4 mm in diameter
Head rice - grain or fraction of grain with its length equal to or greater
than eight-tenth (8/10) of the average length of the whole grain
Milling degree - extent or degree by which the bran layer and germ
have been removed
Output capacity - weight of milled rice per unit of milling time, kg/h
Overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting surface and
horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the micromill
Overall length - distance between the vertical planes at right angles to
the median plane of the micromill and touching its front and rear
extremities
Overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the
median plane of the micromill, each plane touching the outermost point
of the micromill on its respective side
Overmilled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, and the bran
layers have been completely removed
Regular milled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer
bran layers and the greater part of the inner bran layers have been
removed but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layers may still be
present on 15% to 40% of the sample grains
Running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make
various adjustments prior to the conduct of the test until the operation is
stable
Undermilled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer
bran layer, and the greater part of the inner bran layer have been
removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layer may still be
present on more than 40 % of the sample grains
Well-milled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer
bran layers, and the greater part of the inner bran layer have been
removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layers may still
be present on less than 15% of the sample grains
PAES 228:2005
Agricultural Machinery –Fiber Decorticator– Specifications
Fiber - slender and greatly elongated natural filament of fiber plant
Fiber decorticator - decorticator mechanical device used for extracting
fibers by crushing, beating and scraping actions effected by the rotating
cylinder with equally spaced blades and breaker or scraper block
Fiber quality - refers to the physical, chemical and morphological
properties of fibers extracted
Fiber recovery - ratio of the dry weight of fiber extracted and total fresh
weight of stalks / leaves, expressed in percent
Input capacity - weight of the raw materials (fresh stalks / leaves) fed to
the machine per unit time, kg/h
Scraper block - breaker block part of the decorticator where raw
materials are beaten up and crushed
PAES 229:2005
Agricultural Machinery – Fiber Decorticator – Methods of Test
Cleaning - the method or extent of extracting (by retting or decorticating)
the fiber from the leaves
Color - principal factor which determine the grade of a fiber
Cylinder length - distance between the outermost points along the
cylinder base axis
Cylinder peripheral speed - equivalent linear speed of the cylinder tip
when running at normal operating speed
Elongation - elasticity or stretch of a fiber before rupture
Effective allowance - distance between the scraper block/breaker block
and blades in order to separate fiber elements from the non-fiber
elements of the plant
Effective cylinder diameter - outside diameter generated by the
outermost point of the cylinder decorticating elements
Extraction efficiency - ratio of the amount between the total weight of
the fiber extracted to the total amount of fiber content on a dry basis
Extraction loss - difference between the total amount of fiber content
and amount of fiber extracted on a dry
Fiber quality - refers to the physical, chemical and morphological
properties of fibers extracted
Fiber recovery - ratio of the dry weight of fiber extracted and total fresh
weight of stalks/leaves, expressed in percent
Grade indicator - of the quality or the characteristics of the physical
property of a fiber
Labor requirement - number of persons needed in the operation of the
fiber decorticator
Morphological properties - properties of the fiber which deal with its
anatomical characteristics such as length, diameter, lumen and wall
thickness
Overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting surface and
the horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the machine
Overall length - distance between the vertical planes at the right angles
to the median plane of machine and touching its front and rear
extremities
Overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the
median plane of the machine, each plane touching the outermost point
of the machine on its respective side
Physical properties - inherent strength and behavior of fibers under
applied force which determines the mechanical serviceability or
usefulness in commerce such as tensile strength, cleaning and color
Primemover - electric motor or internal combustion engine used to run
the decorticating machine
Running -in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make
various adjustments prior to the conduct of test until the operation is
stable
Total decorticating input - sum of the weights of collected decorticated
fiber and all losses
PAES 230: 2005
Agricultural Machinery – Coconut Oil Expeller – Specifications
Choke - permit a final adjustment of pressure and capacity in order to
correct variations in the raw material and to secure the lowest possible
oil content of the copra meal residue
Copra - dried coconut meat from which oil is extracted
Copra meal - residue collected after extracting oil from milled copra
Crude oil - freshly extracted coconut oil containing moisture, fiber,
resins, colors, etc. from copra
Expeller barrel - barrel or cage consists of a heavy cradle-type frame
into which flat steel bars are set edgewise around the periphery,
therefore parallel to the worm shaft functioning as a screen
Extraction chamber - part of the oil expeller where the extraction
process occurs
Input capacity - weight of input test material per unit loading time into
the hopper/intake pit, expressed in kilogram per hour
Oil expeller - motor-driven extrusion type machine capable of extracting
crude oil from copra for use in cooking, soapmaking, or as ingredient in
other foods such as baked or fried goods
Primemover - electric motor, or internal combustion engine used to run
the oil expeller
Worm shaft - a kind of a screw which has the double task of conveying
the raw material through the pressure chamber formed by the barrel,
and at the same time of exerting a pressure on it
PAES 231: 2005
Agricultural Machinery – Coconut Oil Expeller – Methods of Test
Desiccators - container where oven-dried samples are cooled without
affecting its moisture content
Crude oil production rate - quantity of crude oil that the expeller can
extract per unit of time, expressed in kilogram per hour
Overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting surface and
the horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the oil expeller
Overall length - distance between the vertical planes at the right angles
to the median plane of the oil expeller and touching its front and rear
extremities
Overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the
median plane of the oil expeller, each plane touching the outermost point
of the oil expeller on its respective side
Purity - amount of input test material free of foreign matter expressed as
percentage of the total weight of the sample
Running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make
various adjustments prior to the conduct of test until the operation is
stable
Wet copra meal - copra residue that pass through the expeller barrel
together with the crude oil but is filtered by the perforated screen placed
at the entrance of the crude oil chute.
VOLUME 6
PAES 421:2009
Farm to Market Roads (Earth, Gravel, Bituminous, Concrete)
Aggregates - granular material of mineral composition such as sand,
gravel, shell, crushed and uncrushed stone or light weight materials
Backfill - the suitable material used to replace other materials removed
during construction
Base course – the layer of aggregate, soil-treated aggregate, treated
soil, or soil aggregate that rests upon the subbase or if no subbase,
upon the s rub-grade. Treatment may include application of chemical-
based soil additives such as soil-stabilizers and/or any approved method
Borrow- the suitable material used for embankments
Bridge- structure, including supports, erected over a depression or an
obstruction, such as water, a highway, or a railway; having a roadway or
track for carrying traffic or other moving loads; and having an opening
measured along the center of the roadway between faces of abutments,
spring lines of arches, or extreme ends of the opening for multiple box
culverts or multiple pipes that are 60 inches or more in diameter and that
have a clear distance between openings of not less than half of the
smallest pipe diameter
Clearing - removal and disposal of trees, vegetation or other unwanted
materials from the ground surface
Compaction - application of pressure to aggregates to result in a dense
mass free of excessive voids. Compaction minimizes settlement,
decreases permeability and increases strength
Course - structural component of specified thickness. It may consist of
one layer or more
Culvert - drainage structure that may or may not, directly support and
that extends across and beneath a highway street, driveway, alley,
arterial, or other public way
Crushed gravel - product resulting from the mechanical crushing of
gravel, with substantially all fragments having at least one face resulting
from fracture
Drainage - removal of water from the road area by the use of culverts,
ditches, channels and other several structures
Earthwork - operations connected with excavating and placing
embankments with soil, earth or rock
Erosion control - protection of soil from disclosing by water, wind, or
other agent
Excavation - act of cutting, digging, or scooping to remove material
Field density test - determination of the degree of compactness of the
soil
Fill - the embankment material placed above natural ground line
Farm to market roads - access roads that connect major road arteries
to the agricultural production areas where farm produce are being
mobilized and transported to the market by the farmers and fishermen
Grade - slope of a roadway, channel, or natural ground
Gradation - property of a soil which describes the distribution of size
groups
Gradient - rate of increase or decrease in the level of the land, the slope
expressed in percentage
Grading - preparation of the sub-grade, in line and elevation, for
application of pavement materials including base and surfacing materials
Grubbing - removal and disposal of trees, and other unwanted materials
below the ground surface
Lane roadway - roadway, which is divided into two (2) or more clearly
marked lanes for vehicular traffic
Masonry - form of stone, brick, concrete block, concrete, or other similar
building materials that have been bonded together with mortar to form a
structure
One - lane earth road - earth roadway, which one way is a clearly
marked lane for vehicular traffic
One - lane gravel road - gravel roadway, which one way is clearly
marked lane for vehicular traffic
One - lane asphalt pavement road - asphalt pavement roadway, which
one way is clearly marked lane for vehicular traffic
One - lane concrete road - concrete roadway, which one way is clearly
marked lane for vehicular traffic
Riprap - quarried stone especially selected, graded and placed to
prevent erosion and thereby preserve the shape of a surface, slope, or
underlying structure
Road bed - graded portion of a highway between top and side slopes,
prepared as a foundation for the pavement structure and shoulder
Roadway - space/location/site intended to employ traffic consideration
for the transport of agricultural products
Road carriageway - travel way or crown portion of the roadway
intended for the movement of vehicles, exclusive of shoulders
Road carriageway width - lateral design width for one lane or two lanes Subgrade (bituminous, concrete road) - top surface of the roadbed
strip of roadway upon which the pavement is placed
Roadway embankment - raised structure of soil, soil aggregate, sand Traffic - vehicular and non-vehicular movement along a route such as
or rock pedestrians, vehicles, animals, etc.
Road shoulder - part of the roadway next to the traveled way or Two-lane earth road - earth roadway, which two(2) ways are marked
auxiliary lanes that provide lateral support of base and surface courses lanes for vehicular traffic
and is an emergency stopping area for vehicles
Two-lane gravel road - gravel roadway, which two (2) ways are marked
Salvage materials - saving of different existing materials from the lanes for vehicular traffic
projects which are removed and intended to be used in other
Two-lane asphalt pavement road - asphalt pavement roadway, which
construction
two ways are marked lanes for vehicular traffic
Specifications - written technical description of materials, equipment,
Two-lane concrete pavement road - concrete pavement roadway, on
construction systems, Standards, and workmanship that, in conjunction
which two lanes are marked for vehicular traffic
with the drawings, detail the requirements for acceptable completion of
the work Turn-out section - a widened, unobstructed shoulder area, about 30
meters long, that may be used for emergency purposes or allow slow-
Structures - refer to the bridges, culverts, wall, buildings, foundations,
moving vehicles to pull out of the carriageway to give passing
water tanks, transmission towers, cribbing, caissons or coffer dams,
opportunity to following or incoming vehicles.
other similar features which may be encountered in the work and are
classified as structures
Subbase course - refers to the layer of the specified or selected
materials of designated thickness in a pavement structure immediately
above the sub-grade and below the base course
VOLUME 7
Subgrade (earth road) - roadbed upon which the pavement structures
is placed SECTION B
Subgrade (gravel road) - upper portion of material which act as
foundation subbase course
PAES 232:2008
Agricultural Machinery – Multicrop Washer-Peeler – Specifications Small-scale - Multicrop washer-peeler that has an effective capacity of
up to 15 kg/h.
Medium-scale - Multicrop washer-peeler that has an effective capacity
Clean - practically free from dirt, stains, other foreign materials or
of more than 15 kg/h up to 40 kg/h
absence of caked dirt on the rhizome or between segments of the
rhizome and other crops. Commercial-scale - Multicrop washer-peeler that has an effective
capacity of more than 40 kg/h
Multicrop washer-peeler - machine that peels outer skin, or cleans and
removes undesirable debris of ginger rhizomes, sweet potato, potato,
arrow root, radish and carrot.
Prime mover - electric motor or internal combustion engine used to
PAES 233: 2008
drive the multicrop washer-peeler.
Agricultural Machinery – Multicrop Washer-Peeler–Methods of Test
Rhizome - horizontally elongated subterranean stem, which forms roots
on the lower side and shoots on the upper side of the nodes
Effective capacity washing-peeling capacity - the amount of washed Freshly harvested - crop condition stored not more than 2 days after
and peeled crops per unit time during the actual washing-peeling harvest
operation time, expressed in kilogram per hour
Holding capacity - weight of input test material per batch, expressed in
Washing drum - assembly a cylinder encased in a water container and kilogram per batch
rotating in a horizontal axis where crops are being loaded for the
Labor requirement - number of persons needed to operate the
washing and peeling operation
multicrop washer-peeler
Water container - a cylindrical container that holds the water and
Machine efficiency -quantitative efficiency of the machine in cleaning
washing drum assembly
and peeling crops, expressed in percent
Classification
Mechanically damaged materials - materials that are damaged (i.e.
The multicrop washer-peeler shall be classified based on the effective bruises/scratched, broken, sliced, etc.) as a result of washing and
capacity as follows: peeling operation, expressed in percent
Operating time- length of time measured from the time the prime mover Extraction efficiency - ratio between the total moisture extracted by the
was started until it was turned off machine to the total initial moisture content of the crop
Overall height -distance between the horizontal supporting surface and Extracting recovery – Total amount of extracted juice collective based
the horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the multicrop on the extraction losses, expressed in percentage
washer-peeler
Meal - residues of the test materials after juice extraction
Overall length- distance between the vertical planes at a right angles to
Moisture content- weight of water in a crop usually expressed in
the median plane of the multicrop washer-peeler and touching its front
percentage by weight on the wet basis.
and rear extremities.
Juice- aqueous liquid expressed or extracted from crops cells or tissues
Overall width- distance between the vertical planes parallel to the
median plane of the multicrop washerpeeler, each plane touching the Multicrop juice extractor – machine capable of extracting the juice of
outermost point of the multicrop washer-peeler on its respective sides different crops.
Running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make final
adjustments prior to the conduct of test

PAES 235: 2008

PAES 234: 2008
Agricultural Machinery–Multicrop Juice Extractor–Methods of Test
Agricultural Machinery – Multicrop Juice Extractor – Specifications

Extraction loss - difference between the total amount of potential juice

Extracting chamber – part of the multicrop juice extractor where juice content and total amount of juice recovered
extraction take place
Extraction rate - quantity of juice that the extractor can obtain per unit
of time, expressed in kilogram per hour
Juice quality - refers to the physical and chemical properties of juice
extracted
Juice recovery - ratio of the extracted juice and the total weight of the
input crop, expressed in percent
Potential juice content - initial moisture content of the crop
Morphological properties - properties of the test material which deal
with its anatomical characteristics such as length, width and thickness.
Running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make final
adjustments prior to the conduct of test
PAES 236:2008
Agricultural Machinery – Crystallizer – Specifications
Burner - main source of heat used in cooking ginger juice
Crystallizer - machine that cooks ginger juice to produce ginger tea
(instant “salabat”)
Cooking basin - part of the crystallizer where ginger juice are being
loaded for cooking operation
Cooking recovery - ratio between the total weight of recovered ginger
tea (instant “salabat”) and the weight of sugar added to the input ginger
juice
Ginger tea (instant “salabat”) - crystallized form of ginger from its
juice
Holding capacity - weight of input juice per batch, expressed in
kilogram per batch
Liquefied petroleum gas (lpg) - type of fuel used in cooking ginger
juice
Paddle - component of the crystallizer that is used in stirring to attain
the desired consistency of the mixture to produce ginger tea (instant
“salabat”)
PAES 237: 2008
Agricultural Machinery – Crystallizer– Methods of Test
Biomass fuel - type of fuel from living organisms such as plants,
animals and their by-products
Cooking losses - total percent of ginger tea (instant “salabat”) loss
based on the recovered product
Cooking rate - quantity of juice that the crystallizer can cook per unit of
time, expressed in kilogram per hour
Fineness modulus - principal factor which indicates the uniformity of
ginger tea (instant “salabat”)
Operating time - length of time measured from the time the burner is
turned on until it is turned off
Prime mover - electric motor or internal combustion engine used to
drive the crystallizer
PAES 238:2008
Agricultural Machinery – Multicrop Micromill –Specifications
Collecting bin - part of the machine where the ground/milled products
are being discharged
Cyclone - part of the machine (usually made of cheesecloth) where the
small or powdered solids are being separated and protected from the air
Flour - finely ground or powdered foodstuffs from grains or other starchy
plant foods used mainly in baking
Food seasoning - an ingredient (as condiment, spice or herb) added to
food primarily to enhance its flavour.
Input capacity - weight of material per unit loading time into the hopper,
expressed in kilogram per hour
Milling chamber - part of the multicrop micromill where milling/grinding
takes place
Milling efficiency - ratio between the amount of acceptable
ground/milled product and the total milling recovery, expressed in
percentage
Multicrop micromill - machine that grinds dried product meal of various
crops into finer particles suitable for the purpose of food seasoning or as
flour
Prime mover electric motor or internal combustion engine used to drive
the multicrop micromill
PAES 239: 2008
Agricultural Machinery – Multicrop Micromill – Methods of Test

Fineness - indicates the uniformity of grind in the resultant product
Input capacity - weight of input test material per unit time, expressed in
kilogram per hour
Input time - time required to empty the hopper from full load per trial
Labor requirement - number of man-day needed in the operation of the
multicrop micromill
Milling capacity - total amount of materials milled over the total time the
multicrop micromill is in operation, expressed in kilogram per hour
Milling recovery - ratio between the total amount of ground/milled
product recovered and the total input materials, expressed in percentage
Operating time - actual milling operation of the machine
Quality - refers to the fineness of the ground/milled product
Running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make final
adjustments prior to the conduct of test
Sealed - free of openings that allow the entry or passage of moisture
SECTION E
PAES 501: 2007
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Hog Restrainer – Specifications
Counterweight- piece of mass that has a weight almost equal to that
the of the entrance gate attached at one end of the cable that acts as
operating lever of the vertical entrance gate.
Counterweight guide- keeps the counterweight in its line of motion
Discharge wall- part of the restrainer which can be tilted on one side,
known as dumping side, to release hog after stunning
Drop floor- flooring of the hog restrainer designed to suspend the hog
during disengagement
Drop floor lever- lever used to reset drop floor
Dump lever- opens the dumping side wall of the restrainer to release
the hog from the restrainer
Entrance gate- opening that allows livestock access into the restrainer
False floor- solid floor at the bottom of the automatic restrainer for the
animals to walk down to the entrance ramp
Floor lock- keeps the drop floor in its locked position
Hydraulic cylinder- mechanical device used to give a linear force
through a linear stroke using the energy of the hydraulic fluid under
pressure
Pneumatic cylinder- mechanical device which produces force, often in
combination with movement, and are powered by compressed gas
(typically air)
Restrainer- slaughterhouse equipment used to secure and restrict the
body movements of the animal in upright position prior to stunning
Stroke- length of displacement of the cylinder rod which is equivalent to
the length of the rod in the cylinder in its extended position less the
length once retracted
Stunner- device that is used to make an animal unconscious prior to
sticking and bleeding
Stunning- process of rendering an animal unconscious prior to sticking
and bleeding
Manually operated- Type of hog restrainer that has a dump
lever.
Semi-automatic- Type of hog restrainer that uses compressed fluid to
actuate movements of the discharge wall by cylinder actuation
Hydraulic type- Makes use of pressurized hydraulic fluid such as oil or
water as a source of power to actuate movements
Pneumatic- Makes use of compressed gas such as air as source of
power to actuate movements
Automatic- Type of hog restrainer that uses conveyor system for
moving, restraining, stunning and dumping the animal to the sticking and
bleeding area
PAES 502: 2007
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Hog Restrainer – Methods of Test
Bore- diameter of the piston inside the cylinder
Bruises- physical damages or wounds on the skin of the test hog
caused by the restraining equipment reed- species of hog used as test
material
Dumping angle- optimum angle that the discharge wall can tilt
measured from its initial position up to its dumping position
Dumping position- position of the discharge wall that allows discharge
of stunned hog from the restrainer
Dumping time- time it takes the semi-automatic restrainer to tilt the
discharge wall
Girth- measurement around the hog’s body just behind the forelegs that
is used to compute for the estimated weight of the hog in the absence of
the scale
Live weight- weight of hog prior to slaughter
Overall height- measurement from the top of the walls of restraining
equipment to its base
Overall length- measurement from the gate of the restrainer to the
opposite end of the equipment including all the protruding parts (e.g.
dumping lever, etc.)
Overall width- measurement between the side wall of the hog
restraining equipment and the discharge wall in its original position
PAES 503: 2007
 Slaughterhouse Equipment - Hog Electric Stunner –
Specifications
Blood splash- blood spots or clots formed on the muscle tissue
Conveyor restrainer- type of hog restrainer that uses conveyor system
for moving, restraining, stunning and dumping the animal to the sticking
and bleeding area
Hot wanding- charging of the electric prods prior to application of
stunner
Knurling- a series of small ridges or grooves on the surface or edge of
the prods to improve contact during application of the electric stunner
Prod- tip of the electric stunner to which the revolving spur is attached
Restrainer- slaughterhouse equipment used to secure and restrict the
body movements of the animal in upright position prior to stunning
Revolving spurs- spiked wheel attached to the head-only type electric
stunner used to improve contact with the head of the animal to be
stunned
Stunner- device that is used to make an animal unconscious prior to
sticking and bleeding
Stunner- device that is used to make an animal unconscious prior to
sticking and bleeding
PAES 504: 2007
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Hog Electric Stunner – Methods of
Test
Blood splash- blood spots or clots formed on the muscle tissue
Stunning effectivity- ratio of the total number of hogs stunned
successfully to the total number of hogs expressed in percent (%)
Stunning performance- ratio of the total number of hogs that did not
die immediately after stunning to the total number of hogs stunned
expressed in percent (%)
Vocalization- animal sound such as squealing in pigs
PAES 505: 2007
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Hog Scalder – Specifications
Boiler- a vessel to which water, fuel and air are supplied and in which
steam is generated
Dehairing machine dehairer- mechanical assembly equipped with
rotating flexible paddles used in removing hair from animal carcass after
scalding
Release cradle- part of the scalder that is used to remove hogs from the
scalder
Scalder scalding tank- slaughterhouse equipment that can contain
water which is heated to loosen the animal’s hair from the follicles
Scalding- process of subjecting an animal to heated water to loosen
animal’s hair from its follicles
Schedule- refers to the standard wall thickness of the commercially
available pipe which is relative to the applied pressure and material
strength
Solenoid valve- an electromechanical valve used to automatically shut
off or open steam line in hog scalder
Thermostat- device used to automatically control and to keep
temperature within the required settings
PAES 506: 2007
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Hog Scalder – Methods of Test
Perforation interval- distance measured from the center of one pipe
perforation to the center of the adjacent perforation
Rib interval- distance between the ribs of the release cradle
Release angle- optimum angle that the release cradle can swing
PAES 507: 2007
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Dehairing Machine – Specifications
Carcass - body of any slaughtered animal after bleeding and dressing.
Dehairing - removal of hair from the skin of an animal after scalding as
part of the process of preparing its meat for food.
Dehairing capability - maximum weight of hog a machine is capable of
dehairing per loading, expressed in kilograms
Dehairing efficiency - ratio of amount of hair removed and the total
amount of hair, expressed in percent
Dehairing machine – dehairer, mechanical assembly equipped with
rotating flexible paddles used in removing hair from animal carcass after
scalding
Dehairing shaft - high-grade solid steel shaft where scraper paddles
are rigidly fastened
Dehairing wheel - star wheels, circular bar with radial arms where
scraper paddles are attached
Gambrelling table - table used to receive and prepare dehaired carcass
before suspending
“j” - bar - ribbed mechanism that resembles a “j”- shaped structure that
serves as support of the carcass during dehairing and also used in
unloading dehaired hog
Scalding - subjecting animal into steam or hot water to prepare skin for
dehairing
Scraper blade - slightly bent steel material attach to the scraper paddle
that is used to directly remove the hair
Scraper paddle - resilient flexible rectangular block-shaped rubber
which serves as a base material for the scraper blade
Scraper paddle assembly - composed of three (3) or more paddles
with blades attached altogether
PAES 508: 2007
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Dehairing Machine – Methods of Test
Dehairing rate - number of hogs dehaired per unit time, expressed in
heads per hour
Dehairing time - actual time of dehairing a single hog, expressed in
seconds
Discharge height - measurement of the highest position of the j-bar
during loading from the base of the machine
Effective dehairing height - measurement of the bottom of the j-bar’s
holding chamber from the base of the dehairing machine
Effective dehairing width - actual width of the dehairing mechanism
measured from both end sides of dehairing paddle parallel to the
dehairing shaft
Evisceration - removal of the internal organs or entrails of an animal
Gambreling table - table used before suspending the carcass for
particular operation
Hair density - number of hair present per unit area, expressed in hair
per square centimeter
Live weight - weight of the hog prior to slaughter
Overall height - measurement from the topmost point to the base of the
machine
Overall length - measurement from both sides of the dehairing machine
parallel to the discharge side including the protruding parts such as the j-
bar lever, motor, etc.
Overall width - measurement of the receiving side of the j-bar to the
discharge side in its normal position
Receiving height - measurement of the maximum height of the j-bar, in
receiving position, from the base of the machine
Paes 509: 2007
Slaughterhouse equipment - splitting saw for hog carcass –
specifications
Backbone - Vertebral column of an animal
Blade guard - Safety cover for cutting mechanism
Blade holders - Holding mechanism for hand saw that tightens and
keeps the blade in a vertical position
Blade teeth - Small sharp points along the cutting side of the saw
Cutting blade - Blade of a saw with a small, sharp metal teeth along the
cutting edge
Drive shaft - Mechanism that delivers rotating motion from the motor to
the cutting blade
Gripping handle - Part of the machine that provides friction against the
hand, reducing the gripping force needed to achieve a reliable grip
Gullets - Spaces between each segment of the blade to provide cooling
and slurry removal
Hanger mounting bracket - Part of the saw used for suspending the
entire machine, such that the hanger mounting bracket is located at the
center of gravity of the machine
Main frame - Body of the splitting saw
Percent splitting efficiency - Percent of actual work used during
splitting operation
Rotary saw
Circular saw - Machine with rotating circular blade used for cutting
material
Splitting rate - Number of hog carcass split per hour, expressed in
head/h
Splitting saw - Tool with a metal blade designed to cut the backbone of
hog carcass
Tooth pitch - Spacing between the blade teeth, expressed in teeth per
inch (tpi)
Paes 510: 2007
Slaughterhouse equipment - splitting saw for hog carcass –
methods of test
Blade speed - Linear displacement of the blade’s teeth per unit time,
expressed in millimeter per second
Bone dust - Particles of bone accumulated during cutting
Cutting depth - Depth of cut by the splitting saw through the backbone,
expressed in millimeter
Cutting speed - Speed of cutting through the backbone, expressed in
seconds
Dimension - The physical measurement of an object as described by its
length, width, height and thickness
Overall length - Measurement of the splitting saw in its maximum
extended position from both ends parallel to the blade and its handle
Overall width - Measurement of the splitting saw from one side to the
other side and perpendicular to its blade including the motor case as in
the case of an electric motor type
Percent splitting efficiency - Amount of energy delivered by the
splitting saw relative to the total energy input, expressed in percent
Splitting rate - Number of hogs split per unit time, expressed in heads
per hour
Splitting time - Actual time of splitting a single hog, expressed in
seconds
Paes 511:2007
Slaughterhouse equipment – overhead rail system for hogs –
specifications
Carcass - Body of any slaughtered animal after bleeding and dressing
Corbel - Horizontal protruding rectangular block from the column of the
building that gives support to the main rail frame
Gambrel - Horizontal supporting bar where carcass is attached through
incision in the hind feet
Hog side - Separate half of the split hog
Hog trolley frame - Yolk-like flat steel bar where trolley wheel is
mounted
Hoist - Device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or
lift-wheel around which rope or chain wraps
Moving load capacity - Maximum load capacity of a rail track in a 1000
mm distance, expressed in kg
Overhead rail - Suspended solid steel track used to hang and/or convey
carcasses
Overhead rail frame - Solid horizontal metal beam where rail track is
securely fastened
Rail hanger/bracket - Steel material that supports and holds the rail
track suspended from the overhead rail frame
Rail height - Height of rail measured from top of the rail to the floor
Rail scale - Electronic weighing device integrated to an overhead rail
system
Rail spacing - Center to center distance or spacing between railings
measured horizontally
Rail switch - Mechanical retracting rail that allows change in direction of
trolley
Rail track
Rail - Conveyor track where trolleys are hanged and allowed to roll
Retained rail - Rail branch where suspected carcass is diverted for
further inspection
Shackle chain
Shackle - Solid metal chain used to tie or hold the hog through the feet
for lifting
Suspected carcass - Condition wherein the final judgment of the
carcass cannot be ascertained and would therefore require further
inspection and/or examination
Paes 512:2007
Slaughterhouse equipment – overhead rail system for hogs –
methods of test
Breed - Species of hog used as test material
Hanger/bracket spacing - Horizontal distance between rail hangers
Live weight - Weight of hog prior to slaughter
Moving load capacity - Maximum load capacity of a rail track in a 1000
mm distance, expressed in kg

Overall length - Measurement from both ends of the entire track/rail

Track size/diameter - Specified dimensions of track rail, expressed in
millimeters Radius of curvature
Radius - Distance of a circle or curve to its center
Trolley - Suspended metal carrier assembly with one (1) or two (2)
wheels and a hook used to carry or transport carcass Rail slope - Measurement of upward or downward inclination of the rail
track from a reference horizontal plane
Trolley pin - A shafting or a spindle that holds the trolley wheel in its
frame Rail track spacing - Center to center distance or spacing between
railings measured horizontally
Trolley swivel - Circular steel bar hook attached at the lower end of the
trolley that allows rotation of the suspended hogs

Trolley wheel - Circular pulley-like steel material that rolls freely on the
rail
 Paes 513: 2008
Slaughterhouse equipment – stunning box/ knocking pen –
specifications
Chin lift - Part of the head gate which positions the head of the animal
to facilitate stunning
Discharge gate - Part of the stunning box which opens to release the
animal after stunning
Entrance gate - Part of the stunning box where the animal enters
Head gate - Part of the stunning box which secures the head in
restraining the animal
Large ruminants - Hoofed animals having rumen as part of their
stomachs such as cattle, carabao and buffalo
Stunning - Process of rendering an animal unconscious prior to sticking
and bleeding
Stunning box
Knocking pen - Slaughterhouse equipment used to restrain the animal
to facilitate stunning
Tail pusher - Part of the stunning box which pushes the animal forward
towards the head gate
Paes 514:2008
Slaughterhouse equipment – stunning box/ knocking pen –
methods of test
Live weight - Weight of animal prior to slaughter
Overall height - Measurement from the highest point of the stunning
box to its base
Overall length - Measurement from the entrance gate of the stunning
box to the opposite end of the equipment including all the protruding
parts (e.g. Chin lift)
Overall width - Measurement between the outer side of the walls of the
stunning box
Rotating angle - Angle measured from the restraint’s initial upright
position to inverted position
Rotating time - Total time spent to rotate the restraint from its upright
position to inverted position
Vocalization - Animal sound such as bellowing in cattle
 Paes 515:2008
Slaughterhouse equipment – captive bolt – specifications
Blank cartridge
Powerload - Type of cartridge used in captive bolt that contains
gunpowder but without bullet
Bolt - Metal rod that extrudes from the captive bolt
Bullet
Round - Solid projectile made of metal (usually lead) propelled by a
firearm or a gun
Captive bolt - Stunner that uses kinetic energy to project bolt into the
forehead of the animal to render it unconscious.
Cartridge - Metallic case containing the bullet, gunpowder and the
primer
Stunning - Process of rendering an animal unconscious
Stunning box
Knocking pen - Slaughterhouse equipment used to restrain the animal
to facilitate stunning
Paes 516: 2008
Slaughterhouse equipment – captive bolt – methods of test
Caliber - Measure of the bullet’s diameter relative to the bore of the
firearm
Extraction length - Total length of the bolt measured from the muzzle of
the captive bolt to the tip or head of the bolt
Insensibility - State of an animal’s response specifically to pain
Overall length - Total length of the captive bolt measured from the bolt
head or tip to the opposite end of the equipment including all protruding
parts
Overall weight - Total weight of the captive bolt assembly excluding the
blank cartridge or powerload and hose
Stunning efficacy - Ratio of the number of animals stunned
successfully with single application to the total number of animals
stunned, expressed in percentage
Vocalization - Animal sound such as bellowing in cattle
 PAES 517: 2008
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Overhead Rail System for Large
Ruminants – Specifications
Bleeding - Process of removing the blood from the animal before further
handling.
Carcass - Body of any slaughtered animal after bleeding and dressing.
Carcass side - Separate half of the split carcass.
Corbel - Horizontal protruding rectangular block from the column of the
building that gives the support to the main rail frame.
Dehiding - Process of removing the skin of the animal.
Evisceration - Process of removing the internal organs from the
carcass.
Hoist - Device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or
lift–wheel.
Large ruminants - Whom animal having rumen as part of its stomach
such as cattle, carabao and buffalo.
Lowerator - Motorized or hydraulic device that allows gradual descent
of carcass along the rail.
Moving load capacity - Maximum load capacity of rail expressed in
kilogram per linear length.
Overhead rail - Suspended solid steel track used to hang and/or convey
carcasses in slaughtering operation.
Overhead rail frame - Solid horizontal beam preferably metal where rail
track is securely fastened through the rail hanger.
Rail hanger bracket - Supports and holds the rail tracks suspended
from the overhead rail frame
Rail height - Distance measured from top of the rail to the finish floor
line.
Rail spacing - Center to center distance space between parallel rail
tracks.
Rail switch - Switch mechanism that allows change in direction of
trolley.
Rail track rail - Conveyor track where trolleys are hanged and allowed
to roll.
Retained carcass rail - Rail branch where suspected carcass is
diverted for further inspection.
Shackle chain shackle - Solid metal chain used to hold and hoist the
animal through the hind leg.
Splitting - Cutting or dividing the carcass into half through its backbone.
Spreader - Horizontal supporting bar used for separating the hind legs
of hung animal to a distance suitable for evisceration and splitting
processes.
Stopper - Auxiliary part of the overhead rail system used to halt the
trolley to slide on the rail tracks during operations.
Suspected carcass - Condition wherein the final judgment of the
carcass cannot be ascertained and would therefore require further
inspection and/or examination.
Track scale - Electronic weighing device integrated to an overhead rail
system.
Track size track diameter - Specified dimensions of rail track,
expressed in millimetres.
Trolley - Suspended metal carrier assembly with one (1) or two (2)
wheels and a hook used to carry or transport carcass.
Trolley frame - Flat bar of non-corrosive materials that holds the trolley
wheel, swivel and hook together.
Trolley hook - Round stainless steel bar shaped into hook where the
carcass is hung.
Trolley pin - Shafting or a spindle that holds the trolley wheel in its
frame.
Trolley swivel - Round stainless steel bar hook attached at the lower
end of the trolley frame that allows rotation of the suspended carcass.
Trolley wheel - Steel pulley-like part of the trolley that rolls freely on the
rail.
Power Source - Movement of carcass on trolley along the rail shall
depend on the power drive.
Manually operated - Slight manually pushing/pulling animal/carcass on
the trolley to move on the overhead rail system.
Semi-mechanized - Mechanized operations are only applied on
selected portion of the slaughtering process (i.e. elevator and lowerator).
Mechanized - Fully-mechanized overhead railing system that operates
continuously at a constant speed of travel.
Number of Tracks - One or two tracks are present in the system.
Monorail Track - Overhead railing that consists of one-rail track.
Double-Rail Track - Two-rail track (normally, I-beam) are provided for
two wheel trolley.
Rail Shape - Shapes of rail track shall be based on.
Rectangular Rail - A rail using rectangular bar for its track.
Cylindrical Rail - A rail using tubular or round bar material for its track
PAES 518:2008
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Overhead Rail System for Large
Ruminants – Methods of Test
Bending flexural stress - Stress caused by bending moment at a given
point in the beam supporting the overhead rail system.
Fracture - Deformation caused by excessive stress applied to the
overhead rail system.
Hanger/bracket spacing - Horizontal distance between rail hangers.
Live weight - Weight of animal prior to slaughtering.
Moving load capacity - Maximum load capacity of overhead rail system
in one (1) meter distance, expressed in kilogram.
Overall length - Distance of the entire track.
Sagging - Failure due to elastic instability of the overhead rail system.
Speed reduction - Ratio of the speed of conveyor without load to the
speed of conveyor with load, expressed in percent.
Rail slope - Ratio of the change in rail height to the change in horizontal
distance, expressed in percent.
Rail spacing - Center to center distance between parallel rail tracks.
Tensile stress - Average normal stress at any point on the cross
sectional area of the overhead rail system.
PAES 519:2008
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Dehider – Specifications
Air motor assembly - Part of the handheld flayer that contains the air
motor which actuates the movement of the blades by allowing air flow
supplied by an air compressor.
Blade assembly - Part of the handheld flayer that is composed mainly
by two blades that move in countermotion.
Dehider - Slaughterhouse equipment used to remove the skin from the
body of the animal.
Hide - Skin separated from the animal’s body.
Hide clamp - Part of the roller drum in vertical puller to which the hide is
hooked prior to pulling.
Roller drum - Part of the vertical puller which rolls and pulls the hide to
separate it from the carcass.
PAES 520:2008
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Dehider – Methods of Test
Blade clearance - Distance between two blades in the blade assembly.
Dehiding time - Average time consumed to totally dehide the animal.
Live weight - Weight of animal prior to slaughter.
Overall height - Measurement from highest point of the hide puller to its
base.
Overall length - between the longer side of the dehider including all
protruding parts.
Overall width - Measurement between the shorter side of the dehider
including all protruding parts.
Role of manufacturer/dealer - The manufacturer shall submit the
operator’s manual of the dehider and shall abide with the terms and
conditions set forth by the official testing agency.
Role of the operator - An officially designated operator shall be skilled
and shall be able to demonstrate, operate, adjust and repair matters
related to the operation of the equipment.
Test site conditions - The dehider shall be tested as installed in the
slaughterhouse. The site should have ample provisions for material
handling, temporary storage and workspace conforming to PAES 411.
Test instruments - The suggested list of minimum test instruments
needed to carry out the dehider test is shown in Annex
Test material - Test materials to be used shall have a live weight of not
less than 500kg. There shall be at least three (3) animals for the test
trials.
Termination of test for dehider - If during the test, the dehider
encounters major component breakdown or malfunction, the test
engineer shall terminate the test.
Verification of the manufacturer’s technical data and information -
This inspection is carried out to verify the mechanism, dimensions,
materials and accessories of the dehider in comparison with the list of
manufacturer’s technical data and information. All data shall be recorded
in Annex B.
Performance test - This is carried out to obtain actual data on overall
performance and safety features of the equipment.
Measurement of initial data - Initial data, such as weight of the test
animal, shall be obtained and recorded in Annex C before the test
operation.
PAES 521:2008
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Splitting Saw for Large Ruminants –
Specifications
Backbone - Refers to the vertebral column of an animal.
Blade guard - Safety cover for the blade of the splitting saw.
Blade speed - Linear displacement of the blade teeth per unit time,
expressed in millimeter per second.
Blade teeth - Small sharp points along the cutting side of the saw.
Cutting blade - Blade of saw with small, sharp metal teeth along the
cutting edge.
Gripping handle - Part of the machine that provides friction against the
hand.
Hanger mounting bracket - Part of the saw located at the center of
gravity used for suspending the entire machine.
Linear speed - Linear displacement of the rotating blade at a given time,
expressed in meter per second.
Main frame - Body of the splitting saw.
Splitting - Cutting or dividing the carcass into equal halves.
Splitting saw - Machine with a metal blade designed to divide
carcasses
Pitch - Spacing between the blade teeth, expressed in teeth per inch
(TPI)
PAES 522:2008
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Splitting Saw for Large Ruminants –
Methods of Test
Blade speed - Linear displacement of the blade teeth per unit time,
expressed in millimeter per second.
Bone dust - Particles of bone accumulated during cutting.
Cutting depth - Depth of cut through the backbone, expressed in
millimetre.
Overall length - Measurement of the splitting saw in its maximum
extended position from both ends parallel to the blade and its handle.
Overall width - Measurement of the splitting saw from one side to the
other side and perpendicular to its blade including the motor case as in
the case of an electric motor type.
Splitting efficiency - Ratio of actual work to the energy consumption,
expressed in percent.
Splitting rate - Linear speed of cutting through the backbone,
expressed in millimeters per second.
Splitting time - Actual time of splitting a single carcass, expressed in
seconds.
 PAES 523:2008
Slaughterhouse Equipment - Platform – Specifications
Dehiding - Process of removing the skin of animal.
Evisceration - Process of removing the internal organs in the abdominal
and thoracic cavities.
Floor plate - Part of the platform that serves as the flooring for the
operator to stand on.
Floor plate height - Distance measured vertically from the floor plate to
the finish floor line.
Guard rail - Part of the platform designed to provide safety for the
operator.
Hand rail - Part of the guard rail designed to be grasped by the operator
when ascending, descending or moving horizontally.
Platform - Equipment used by the operator to reach the required height
to perform slaughtering process
Platform control switch - Auxiliary part of the mechanical platform that
regulates the speed and controls the vertical – horizontal movement of
the platform.
Side travel - Sideward or horizontal movement of the platform.
Splitting - Cutting or dividing the carcass into half through its backbone.
PAES 524:2008
Slaughterhouse Equipment - Platform – Methods of Test
Bearing stress - Force per unit area in contact like compressive and
tensile stress.
Bending flexural stress - Stress that is caused by the bending moment
at a given point in the beam supporting the platform.
Compressive stress - Force per unit area,that tends to compress or
shorten the material.
Dehiding time - Time required to remove the skin of one (1) carcass,
expressed in seconds.
Fracture - Defect caused by the bending moment at a given point in the
material under stress.
Leveling bubble - Instrument used for checking whether a plane
structure is flat and horizontally levelled.
Splitting time - Time required to split one (1) carcass expressed in
seconds.
Tensile stress - Force per unit area that tends to elongate or create
tension on the material submitted to it.
 VOLUME 8 Shovel - Spade-shaped, V-pointed soil working tool, which is used for
various plowstocks, cultivators, grain drills, and soil scarifiers.
SECTION A
Spike - Type of shovel used in hard soil conditions and for deeper
PAES 147:2010
penetration.
Agricultural Machinery – Field Cultivator – Specifications
Sweep - Type of shovel which is wing-shaped.
Transverse tool bar - Part of the main frame to which shank
Field cultivator - Implement for seedbed preparation, weed eradication, assemblies are attached.
or fallow cultivation subsequent to some form of primary tillage,
equipped with spring steel shanks.
Gauge wheel - Auxiliary component of the field cultivator that helps
maintain uniform depth of cultivation and eliminate the need to set the PAES 148:2010
tension with the three-point hitch every time you set a cultivator down.
Agricultural Machinery – Field Cultivator – Methods Of Test
Ground clearance - Minimum vertical distance between the soil surface
and a potentially obstructing machine element.
Draft - Total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the
Main frame - Part of the field cultivator that holds the transverse
implement.
toolbars and gauge wheels together.
Drawbar power - Power requirement of an implement being towed or
Primary tillage - Tillage which constitutes the initial major soil-working
pushed.
operation, normally designed to reduce soil strength, cover plant
materials, and rearrange aggregates. Effective field capacity - Function of field speed, operating width and
field efficiency expressed in hectares per hour.
Secondary tillage - Any group of different tillage operation, following
primary tillage, which are designed to create refined soil conditions Field efficiency - Ratio between the productivity of a machine under
before the seed is planted. field conditions and the theoretical maximum productivity.
Shank - Structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a Implement - Any agricultural tool mounted on the tractor.
beam.
Implement width - Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of
travel between the outermost edges of the implement.
Nose angle - Angle formed by the edges of the sweep.
Operating width - Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of
travel within which an implement performs its intended function; distance
between the outermost shanks of the field cultivator.
Stem angle - Angle formed by the shank or the shovel relative to the
ground surface or to its base, respectively.
Theoretical field capacity - Function of speed and operating width
expressed in hectares per hour.
Transport height - Overall height of the implement measured from the
topmost point to its lowest point.
Transport length - Overall length of the implement measured from the
terminal point of the implement to the mounting point.
Wheel slip - Reduction on the distance traveled by the tractor due to the
attached implement.
PAES 149:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Subsoiler– Specifications
Gauge wheel - Auxiliary component of the subsoiler that helps maintain
uniform operating depth and for adjusting depth of cut.
Main frame - Part of the subsoiler that holds the transverse toolbars
together.
Primary tillage - Tillage which constitutes the initial major soil-working
operation, normally designed to reduce soil strength, cover plant
materials, and rearrange aggregates.
Ripper point - Tool attached to the shank of the subsoiler to cut through
the soil.
Shank - Structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a
beam.
Soil abrasion - Scratching, cutting, or abrasing of materials caused by
the action of soil.
Subsoiler - Implement for intermittent tillage at depths sufficient to
shatter compacted subsurface layers, equipped with widely spaced
shanks either in-line or staggered on a V-shaped frame.
Subsoiling - Deep tillage with at least 350 mm depth for the purpose of
loosening soil for root growth and/or water movement.
Transverse tool bar - Part of the main frame to which shank
assemblies are attached.
Wear shin - Metal plate attached to the shank to reduce abrasion and
enhance durability of the shank.
 PAES 150:2010 Transport height - Overall height of the implement measured from the
topmost point to its lowest point.
Agricultural Machinery – Subsoiler – Methods Of Test
Transport length - Overall length of the implement measured from the
terminal point of the implement to the mounting point.
Draft - Total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the
Wing lift - Length of the side of the wing opposite the wing lift angle.
implement.
Wing lift angle - Angle measured between the two sides of the wing.
Drawbar power - Power requirement of an implement being towed or
pushed. Wing width - Distance between the tip of each wing.
Effective field capacity - Function of field speed, working width and
field efficiency expressed in hectares per hour.
Field efficiency - Ratio between the productivity of a machine under PAES 151:2010
field conditions and the theoretical maximum productivity.
Agricultural Machinery – Mechanical Rice Transplanter –
Implement - Any agricultural tool mounted on the tractor. Specifications

Implement width - Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of

travel between the outermost edges of the implement.
Grasping fork - Part of the transplanting arm that picks rice seedlings.
Operating width - Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of
Mechanical rice transplanter - Machine designed for transplanting rice
travel within which an implement performs its intended function; distance
seedlings into a puddled and leveled field.
between the outermost shanks of the subsoiler.
Paddle wheel - Modified wheel used in transplanters to facilitate
Sweep angle - Angle measured from the outer side of the wing in
movement in the field.
reference to the direction of travel.
Root-washed seedlings - Rice seedlings grown in nurseries for
Theoretical field capacity - Function of speed and operating width
transplanting wherein the roots are washed thoroughly to remove the
expressed in hectares per hour.
soil.
Tip angle - Angle formed by the top and underside of the ripper point.
Soil-bearing seedlings - Rice seedlings grown in nursery for
transplanting wherein the soil is retained with the roots for transplanting.
Transplanting - Method of crop establishment for rice wherein rice
seedlings grown in a nursery are pulled and transferred into puddled and
leveled fields, 15 to 40 days after seeding.
Transplanting arm - Part of the mechanical transplanter that actuates
picking and transplanting seedlings into a puddled field.
PAES 152:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Mechanical Rice Transplanter – Methods
Of Test
Effective field capacity - Function of field speed, operating width and
field efficiency expressed in hectares per hour.
Effective working width - Total width per row of transplanting arm.
Field efficiency - Ratio between the productivity of a machine under
field conditions and the theoretical maximum productivity.
Hills - Points in the field where a seedling is transplanted.
Overall length - Measurement between extremities of the mechanical
rice transplanter along its longer side including all protruding parts.
Overall width - Measurement between extremities of the mechanical
rice transplanter along its shorter side including all protruding parts.
Percent damaged hill - Ratio of the total number of hills with seedlings
damaged by cutting, bending or crushing during transplanting to the total
number of hills expressed in percentage.
Percent missing hill - Ratio of the total number of hills without
seedlings to the total number of hills expressed in percentage.
Planting efficiency - Ratio of the number of hills with seedlings to the
total number of hill expressed in percentage.
Rows - Series of hills in a field.
Theoretical field capacity - Function of speed of transplanter and the
width of operation expressed in hectares per hour.
Tray angle - Angle between the bottom of the seedling tray and the
horizontal.
PAES 153:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Hand Pump – Specifications
Check valve - Valve inside the cylinder that holds the column of water in
the draw pipe while the plunger is being pushed down after each up-
stroke.
Discharge valve - Valve attached to the discharge side (for lift type
hand pump) or to the body of the cylinder (for force type hand pump) to
allow one direction of flow of water only.
Hand pump - Water pump powered by the movement of human arms. PAES 154:2010
Handle - Lever that connects the pump rod to the pump head which Agricultural Machinery – Hand Pump – Methods Of Test
often includes some mechanism to add counterweight to balance the
weight of the water being lifted up the draw pipe.
Base plane - Center line of the pump containing the center of the
Outlet - Spout assembly of pump where water comes out.
plunger in its highest position.
Plunger , Piston - Part of the cylinder that is connected to the pump rod
Discharge rate - Volume of water pumped per unit time.
and which forces water up the draw pipe.
Friction head - Equivalent head required to overcome the friction
Pump head - Pump assembly attached to the stand which contains the
caused by the flow through the pipe and pipe fittings.
handle outlet assembly.
Full stroke - Operation of the pump from the topmost position of the
Pump rod, Plunger rod - Steel rod that connects the pump handle to
handle to its lowest position.
the plunger assembly within the cylinder.
Head - Quantity used to express a form (or combination of forms) of the
Pump stand, Pedestal - Base that attaches the hand pump to the
energy content of the liquid per unit weight of the liquid referred to any
ground and connects to the draw pipe.
arbitrary datum.
Stroke - Maximum distance that the plunger moves when the handle is
Overall height - Measurement from the topmost part of the hand pump
moved.
to the base or pedestal.
Suction inlet - Inlet to which the suction pipe is connected.
Overall length - Measurement between extremities of the hand pump
Suction pipe - Pipe connecting the pump cylinder to the pump body along its longer side including all protruding parts.
where water moves up and out to the pump spout during pumping.
Overall width - Measurement between extremities of the hand pump
along its shorter side including all protruding parts.
Static suction head (h1) - Vertical distance from base plane of the
pump to the free level of water source.
Static discharge head (h2) - Vertical distance from the base plane of
the pump to the discharge water level.
 PAES 156:2010
Total static head (hg) - Vertical distance from suction water level to Agricultural Machinery – Mist Blower – Methods Of Test
discharge water level, the sum of the static suction and discharge heads.
Volumetric efficiency - Ratio of the actual volume of fluid discharge to
Blower range - Distance from the nozzle at which spraying could be
that of the piston or plunger displacement in one stroke.
carried out.
Water power - Theoretical power required for pumping.
Number median diameter - Diameter of a droplet which will divide the
number of sample droplets into two equal halves.
Volume median diameter - Diameter of a droplet which will divide the
volume of sample droplets into two equal halves.
PAES 155:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Mist Blower – Specifications

PAES 157:2011
Cut-off valve - Valve used to stop the flow of fluid.
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – POWER SPRAYER FOR MANGO –
Mist - Fine drops of liquid, such as water or chemical pesticide, sprayed
SPECIFICATIONS
into the air.
Mist blower - Equipment that sprays liquid in the form of mist.
Cut-off valve - Valve used to stop the flow of fluid.
Wand - Part of the mist blower that connects the nozzle to the blower.
Lance - Metallic tube that connects the nozzle to the hose of power
sprayer.
Power sprayer for mango - Equipment powered by an electric motor or
by an engine used to spray fertilizer or pesticide to a certain height.
Nozzle - Tip of lance of the power sprayer where the chemical is
sprayed out.
Pressure relief valve - Component of the power sprayer used to
regulate the pressure.
Runoff - Overflow of water from the nozzle.
PAES 158:2011
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – POWER SPRAYER FOR MANGO –
METHODS OF TEST
Mean diameter - Average diameter of droplets.
Number median diameter - Diameter which divides the number of
droplets into two equal halves.
Sprayer range - Distance from the nozzle at which spraying could be
carried out.
Volume median diameter - Diameter divides the volume of spray into
two equal halves.
PAES 159:2011
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – SUGARCANE PLANTER –
SPECIFICATIONS
Drawbar - Bar at the rear of a tractor to which implements are attached
Feeder - Person who aids in dropping sugarcane billets into the furrow
Feeding shank - Component of the sugarcane planter that cuts the
sugarcane billets and drops it into the furrow.
Gauge wheel - Auxiliary component of the sugarcane planter that helps
maintain uniform depth of furrows.
Main frame - Part of the sugarcane planter that holds the transverse
toolbars and gauge wheels together.
Shank - Structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a
beam or a standard.
Sugarcane billet - Sugarcane stalks containing buds used as planting
material.
Sugarcane planter - Agricultural equipment used for planting sugarcane
billets.
 PAES 160:2011 Plant distance - Distance between the two sugarcane billets planted in
a row.
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – SUGARCANE PLANTER –
METHODS OF TEST Transport height - Overall height of the implement measured from the
topmost point to its lowest point.
Transport length - Overall length of the implement measured from the
Draft - Total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the
terminal point of the implement to the mounting point.
implement.
Wheel slip - Reduction on the traveled distance by the tractor due to the
Drawbar power - Power available at the drawbar sustainable over a
attached implement.
distance of at least 20 meters.
Effective field capacity - Actual rate of being able to plant a given area
per unit of time.
PAES 161:2011
Field efficiency - Ratio between the productivity of a machine under
field conditions and the theoretical maximum productivity. AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – SOIL AUGER – SPECIFICATIONS

Implement - Any agricultural tool mounted on the tractor. Auger head

Implement width - Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of Drill bit

travel between the outermost edges of the implement.
Boring part of the soil auger.
Operating width - Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of
travel within which an implement performs its intended function.
Extension rod - Accessory part of the soil auger to lengthen the reach
Percent cutting - Ratio of the number of stalks cut to the total number
of the tool.
of stalks in the reservoir expressed in percentage.
Soil auger - Tool used for displacing soil at various depths for soil
Percent damaged stalk eyes - Ratio of the number of billets with
research and analysis or for digging post holes by means of a rotating
damaged stalk eyes to the total number of billets dropped expressed in
helical flighting.
percentage.
 PAES 162:2011
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – SOIL AUGER –
METHODS OF TEST
Boring depth -Maximum depth that the soil auger can reach.
Boring efficiency - Ratio between the actual boring time and the
theoretical boring time expressed in percent.
Minor diameter, d -For a straight thread, this diameter is the imaginary
cylinder bounding the root of an external thread.
Overall length -Measurement from the tip of the auger head of the soil
auger to its opposite end along its longitudinal side.
Overall width - Measurement between the outermost dimensions of the
soil auger along its lateral side.
Pitch, P -Distance (in millimeters), measured parallel to the thread axis,
between corresponding points on adjacent thread forms in the same
axial plane on the same side of the axis.
Pitch diameter, D -For a straight thread, this is the diameter of the
imaginary cylinder whose surface passes through the thread profiles in
such a way to make the widths of the thread ridge and the thread groove
equal.
Sampling efficiency -Ratio between the actual volume contained in the
auger head and the theoretical volume that can be contained in the
auger head expressed in percent.
PAES 163:2011
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – SPRING-TOOTH
HARROW – SPECIFICATIONS
Field efficiency -Ratio between the productivity of a machine under field
conditions and the theoretical maximum productivity.
Harrowing - Operation which breaks the clods, levels and makes the
soil ready for planting.
Lever assembly -Mechanism that adjusts the tooth depth to fit the soil
condition.
Main frame -Part of the spring-tooth harrow that holds the transverse
toolbars and lever assembly together.
Runner -Auxiliary part of spring-tooth harrow attached at the bottom of
the main frame to facilitate easy turning.
Secondary tillage implement -Implement used for tilling the soil to a
shallower depth than primary tillage implements, provide additional
pulverization, mix pesticides and fertilizers into the soil, level and firm the
soil, close air pockets, and eradicate weeds.
Spring-tooth harrow -Secondary tillage implement consisting of long
and curved teeth made of spring steel which are fastened on the
transverse toolbars with the other end pointed to give good soil
penetration.
Tooth, Tine -Part of the spring-tooth harrow that engages with the soil
during operation.
 Transport height -Overall height of the implement measured from the
topmost point to its lowest point.
Transverse tool bar -Part of the main frame to which shank assemblies
are attached. Transport length -Overall length of the implement measured from the
terminal point of the implement to the mounting point.
Wheel slip -Reduction on the traveled distance by the tractor due to the
implement attached.
PAES 164:2011
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – SPRING-TOOTH HARROW –
METHODS OF TEST
PAES 165:2011
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – GRANULE APPLICATOR–
Draft -Total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the
SPECIFICATIONS
implement.
Agitator-Part of the granule applicator that puts the granule in motion
Drawbar power -Power requirement of an implement being towed.
through continuous stirring or rotation.
Effective field capacity -Actual rate of being able to work a given area
Granule -Generic term used for a small particle having a diameter
per unit of time.
ranging from 2 to 4 mm.
Field efficiency -Ratio between the productivity of a machine under field
Granule applicator -Agricultural tool used to apply granular fertilizers or
conditions and the theoretical maximum productivity.
pesticides to the field.
Implement -Any agricultural tool mounted on the tractor.
Hopper -Part of granule applicator where granules are loaded.
Implement width -Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of
Orifice -Opening in the hopper or tank through which the granules pass
travel between the outermost edges of the implement.
through.
Operating width -Horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of
Power take-off shaft -External shaft on the rear of a tractor that
travel within which an implement performs its intended function; distance
provides rotational power to implements.
between the outermost teeth of the spring-tooth harrow.
Spinner plate Part of the granule applicator that spreads the granules.
 PAES 166:2011 VOLUME 8
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – GRANULE APPLICATOR – SECTION B
METHODS OF TEST
PAES 240:2010
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY – FANS AND BLOWERS –
Draft -Total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the SPECIFICATIONS
implement.
Drawbar power -Power available at the drawbar sustainable over a Airfoil
distance of at least 20 meters. Shape of a wing or blade of a propeller, rotor, or turbine or sails as seen
in cross section.
Effective field capacity -Actual area covered per unit time.
Camber
Field efficiency -Ratio between the productivity of a machine under field
Asymmetry between the top and the bottom curves of an airfoil in cross-
conditions and the theoretical maximum productivity. section.
Fuel consumption -Volume of fuel consumed by the engine.
Drag, D
Transport height -Overall height of the implement measured from the Force cause by friction which slows down the movement of an object.
topmost point to its lowest point.
Fan
Transport length -Overall length of the implement measured from the Blower
terminal point of the implement to the mounting point. Device for moving air which utilizes a power-driven rotating impeller.

Wheel slip -Reduction on the traveled distance by the tractor due to the Fan/blower guard
attached implement. Structure mounted on the inlet and/or outlet part of fan/blower for safety
purpose.
Width of application -Farthest distance of granule perpendicular to the
direction of travel. Angle of attack, α
Angle measured between the air inlet and lower camber of the Organic materials used as renewable source of energy like wood chips,
fan/blower. corncobs and rice hulls, etc.

Biomass furnace
Enclosed structure for intense heating by fire using any biomass like
Lift, l woodchips, corncobs and rice hulls as fuel.
Sum of all the forces on a body that force it to move perpendicular to the
direction of flow. Hearth
Fire resistant surface located at the heating chamber of the biomass
Lift-drag ratio furnace.
Ratio between the lift force and the drag force on fan/blower blades
during operation. Workload
Materials to be processed (i.e. Dried, burned, melted, etc.) Using
Leading edge, LE biomass furnace.
Side of the fan/blower blade where the air comes in contact with at entry. Grate
Framework of metal bars or fire bricks used to hold biomass fuel in
Trailing edge, TE furnace for more efficient combustion.
Side of the fan/blower blade that is usually pointed and where the
deflection of air occurs.

Hub-tip ratio PAES 243: 2010

Ratio between the hub diameter and the fan/blower wheel diameter. Agricultural Machinery – Biomass Furnace – Methods of Test

Rotor Burning efficiency

Rotating device with blades projecting from a hub. Ratio of the actual and the theoretical heating value of fuel, expressed in
percent.
Fan/blower wheel
Any revolving vane or vanes used for producing currents of air. Furnace efficiency
Ratio of the heat transferred and heat available in biomass furnace,
expressed in percent.
PAES 242:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Biomass Furnace – Specifications Latent heat of vaporization
Heat absorbed by a unit mass of a material at its boiling point in order to
Biomass convert the material into a gas without temperature change.
Overall height
Distance between the horizontal supporting plane surface and the
horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the biomass furnace.
Note: all parts of the biomass furnace projecting upwards are contained PAES 244:2010
between these two planes. Agricultural Machinery – Biomass Shredder – Specifications

Overall length Biomass shredder

Distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median
plane of the biomass furnace and touching its front and rear extremities.
NOTE: All parts of the biomass furnace, in particular, components
projecting at the front and at the rear are contained between these two
planes. Where an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be set
at minimum length.
Overall width
Distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the
machine, each plane touching the outermost point of the biomass
furnace on its respective side.
Machine used to cut biomass materials into strips.
Chipping section
Part of a shredding machine which is used to cut or sliced twigs or small
branches of trees
Into small and uniform sizes called chips.
Note: this is auxiliary component of some biomass shredder.
Biomass
Organic materials used as renewable source of energy and other
agricultural applications.

Note: all parts of the biomass furnace projecting side wards are Hopper
contained between these two planes. Part of the biomass shredder where the biomass materials to be cut are
loaded.
Sensible heat
Heat absorbed or evolved by a substance during a change of Prime mover
temperature that is not accompanied by a change of state. Electric motor or internal combustion engine used to drive the biomass
shredder.
Heating system efficiency
Ratio of actual and theoretical heat supplied by the fuel to the furnace, Input capacity
expressed in percent. Weight of biomass material fed into the shredder, expressed in kilogram
per hour.

Shredding efficiency
Ratio of the weight of the input biomass materials less unshredded NOTE: All parts of the biomass shredder projecting side wards are
biomass materials, to the total weight of the input biomass materials to contained between these two planes.
the shredder, expressed in percent.
Running-in period
Preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior
PAES 245:2010 to the conduct of the test until the operation is stable.
Agricultural Machinery – Biomass Shredder – Methods of Test
Shredding efficiency
Biomass Ratio of the weight of the input biomass materials less unshredded
Organic materials used as renewable source of energy and other biomass materials, to the total weight of the input biomass materials to
agricultural applications. the shredder, expressed in percent.
Overall height
Distance between the horizontal supporting plane surface and the Input capacity
horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the biomass shredder. Weight of biomass material fed into the shredder, expressed in kilogram
per hour.
Note: all parts of the biomass shredder projecting upwards are
contained between these two planes. Unshredded
Biomass material that is not totally cut into strips.
Overall length
Distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median
plane of the biomass shredder and touching its front and rear
extremities.
PAES 246:2010
NOTE: All parts of the biomass shredder, in particular, components Agricultural Machinery – Dehusked Corn Dryer – Specifications
projecting at the front and at the rear are contained between these two
planes. Where an adjustment of components is possible, its shall be set Dehusked corn
at minimum length. Ear corn
Corn-on-cob
Overall width Unshelled fruit of the corn plant where the husk has been removed
Distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the mechanically or manually.
machine, each plane touching the outermost point of the biomass
shredder on its respective side. Husk
Refers to the leafy outer/protective covering of an ear of corn as it grows
on the plant.

Dehusked corn dryer
Device for removing excess moisture from the ear of corn without husk,
generally by forced or natural convection with or without addition of heat.
Volume of air in cubic meters delivered to the mass of dehusked corn
per minute.
Damaged kernels
Corn kernels which are heat damaged, weather damaged, sprouted or
distinctly damaged by insects, water, fungi and/or any other means.

Fan Drying air temperature

Blower Mean temperature of the air to be used for drying the dehusked corn,
Air moving device that is used to force heated air through the mass of measured at a number of points practicably as close to its entry to the
materials to be dried at the desired air flow rate and pressure. drying bed.

Drying capacity
Moisture gradient Maximum capacity that the dehusked corn dryer can dry to meet the
Difference between the maximum and the minimum moisture content desired moisture content.
randomly sampled after drying.
Fuel consumption
Plenum Total amount of fuel consumed divided by the total drying time,
Chamber wherein air pressure is developed for uniform distribution of expressed in kg/h.
the heated air through the material to be dried.
Heating system efficiency
Safety device Product of combustion efficiency and burner/furnace efficiency; the ratio
Any device that is used to avoid human accident and/or damage to the of heat supplied to the dryer and the heat available from the fuel used,
parts and components of the dryer during the operation and expressed in percent.
automatically shuts-off the operation of the dryer in case of malfunction.

Holding capacity
Load capacity
Weight of dehusked corn required to fill the dryer at the input moisture
content.
PAES 247: 2010
Agricultural Machinery – Dehusked Corn Dryer – Methods of Test Moisture reduction rate
Ratio of the average percent moisture content removed from the
Airflow rate dehusked corn to drying time, expressed in percent per hour.
 Any device that is used to avoid human accident and/or damage to the
Static pressure parts and components of the dryer during the operation and
Pressure build-up in the plenum chamber to maintain uniform automatically shuts-off the operation of the dryer in case of malfunction.
dustribution of air flow through the dehusked corn mass, expressed in
mmH O.
2

Water activity
Ratio of vapor pressure of water in the product to the water vapor
pressure of pure water at the same temperature.
PAES 248:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Fruit Dryer – Specifications Note: measure of water available for the growth of microorganism.

Fan
Blower
Air moving device that is used to force heated air through the mass of
materials to be dried at the desired air flow rate and pressure. PAES 249:2010
Agricultural Machinery – Fruit Dryer – Methods of Test

Fruit Airflow rate

Ripened ovary or ovaries of a seed-bearing plant that are edible, usually
sweet and in fleshy form.
Fruit dryer
Device for removing excess moisture from the fruits, generally by forced
or natural convection with or without addition of heat.
Moisture gradient
Difference between the maximum and the minimum moisture content
randomly sampled after drying.
Volume of air in cubic meters delivered to the mass of fruits per minute.
Drying air temperature
Mean temperature of the air to be used for drying the fruit, measured at
a number of points as close as practicable to its entry to the drying bed.
Drying capacity
Maximum capacity that the fruit dryer can removed moisture content per
unit time.

Plenum Drying efficiency

Chamber wherein air pressure is developed for uniform distribution of Heat utilization efficiency
the heated air through the material to be dried. Ratio of the total heat utilized to vaporize moisture in the material, to the
amount of heat added to the drying air, expressed in percent.
Safety device
Drying rate
Amount of water removed per unit of time, expressed in kilogram per Coconut husk
hour. Fibrous covering of a coconut fruit comprising of 30% fiber and 70%
parenchymatous cells.
Drying system efficiency
Ratio of the total heat utilized for drying, to the heat available in the fuel Coconut coir
expressed in percent. Slender and elongated fibrous materials extracted from coconut husk.

Fuel consumption Coconut peat

Total amount of fuel consumed divided by the total drying time.
Heat utilization
Total amount of heat utilized to vaporize moisture in the material,
expressed in kJ/kg of water.
Holding capacity
Load capacity
Weight of fruits required to fill the dryer at the initial moisture content.
Moisture reduction rate
Ratio of the average percent moisture content removed from the fruits,
to drying time, expressed in percent per hour.
Static pressure
Pressure build-up in the plenum chamber to maintain uniform
dustribution of air flow through the sliced fruits, expressed in mmh o. 2
Fine and powder-like particles parenchymatous cells that are extracted
from the coconut husk.
Coconut coir decorticator
Machine to crush matured coconut husk through impact or beating
action to separate coco fiber and coconut peat from the husk.
Decorticating efficiency
Ratio of the weight of the input coconut husk partially and totally
undecorticated coconut husk to the total weight of the input coconut
husk to the decorticator, expressed in percent.
Coir quality
Refers to the physical and morphological (e.g. Tensile strength, maturity,
color, fiber length and cleanliness) properties of fibers extracted.
Input capacity
Weight of coconut husk fed into the decorticator expressed in kilogram
per hour.

PAES 250:2011
Agricultural Machinery – Coconut Coir Decorticator – PAES 251:2011
Specifications
 Agricultural Machinery – Coconut Coir Decorticator – Methods of Distance between the horizontal supporting plane surface and the
Test horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the decorticator.

Coconut husk Note: all parts of the decorticator projecting upwards are contained
Fibrous covering of a coconut fruit comprising of 30% fiber and 70% between these two planes.
parenchymatous cells.
Overall length
Distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median
Coconut coir plane of the decorticator and touching its front and rear extremities.
Slender and elongated fibrous materials extracted from coconut husk. Note: all parts of the decorticator, in particular, components projecting at
the front and at the rear are contained between these two planes. Where
Coconut peat an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be set at minimum
Fine and powder-like particles parenchymatous cells that are extracted length.
from the coconut husk.
Overall width
Coconut coir decorticator Distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the
Machine to crush matured coconut husk through impact or beating machine, each plane touching the outermost point of the decorticator on
action to separate coco fiber and coconut peat from the husk. its respective side.

Decorticating efficiency
Ratio of the weight of the input coconut husk partially and totally
undecorticated coconut husk to the total weight of the input coconut
husk to the decorticator, expressed in percent.
Input capacity
Weight of coconut coir fed into the decorticator expressed in kilogram
per hour.
Coir quality
Refers to the physical and morphological (e.g. Tensile strength, maturity,
color, fiber length and cleanliness) properties of fibers extracted.
Overall height
Note: all parts of the decorticator projecting sidewards are contained
between these two planes.
Running-in period
Preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior
to the conduct of the test until the operation is stable.
Undecorticated
Portion of the coconut husk that is partially crushed and totally crushed.
PAES 252:2011
Agricultural Machinery – Coffee Pulper – Specifications
Coffee pulper Final output product when the coffee cherry has undergone pulping
Machine to remove and separate the soft pulp of ripe coffee cherry process.
without making any damage to the parchment coffee.
Main parchment coffee outlet
Coffee cherry Part of machine where parchment coffee are collected.
Ripened fruits of coffee shrubs.
Pulp outlet
Part of machine where pulps are collected.
Flute
Thread like component of rotating cylinder of the pulping chamber. Pulp
Red or green thin fleshy outer layer of the coffee cherry.
Flute inclination
Angle of inclination of the rubber coated flutes.

Input capacity Pulping efficiency

Weight of coffee cherry fed into the pulper per unit of time, expressed in Ratio of total weight of parchment coffee collected at all outlets to the
kilogram per hour. total coffee cherry input to the machine, expressed in percentage.

Output capacity Pulping recovery

Weight of parchment coffee collected at coffee outlet per unit time, Ratio between the total weight of parchment coffee collected at the main
expressed in kilogram per hour. outlet to the total weight of input coffee cherry to the machine, expressed
in percentage.

Pulping Separation loss

Process of removing and separating the skin and pulp of coffee cherry. Ratio of the total weight of the parchment coffee that comes out to the
pulp outlet to the total input weight of coffee cherry to the pulper,
Mucilage expressed in percentage.
Slimy layer found between the pulp and adhering to the parchment.
Unpulped loss
Parchment Ratio of the total weight of unpulped coffee cherry to the total input
Endocarp of the coffee cherry, lies between the fleshy part (or pulp) of weight of coffee cherry to the pulper, expressed in percentage.
the cherry and coffee bean.
Scattering loss
Parchment coffee
Ratio of the total weight of the parchment coffee that fell around the
base of coffee pulper to the total coffee cherry input to the machine,
expressed in percentage.
Mechanically damaged parchment coffee
Ratio of the total weight of damaged parchment coffee to the total weight
of sample, expressed in percentage.
Distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median
plane of the pulper and touching its front and rear extremities.
Note: all parts of the coffee pulper, in particular, components projecting
at the front and at the rear are contained between these two planes.
Where an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be set at
minimum length.

PAES 253:2011
Agricultural Machinery – Coffee Pulper – Methods of Test Overall width
Distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the
Mechanically damaged parchment coffee machine, each plane touching the outermost point of the pulper on its
Ratio of the total weight of damaged parchment coffee to the total weight respective side.
of sample, expressed in percentage.
Note: all parts of the coffee pulper projecting sidewards are contained
Input capacity between these two planes.
Weight of coffee cherry fed into the pulper per unit of time, expressed in
kilogram per hour. Running-in period
Preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior
Output capacity to the conduct of the test until the operation is stable.
Weight of parchment coffee collected at coffee outlet per unit time,
expressed in Separation loss
kilogram per hour. Ratio of the total weight of the parchment coffee that comes out to the
pulp discharge to the total input weight of coffee cherry to the pulper,
Overall height expressed in percentage.
Distance between the horizontal supporting plane surface and the
horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the pulper machine. Pulping efficiency
Ratio of total weight of parchment coffee collected at all outlets to the
Note: all parts of the coffee pulper projecting upwards are contained total coffee cherry input to the machine, expressed in percentage.
between these two planes.
Pulping recovery
Overall length
Ratio between the total weight of parchment coffee collected at the main Method that uses bolo to partially cut (leaving the upper layer 1 mm to 2
outlet to the total weight of input coffee cherry to the machine, expressed mm thick uncut) crosswise the middle of the inner portion of the leaf
in percentage. sheath to be able to extract the tuxies.

Unpulped loss Fiber quality

Ratio of the total weight of unpulped coffee cherry to the total input Refers to the physical properties such as tensile strength, length, color
weight of coffee cherry to the pulper, expressed in percentage. and texture
Scattering loss (fineness and coarseness) of fibers extracted.
Ratio of the total weight of the parchment coffee that fell around the
base of coffee pulper to the total coffee cherry input to the machine, Locnit method
expressed in percentage by weight. Method that uses tuxying knife to thrust one side of the leaf sheath and
make a cut between the upper and the inner portions of the material to
Purity be able to extract the tuxies.
Ratio of the total weight of parchment coffee free of foreign matters to
the total weight of sample expressed in percentage. Output capacity
Weight of the output fiber extracted from the abaca stripper per unit time,
kg/h.

PAES 254:2011 Parenchymatous material

Agricultural Machinery – Abaca Stripper – Specifications Soft tissue or non-fibrous material attached to the fiber.

Abaca fiber Potential fiber content

Long and slender natural filament of abaca plant. Summation of the dry weight (moisture content of 14%) of extracted fiber
using manual or mechanical abaca stripper and unextracted fiber
Abaca stalk manually obtained.
Part of abaca plant which consist of several layers of leaf sheath.
Potential fiber recovery
Abaca stripper Ratio of fresh weight of fiber extracted and the total fresh weight of input
Mechanical device used for extracting primary fibers by scraping action abaca tuxies to the abaca stripper, expressed in percent.
from blade and stripping block.
Stripping
Bacnis method Extracting the fiber from abaca tuxies using abaca stripper.

Stripping block
Part of the abaca stripper that provides friction and where raw materials
are being locked in position during fiber extraction.
Stripping efficiency
Ratio of the total dry (moisture content of 14%) weight of the fiber
extracted to the potential fiber content of abaca tuxies, expressed in
percent.
Stripping knife
Metal plate, non-serrated or serrated, that provides stripping action.
Tuxy
The outer layer of abaca leaf sheath which contains the primary fiber.
Tuxying
Separating the outer layer from inner layer of leaf sheath which is at
most 1.8 mm of abaca leaf sheath either by locnit method (using tuxying
knife) or bacnis method (using bolo).
PAES 255:2011
Agricultural Machinery – Abaca Stripper – Methods of Test
Stripping efficiency
Ratio of the total dry weight (moisture content of 14%) of the fiber
extracted to the potential fiber content of abaca tuxies, expressed in
percent.
Extraction loss
Difference between the potential fiber content of abaca tuxies and dry
weight
(moisture content of 14%) of the actual fiber extracted using abaca
stripper, expressed in percent.
Fiber quality
Refers to the physical properties such as tensile strength, length, color
and texture
(fineness and coarseness) of fibers extracted.
Grade
Indicator of the quality or the characteristics of the physical property of a
fiber.
Output capacity
Fresh weight of the output fiber extracted from the abaca stripper per
unit time, kg/h.
Overall height
Distance between the horizontal supporting plane surface and the
horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the stripping machine.
Note: all parts of the abaca stripper projecting upwards are contained
between these two planes.
Overall length
Distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median
plane of the abaca stripper and touching its front and rear extremities.
Note: all parts of the stripper, in particular, components projecting at the
front and at the rear are contained between these two planes. Where an
adjustment of components is possible, it shall be set at minimum length.
Overall width
Distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the
machine, each plane touching the outermost point of the stripper on its
respective side.
Note: all parts of the stripper projecting sidewards are contained
between these two planes.
Potential fiber content
Summation of the weight of extracted fiber using manual or mechanical
abaca stripper and unextracted fiber manually obtained.
Running-in period
Preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior
to the conduct of test until the operation is stable.
Potential fiber recovery
Ratio of fresh weight of fiber extracted and the total fresh weight of input
abaca tuxies to the abaca stripper, expressed in percent.
PAES 256:2011
Agricultural Machinery – Corn Picker – Specifications
Corn (Zea mays)
Cereal grass belonging to the Poaceae family.
Corn ear
Fruit of the corn plant with husk.
Single-row side-mounted corn picker
Machine attached to the side of tractor designed for picking corn.
Snapping rolls
Part of the corn picker that pulls the corn stalk downward thereby,
stripping the corn ear during operation.
Stalk guide rod
Direct the stalks of the corn plant to the snapping rolls.
Stripper plate
Part of the corn picker that prevents the corn stalk from bending and
separate the corn ear from the stalk.
PAES 257:2011
Agricultural Machinery – Corn Picker – Methods of Test
Actual field capacity
Actual rate of being able to harvest corn in a given area per unit of time.
Note: total operating time which includes the time spent for turning at
the headland, adjustment, repair and troubleshooting of the machine.
Corn (zea mays)
Cereal grass belonging to the poaceae family.
Corn ear
Fruit of the corn plant with husk.
Single-row side-mounted corn picker
Machine attached to the side of tractor designed for picking corn.
Conveyance efficiency Distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the
Measures the ability of the corn picker to deliver the harvested corn ear machine, each plane touching the outermost point of the corn picker on
to the collecting bin. its respective side.

Field efficiency Note: all parts of the corn picker projecting upwards are contained
Ratio of the actual field capacity and theoretical field capacity, expressed between these two planes.
in percent.
Running-in period
Picking efficiency Preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior
Measures the ability of the corn picker to harvest the corn ear from the to the conduct of the test until the operation is stable.
corn stalk through snapping and stripping action.

Potential yield
Maximum yield per unit area.

Theoretical field capacity PAES 258:2011

Computed rate of harvested corn in a given area per unit time. Agricultural Machinery – Feed Mixer – Specifications

Overall height Feeds

Distance between the horizontal supporting plane surface and the Meal type, pellets or crumble type of food that are mixed from various
horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the corn picker. raw materials and additive.

Note: all parts of the corn picker projecting upwards are contained Feed mixer
between these two planes. Machine used to mix uniformly the feed ingredients.
Overall length
Distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median Coefficient of variation
plane of the corn picker and touching its front and rear extremities. Statistical representation of the precision of distribution of feed
ingredients.
Note: all parts of the corn picker, in particular, components projecting at
the front and at the rear are contained between these two planes. Where Mixing rate
an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be set at minimum Weight of the feed ingredients fed to the machine per unit time,
length. expressed in kilogram per hour.

Overall width
 PAES 259:2011
Agricultural Machinery – Feed Mixer – Methods of Test
Mixing rate
Weight of feed ingredients fed into the feed mixer per unit time,
expressed in kilogram per hour.
Note: applicable for feed mixer with continuous input of feed ingredients
to the hopper.
Coefficient of variation of salt content
Statistical representation of the precision of distribution of feed
ingredients.
Mean
Mathematical average of the samples taken from the feed mixed.
Overall height
Distance between the horizontal supporting plane surface and the
horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the feed mixer.
Note: all parts of the feed mixer projecting upwards are contained
between these two planes.
Overall length
Distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median
plane of the feed mixer and touching its front and rear extremities.
Note: all parts of the feed mixer, in particular, components projecting at
the front and at the rear are contained between these two planes. Where
an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be set at minimum
length.
Overall width
Distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the
machine, each plane touching the outermost point of the feed mixer on
its respective side.
Note: all parts of the feed mixer projecting upwards are contained
between these two planes.
Standard deviation
Statistical measurement of dispersion or variation in distribution of feed
ingredients.
Running-in period - Preliminary operation of the machine to make
various adjustments prior to the conduct of the test.
Volume 9
Section A
PAES 525: 2012
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Overhead Rail System for Poultry
Dressing/Slaughtering Plant – Specifications
Bleeding - process of removing the blood from the poultry animal after
stunning.
Carcass - body of dressed/slaughtered poultry animal after
defeathering, evisceration, and removal of head and feet.
Warm carcass - newly dressed/slaughtered poultry animal.
Chain - series of two or more connected metal links wherein the trolley
is attached to facilitate its movement in the rail
Chilling - process done by lowering the temperature of the carcasses
within 4 °C to 0 °C to reduce microbial growth to a level that will
maximize its shelf life
Corbel - horizontal protruding rectangular block from the columns of the
building that gives support to the main frame
Defeathering
Plucking - process of removing the feathers from the skin of poultry
animal after scalding to prepare its meat for food
Evisceration - process of removing the internal organs on the
abdominal and thoracic cavities
Load capacity - maximum load capacity of rail expressed in kilogram
per linear length
Overhead rail system - system that consists of main frame, rail
hangers, rails, trolleys, and shackles which is used to transfer poultry
animals or carcasses from one processing stage to another during
dressing/slaughtering
Overhead rail track - welded and suspended rectangular bars or
tubular/round bars that serves as guide for trolley wheels during
operation of overhead rail system
Overhead rail frame - solid horizontal beam preferably metal where rail
track is securely fastened through the rail hanger
Overhead rail hanger - supports and holds the rail tracks suspended
from the overhead rail frame
Overhead shackle - solid metal used to hold and hoist the poultry
animals and carcasses through the legs or head
Overhead trolley - suspended metal assembly with one (1) or two (2)
wheels used to carry or transport the shackled poultry animals or
carcasses
Poultry - birds that are usually domesticated for their eggs, meat and
feathers (e.g. chicken, geese, turkeys, ducks, and ostriches)
Rail height - distance measured from top of the rail to the finish floor
line
Rail spacing - center to center distance between parallel rail tracks
Scalding - process of subjecting poultry animals into steam or hot water
to loosen feathers from its skin prior to defeathering
Sprocket-wheel - wheels with teeth, cogs or sprockets that mesh and
engage a chain with attached trolley passing over it
Stunning - process of rendering the poultry animal unconscious
Track diameter - specified dimensions of rail track (L x W if rectangular
or diameter if tubular), expressed in millimeters
Monorail - Overhead rail system that consists of a single rail track
provided for one-wheel trolley.
Rectangular - A rail using rectangular bar for its track.
Cylindrical - A rail using tubular or round bar material for its track.
Double rail - Overhead rail system that consists of two-rail track
provided for two wheel trolley.
Single shackling point - Type of shackle wherein the head of the
poultry animal or carcass can be attached to the shackling point.
Two shackling points - Type of shackle wherein two feet of the poultry
animal or carcass can be attached to the shackling point.

PAES 526 : 2012
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Overhead Rail System for Poultry
Dressing/Slaughtering Plant –
Methods of Test
Flexural stress - stress caused by bending moment at a given point in
the beam supporting the overhead rail system
Fracture - deformation caused by excessive stress applied to the
overhead rail system
Live weight - weight of poultry animal prior to slaughter
Load capacity - maximum load capacity of a rail track in a 1000 mm
distance, expressed in kg per linear meter
Overall length - measurement from both ends of the entire track/rail
Radius - distance from the circumference of a circle to its center
sagging - failure due to elastic instability of the overhead rail system
shackle spacing - horizontal distance between two shackles
PAES 527 : 2012
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Poultry Stunner– Specifications
Ampere (A) - metric system unit for measuring electric current
Blank cartridge - type of cartridge used in mechanical stunner that
contains gunpowder but without bullet
Bolt - metal rod that extrudes from the cylindrical type of mechanical
stunner during stunning operation
Cartridge - metallic case containing the bullet, gunpowder and the
primer on the pistol type stunner
conducting shoe - part of the electrode assembly in automatic type
stunner that is adapted to make sliding contact with the electrode raid
Current - flow of electric charge through a conductive medium
Alternating current - movement of electric charge periodically reverses
direction form of current in which electric power is delivered to
businesses and residences
Direct current - unidirectional flow of electric charge that are usually
produced by sources such as batteries, thermocouples, solar cells, and
commutator-type electric machines of dynamo type
Electric prods - tips of electrical stunner that can deliver an electric
charge to the animal
Electrodes - electrical conductors that are being used in electrical
stunner to deliver certain amount of current during stunning operation
Frequency - frequency of the oscillations of alternating current in an
electric power grid transmitted from a power plant to the end-user
Poultry - birds that are usually domesticated for their eggs, meat and
feathers (e.g. Chicken, geese, turkeys, ducks, and ostriches)
Powerload - measurement of the size and amount of powder in a blank stunned, expressed in percentage
cartridge, expressed in grain

Stunner - device/equipment used to render the poultry animal electrical - ratio of the number of animal stunned successfully within 5
unconscious before dress/slaughter seconds to the total number of animal stunned, expressed in percentage
Stunning - process of rendering the poultry animal unconscious before
Stunner efficiency Mechanical - measures the protrusion length
they are dressed/slaughtered
consistency of the stunner’s bolt with and without load
voltage (v) - electromotive force required to move a small electric
charge along a path
water vat - part of water-bath stunner where water as conductor of Electrical - measures the consistency of the range of current delivered
electricity is being contained and where the poultry animals are being by the stunner with and without load
submerged during stunning operation

PAES 528 : 2012

Slaughterhouse Equipment – Poultry Stunner– Methods of Test

PAES 529 : 2012
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Poultry Scalder – Specifications
Caliber - measure of the bullet’s diameter relative to the bore of the
Boiler - closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated
firearm in a pistol type stunner

Extraction length - total length of the bolt measured from the muzzle of
plucker - defeathering machines mechanical assembly equipped with
the stunner to the tip or head of the bolt
rotating device with attached rubberized spines that aids in removing the
Insensibility - state of an animal’s response specifically to pain feathers from the poultry animal after scalding

overall weight - total weight of the stunner assembly excluding the poultry - birds that are usually domesticated for their eggs, meat and
blank cartridge or powerload and hose feathers (e.g. Chicken, geese, turkeys, ducks, and ostriches)

Stunning efficacy mechanical - ratio of the number of animals stunned Scalder

successfully with single application to the total number of animals scalding tank - slaughterhouse equipment that contains hot water with
specific temperature that is being used to loosen the poultry animal’s Slaughterhouse Equipment – Poultry Defeathering Machine –
feathers from its skin, and for sanitation purpose Specifications

scalding - process of subjecting poultry animal to steam or hot water to carcass - body of dressed/slaughtered poultry animal after defeathering,
loosen feathers from its skin prior to defeathering evisceration, and removal of head and feet
warm carcass - newly dressed/slaughtered poultry animal

thermostat - device used to automatically control and keep temperature defeathering

within the required settings
PAES 530 : 2012
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Poultry Scalder – Methods of Test
coefficient of variation - statistical representation of the precision of
distribution of temperature in the scalding tank
scalding capacity - total number of poultry animal that can be scalded
per unit time, expressed in poultry animal per hour
scalding efficacy, % - ratio of total number of sections defeathered
properly to the total number of sections randomly selected for
defeathering
scalder efficiency,% - measures the ability of the scalder to maintain
consistent and equal temperature at any point in the scalding tank
PAES 531 : 2012
plucking - process of removing the feathers from the skin of poultry
animal after scalding as part of preparing its meat for food
defeathering capacity - maximum weight of poultry animals the
machine is capable of defeathering per unit time, expressed in kilograms
per hour
defeathering efficacy - measures the quality of the carcass after
defeathering, expressed in percentage base in class
defeathering efficiency - ratio of amount of feathers removed and the
total amount of poultry feathers, expressed in percent
defeathering machine - mechanical assembly equipped with rotating
device with attached rubberized fingers that removes the feathers from
the poultry animal after scalding
evisceration - process of removing the internal organs on the
abdominal and thoracic cavities
feather - one of the light, flat growths forming the plumage of poultry
animals, consisting of
numerous slender fibers, forming a vane on either side of partly hollow
shaft
poultry - birds that are usually domesticated for their eggs, meat and
feathers (e.g. chicken, geese, turkeys, ducks, and ostriches)
rubber fingers - defeathering mechanism made of rubber materials and
are being used to pluck feathers from the poultry animal’s skin during
defeathering operation
scalder - slaughterhouse equipment that contains hot water with specific
temperature that is being used to loosen and facilitate removal of poultry
animal’s feathers from its skin and for partial sanitation purposes
scalding - process of subjecting poultry animal to steam or hot water to
loosen feathers from its skin prior to defeathering
PAES 532 : 2012
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Poultry Defeathering Machine –
Methods of Test
feather density - number of feathers at a given area, expressed in
feathers per square centimeter
defeathering rate - number of poultry animals defeathered at a given
time, expressed in poultry animals per hour
defeathering efficacy - measures the quality of the carcasses after
defeathering
defeathering efficiency - ratio of amount of feathers removed and the
total amount of poultry feathers, expressed in percent
PAES 533 : 2012
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Poultry Chilling Tank –
Specifications
carcass - body of dressed/slaughtered poultry animal after defeathering,
evisceration, and removal of head and feet
warm carcass - newly dressed/slaughtered poultry animal
chilling - process done by lowering the temperature of the carcass
within 4 °C to 0 °C to reduce microbial growth to a level that will
maximize its shelf life
chilling efficacy - measures the ability of the chilling tank to lower the
temperature and make the temperature at any area in carcass equal
chilling tank - equipment used to lower the temperature of the carcass
within 4 °C to 0 °C after dressing/slaughtering
chilling tank efficiency - measures the ability of the chilling tank to
maintain consistent and equal water temperature at any point before and
during the chilling
poultry - birds that are usually domesticated for their eggs, meat and
feathers (e.g. chicken, geese, turkeys, ducks, and ostriches)
pre-chilling - process of washing, cleaning, and initial lowering of
carcass temperature within 16 °C to 12 °C prior to chilling
PAES 534 : 2012
Slaughterhouse Equipment – Poultry Chilling Tank – Methods of
Test
chilling efficacy - measures the ability of the chilling tank to lower the
temperature and make the temperature at any area in carcasses equal
chilling tank capacity - total number of carcasses that can undergo
chilling per unit time, expressed in carcass per hour
chilling tank efficiency - measures the ability of the chilling tank to
maintain consistent and equal water temperature at any point before and
during the chilling
coefficient of variation - statistical representation of the precision of
distribution of temperature in the chilling tank and carcasses
PAES 422-1:2012
Agricultural Structures – Poultry Dressing/Slaughtering Plant
(Part 1 – small scale)
CARCASS body of slaughtered poultry animal after defeathering,
evisceration, and removal of head and feet
COVE concave molding that joins wall and ceiling or floor or another wall
DEFEATHERING PLUCKING process of removing feathers from the
skin of the poultry animal after scalding to prepare its meat for food
DRESSING SLAUGHTERING process composed of stunning, slitting
and bleeding, defeathering, eviscerating from which head, shanks, crop,
oil gland and other inedible parts are removed
EVISCERATION process of removing the internal organs on the
abdominal and thoracic cavities
GIBLET edible offals
KILL FLOOR slaughtering area
OFFAL by-products, organs, glands and tissue other than the meat of
the dressed poultry
POULTRY group of poultry animals that are mostly domesticated for
their eggs, meat and/or feathers (e.g. chicken, geese, turkeys, ducks
and ostriches)
POULTRY DRESSING/SLAUGHTERING plant any premises and
building established for poultry dressing/slaughtering which include cut
up processes to prepare poultry meat, parts, and products for human
consumption
SCALDING subjecting poultry into steam or hot water to loosen feathers
from its skin prior to defeathering
TRENCH DRAIN trough that collects waste from a larger area and
directs the flow to a drain opening
VERMIN animal species regarded as pests
PAES 422-2:2012
Agricultural Structures – Poultry Dressing/Slaughtering Plant
(Part 2 – large scale)
CARCASS body of slaughtered poultry animal after defeathering,
evisceration, and removal of head and feet
COVE concave molding that joins wall and ceiling or floor or another
wall
DEFEATHERING PLUCKING process of removing feathers from the
skin of the poultry animal after scalding to prepare its meat for food
DRESSING SLAUGHTERING process composed of stunning, slitting
and bleeding, defeathering, eviscerating from which head, shanks, crop,
oil gland and other inedible parts are removed
EVISCERATION process of removing the internal organs on the
abdominal and thoracic cavities
GIBLET edible offals
KILL FLOOR slaughtering area
OFFAL by-products, organs, glands and tissue other than the meat of Volume 10
the dressed poultry
POULTRY group of poultry animals that are mostly domesticated for
their eggs, meat and/or feathers (e.g. chicken, geese, turkeys, ducks Pns/Paes 151:2015
and ostriches) Agricultural Machinery – Mechanical Rice Transplanter –
POULTRY DRESSING/SLAUGHTERING plant any premises and Specifications
building established for poultry dressing/slaughtering which include cut
up processes to prepare poultry meat, parts, and products for human
consumption Grasping fork - part of the transplanting arm that picks rice seedlings

SCALDING subjecting poultry into steam or hot water to loosen feathers
from its skin prior to defeathering
TRENCH DRAIN trough that collects waste from a larger area and
directs the flow to a drain opening
VERMIN animal species regarded as pests
Mechanical rice transplanter - machine designed for transplanting rice
seedlings into a puddled and levelled field
Paddle wheel - modified wheel used in transplanters to facilitate
movement in the field
Soil-bearing seedlings - rice seedlings grown in nursery for
transplanting wherein the soil is retained with the roots for transplanting
Transplanting - method of crop establishment for rice wherein rice
seedlings grown in a nursery are pulled and transferred into puddled and
levelled fields
Transplanting arm - part of the mechanical transplanter that actuates
picking and transplanting seedlings into a puddled field
Pns/Paes 152:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Mechanical Rice Transplanter – Methods
Of Test
Actual field capacity - actual rate of transplanting in a given area per
unit of time
note: the time pertains to the actual time which includes the time
spent for turning at the headland, adjustment of machine and minor
repairs.
Effective operating width - total width of the two outermost
transplanting arms
Field efficiency - ratio between the productivity of a machine under field
conditions and the theoretical maximum productivity
Hills - points in the field where seedlings are transplanted
Overall length - measurement between extremities of the mechanical
rice transplanter along its longer side including all protruding parts
Overall width - measurement between extremities of the mechanical
rice transplanter along its shorter side including all protruding parts
Percent damaged hills - ratio of the total number of hills with seedlings
damaged by cutting, bending or crushing during transplanting to the total
number of hills; expressed in percent (%)
Percent missing hills - ratio of the total number of hills without
seedlings to the total number of hills, expressed in percent (%)
Planting efficiency - ratio of the number of hills with seedlings to the
total number of hills, expressed in percent (%)
Rows - series of hills in a field
Theoretical field capacity - computed product of the effective operating
width and speed of operation of the mechanical rice transplanter
Pns/Paes 167:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Disc Plow For Walking Type Agricultural
Tractor –Specifications
Concave disc - circular concave steel plate used for cutting and
inverting the soil
Concavity - vertical distance measured from the lowest point to the
center of the disc when its concave side is placed on a flat surface
Disc plow - implement with individually mounted concave disc blades
which cut, partially or completely invert soil slices to bury surface
material, and pulverize the soil
 note: blades are attached to the frame in a tilted position relative
to the frame and to the direction of travel for proper penetration and soil
displacement.
Frame - structure on which the standards are fitted
Hitch - portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to a
power source
Side angle / disc angle - horizontal angle made by the disc with the
direction of travel
Standard / beam - upright support which connects the shank to tillage
implement frame
Tilt angle - angle made by the disc with the vertical line
Width of cut - transverse distance between either the top or bottom
cutting edges of the end discs
note: for measuring the width of cut, the tilt angle shall be set at
15 to 25°. For non-adjustable plow disc blades, the tilt angle shall be set
at 18° to 20°.
Pns/Paes 168:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Disc Plow For Walking-Type Agricultural
Tractor – Methods Of Test
Headland - unplowed portion of the field at both ends of the furrow strip
initially used for turning the
Tractor and implement / walking-type agricultural tractor / two-
wheel tractor / hand tractor / pedestrian tractor / power tiller - self-
propelled machine having a single axle designed primarily to pull and
propel trailed or mounted agricultural implements and machinery
Pns/Paes 169:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Spike Tooth Harrow For Walking Type
Agricultural Tractor – Specifications
Field efficiency - ratio between the productivity of a machine under field
conditions and the theoretical maximum productivity
Harrowing - operation which breaks the clods, levels and makes the soil
ready for planting
Main frame - part of the spike tooth harrow that holds the teeth
Secondary tillage implement - implement used for tilling the soil to a
shallower depth than primary tillage implements, provide additional
pulverization, mix pesticides and fertilizers into the soil, level and firm the
soil, close air pockets, and eradicate weeds
Spike tooth harrow / comb harrow / peg tooth harrow - secondary
tillage implement consisting of long spikes that break the soil clods after
plowing
Tooth / tine - part of the implement that engages with the soil during
operation

Pns/Paes 170:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Spike Tooth Harrow For Walking Type
Agricultural Tractor – Methods Of Test
Draft - total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the
implement
Drawbar power - power requirement of an implement being towed or
pulled
Actual field capacity - function of field speed, operating width and field
efficiency, expressed in hectares per hour
Field efficiency - ratio between the productivity of a machine under field
conditions and the theoretical maximum productivity
Implement - any agricultural tool hitched to the tractor
Implement width - horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of
travel between the outermost edges of the implement
Operating width - horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of
travel within which an implement performs its intended function
Theoretical field capacity - function of speed and operating width,
expressed in hectares per hour
Overall height - height of the implement measured from the topmost
point to its lowest point
Overall length - length of the implement measured from the terminal
point of the implement to the mounting point
Wheel slip - reduction on the distance travelled by the tractor due to the
attached implement
Pns/Paes 171:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Precision Seeder – Specifications
Grain seeder / seeder - planting equipment used to mechanically drop
seeds in the soil for crop production
Precision seeder / precision planter - type of planting equipment that
accurately drops the seeds or group of seeds in equidistant spaces
along a furrow
Seeding rate - amount of seedsthat can be planted per unit area,
expressed in kg/ha
Pns/Paes 172:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Precision Seeder – Methods Of Test
Actual field capacity - actual rate of planting for a given area per unit of
time
note: the time includes the time spent for turning at headland,
adjustment of machine and machine downtime
Damaged seed - seed distinctly damaged during operation
Field efficiency - ratio of actual field capacity to the theoretical field
capacity
Hopper capacity - maximum allowable amount of seeds (kg) which can
be loaded to the hopper
note: shall follow manufacturer’s recommendation
Percent damaged seeds - percentage of seeds damaged during
operation
Theoretical field capacity - computed area planted per unit of time
Pns/Paes 201:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Heated-Air Mechanical Grain Dryer –
Specifications
Batch type - mechanical grain dryer wherein the grain in fixed amount is
held in the drying chamber in batches until the grain reaches the desired
moisture content
Flat bed type - batch type dryer wherein a fixed amount of grain is held
stationary in a horizontal grain holding bin
Recirculating type - batch type dryer equipped to circulate and/or
mixed fixed amount of grain during the drying operation
Biomass - organic materials used as renewable source of energy
including but not limited to agricultural crops, feed and fiber crop
residues, aquatic plants, forestry and wood residues, agricultural wastes,
processing by-products and other non-fossil organic materials.
Broken grains - pieces of grains smaller than three-fourths (3/4) of the
average length of the whole kernel
Continuous flow dryer - dryer in which the material being dried moves
through the drying chamber in a substantially continuous stream and is
discharged without being recirculated and where the drying and
tempering processes are accomplished in another holding bin or column
Cracked grain - grains which show signs of fissures or fractures or
splinters
Dehusked corn / ear corn / corn on cob - unshelled fruit of the corn
plant where husk has been removed
Dryer, direct-fired - dryer in which the products of combustion come
into direct contact with the product being dried
Dryer, indirect-fired - dryer in which the products of combustion do not
come in contact with the products being dried
Drying efficiency / heat utilization efficiency - ratio of the total heat
utilized to vaporize moisture in the material, to the amount of heat added
to the drying air expressed in percent
Dust collection system - device used to accumulate dust ( i.e. Consist
of aspiration fan, cyclone, etc.)
Fan - air moving device that is used to force heated air through the mass
of grains at the desired air flow rate and pressure
Grain dryer - device for reducing excess moisture from the grain, with or Pns/Paes 202:2015
without introduction of heat Agricultural Machinery – Heated-Air Mechanical Grain Dryer –
Methods Of Test
Head rice - grain or a piece of a grain with the length equal to or greater
than three-fourths (3/4) of the average length of the whole kernel
Airflow rate - volume of air in cubic meters delivered to the mass of
Heated-air mechanical grain dryer - device used to remove grain
grains per second
moisture by forcing heated air through the grain mass until the desired
moisture content is attained Burner efficiency - ratio of the heat supplied by the burner, to the heat
released by the fuel
Heating system efficiency - ratio of the amount of heat added in the air
to the heat available in the fuel Combustion efficiency - ratio of the heat released by the fuel, to the
theoretical heat available from the fuel
Moisture gradient - difference between the maximum and the minimum
grain moisture content randomly sampled after drying Damaged grains - grains which are heat damaged, weather damaged,
ground damaged, moldy, diseased, insect bored, sprouted or distinctly
Plenum - chamber maintained under pressure for uniform distribution of
damaged by insects, water, fungi and/or any other means as seen by
the heated air through the grain mass
the naked eye
Safety device - any device that is used to avoid human accident related
Drying air temperature - average temperature of the air to be used for
to drying operation and/or damage to the parts and components of the
drying the grain, measured at a number of points as close as practicable
dryer during the operation and automatically shuts-off the operation of
to its entry to the grain bed
the dryer in case of malfunction
Drying rate - amount of water removed per unit of time, expressed in
Shelled corn / “maize” / corn grain - corn kernels, mainly of either
kilogram per hour
dent or flint varieties of the plant zea mays
Drying system efficiency - ratio of the total heat utilized for drying, to
Tempering bin - chamber wherein the grains are temporarily held after
the heat available in the fuel expressed in percent
drying chamber or to the storage bin
Foreign matter - all matters other than rice/corn grains such as sand,
gravel, dirt, pebbles, stones, lumps of earth, clay, mud, chaff, straw,
weed seeds and other crop seeds
Fuel consumption - total amount of fuel consumed divided by the total
drying time
Grain holding capacity / load capacity
continuous flow dryer: weight of grain that could be contained in
the dryer
batch type dryer: weight of grain required to fill the dryer at the
input moisture content
Heat utilization - total amount of heat utilized to vaporize moisture in
the material, expressed in kj/kg of h2o
Immature grains - kernels, whole or broken, which are light green and
chalky with soft texture
Moisture reduction rate / drying rate - average percentage point
moisture content removed from the grain per drying time
Non-renewable energy source - source of energy which includes
petroleum-based fuels such as kerosene, gasoline, diesel oil and bunker
fuel oil
Purity - percentage of grains free of foreign matter
Renewable energy source - source of energy that includes non-
petroleum based fuels such as biomass and solar energy
Scattered grains - ratio of the weight of grains that fell out from the
machine during the drying operation, to the weight of the total grain input
to the dryer, expressed in percent
Static pressure - pressure in the plenum chamber to maintain uniform
distribution of air flow through the grain mass, expressed in pascal
Suction system - air movement through the drying chamber wherein air
is moved through the product at a pressure lower that the atmospheric
condition, expressed in pascal
Tempering - temporarily holding the grain between the drying passes,
allowing the moisture content in the center of the grain and that on the
surface of the grain to equalize
Pns/Paes 204:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Mechanical Rice Thresher – Specifications
Axial flow thresher - throw-in type of thresher which allows the cut
plants to move in a helical manner around the threshing cylinder with a
net effect of moving the material axially between the feeding and
discharge outlets
Blower loss - ratio of the weight of grains blown with the chaff by the
thresher fan, to the weight of the total grain input of the thresher,
expressed in percent
Broken grain - grains that were broken (partially or fully) as a result of
threshing operation
Chaff - empty grains and crushed straw being discharged from the
threshing chamber
Compact thresher - small sized thresher
Concave grate / concave component - iron grill frame partially or fully
surrounding the cylinder on which the threshing elements rubs, shear
and/or impact the cut plants
Cracked grains - grainswhich show signs of fissures, fractures or
splinters
Grain-straw ratio / grain content - ratio of the weight of the grains
present in the panicles, to the total weight of the grain and straw in the
same sample
Hold-on thresher - type of thresher wherein the panicles of the cut
plants are fed into the threshing chamber while the stalks are
mechanically or manually held during the threshing operation
Mechanical rice thresher - machine used to detach and separate the
paddy from the panicles
note: it may or may not have a grain cleaning unit.
Moisture content - amount of moisture in the grain, expressed as
percentage of the total weight of the sample (dry basis)
note: it is calculated as:
Moisture content (mc), % d.b. =mo-m1m1× 100
Where:
mo is the initial mass in grams of the test portion
m1 is the mass in grams of the dry test portion
Palay / paddy / rice / rough rice - unhulled grain of oryza sativa l., that
is, grain with the hull/husk
Peg-tooth cylinder - type of threshing cylinder wherein spikes or pegs
are attached on the periphery of the cylinder in tandem or in helical
arrangements
Purity - ratio of the weight of clean grains to the total weight of unclean
grains sample, expressed in percent
Rasp-bar cylinder - type of threshing cylinder wherein threshing is done
between bar-like protrusions in parallel orientation laid on the periphery
of the cylinder and stationary bars built into or attached to the concave
grate
Rated engine speed - engine speed, indicated in revolutions per minute
(rpm) of the engine shaft, as specified by the engine manufacturer for
operation at nominal continuous load
Scattering loss - ratio of the weight of grains that fell out from the
machine during threshing operation, to the weight of the total grain input
of the thresher, expressed in percent
Separation loss - ratio of the weight of grains that come out of the
threshing chamber with the straw, to the weight of total grain input of the
thresher, expressed in percent
Standard thresher - common type of thresher that gives off a capacity
of 0.3 – 1.5 tons/hr
Straw length - cut plants length measured from the point of cut to the tip
of the panicle
Threshed grain - grains that are detached from the panicles by the
thresher inclusive of mature, immature, and damaged grains
Threshing unit / threshing chamber - part of the thresher where the
grains are detached and separated from the panicles
Threshing cylinder / threshing drum - part of the threshing unit that
rotates about an axis and it is equipped with either pegs, rasp bars, or
wire loops on its periphery
Threshing efficiency - ratio of the weight of the threshed grains
collected at all outlets, to the total grain input of the thresher, expressed
in percent
Threshing element - attachments of the threshing cylinder such as peg
tooth, wire-loop and rasp-bar that detaches the grains from the panicles
Threshing recovery - ratio of the weight of the threshed grains
collected at the main grain outlet, to the weight of the total grain input of
the thresher, expressed in percent
Through flow thresher - throw-in type of thresher wherein cut plants
are fed between the rotating cylinder and stationary concave, and the
threshed materials/straws are discharged out of the threshing chamber
tangentially
Throw-in thresher - type of thresher which detaches the grains by
feeding the cut plants into the machine
Total grain input - sum of the weights of collected threshed grains and
all grains loss during threshing
Unthreshed loss - ratio of the weight of grains that remained in the
panicles of the plants fed into the threshing chamber, to the weight of
total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent
Wire-loop cylinder - type of threshing cylinder wherein wires of the
same arc and size are attached on the periphery of the cylinder in
tandem arrangement with or without the threshing concave
Pns/paes 205:2015
Agricultural machinery – mechanical rice thresher – methods of test
Actual capacity - the weight of the threshed grain collected from the
main grain outlet per unit time
Clean threshed grain - threshed grain with 100% purity exclusive of the
empty grains and other impurities
Concave clearance - the clearance between cylinder threshing
elements and concave component
Concave grate / concave component - an iron grill frame partly
surrounding the cylinder on which the threshing elements rub, shear
and/or impact the cut plants
Corrected capacity - the corrected capacity of the thresher at 20%
grain moisture content (wet basis), grain-straw ratio of 0.55 and 100%
purity
Cylinder length - the distance between the outermost points along the
cylinder base axis
Cylinder peripheral speed - the equivalent linear speed of the cylinder
tip when running at normal operating speed, expressed in m/s
Effective cylinder diameter - outside diameter generated by the
outermost point of the cylinder threshing elements
Grain-straw ratio / grain content - the ratio of the weight of the grains
present in the panicles, to the total weight of the grain and straw in the
same sample
Lower concave - a semi-circular shaped wire mesh or bar grate
covering the lower portion of the threshing chamber which causes the
grains to separate from the panicles
Primemover - an electric motor, or a gasoline or diesel fed engine used
to run the thresher
Running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make
various adjustments prior to the conduct of test
Threshing output - the weight of the threshed grains collected at the
grain outlet
Total grain input - the sum of the weights of collected threshed grains
and all threshing losses
Upper concave - semi-circular shaped grate at the upper portion of the
threshing cylinder with louvers which assist threshing and axial
movement of the straw
Pns/Paes 206:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Mill – Specifications
Bran - outer layer of the brown rice consisting of the aleurone cells
covering the endosperm of the rice grain
Broken grains - pieces of grains smaller than three-fourths (3/4) of the
average length of the unbroken kernels
Brown rice / dehulled rice / cargo rice / dehusked rice - rice kernels
from which only the hull has been removed and with the bran layer still
intact
Coefficient of hulling - ratio of the dehulled grains to the total amount
of grain input, expressed in percent
Coefficient of wholeness - ratio of the whole brown rice to the total
amount of dehulled grains, expressed in percent
Head rice - grain or a piece of a grain with its length equal to or greater
than three-fourths (3/4) of the average length of the whole kernels
Huller / husker / dehuller - component of a rice mill that removes the
hulls (palea and lemma) from the grains
Hulling efficiency - product of the coefficient of hulling and the
coefficient of wholeness of grains, expressed in percent
Input capacity - weight of paddy per unit loading time into the huller,
expressed in metric tons per hour
Milled rice / white rice - grains obtained after the removal of hull, bran
and germ
Milling capacity - quantity of paddy that the rice mill can process to a
specified quality per total milling time,expressed in metric tons per hour
Milling degree - extent or degree by which the bran layer of the brown
rice is removed as a result of whitening
Milling recovery - ratio of the weight of milled rice to the total weight of Rubber roll type - type of rice mill using rubber roll huller and utilizes
paddy, expressed in percent friction and/or combination of other types of whitener
Milling recovery index - ratio of the milling recovery obtained in actual Centrifugal type - type of a huller with rotating blades and utilizes
testing, to the milling recovery obtained from the laboratory test mill pressure such as coriolis’ force, frictional force from the blades, or
impact force at collision with the blades and the peripheral surface
Multi-pass rice mill - rice mill that employs a series of two or more
whitening/polishing machines Single-pass rice mill - rice mill that employs only one whitening
machine
Paddy / rough rice / “palay” - unhulled grain of oryza sativa, which
means, grain with the glumes enclosing the kernel Well-milled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer
bran layers, and the greater part of the inner bran layer have been
Percent head rice - ratio of the weight of grains with a size ofthree-
removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layers may still
fourths (3/4) or more of the whole grain to the total weight of milled rice,
be present on less than 20% of the sample grains
expressed in percent
Whitener - component of a rice mill that removes the bran in the brown
Percent head rice index - ratio of the percent head rice obtained in
rice
actual testing, to the percent head rice obtained from the laboratory test
mill Abrasive type - type of whitening machine consisting of a cylinder or
cone coated with abrasive material such as emery stone or any similar
Polisher - device of a rice mill, which removes the remaining bran on
materials enclosed in a perforated steel housing
the milled rice and produces a glossy appearance
Friction type - type of whitening machine consisting of a ridged cylinder
Rice hull / rice husk - outer most rough covering of the paddy grain
enclosed in a perforated steel housing
(palea and lemma) consisting of the empty glumes, floral glumes, and
awn
Rice mill - machine used to remove the hull and bran of the paddy to
produce milled rice and consists mainly of hulling and whitening
assembly Pns/Paes 207:2015
Cone “cono” type - type of rice mill having an under-runner stone disc Agricultural Machinery – Rice Mill – Methods Of Test
huller and vertical cone whitener
Brewers rice / “binlid” / chips - small pieces or particles of grains that
pass through a sieve having round perforations of 1.4mm in diameter
Destoner - auxiliary device used to separate stones from the paddy
and/or brown rice
Output capacity - weight of milled rice per unit of milling time,
expressed in metric tons per hour
Over milled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, and the bran
layers have been completely removed (0%)
Paddy grader - auxiliary device used to classify paddy based on length
and thickness
Paddy separator - auxiliary device used to separate paddy from brown
rice
Polisher / pearler - auxiliary device used to remove the remaining small
bran particles on the milled rice and gives it a glossy appearance
Pre-cleaner - auxiliary device used to remove foreign matter/impurities
from the paddy before milling
Regular milled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer
bran layers and the greater part of the inner bran layers have been
removed but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layers may still be
present on 21% to 40% of the sample grains
Undermilled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer
bran layer, and the greater part of the inner bran layer have been
removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layer may still be
present on more than 40 % of the sample grains
Well-milled rice - rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer
bran layer, and the greater part of the inner bran layer have been
removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layer may still be
present on 1% to 20% of the sample grains
Pns/Paes 212:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Reaper – Specifications
Actual field capacity - actual rate of reaping the rice crop in a given
area per unit of time
note: the time pertains to the actual time which includes the time
spent for turning at the headland, adjustment of machine and minor
repairs.
Conveying loss - grains that fall with the cut stalks during delivery and
release at the side of the reaper during operation
Field efficiency - ratio of the actual field capacity and theoretical field
capacity, expressed in percent
Header loss / shattering loss - grains that have fallen to the ground
due to the machine’s cutting operation
Journal bearing - bearing that is used to reduce the friction in
supported radial loads
Reciprocating cutter knife - cutting mechanism consisting of fixed
lower knife and reciprocating upper knife wherein its movement is
controlled by the crank connected to the gear box or belt drive
Rice reaper - machine that cuts and lays stalks of rice crop uniformly on
one side
Rotary knife - cutting mechanism consisting of planetary type circular
saw-toothed blade which rotates at the same time with the pick-up
triangular frame
Shear pin - pin designed to shear in case of mechanical overload during
operation to prevent damage to major parts
Theoretical field capacity - computed rate of reaping paddy in a given
area per unit of time
Pns/Paes 213:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Reaper – Methods Of Test
Cutting width - distance between two outermost divider tips
Lodging angle - degree between the vertical line joining the center of
the plant and the imaginary line where the stalk lodges
Potential yield - maximum yield per unit area
Pre-harvest loss - losses that occur prior to reaping due to maturity of
paddy and natural causes
Overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting surface and
the horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the reaper
note: all parts of the reaper projecting upwards are contained
between these two planes.
Overall length - distance between the vertical planes at the right angles
to the median plane of the reaper and touching its front and rear
extremities
note: all parts of the reaper, in particular, components projecting
at the front and at the rear are contained between these two planes.
When an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be set at
minimum length.
Overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the
median plane of the reaper, each plane touching the outermost point of
the reaper on its respective side
note: all parts of the reaper projecting laterally are contained
between these two planes.
Running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make
various adjustments prior to the conduct of test
Pns/Paes 224:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Combine Harvester – Specifications
Actual field capacity - ratio of the area covered per unit of time
Blower / cleaning fan - rotary device which produces a flow of air
across the chaffer and cleaning sieve(s) to blow away the materials or
impurities lighter than grains
Concave - concave-shaped, stationary element adjacent to the
threshing cylinder or threshing rotor, fitted primarily to enhance threshing
note: in the case of a concave that is permeable to grain flow,
either in whole or in part, it has the important secondary function of
primary separation.
Crop elevator - auxiliary conveyor to assist in feeding the crop to the
threshing cylinder
Field efficiency - ratio of the actual field capacity and theoretical field
capacity, expressed in percent (%)
Grain elevator - device which carries the grains from grain auger to
grain tank or bin
Grain loss - loss classified according to source, including all field losses
attributable to the machine
Grain pan - pan for collecting the clean grains after being passed
through cleaning sieve(s) for conveying to grain auger
Grain tank / bin - tank used to hold the threshed grain
Header / feed table - portion of the rice combine harvester comprising
the mechanism for gathering, cutting, and picking the crop
Header loss - grains that have fallen to the ground due to the machine’s
cutting operation
Impurities - all matters other than grains such as paddy stalks and
leaves, and weeds
Oscillating screen - cleaning mechanism that oscillates at 300 to 400
times per minute in a plane that is parallel to the screen
Reel - revolving slats or arms with battens arranged parallel to the cutter
bar to hold the crop being cut by the knife and to push and guide it to a
conveyor platform or feeder conveyor auger
Rice combine harvester - mobile grain-harvesting machine for cutting,
picking, stripping or picking up crop, threshing, separating, cleaning and
conveying grain into a grain hopper or bag and depositing harvest
residue onto the ground
Shaker shoe / shoe - oscillating structure which supports the cleaning
sieve(s) and which may also support the chaffer and the chaffer
extension
Straw walker - assembly of two or more racks which agitates the straw
and separates the remaining grains from straw
Stripper beater / rear beater - element placed on the rear side of the
cylinder and above to rear ward of concave or concave grate extension
or transition grate to assist the deflection of straw on straw walker
Threshing cylinder / threshing drum - balanced rotating assembly,
comprising rasp bars, beater bars or spikes on its periphery and their
supports, for threshing the crop, which, in conjunction with a stationary
element adjacent to it, is fitted primarily to enhance threshing, where the
crop being threshed is contained between rotating and stationary
elements for less than 360°
Theoretical field capacity - computed rate of harvesting in a given area
per unit of time
Pns/Paes 225:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Combine Harvester – Methods Of
Test
Broken grain - grains that were broken and/or dehulled (partially or
fully) as a result of harvesting and threshing operation
Cracked grain - grains which show signs of fissures or fractures or
splinters
Cylinder peripheral speed - the equivalent linear speed of the cylinder
tip when running at normal operating speed, expressed in m/s
Grain quality - quality of threshed grain determined in terms of percent
whole grain
Overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting surface and
the horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the rice combine
harvester
note: all parts of the rice combine harvester projecting upwards
are contained between these two planes.
Overall length - distance between the vertical planes at the right angles
to the median plane of the rice combine harvester and touching its front
and rear extremities
note: all parts of the rice combine harvester, in particular,
components projecting at the front and at the rear are contained
between these two planes. When an adjustment of components is
possible, it shall be set at minimum length.
Overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the
median plane of the rice combine harvester; each plane touching the
outermost point of the harvester on its respective side
note: all parts of the rice combine harvester projecting laterally
are contained between these two planes.
Running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make
various adjustments prior to the conduct of test until the operation is
stable
Separation loss / blower loss - grains that come out of the threshing
chamber or the blower outlet with the straw which is also the outlet of the
blower
Throughput capacity - weight of the cleaned grain collected from the
main grain outlet per unit of time
Uncut loss - grains from the panicles that were not cut or were missed
by the harvesting process
Unthreshed loss - grains left in the panicles of the plant fed into the
threshing chamber
Pns/Paes 260:2015
 Agricultural Machinery – Paddy Seed Cleaner– Specifications
Aspirator - unit used to remove light foreign matter by drawing air
through the seed mass
Blower - device for moving air which utilizes a power-driven rotating
impeller
Clean seeds - good seeds and damaged seeds without foreign matter
Cleaning loss - ratio of the sum of the weight of seeds blown and
scattered, to the weight of the total unclean seeds input in the cleaner,
expressed in percent
Cleaning recovery - ratio of the weight of the clean seeds collected at
the output chute, to the total weight of the seeds input in the cleaner
multiplied by the initial purity, expressed in percent
Damaged seeds - seeds that are damaged by mechanical means, heat,
water, and/or insect
Foreign matter - all matters other than paddy seeds such as sand,
gravel, dirt, pebbles, stones, lumps of earth, clay, mud, chaff, straw and
other grains like weed seeds and other crop seeds including unfilled
grains
Good seeds - clean seeds that are viable for germination
Hopper - part of the cleaner where the seeds to be cleaned are loaded
Input capacity - weight of seeds per unit loading time into the hopper,
expressed in kilograms per hour
Moisture content - amount of water in the seeds, expressed as
percentage
Oscillating screen - wire mesh or perforated sheet metal used to
separate large and/or small particles
Output chute - part of the cleaner where the clean seeds are collected
Paddy / rough rice / “palay” - unhulled grain of oryza sativa, which
means, grain with the glumes enclosing the kernel
Paddy seed cleaner - machine that is used to remove foreign matter
from the seed mass
Winnower - machine that mechanically separates foreign matter
through the use of a blower
Pns/Paes 261:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Paddy Seed Cleaner – Methods Of Test
Blower loss - ratio of the weight of clean seeds blownand mixed with
the impurities in the fan outlet to the weight of seeds input, expressed in
percent
Feed rate - weight of unclean seeds fed into the cleaner per unit of time
Paddy seeds output - sum of the weight of collected clean paddy seeds
in the outlets
Primemover - electric motor, a gasoline or diesel fed engine used to run
the paddy seed cleaner
Purity - ratio of the weight of clean seeds, to the total weight of unclean
seed samples, expressed in percent
Scattering loss - ratio of the weight of clean seeds that are displaced
from the machine during cleaning operation to the weight of seeds input,
expressed in percent
Pns/Paes 262:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Multipurpose Thresher – Specifications
Axial flow - throw-in type of thresher/sheller which allows the cut plants
to move in a helical manner around the threshing cylinder with a net
effect of moving the material axially between the feeding and discharge
outlets
Blower loss - ratio of the weight of grains blown with the chaff by the
thresher fan or weight of corn kernels blown by the sheller fan, to the
weight of the total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent
Broken grain - grains that were broken and/or dehulled (partially or
fully) as a result of threshing operation
Chaff - empty grains and crushed straw being discharged from the
threshing chamber
Closed-frame cylinder - type of shelling/threshing cylinder formed by a
rolled metal sheet/plate or formed by longitudinal bars adjacently
arranged forming a continuous cylinder
note: the shelling elements are either attached around the
periphery of a cylinder or at the longitudinal bars.
Compact thresher - small sized thresher
Concave grate / concave component - iron grill frame partially or fully
surrounding the cylinder on which the threshing/shelling elements rubs,
shear and/or impact the cut plants or the corn ear
Corn ear - pistillate inflorescence of the plant zea mays l., enclosed with
a leaf-like protective covering known as husk
Corn cob - part of the ear corn where the kernels are attached
Corn husker-sheller - machine used to remove the husk of corn ear,
detach, separate and clean the corn kernels from the cobs in one
operation
Corn sheller - machine used to detach, separate and clean the corn
kernels from the cobs
Cracked kernels / cracked grains - kernels or grains which show signs
of fissures or fractures or splinters
Cylinder-type - type of threshing/shelling unit consisting of a cylinder
with shelling elements such as knife bar or pegtooth
note: the cylinder rotates inside a concave component.
Disc-type - type of threshing/shelling unit consisting of a vertical disc
with spiked surface
note: the disc rotates along horizontal axis.
Ear corn / dehusked corn / corn-in-cob - unshelled fruit of the corn
plant where the husk has been removed mechanically or manually
Efficiency - ratio of the weight of the threshed grains and shelled
kernels collected at all outlets, to the total grain input in the machine,
expressed in percent
Grain-straw ratio / grain content - ratio of the weight of the grains
present in the panicles, to the total weight of the grain and straw in the
same sample
Hopper-fed type - type of corn sheller wherein the ear corn are fed into
shelling chamber by gravity
Kernel - dry and indehiscent seed developed from the ovary of the ear
corn
Kernel-ear corn ratio - ratio of the weight of the corn kernel present in
the ear corn to the weight of the ear corn
Mechanical rice thresher - machine used to detach and separate the
paddy from the panicles
Mechanically damaged kernels - kernels that were broken during the
operation
Moisture content - amount of moisture in the grain or in the kernel
expressed as percentage of the total weight of the sample, wet basis
Multipurpose thresher - machine that could perform paddy threshing,
corn husking and corn shelling operations
Net cracked kernel - difference between the percent cracked sample
taken before and after the shelling operation
Open-frame cylinder - type of threshing/shelling cylinder where the
shelling elements are attached to the equally spaced longitudinal bars
arranged cylindrically
Palay / paddy / rice / rough rice - unhulled grain of oryza sativa l., that
is, grain with the hull/husk
Peg-tooth cylinder - type of threshing cylinder wherein spikes or pegs
are attached on the periphery of the cylinder in tandem or in helical
arrangements
Purity - ratio of the weight of clean corn kernels or clean grains/paddy,
to the total weight of unclean corn kernels or grains/paddy sample,
expressed in percent
Rasp-bar cylinder - type of threshing cylinder wherein threshing is done
between bar-like protrusions in parallel orientation laid on the periphery
of the cylinder and stationary bars built into or attached to the concave
grate
Rated engine speed - engine speed indicated in revolutions per minute
(rpm) of the engine shaft as specified by the engine manufacturer for
operation at nominal continuous load
Scattering loss - ratio of the weight of corn kernels or grains that fell out
from the machine during shelling/threshing operation to the weight of the
total corn kernel or grains input of the sheller/thresher, expressed in
percent
Shelling cylinder / threshing cylinder / shelling drum / threshing
drum - part of the unit that rotates about an axis and it is equipped with
pegs on its periphery
Shelling unit / threshing unit / shelling chamber / threshing Threshing element - attachments of the threshing cylinder such as peg
chamber - part of the unit where the kernels and grains are detached tooth, wire-loop and rasp-bar that detaches the grains from the panicles
and separated from the corn cobs and panicles
Through flow thresher - throw-in type of thresher wherein cut plants
Shelled kernels - whole and damaged corn kernels separated from the are fed between the rotating cylinder and stationary concave and the
cob after shelling threshed materials/straws are discharged out of the threshing chamber
tangentially
Separation loss - ratio of the weight of corn kernels or grains that come
out of the shelling/threshing chamber with the cobs at the cob outlet or Throw-in thresher - type of thresher which detaches the grains by
out of the threshing chamber with the straw, to the weight of the total feeding the cut plants into the machine
corn kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent
Total grain input - sum of the weights of collected threshed grains and
Sifter / cleaning mechanism component sifter - wire mesh or all grains loss during threshing
perforated metal sheet that rotates or moves back-and-forth and allow
Unshelled kernels - kernels that remain in the cob after shelling
smaller particles to fall through the openings and larger particles to
remain on top Unshelled loss / unthreshed loss - ratio of the weight of corn
kernels/grains that remained in the cobs of the corn/panicles of the
Standard thresher - common type of thresher that gives off a capacity
plants fed into the chamber, to the weight of the total corn kernel input of
of 0.3 – 1.5 tons/hr
the sheller, expressed in percent
note: it may or may not have a grain cleaning unit.
Whole kernels - unbroken kernels after shelling
Straw length - cut plants length measured from the point of cut to the tip
of the panicle
Recovery - ratio of the weight of the shelled corn or grains collected
from the main outlet, to the total weight of the corn kernel or grains input Pns/Paes 263:2015
in the machine, expressed in percent
Agricultural Machinery – Multipurpose Thresher – Methods Of Test
Table-fed type - type of corn sheller wherein the ear corn are fed into
shelling chamber with the application of external force
Actual capacity - the weight of the threshed grain collected from the
Threshed grain - grains that are detached from the panicles by the main grain outlet per unit time
thresher inclusive of mature, immature, and damaged grains
Clean threshed grain / clean shelled kernel - threshed grain or shelled
kernel with 100% purity exclusive of the empty grains and other
impurities
Concave clearance - the clearance between cylinder threshing/shelling
elements and concave component
Concave grate / concave component - an iron grill frame partly
surrounding the cylinder on which the threshing/shelling elements rub,
shear and/or impact the cut plants
Corrected capacity - the corrected capacity : at 20% grain moisture
content (wet basis), grain-straw ratio of 0.55 and 100% purity for
thresher and 20% grain moisture content (wet basis) and 100% purity for
sheller-husker
Cylinder length - the distance between the outermost points along the
cylinder base axis
Cylinder peripheral speed - the equivalent linear speed of the cylinder
tip when running at normal operating speed, expressed in m/s
Effective cylinder diameter - outside diameter generated by the
outermost point of the cylinder threshing/shelling elements
Feed rate - weight of unshelled corn or unthreshed paddy fed into the
thresher/sheller per unit of time
Foreign matters - all matters other than corn kernels or grains such as
sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles, stones, lumps of earth, clay and mud, weed
seeds and other crop seeds
Grain-straw ratio / grain content - the ratio of the weight of the grains
present in the panicles, to the total weight of the grain and straw in the
same sample
Lower concave - a semi-circular shaped wire mesh or bar grate
covering the lower portion of the threshing/shelling chamber which
causes the grains to separate from the panicles or the kernels to
separate from the cob
Oscillating screen - wire mesh or perforated sheet metal used to
separate large and/or small particles
Output capacity - weight of threshed/shelled kernel collected per unit of
time
Primemover - an electric motor, or a gasoline, or a diesel fed engine
used to run the machine
Running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make
various adjustments prior to the conduct of test until the operation is
stable
Threshing/shelling output - the weight of the threshed grains or
shelled kernels collected at the main outlet
Total losses - sum of blower, separation, unthreshed/unshelled and
scattering losses, expressed in percent by weight
Total grain input / total kernel input - the sum of the weights of
collected threshed grains or shelled kernels and all threshing/shelling
losses
Upper concave - a semi-circular shaped grate at the upper portion of
the threshing/shelling cylinder with louvers which assist threshing and
axial movement of the straw
Pns/Paes 264:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Husk Fed Heating System –
Specifications
Ash - inorganic, non-combustible residue left after complete combustion
of a material
Ash arrester - component that reduces the fly-ash blown into the
surroundings
Ash discharging mechanism - component that removes the ash from
the combustion chamber
Biomass - organic materials used as renewable source of energy
including but not limited to agricultural crops, feed and fiber crop
residues, aquatic plants, forestry and wood residues, agricultural wastes,
processing by-products and other non-fossil organic materials
Blower - a power driven device used to supply appropriate volume of air
to the chamber for efficient combustion
Chimney - a refractory or metallic stack for moving waste gases from
the heating system to the atmosphere
Combustion chamber - compartment where the rice husk is being
burned
Direct-fired furnace - a type of furnace where the flue gas and other by-
products of combustion goes into the dryer
Flue gas - waste gases that have passed through the chimney and heat
recovery equipment
Grate - framework of metal bars or fire bricks used to hold rice husk in
furnace for more efficient combustion
Hearth - fire resistant surface located at the heating chamber of the
furnace
Heat exchanger - device used to transfer heat from one fluid stream to
another without intermixing
Indirect-fired furnace - a type of furnace that uses a heat exchanger to
prevent flue gas and other by products of combustion to enter the drying
chamber with the drying air
Rice husk / rice hull - outermost rough covering of the paddy grain
(palea and lemma) consisting of the empty glumes, floral glumes, and
awn
Rice husk fed heating system - interconnected components for intense
heating using rice husk
Workload - materials to be burned using rice husk fed furnace
 Pns/Paes 265:2015
Agricultural Machinery – Rice Husk Fed Heating System – Methods
Of Test
Burning efficiency - ratio of the actual and the theoretical heating value
of fuel, expressed in percent
Furnace efficiency - ratio of the heat transferred and heat available in
furnace, expressed in percent
Furnace heat capacity / actual heat supplied by the furnace - ratio of
the product of the change in enthalpy and air flow rate, to the specific
volume of fresh air
Heating system efficiency - ratio of actual and theoretical heat
supplied by the fuel to the furnace, expressed in percent
Latent heat of vaporization - heat absorbed by a unit mass of a
material at its boiling point in order to convert the material into a gas
without temperature change
Overall height - distance between the horizontal supporting plane
surface and the horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the
furnace.
note: all parts of the furnace projecting upwards are contained
between these two planes.
Overall length - distance between the vertical planes at the right angles
to the median plane of the furnace and touching its front and rear
extremities.
note: all parts of the furnace, in particular, components projecting
at the front and at the rear are contained between these two planes.
Where an adjustment of components is possible, it shall be set at
minimum length.
Overall width - distance between the vertical planes parallel to the
median plane of the machine, each plane touching the outermost point
of the furnace on its respective side.
note: all parts of the furnace projecting side wards are contained
between these two planes.
Sensible heat - heat absorbed or evolved by a substance during a
change of temperature that is not accompanied by a change of state
Pns/Paes 419:2015
Agricultural Structures – Warehouse For Bag Type Storage Of
Grains
Aeration - moving of air through stored grains at low airflow rates
between 0.05 – 2.28 cubic meter per minute per ton for purposes other
than drying, to maintain or improve its quality
Bag type storage - storing of paddy, milled rice, corn, and other grains
in bags usually made of jute, polyethylene, and other packaging
materials.
Dunnage / pallet / “tarima” - wooden or plastic (food grade) frames
used on concrete floors for stacking bags to prevent direct contact
between the grains and the floor
Fumigation - process of using chemicals to control insects in grains in a
form of fumes
Moisture content - amount of water in the grains, expressed as
percentage
Paddy / rough rice / “palay” - unhulled grain of oryza sativa, which
means, grain with the glumes enclosing the kernel
Warehouse - building used for storing paddy, milled rice and other
grains in bags
VOLUME 11
PNS/BAFS/PAES 216:2017
General Irrigation Terminologies
Access areas - areas open for public entry such as golf courses, public
and private parks, playgrounds, schoolyards and playing fields,
residential landscapes and industrial park landscapes
Active storage - volume of water stored in reservoir between the
minimum water level and normal water level
Actual crop evapotranspiration - rate of evapotranspiration equal to or
smaller than predicted crop evapotranspiration as affected by the level of
available soil water, salinity, field size or other causes
Afflux elevation - rise in maximum flood level from the original
unobstructed flood level which result after an obstruction to the flow such
as a dam, has been introduced
Algal bloom - overgrowths of algae in water producing dangerous
toxins in fresh or marine water
Application efficiency - ratio of the average depth of irrigation water
infiltrated and stored in the root zone to the average depth of irrigation
water applied
Aquifer - geologic formation which contains water and transmits it at a
rate sufficient to be economically developed for pumping artificially
developed well
Area - cross-sectional area of the flow which is measured perpendicular
to the direction of flow
Basin - field that is level in all directions, encompassed by a dike to
prevent runoff, and provides an undirected flow of water onto the field
Basin irrigation - type of surface irrigation where water is applied to the
basin through a gap in the perimeter dike or adjacent ditch; water is
retained until it infiltrates into the soil or the excess is drained off
Bearing capacity -maximum average contact pressure between the
foundation and the soil which should not produce shear failure in the soil
Border irrigation - method of irrigation which makes use of parallel
border strips where the water flows down the slope at a nearly uniform
depth
Border strip - area of land bounded by two border ridges or dikes that
guide the irrigation stream from the inlet point of application to the ends
of the strip
Channel bed slope - inclination or elevation drop per unit length of the
channel bottom
Confined aquifer - groundwater that is confined by relatively
impermeable layer
Contamination - introduction of substances not found in the natural
composition of water that make the water less desirable or unfit for
intended use
Conveyance efficiency - ratio between water received at the inlet for a
block of fields to that released at the project’s headwork
Conveyance loss - loss of water from a channel during transport due to
seepage and percolation
Critical depth - depth of water flow where the energy content is at
minimum hence, no other backwater forces are involved
Crop coefficient - ratio of the actual crop evapotranspiration to its
potential evapotranspiration
Crop evapotranspiration - rate of evapotranspiration of a disease-free
crop growing in a large field (one or more ha) under optimal soil
conditions, including sufficient water and fertilizer and achieving full
production potential of that crop under the given growing environment;
includes water loss through transpiration by the vegetation, and
vaporation from the soil surface and wet leaves
Cropping pattern - sequence of different crops grown in regular order
on any particular field or fields
Crop water requirements - amount of water used in producing crops
which is the sum of evapotranspiration or consumptive use plus seepage
and percolation losses
Dam - any barrier constructed to store water
Dam height - vertical distance from lowest point of the ground line to the
dam crest
Dead storage - volume below the intake structure; sediment volume
based on 25 years of accumulation in the reservoir
Depth - depth of water in the channel cross-section
Designed height - actual height of the embankment after settlemen
Design irrigable area - maximum area which an irrigation project can
serve considering the extent of arable lands and the available water
supply
Distribution uniformity - numerical value on the uniformity of
application for agricultural irrigation systems
Diversion dam - structure or weir provided across the river or creek to
raise its water level and divert the water into the main canal to facilitate
irrigation by gravity
Diversion water requirement - the total quantity of water diverted from
a stream, lake, or reservoir, or removed from the ground in order to
irrigate a crop
Drip irrigation - trickle irrigation involves dripping water onto the soil at
very low rates (2-20 liters/hour) from the emitters where water is applied
close to plants so that only part of the soil in which the roots grow is
wetted
Drop - in-line canal structure designed to convey canal water from a
higher level to a lower level, duly dissipating the excess energy resulting
from the drop in elevation
Effective rainfall - amount of rainwater that falls directly on the field and
is used by the crop for growth and development excluding deep
percolation, surface runoff and interception
Effective rooting depth - soil depth from which the bulk of the roots of
the crop extracts most of the water needed for evapotranspiration
Effective size - particle diameter corresponding to a 10% sieve passing
Effluent - discharges from known sources which is passed into a body
of water or land, or wastewater flowing out of a manufacturing plant,
industrial plant including domestic, commercial and recreational facilities
Effluent standard - any legal restriction or limitation on quantities, rates,
and/or concentrations or any combination thereof, of physical, chemical
or biological parameters of effluent which a person or point source is
allowed to delivery into a body of water or land
Elevated flume - water conveying conduit or trough which is supported
on abutments by piers
Emitter spacing - spacing between emitters or emission points along a
lateral line
Emitters - applicator used in drip, subsurface, or bubbler irrigation
designed to disspate pressure and to discharge a small uniform flow or
trickle of water at a constant rate that does not vary significantly because
of minor differences in pressure
Energy grade line - specific energy line grade line of the water surface
profile plus the velocity head in open channels
Equipment crossing - provision for passing of equipment and small
machinery
Evapotranspiration - combination of water transpired from vegetation
and evaporated from the soil, water, and plant surfaces.
Farm ditch - channel which conveys irrigation water from the turnout to
the paddy field
Filter drain - dam component which prevents migration of small
particles and screen off fine materials that flow with seepage water and
prevent piping
Finished height - height of the embankment to be attained during
construction
Farm water requirement - amount of water to replenish the crop water
requirement and losses less the effective rainfall
Freeboard - additional height of the dam provided as a safety factor to
prevent overtopping by wave action or other causes
Furrows - small parallel channels, made to carry water in order to
irrigate the crop
Furrow irrigation - method of irrigation where water runs through small
parallel channels as it moves down the slope of the field
Head ditch - supply ditchsmall channel along one part of a field that is
used for distributing water in surface irrigation
Homogeneous embankment - dam composed of a single kind of
embankment material exclusive for slope protection
Hydraulic depth - ratio of flow area to the wetted top width
Hydraulic grade line - hydraulic gradient profile of the free water
surface
Hydraulic jump - occurs when a thin sheet of incoming flow moving at
high velocity strikes water of sufficient depth
Hydraulic radius - cross-sectional area of flow divided by the wetted
perimeter
Hydrologic frequency analysis - estimation of the chance or likelihood
of occurrence of a given event by determining the frequency curves of
best fit to samples of hydrologic data
Inside slope - slope of the upstream face of the embankment
Invert - inside bottom or sill of t the conduit
Inverted siphon - closed conduit designed to convey canal water in full
and under pressure running condition, to convey canal water by gravity
under roadways, railways, drainage channels and local depressions
Irrigation period - time required to cover an area with one application of
water
Karst topography - geological formation shaped by the dissolution of a
layer or layers of soluble bedrock, usually carbonate rocks such as
limestone or dolomite
Land preparation water requirement - amount of water required in
lowland rice production which includes water losses through
evaporation, seepage and percolation and land soaking
Land soaking water requirement - amount of water required in lowland
rice production which is a function of the initial soil moisture and the
physical properties of the soil
Lateral spacing - spacing between irrigation laterals
Leaching - deep percolation of water beyond the root zone of plants,
resulting in loss of salts or nutrients
Lined channel - lined canal canals with impermeable material (usually
concrete) for channel stabilization and/or reduced seepage
Loading limit - allowable pollutant-loading limit per unit of time, which
the wastewater generator is permitted to discharge into any receiving
body of water or land.
Manifold - portion of the pipe network between the mainline and the
laterals
Manufacturer’s coefficient of variation - measure of the variability of
discharge of a random sample of a given make, model and size of
emitter, as provided by the manufacturer and before any field operations
or aging has taken place determined through a discharge test of a
sample of 50 emitters under a set pressure at 200 0c
Natural spillway - spillway which is not excavated such as natural draw,
saddle or drainage way
Normal depth - constant flow depth along a longitudinal section of a
channel under a uniform flow condition
Normal storage elevation - maximum elevation the water surface
which can be attained by the dam or reservoir without flow in the
spillway
Open channel flow - water flow that is conveyed in such a manner that
top surface is exposed to the atmosphere such as flow in canals,
ditches, drainage channels, culverts, and pipes under partially full flow
conditions
Optimal emitter spacing - drip emitter spacing which is 80% of the
wetted diameter estimated from field tests
Outside slope - slope at the downstream face of the embankment
Pan coefficient - ratio between reference evapotranspiration and water
loss by evaporation from an open water surface of a pan
Pan evaporation - rate of water loss by evaporation from an open water
surface of a pan
Percolation - vertical flow of water to below the root zone which is
affected by soil structure, texture, bulk density, mineralogy, organic
matter content, salt type and concentration
Permeability test - method to determine the rate of flow under laminar
flow conditions through a unit cross sectional are of soil under unit
hydraulic gradient
Pollutant - any substance, whether solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive,
which directly or indirectly alters the quality of any segment of the
receiving water body or land resource so as to affect or tend to affect
adversely any beneficial use thereof, or is hazardous or potentially
hazardous to health, or imparts objectionable odor, temperature change
or physical, chemical or biological change to any segment of the water
body or land, or is in excess of the allowable limits or concentrations or
quality standards specified in contravention of the condition, limitation or
restriction prescribed in these guidelines
Pond - sealed section formed between earth embankments where
combined seepage and percolation will be measures
Potential irrigable area - area capable of being irrigated, principally as
regards to availability of water, suitable soils, and topography of land
Reference crop evapotranspiration - rate of evapotranspiration from a
reference surface which is a hypothetical reference crop with an
assumed crop height of 0.2 m, a fixed surface resistance of 70 s/m and
an albedo of 0.23
Reservoir - part of the system that impounds the runoff
Residual moisture content - moisture left in the soil before the initial
irrigation water delivery which describes the extent of water depletion
from the soil when the water supply has been cut-offrestricted areas
areas with limited entry such as freeway landscape, highway medians
and other similar areas
Re-use - taking wastewater from one industry or process, treating it and
then using it in another process or industry such as for irrigation, as
liquid fertilizer and for aquaculture
Road crossing - conveys canal water under roads or railroads
Shallow tube well - tube or shaft vertically set into the ground at a
depth that is usually less than 15 m for the purpose of bringing
groundwater into the soil surface whose pumps are set above the water
level
Seismicity – occurrence or frequency of earthquakes in a region
Seepage - water escaping below or out from water conveyance facilities
such as open ditches, canals, natural channels, and waterway
Seepage line - phreatic line
Line with no filter arrangements where seepage occurs
Setback distance - distance from the perimeter of the irrigation area to
the community or area of concern that is sensitive to contamination
Side slope - ratio of the horizontal to vertical dimension of the channel
wall
Slope of the energy grade line - slope of the water surface profile plus
the velocity head in open channels
Slope of the hydraulic grade line - slope of the free water surface
Spillway - channel which releases surplus or flood water which cannot
be contained in the active storage space of the reservoir
Sprinkler irrigation - method of applying irrigation water similar to
natural rainfall where water is distributed through a system of pipes by
pumping and then sprayed into the air through sprinklers so that it
breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground
Sprinkler spacing - distance between two sprinkler heads along the
lateral
Storage capacity – total capacity at normal water surface elevation
Storage ratio - ratio of the storage capacity to the total earth volume
required for embankment construction which indicates the relative cost
of the different types of reservoir
Structural height - vertical distance measured from the top of the dam
down to the bedrock
Surface irrigation system - application of water by gravity flow to the
surface of the field. Either the entire field is flooded (basin irrigation) or
the water is fed into small channels (furrows) or strips of land (borders)
Top width - width of the channel cross-section at the free surface
Unconfined aquifer - aquifer which has water table serving as upper
surface of the zone of saturation
Uniformity coefficient - ratio of the particle size at 60% pasing to that
at 10% passing
Uniform flow - occurs when flow has a constant water area, depth,
discharge, and average velocity through a reach of channel
Unimodal rainfall pattern - rainfall pattern with five wet months of more
than 200 mm/month, five dry months of less than 100 mm/month, two
transition months of 100mm-200mm/month and total annual rainfall
above 1500 mm.
Unlined channels - unlined canal
Canals that are cut through the soil, in which the soil excavated from the
bed are used to form the embankment
Upstream face - side of the embankment wetted by the impounded
water
Waste - any material either solid, liquid, semi-solid, contained gas or
other forms resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, or agricultural
operations, or from community and household activities that is devoid of
usage and discarded PNS/BAFS/PAES 217:2017
Wastewater - waste in liquid state containing pollutants Determination of Irrigation Water Requirements
Water balance - accounting of water inflows, such as irrigation and Actual crop evapotranspiration
rainfall, and outflows, such as evaporation, seepage and percolation
Eta - Ratio of evapotranspiration equal or similar than predicted ETcrop
Watershed - area which contributes runoff or drains water into the as affected by the level of available soil water, salinity, field size or other
reservoir causes
Water right - privilege granted by the government to use and Application effeciency
appropriate water
Ea
Well log - record of formation stratification of an aquifer showing the
Ratio of the average depth of irrigation water infiltrated and stored in the
depth, thickness, degree ofconsolidation and other aquifer physical
root zone to the average depth of irrigation water applied
characteristics
Conveyance effeciency
Well-protected reservoir - reservoir where the upper reaches of the
basin is shielded by high mountain barriers Ec

Wetted diameter - diameter of the circular area wetted by the sprinkler Ratio between water received at the inlet for the block of fields to that
when operating at a given pressure and no wind released at the project's headwork

Wetted perimeter - portion of the perimeter of the canal that is in

contact with the flowing water
Wetted widths - width of the strip that would be wetted by a row of Crop coefficient
emitters spaced at their optimal spacing along a single lateral line
KC
Zoned embankment - dam consisting a central impervious core flanked
between zones of more pervious materials Ratio of the actual crop evapotranspiration to it's potential
evapotranspiration
Crop evapotranspiration - Rate of evapotranspiration of a desease-
free crop growing in a large field ( one or more ha ) under optimal soil
conditions, including sufficient water and fertilizer and achieving full
production potential of that crop under given growing environment;
include water loss through transpiration by the vegetation l, and
vaporation from the soil surface and wet leaves
Cropping pattern - Sequence of different crops grown in regular order
on any particular field, or fields
Crop water requirement
CWR
Amount of rainwater that falls directly on the field and is used by the crop
for growth and development excluding deep percolation, surface runoff
and interception
Effective rooting depth
Soil depth from which the bulk of the roots of the crop extracts most of
the water needed for evapotranspiration
Evapotranspiration
Combination of water transpired from vegetation and evaporated from
the soil, water, and plant surfaces.

Amount of water used in producing crops which is the sum of Farm water requirement
evapotranspiration or consumptive use plus seepage and percolation
FWR
losses
Amount of water to replenish the crop water requirement and losses less
Diversion water requirement
the effective rainfall
DWR
Hydrologic frequency analysis
The total quantity of water diverted from a stream, lake, or reservoir, or
Estimation of the chance or likelihood of occurrence of a given event by
removed from the ground in order to irrigate a crop
determining the frequency curves of best fit to samples of hydrologic
data

Effective rainfall
ER
Land preparation water requirement
LPWR
Amount of water required in lowland rice production which includes
water losses through evaporation, seepage and percolation and land
soaking
Land soaking water requirement
LSR
Amount of water required in lowland rice production which is a function
of the initial soil moisture and the physical properties of the soil
Pan coefficient
Ratio between reference evapotranspiration ( ETo ) and water losses by
evaporation from an open water surface of the pan
Pan evaporation
Rate of water loss by evaporation from an open water surface of a pan
Percolation
Vertical flow of water to below the root zone which is affected by the soil
structure, texture, bulk density, mineralogy, organic matter content, salt
type and concentration
Reference crop evapotranspiration
ETo
Rate of evapotranspiration from a reference surface which is
hypothetical reference crop with an assumed crop height of 0.2 m, fixed
surface resistance of 70s/m and an albedo of 0.23
Residual moisture content
Moisture left in the soil before the initial irrigation water deliver which
describes the extent of water depletion from the soil when the water
supply ha been cut-off
Seepage
Water escaping below or out from water conveyance facilities such as
open ditches, canals, natural channels, and waterway
PNS/BAFS/PAES 218:2017
Open Channels Design Of Main Canals, Laterals And Farm Ditches
Area – cross sectional area of the flow which is measured perpendicular
to the direction of flow.
Channel bed slope – inclination or elevation drop per unit length of the
channel bottom.
Depth – depth of water in the channel cross section.
Energy grade line – specific energy line, grade line of the water surface
profile plus the velocity head in open channels.
Freeboard – vertical distance from the top of the channel to the water
surface at the design condition.
Hydraulic depth – ratio flow area to the wetted top width.
Hydraulic grade line – hydraulic gradient profile of the water surface.
Hydraulic radius – cross sectional area flow divided by the wetted
perimeter.
Lined channel – lined canal, canals with impermeable material (usually
concrete) for channel stabilization and/or reduced seepage.
PNS/BAFS/PAES 219:2017
Conveyance Systems – Performance Evaluation of Open Channels
–Determination of Seepage and Percolation by Ponding Method

Normal depth – constant flow depth along a longitudinal section of a

channel under a uniform flow condition.
Open channel flow – water flow that is conveyed in such a manner that
top surface is exposed to the atmosphere such as flow in canals,
ditches, drainage channels, culverts, and pipes under partially full flow
conditions.
Slope of the hydraulic grade line – slope of the free water surface.
Farm ditch - channel which conveys irrigation water from the turnout to
the paddy field
Percolation - downward movement of water below ground surface
Pond - sealed section formed between earth embankments where
combined seepage and percolation will be measured
Seepage - lateral movement of water below ground surface

Slope of the energy grade line – slope of the water surface profile plus
the velocity head in open channels.
PNS/BAFS/PAES 220:2017
Side slope – ratio of the horizontal to vertical dimension of the channel Conveyance Systems – Performance Evaluation of Open Channels
wall. – Determination of Conveyance Loss by Inflow-Outflow Method
Top width – width of the channel cross section at the free surface.
Conveyance loss - loss of water from a channel during transport due to
Uniform flow – occurs when flow has a constant water area, depth, seepage and percolation.
discharge, and average velocity through a reach of channel.
Water balance - accounting of water inflows, such as irrigation and rainfall,
Unlined channels – unlined canal, canals that are cut through the soil, and outflows, such as evaporation, seepage and percolation.
in which the soil excavated from the bed are used to form the
embankment.

Wetted perimeter – portion of the perimeter of the canal that is in

contact with the flowing water.

PNS/BAFS/PAES 221:2017
Design of Canal Structures – Road Crossing, Drop, Siphon and
Elevated Flume
Critical depth - depth of water flow where the energy content is at
minimum hence, no other backwater
Forces areinvolved
Drop - in-line canal structure designed to convey canal water from a
higher level to a lower level,duly dissipating the excess energy resulting
fromthe drop in elevation
Elevated flume -water conveying conduitor trough which is supported
on a but ments bypiers
Equipment crossing - provision for passing of equipment and small
machinery
Invert - inside bottom or sill of t the conduit
Inverted siphon - closed conduit designed to convey canal water in full
and under pressure running condition, to convey canal water by gravity
under roadways, railways, drainage channels and local depressions
Road crossing - conveys canal water under roads or railroads
PNS/BAFS/PAES 222:2017
Design of Basin, Border and Furrow Irrigation Systems
Basin - field that is level in all directions, encompassed by a dike to
prevent runoff, and provides an undirected flow of water onto the field
Basin irrigation - type of surface irrigation where water is applied to the
basin through a gap in the perimeter dike or adjacent ditch
Border irrigation - method of irrigation which makes use of parallel
border strips where the water flows down the slope at a nearly uniform
depth.
Border strip - area of land bounded by two border ridges or dikes that
guide the irrigation stream from the inlet point of application to the ends
of the strip.
Furrows - small parallel channels, made to carry water in order to
irrigate the crop
Furrow irrigation - method of irrigation where water runs through small
parallel channels as it moves down the slope of the field
Head ditch - supply ditch, small channel along one part of a field that is
used for distributing water in surface irrigation
Surface irrigation system - application of water by gravity flow to the
surface of the field. Either the entire field is flooded (basin irrigation) or
the water is fed into small channels (furrows) or strips of land (borders)
PNS/BAFS/PAES 223:2017
Design of a Pressurized Irrigation System –Part A: Sprinkler
Irrigation
Average pressure - average sprinkler pressure of a lateral
Design pressure - pressure required to overcome the elevation
difference between the water source and the sprinkler nozzle, to
counteract friction losses and to provide
Adequate pressure at the nozzle for good water distribution
Distribution uniformity - numerical value on the uniformity of
application for agricultural irrigation systems
Irrigation period - time required to cover an area with one application of
water
Sprinkler irrigation - method of applying irrigation water similar to
natural rainfall where water is distributed through a system of pipes by
pumping and then sprayed into the air
Through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall
to the ground
Sprinkler spacing - distance between two sprinkler heads along the
lateral
Wetted diameter - diameter of the circular area wetted by the sprinkler
when operating at agiven pressure and no wind
PNS/BAFS/PAES 224: 2017
Design of a Pressurized Irrigation System – Part B: Drip Irrigation
Drip Irrigation Trickle Irrigation - involves dripping water onto the soil
at very low rates (2-20 L/h) from the emitters where water is applied
close to plants so that only part of the soil in which the roots grow is
wetted
Emitters - applicator used in drip, subsurface, or bubbler irrigation
designed to dissipate pressure and to discharge a small uniform flow or
trickle of water at a constant rate that does not vary significantly because
of minor differences in pressure
Emitter Spacing - spacing between emitters or emission points along a
lateral line
Lateral Spacing - spacing between irrigation laterals
Leaching - deep percolation of water beyond the root zone of
plants, resulting in loss of salts or nutrients
Manifold - portion of the pipe network between the mainline and
the laterals
Manufacturer’s Coefficient of Variation Cv - measure of the
variability of discharge of a random sample of a given make,
model and size of emitter, as provided by the manufacturer and
before any field operations or aging has taken place determined
through a discharge test of a sample of 50 emitters under a set
pressure at 20 C
0
Optimal Emitter Spacing - drip emitter spacing which is 80% of the
wetted diameter estimated from field tests
Wetted Widths - width of the strip that would be wetted by a row
of emitters spaced at their optimal spacing along a single lateral
line
PNS/BAFS/PAES 225:2017
Rainwater and Runoff Management – Small Water Impounding
System
Active storage - volume of water stored in reservoir between the
minimum water level and normal water level
Dam - any barrier constructed to store water
Dam height - vertical distance from lowest point of the ground line to the
dam crest
Dead storage - volume below the intake structure computed
Filter drain - dam component which prevents migration of small
particles and screen off fine materials that flow with seepage water and
prevent piping
Homogeneous embankment -
Dam composed of a single kind of embankment material exclusive for
slope protection
Karst topography - geological formation shaped by the dissolution of a
layer or layers of soluble bedrock, usually carbonate rocks such as
limestone or dolomite
Natural spillway - spillway which is not excavated such as natural draw,
saddle or drainage way
Normal storage elevation - maximum elevation the water surface
which can be attained by the dam or reservoir without flow in the
spillway
Reservoir - part of the system that impounds the runoff
Seepage line - phreatic line
Line with no filter arrangements where seepage occurs
Spillway - channel which releases surplus or flood water which cannot
be contained in the active storage space of the reservoir
Storage capacity - total capacity at normal water surface elevation
Structural height - vertical distance measured from the top of the dam
down to the bedrock
Upstream face - side of the embankment wetted by the impounded
water
Watershed - area which contributes runoff or drains water into the
reservoir
Water right - privilege granted by the government to use and
appropriate water
Well-protected reservoir - reservoir where the upper reaches of the
basin is shielded by high mountain barriers
Zoned embankment - dam consisting a central impervious core flanked
between zones of more pervious materials
PNS/BAFS/PAES 226:2017
Rainwater and Runoff Management – Small Farm Reservoir
Designed Height - actual height of the embankment after settlement
Finished Height - height of the embankment to be attained during
construction
Freeboard - additional height of the dam provided as a safety factor to
prevent overtopping by wave action or other causes
Inside Slope - slope of the upstream face of the embankment
Outside Slope - slope at the downstream face of the embankment
Storage Ratio - ratio of the storage capacity to the total earth volume
required for embankment construction which indicates the relative cost
of the different types of reservoir
Unimodal Rainfall Pattern - Rainfall pattern with five wet months of
more than 200 mm/month, five dry months of less than 100 mm/month,
two transition months of 100mm200mm/month and total annual rainfall
above 1500 mm.
PNS/BAFS/PAES 227:2017
Design of a Small Reservoir Irrigation System
Bearing capacity - maximum average contact pressure between the
foundation and the soil which should not produce shear failure in the soil
Design irrigable area - maximum area which an irrigation project can
serve considering the extent of arable lands and the available water
supply
Permeability test - method to determine the rate of flow under laminar
flow conditions through a
Unit cross sectional are of soil under unit hydraulic gradient
Potential irrigable area - area capable of being irrigated, principally as
regards to availability of water, suitable soils, and topography of land
Seismicity - occurrence or frequency of earthquakes in a region
PNS/BAFS/PAES 228:2017
Design of a Rockfill Dam
Piping - Internal erosion induced by regressive erosion of particles from
downstream and along the upstream line towards an outside
environment
Rockfill Dam - Dam that relies on rock, either dumped in lifts or
compacted in layers, as a major structural element where an imprevious
membrane is used as the water barrier and can placed either within the
embankment or on the upstream slope.

PNS/BAFS/PAES 229:2017
Design of a Diversion Dam
Afflux elevation - rise in maximum flood level from the original
unobstructed flood level which result after an obstruction to the flow such
as a dam, has been introduced
Diversion dam - structure or weir provided across the river or creek to
raise its water level and divert the water into the main canal to facilitate
irrigation by gravity.
Hydraulic jump - occurs when a thin sheet of incoming flow moving at
high velocity strikes water of sufficient depth
PNS/BAFS/PAES 230:2017
Design of a Check Dam
Check Dam - Small barrier built across the direction of water flow on
shallow rivers and streams intended to convey runoff during peak flow
and to slow and hold surface water long enough for the water to deposit
sediment is carrying; facilities irrigation by using the upstream bay of the
dam as pump sump.
Gabion - Stones wrapped in wire fence meshes for added stability and
strength.
PNS/BAFS/PAES 231:2017
Groundwater Irrigation – Shallow Tubewell
Aquifer - geologic formation which contains water and transmits it at a
rate sufficient to be economically developed for pumping with a well
Confined aquifer - aquifer where groundwater is confined or overlain by
a relatively impermeable layer
Effective size - particle diameter corresponding to a 10% sieve passing
Pumping test - pumping of water from a fully developed well at a
controlled rate and observing, with respect to time, the drawdown in two
or more observation wells, in order to determine the aquifer hydrologic
properties.
Shallow tubewell - tube or shaft vertically set into the ground at a depth
that is usually less than 15 m for the purpose of bringing groundwater
into the soil surface with the use of suction lift pumps
Unconfined aquifer - aquifer which has water table serving as upper
surface of the zone of saturation
Uniformity coefficient - ratio of the particle size at 60% passing to that
at 10% passing
Well log - a record of formation stratification of an aquifer showing the
depth, thickness, lithology and other aquifer physical characteristics
PNS/BAFS/PAES 232:2017
Wastewater Re-use for Irrigation
Access Areas - areas open for public entry such as golf courses, public
and private parks, playgrounds, schoolyards and playing fields,
residential landscapes and industrial park landscapes
Algal Bloom - overgrowths of algae in water producing dangerous
toxins in fresh or marine water
Contamination - introduction of substances not found in the natural
composition of water that make the water less desirable or unfit for
intended use
Effluent - Discharges from known sources which is passed into a body
of water or land, or wastewater flowing out of a manufacturing plant,
industrial plant including domestic, commercial and recreational facilities
Effluent Standard - Any legal restriction or limitation on quantities,
rates, and/or concentrations or any combination thereof, of physical,
chemical or biological parameters of effluent which a person or point
source is allowed to delivery into a body of water or land
Loading Limit - Allowable pollutant-loading limit per unit of time, which
the wastewater generator is permitted to discharge into any receiving
body of water or land.
Pollutant - Any substance, whether solid, liquid, gaseous or
radioactive, which directly or indirectly alters the quality of any segment
of the receiving water body or land resource so as to affect or tend to
affect adversely any beneficial use thereof, or is hazardous or potentially
hazardous to health, or imparts objectionable odor, temperature change
or physical, chemical or biological change to any segment of the water
body or land, or is in excess of the allowable limits or concentrations or
quality standards specified in contravention of the condition, limitation or
restriction prescribed in these guidelines
Restricted Areas - Areas with limited entry such as freeway landscape,
highway medians and other similar areas
Re-use - Taking wastewater from one industry or process, treating it and
then using it in another process or industry such as for irrigation, as
liquid fertilizer and for aquaculture
Setback Distance - Distance from the perimeter of the irrigation area to
the community or area of concern that is sensitive to contamination
Waste - Any material either solid, liquid, semi-solid, contained gas or
other forms resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, or agricultural
operations, or from community and household activities that is devoid of
usage and discarded
Wastewater - Waste in liquid state containing pollutants