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Beyond Ideal and Real or Echoes of an impossible rigour: Alain Badiou’s Post-Cantorian Platonism
In a commentary on a poem by Paul Célan, Alain Badiou – with whom I’m going to be almost exclusively
preoccupied today – says that, following the collapse of Marxist-Leninism, we now live in an epoch
which sorely lacks what Célan, in one of his poems, calls a ‘tent-word’.
By ‘tent-word’ Badiou explains, Célan offers us an image of a rallying point for ‘generic humanity’, i.e.,
for an idea under which human beings might come toegether insofar as they have been subtracted
from the manifold differences around which they usually form collectives.
Célan’s missing “tent-word” therefore, names for Badiou, what he thinks was not only a dream , but a
project of the last century: a century which he sees as marked by the idea of finding or inventing new
forms of solidarity, of living, and working together, in short of ways of saying “we” that would cut across
not only ethnic, or national lines, but also cultural and linguistic traditions, something which would
dispense with all those neurotically fussed-over and aggressively maintained micro-identities that mark
an epoch in which a growing global homogeneity is (as every sociologist has pointed out for the last
It is out of opposition to this narcissism and this tribalism that, today, I would like to pose a question.
The question to which I allude in the following paper, and the question which I think we are, ultimately
gathered here to address is this:,can “Plato” today play the role of something that (like Celan’s tent-
word): might -- through bringing together concepts, phenomena, indeed aspects of reality whose
gathering was hitherto unauthorized, nameless, and unprecedented -- shake the foundations of
contemporary philosophy such that it might break with the canons of knowledge in pursuit of something
How and to what extent, would, should, or do any of us claim to be “Platonists”, TODAY?
At the outset, I think it should be clear that by ‘being a Platonist today’, I don’t expect (and don’t want)
any of us to be servants of a mythically infallible Platonic dogma. If Plato is, in any sense, a name for us
to conjure with today, it will not be because any of us will make for him, the unphilosophical subject of a
catechism: (“I swear that I believe in the hyper-uranian forms, yea, even ‘though the issue of their
plurality should entangle me in the third man argument and the Parmenides should confound my wits.”),
but rather because there is something within his thought, which still compels us to think, and work, and
But, if we are all of us, at least readers, and possibly -- thinking of a famous remark of Aristotle’s --
Maybe, if everything about Badiou that I’m about to say seems egregious and silly (as I think some of
you will think) this could, at least count, as my minimal contribution to the session.
But before I try and quixotically introduce Badiou’s work to you, let’s me make these provisional points
Badiou is, I think, indispensable for any question of contemporary Platonism. This is because and not
despite the fact that there are few initially less Platonic-sounding doctrines than some of Badiou’s most
fundamental formulae.
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Nonetheless, as is well known, Badiou claims that his own philosophy is, at least in some respect, an
attempt to perform something analogous to Plato’s intervention into the intellectual, moral, spiritual,
political situation of Athens after its defeat in the Peloponessian War in our own time.
What Badiou finds in Plato’ -- something which he thinks it is both urgent and necessary to repeat in the
present day (i.e. in the present political, economic and above all ideological situation) is the following:
First, a radical critique of doxa, as opposed to the more moderate (let’s say Aristotelian) vision of always
starting from those endoxai -- which, though obscuring the truth, – may also be said to reveal it.
Second, and related to this first point: Badiou thinks that a “Platonic” philosophy demands – this strange
Third (and this at the centre of my own current thesis), Badiou, like Jacques Lacan finds in Plato a
rejection of what today, has for too long seemed like, the obvious opposition between ‘subjective,
Fourth, Badiou, famously, proposes that philosophy has four conditions: “science, love, art, and
politics.”, and claims Platonic inspiration both for the choice of these four conditions and for the idea
that philosophy will proceed by (and gain its richness) form attempting to deal with all four.
Fifth, Badiou’s vision of philosophy in the Platonic mould is a vision of philosophy as something that
performs the previous four operations in ways that help to distinguish philosophy from what I’m I’m
going to call today two “eternal” rivals or simulacra of philosophy which are first identified and engaged
The second of the five points above is, perhaps the most difficult, the most objectionable and the most
important of Badiou’s self-described “Platonic” gestures: this is the notion that truth must be conceived
To understand his formula, we have to understand Badiou’s claim to be making a Platonic intervention
against what he conceives as the dominant gestures of philosophy in the present, something that he
thinks links, ‘analytic’ philosophy in the spirit of the later Wittgenstein and continental philosophy under
To start with Heidegger: it’s well known that Heidegger both inherits and advances Husserl’s
phenomenological program.
One of the main impulses behind Husserlian phenomenology is a realization of the difference, between
what is genuinely experienced, and what is derivatively experienced. In phenomenology, the problem of
what I’m calling “derivative experience” is that it is not only anaemic and less deserving of serving as a
basis for knowledge, but that it leads to illusions that are never detected as illusions because they
structure not only the way that we encounter phenomena, but even the way in which phenomena
appear to us. To put this more technically: at the heart of Husserl’s and Heidegger’s philosophies is a
critique of the regnant neo-Kantianism of this day. This critique is essentially a critique of the idea that
experience is synthetic, i.e. that it arises through the operations of the mind coming into contact with
‘sense-data’. In opposing this, Husserl and Heidegger attempt to retrieve the Platonic-Aristotelian
notion of noesis, where noesis is the faculty, and in another sense, of grasping the ‘whole’ prior to
grasping any particular parts, such that all that ‘appears’, or all that is given to the perceiving-subject is
given under the aspect of the initial apprehension of the ‘whole’ of reality (in Heideggerese, the pre-
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understanding of, or relationship to “Being”, in the light of which various beings are concealed by their
To see what, I mean, by the phenomenological suspicion of ‘derivative’ experience: I will offer an
example:
Before writing this talk, I did a kind of trial run before some kindly analytic philosophers. One of these
generous interlocutors, a mathematician, said: look this is all very interesting, but amidst all this talk of
the axiom of extensionality, have you, Bryan Cooke ever worked your way through a bona fide
mathematical proof?
Phenomenologists are concerned with something like the spirit of this objection. They are concerned
with the ways in which every realm of human knowledge and experience has a tendency to what
Heidegger calls ‘falleneness’ (Verfallenheit). The consequence of ‘falleneness’, in less theological, more
Husserlian sounding language is that the concepts and categories that once emerged out of the heart of
experience, now come to structure and order experience in ways that obscure and, even deaden, the
experiential basis from which they come. Thus, by its own manifestos, phenomenology attempts to
combat the way in which encounters with the “things themselves” (Sacher-in-Selbst, as opposed to the
Kantian –ding-an-sich) get replaced with a kind of hand-wavy shibboleth badminton and unthinking
which concepts and categories become obscure to us, precisely in the moment of their indispensability
At the same time, however, although philosophy in the phenomenological and, by extension,
hermeneutic traditions, attempts to bracket out presuppositions of what is being experienced , the goal
of this bracketing is in fact to “look closer” or “listen harder” to what is presented in experience. In this
sense, phenomenology can be said to be motivated by something like an ‘empiricist’ critique of what
Thus, all of phenomenology denies, the idea that we can build up concepts through an empirical
manifold. For Husserl, and Heidegger, as much as for Ricoeur or Derrida, we cannot encounter
anything without first conceptually delimiting it, such that, for instance, to use examples that worry
Husserl and Heidegger in particular -- both anthropology and psychology are only possible because we
have a prior concept of man, and psyche that delimits the field of anthropological or pscyhological
phenomena to be investigated while remaining itself obscured in its very obviousness. (Foucault will
take this phenomenological critique to its, in a way, self-critical limit with his discussion of ‘man and his
It is in the spirit or this fundamental intuition of phenomenology through which Heidegger arrives at the
question of ‘being’ and not a childish inability to distinguish between a purely logical use of the copula
and an existential use. Instead, Heidegger extends the phenomenological critique of empiricism as far
as it can go by saying that in having any encounter whatsoever with the world we must “always,
already” have had a pre-understanding or ‘comportment towards’ not only the specific, pre-delimited
‘region’ in which phenomena reveal themselves, but the most general possible region, which which
Now, Baidou, agrees with some of what is said in the phenomenological tradition, while also subjecting
For instance, he shares the idea, with phenomenology of the critique of “synthetic” empiricism. In
dealing (ontically with something), and dealing with the ‘that’ of which every-thing participates.
However, Badiou’s concept of Being has in common with anti-Heideggerianism of much of the analytic
tradition, the sense that being as opposed to “a being” or group of beings is something eminently
uninteresting.
‘coutned-as-one’)
Although he does not use the Greek word, I think Badiou would happily say that being is apeiron, but
with the provisio that its infinity (and indeterminacy) is of infinite orders of infinity or
indeterminateness.
To make sense of this, we need to see why Badiou thinks that his own ontology (which I have not
explained yet) is a necessary foil to the phenomenological and hermeneutic trends that have dominated
continental philosophy for the last 20th centuries. In essence, Baidou’s critique of this tradition is that it
is implicitly and irrevocably religious, despite its vaunted (and sometimes sincere) methodological
But how are phenomenology and hermeneutics irreparably religious (and what is bad this?)
Badiou thinks that by always approaching phenomena (as is done in phenomenology) from the
standpoint of our being – again --‘always, already’ amidst the correlate between intention and intuition,
noesis and noemata, world and experience; our prejudices and those of the author whose text we are
reading:, Badiou thinks there is at the heart of both phenomenology and hermeneutics insufficient
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room, for the suggestion that truth or reality might be utterly alien to human things, to what we know
of the world, or our ways of speaking and acting. What he finds ‘religious’ about phenomenology is the
sense, that phenomenology’s implicit confidence in appearances (and focus on what can be
experienced) presumes, he thinks, a privilege of human ways of ‘disclosing the world’ that doesn’t allow
room for the kind of devastating effects of science (as well as psychoanalysis and Marxism) to suggest
that, in Platonic terms, all of our nomoi, our institutions, conventions, customs that enable us to survive
and get around may be something that don’t just partially obscure the truth even as they reveal it, but
In this, Badiou’s attitude resembles that of Deleuze, whose work is also marked by a desire to move
beyond the ‘representationalist’ illusion of subject and world, and the interminable ‘epistemological’
Like Deleuze, Badiou is hostile to the metaphysical or speculative conservatism, which would restrict
metaphysics to that which appears towards the ‘human’ subject (however much, this subject, undergoes
the shift from particular, empirical human being to the ‘transcendental’ subject who is the ideal locus of
the ‘mathematisation of Being’ with which, modern science, and Cartesian philosophy begins. Instead
of finding this the occasion for a ‘crisis of the human sciences’, Badiou sees the ‘mathematisation of
nature’ as a great and essential step in the emancipation and enlightenment of human beings.
Like Jacques Lacan (who Badiou refers to, on a number of his occasions, as ‘his master’ and ‘the greatest
of our dead’), mathematisation is not to be experienced as a tragic loss of the phenomenal world,
deplorable for ‘unhinging’ human beings from ‘common sense’ (conceived morally, politically, or
religiously), but the beginning of a revolution of the intellect, in which the mind – by transcending the
‘intuitive’, the ‘natural’, and ‘appearances’ altogether, manages to enter the fundamentally creative,
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but also rigorous dimension of formalization, i.e. of pure abstraction. There are many reason that
Badiou links this to emancipation rather than disaster, among which, for the moment, I should mention
1) His idea that what is essential to modern science is not its empiricism, but its willingness to
break with all ‘intuitive’ conceptions of nature, in favour of the abstract rigour of mathematics
And
morality.
And
3) He realizes that the principles of ‘equality’, and ‘universality’, as well as ‘justice’ and ‘truth’ are
not to be found empirically, i.e. via the Aristotelian method of starting with the ‘endoxai’ or
what ‘everyone knows’. Truth, like justice, requires an assault on what is taken to be knowledge
at a given moment: it is, in its essence, transcendent rather than immanent, directed towards
I could say more on this, but Badiou’s criticisms of phenomenology (which I’ve only glossed here) have
made him a kind of philosophical godfather to the diverse philosophical movement known as
‘speculative realism’. Speculative realism (which is really more of an intellectual ‘brand’ than a
movement, but which I do not have time to describe in detail here) has been articulated in terms of a
connection to ‘weird realism’. ‘Weird realism’ is the philosophical principle that what is presented to us
via contemporary natural science (and particularly physics) should lead to the opposite of the
‘naturalist’ tradition. In other words, it points out that the results of contemporary science are
completely counter-intuitive. Far from grounding a ‘realist’ picture of the world, in which we can trust
to a kind of scientifically reconstructed version of ‘common sense’, the scientific picture of the universe
gives us a vast, baroque, teeming, insane vision, far more suited to “pre-critical” metaphysical
speculation on the manner of 17th and 18th century metaphysics because science, far from securing what
Wilfred Sellars calls the ‘manifest image’ of the world provides us with a vision of the universe that
shows not the reliability but the radical limitations and even destitution of human perspective, even as
At the same time, as they applaud science for the narcissistic wounds it imposes on human beings
(Freud), Badiou and the ‘speculative realists’ are not in anyway motivated by a scientistic or positivist
agenda. Instead, as the Hegelian-inflected word ‘speculative’ should suggest nothing could be further
from the spirit of his philosophy than the idea that philosophy is a ‘janitorial service after the real
Here, incidentally, we can see another point on which Badiou claims that his own enterprise is Platonic:
namely, that it is part of what it means (and has always been a Platonist) not only to challenge inherited
ways of thinking and acting (using mathematics as a model to that which grasps the truth separate from
the vagaries of everyday language but also, from the dizzying play of meaning implied by poetic-
Thus, what Baidou wants from mathematics (that he thinks Plato also thinks) is the sense that reality
and indeed truth can be risked only at the price of, if not a total break, a radical transformation of the
“manifest images” of human thinking and acting. The historical precedent for this gesture is the way in
which Plato and his students challenged the economic-political division of the city of Athens (and all of
* * *
But, okay. How does what has been said so far relate to Plato?
To answer this, I think we need a provisional answer to a very difficult question: what is philosophy for
Plato?
This is not an easy question. Although statements about philosophy and even ‘the philosopher’ abound,
they are spread across the dialogues, inflected ambiguously by philological problems questions of the
context of a formula within a specific dialogue, not to mention the issue of how to interpret the
dialogues as a whole.
Nonetheless, I believe that, we can still attempt a negative definition by contrast with Plato’s portraits
(especially in the Protagoras and the Gorgias) of the main rival to the philosopher: the Sophist.
The sophist, of course, is constantly and explicitly portrayed in Plato, as the rival of the philosopher.
But, although this is less explicit, I want to claim that in fact, the philosopher in Plato has another rival,
who is himself the rival of the sophist: and that in fact, we can make sense of Plato’s idea of the
philosopher, best by following the double contrast between philosophy and both of these figures, that I
think are deployed in the name of making sense of what philosophy is.
The “second” or less obvious rival to the philosophy (in Plato) can be found , I suggest by thinking of
In Plato’s Apology, we all know that Socrates argues that his prosecutors are not his first accusers, and
that in fact, the jury’s “where there’s smoke there’s fire” sense of Socrates guilt comes less from the
uninspired stick-rubbing of Meletus and Anytos but from the vivid, unforgettable, and -- presumably for
Now, it’s well known that the Aristophanic comedies contain a critique of contemporary Athens, as a
once great, but now decadent democratic city, that has been seized with the madness of hubris such
that it is no longer a brave city, but a mighty, expansive, wealthy, imperialistic power, whose overly- (for
Aristophnaes) empowered masses have been whipped up into a frenzy by demagogues and charlatans
who have embroiled Athens in a seemingly interminable, disastrous, bloody, pointless, war.
But this courageous stand against the order of his day, should not prevent us from seeing that
Aristophanes’ critique of the Athens of his time is not that of a ‘progressive reformer’ but instead of a
conservative defender of the old traditions. Like Thucydides, Aristophanes seems to think that
somewhere after the Persian Wars, and the formation of the Delian League, Athens lost or renounced
the traditional virtues that once made her into the saviour of Greece.
Now it’s true that Aristophanes’ comedies are also full of a joyful, bawdy irreverence to all things and
particularly to the politicians, and ideological fashions of his day. Prima facie, this does not sit well with
the idea that he is a stuffy defender of old ways. But in fact, this is less incongruous than it looks.
Aristophanes’ focus on the body and its needs, the pleasure-seeking, pain-avoiding, lustful human
beings: is actually entirely compatible with his perspective that there can exist older and better laws that
are more soundly based on the nature of human beings than the modish ones that now reign. In this
Aristophanes resembles not only conservative satirists like Swift and Evelyn Waugh, but also the authors
of South Park, who are also famous for combining bawdiness, hilarity, and irreverence with a rejection
If Aristophanes therefore holds the classically ‘conservative’ belief that human nature constantly
threatens any given nomoi, he also may believe that some laws can be more or less in keeping with this
nature.
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(Leo Strauss commenting on Aristophanes’ comic Muse, brilliantly suggests that, for Aristophanes, the
comic s opposed to the tragic by the fact that it shows it can start with what is ‘lowest’ in human beings,
the belly, the genitals and so on, but rises from this to the heights of truth and art. In other words, it is
represented by the dung beetle which the protagonist of Peace uses to ascend to the heavens and
As such, the “Aristophanic” position is a constant critique on innovation, whether it be the democratic
reforms of Pericles (and before him Cleisthenes) or the more morally ambitious
In the Clouds, as everybody knows, Socrates is portrayed as a farcical figure, whose celebrity is a marker
of the city’s current tendency to go into puerile ecstasies over the latest shiny novelties: Aristophanes’s
Socrates is, therefore, precisely a sophist who says nonsensical, preposterous things, with the effect, of
turning the world on its head, and making what is obviously wrong seem right.
Now, a venerable (if unfashionable) tradition, in Platonic scholarship (to which I happen to subscribe!)
holds that Plato deeply loved Aristophanes and, in fact, (as Diogenes Laertius says) wrote a moving
epitaph for him. We can see intimations of this in the fact that the comic poet plays such a pivotal role
in the Symposium – where he is, not only the author of one of that dialogue’s greatest speeches, but one
of the last three people to stay awake after the entrance of Alcibiades.)
But while I do think, that the tradition that describes the affection of Plato for Aristophanes is right to
say (as Leo Strauss does) that Plato’s Socrates is a Socrates who has learnt from Aristophanes, I do not
think, that this is sufficient ground for, as Strauss and his students do, arguing that Plato’s Socrates
Leaving this (doubtless contentious) point hanging for a moment, I’ll turn to the more obvious rival to
the philosopher as presented in Plato’s dialogues: the sophist. We know that, in many ways, the sophist
resembles the philosopher -- i.e. that sophistry is a kind of perennial shadow cast by philosophy.
Indeed, Socrates is frequently mistaken for a sophist (even, we might say with Socratic irony) by himself:
sophistry seems to share with philosophy a focus on pointing out the insufficiency of conventional
answers, the instability and self-blindness of conventional language, the limits, obscurity and
Indeed, it can even be argued, that both Socrates and sophists produce the stupefying effect in their
interlocutors that makes Plato’s Socrates compare himself to a sting-ray. But apart from the (important
fact) that the Platonic philosopher does not charge money for his teaching, the distinction, between
philosopher and sophist, is supposed to be connected to the way in which the philosopher and the
sophist subject people to the play of aporiai and dialectics for fundamentally different purposes.
In the Gorgias, Plato’s Socrates, will argue that Callicles (one of his most ‘existential’ rivals as Eric
Voegelin puts it), does not really scorn convention in the way he thinks he does (a similar argument is
This is because, according to Socrates accusation Callicles is ultimately a lover of the demos, by which
he means, that he is not only in love with a boy of that name, but that Callicles, for all his aristocratic airs
is a lover of the people, not someone, who has the interests of the people at heart, but someone who is,
despite his protestations to the contrary, completely concerned with the perception of others. Thus,
through the dance of the elenchos, Socrates shows that Callicles is in love with “respectable” opinion.
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In contrast, the philosopher (Socrates) is shown to undertakesdialectics in the name of such bizarre
(empirically unobservable and publically disapproved of things) things as truth, justice, or true being. In
short the philosopher is engaged with ideas which should be understood as, in their essence, things that
do not exist in any obvious way. The sophist then in lacking the ‘ideas’, persistently confuses ‘what is’
(truth, the real) what can be manipulated according to what appears to be the laws of the present
situation.
If we operate with this conception of the sophist, we might think that one of the ways we might respond
to an Aristophanic critique of sophistry would be to go down what I think of as l Xenophon’s path: i.e.
that philosophy could distinguish itself from sophistry by learning (as Aristophanes might want an heir of
Socrates to learn): a “proper” respect for practical things. In Xenophon, the erotic restlessness of
philosophy is tempered by practical virtues like moderation. These virtues which, are useful, perhaps
Although, there is some plausibility to this view of Plato’s post-Aristophanic Socrates, I think that we
must insist that Plato is not Xenophon (and that it is in fact one of the errors of some of Leo Strauss’s
For the moment, I’ll just say, that a “Xenophonic” compromise involves a much more stringent and
much less ambiguous subordination of theoretical eros to praxis, that we find in Plato’s dialogues.
To take just one example of many, as much as one can read the Republic as making many suggestions
that the city built by the sons of Ariston will be incredibly difficult to realize, if not inhumanly
improbable, I do not think that there is a real case to be made, that everything that Plato says about
justice in the soul, in the city, or as necessarily posited away from what we know of as reality, is part of a
satire, or that, in a way that would suggest Plato’s real or “esoteric” teaching is that the Athenians
should simply maintain their ancestral laws more carefully. To interpret Plato this way, would be to say,
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ultimately that Plato advocates the choice of the shadows on the wall of the cave for the light of the
sun.
Instead, Plato’s conception of philosophy rejects both the sophist’s path of reducing thought to a
technique, and what I am calling the “Burkean” or “Aristophanic” idea that any thought which would
claims to put all instituted forms and norms to the question – as opposed to respect for traditions, gods,
and tried and true ways to the question is indistinguishable from sophistry: unless it receives its
practical wisdom from a non-philosophical (presumably divine?) source, or operates in a mythic register.
Now, Badiou – to come back to him at last – thinks that his own philosophical system, also
simultaneously counts as sailing between the rock of, if you like, anti-philosophical conservatism, and
sophistical faux-radicalism of the kind that is likely to serve a more dynamic, but nonetheless
Badiou’ talks explicitly of contemporary sophistry, by which he refers both to the academic, and ‘sub-
academic’ formulae which suggest that the (literally?) stupefying “play of differences” we find in the
slipperiness of meanings and the vagueness of concepts, should result in a generalized suspicion (or
outright mockery) of every notion of ‘truth’, as well as of any notions of living, thinking, other than those
that seem obviously to be ‘the way of the world’ at this time, or the province of a given (already-
But against either side of my twofold schema (sophists and Aristophaneans), Badiou also tends to use
the term ‘sophistry’ to those aspects of contemporary academic philosophy that in the (noble) goal of
fighting modern sophistry, mistake philosophy for a series of algorithms, and bien pensant opinions that
are inflated to nothing less than the beating heart of rational thought.
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The link for Badiou as for Plato, between sophistry, and what we might call ‘unintentionally sophistical
anti-sophsitry’ is that both sides conflate what is with what is known to work and produce results. Thus,
while the sophist fetishises the plurality of differences, against truth and knowledge, the sophistical,
anti-sophsit attempts to fetishise some portion of the contemporary ‘encyclopaedia’ (Badiou’s term), as
being the only possible bulwark against sophistry, and anarchy, thus sharing with her sophistical
To introduce what I’m about to say: Badiou has a nice formula in his second ‘big book’ Logics of Worlds
which he uses to distinguish his own position from what he thinks of as dominant, sophistry. (both
The dominant ideology of our day, he says is that there are only bodies and languages (by which he
means physical things and then cultural-linguistic-social things). Against this he offers the formula that
there are only [sic] bodies and languages, but also truths.
Talking about Badiou’s philosophy, unfortunately involves making preliminary sense of such gnomic
Now, we saw earlier that for Badiou as for Heidegger, we never encounter being, only beings, and
further that, for the most part, ‘every being is (as Lebiniz says) a being.
Baidou’s ontology rests, on what he admits is a decision that the ‘one is not’, which leads him to treat
being as he says ‘qua being’ as a ‘pure multiple’ as in multiplicity without any unifying principles or
structures: a chaos, which is never “presented” (a difficult term on which I intend to say little) and
All these terms and expressions may at first seem obfuscatory, if notinsane. But I’ll try and explain what
they mean.
To begin, with there is an element of Baidou’s ontology that would be (or should be) uncontroversial in
the history of metaphysics: this is the extent to which Badiou grants that everything, i.e. in every-thing
in the world, is, I’m going to call it ‘sort of ‘one’’, or what he calls ‘a one-multiple’ something
ambiguously whole (or self-identical). Thus, he realizes (as Plato and Hegel also do) the strange paradox
of reality by which everything can (and must be) treated as ‘one’ despite the fact, that everything that
we ‘count as one’ is also composed of parts that can themselves can be taken as (a collection) of ‘ones’.
But in referring to ‘being’ as pure multiplicity that is presented (or structured) as one-multiples, Badiou is
trying to take seriously a proposition from Plato’s Parmenides that in context is supposed to play the
role of a reductio ad absurdum. Thus, in the Parmenides, it is said that if, ‘being is not one, than nothing
Badiou’s formula is that: the one is not, but that there is something of the one. (The phrase is from
In other words, being itself is totally inaccessible to thought, because being can only be presented in
beings i.e. as things that have a structure of ‘oneness’, even though ‘one’ is an effect of the presentation
Given, this, Badiou thinks that being would be -- like the infinite infinities that it also is unthinkable,
ineffable, if not for the fact that if modern mathematics hadn’t happened to provide an extraordinary
way for breaking with the history of ontology and providing a way to present being ‘as that which is not
one’, but which is always presented through an operation that ‘counts-it-as-one”: this is ZFC set theory.
First, set theory in general (but especially the axiomatic model of set theory that he favours in particular)
allows us to talk about ‘what is’ at a kind of maximum level of abstraction, thus avoiding what I said is,
Set theory deals with collections or structures of things without having to make any distinctions about
what is being talked about: (we can have a set of unicorns or quarks, or to quote Foucault quoting
borges, a set of “animals that have just broken the water pitcher” and so on into more and more absurd
But at the same, Badiou thinks that ZFC avoids both anything but the most minimal definition of the set
(relying instead on its series of interconnected axioms) and indeed, only one minimal relation:
belonging. (There is also for Badiou the very important relation of ‘inclusion’): thus, the most
fundamental level of reality (the presentation of being) can be itself presented (mathematically).
The result of this is that no mathematical object is assumed as ‘existing’, prior to the application of set-
theory axioms: we do not have to assume, in other words, that there exists anything like operations’, or
‘functions’ or ‘numbers’, because all of these things can be defined in simply circular terms via the
Now, in treating ZFC set theory as an ontology, Badiou translates the notion of a ‘set’ into his
ontological notion of a ‘situation’. Badiou uses the term ‘situation’ to refer to any collection of
variously “consistent”, “ordered” or “presented” multiples. Badiou’s use of the word presentation in
this context is confusing, but, to simplify, he means essentially: treated as ‘one’ for the purpose of being
Thus, in a set of, say animals, ‘dogs’ belong to this set, even though the dog’s oneness is ambiguous: i.e.
we could break a dog down into a multitude of cells, molecules quarks, contending quantum forces, or
whatever.
The dog is thus present in the “situation” of animals, and in the situation of ‘living beings’, but this
‘belonging’ to the situation tells us very little about dogs or animals in itself.
To help see the implications of this: I give an example of Badiou’s own. Badiou says imagine a plate of
food on the table: this is a ‘set’, i.e. a a situation insofar as the plate consists of (contains) a variety of
elements in the form of those things that by being ‘on the plate’ may be described as ‘belonging’ to the
Now, the plate of food, as a whole might belong to the situation of ‘things that human beings consider
edible’, despite the fact that each of the edible items on this plate are also composed of molecules,
quarks, et cetera, that we wouldn’t normally include in the set of edible things, even though they are
indispensable conditions for the existence ( parts ) of the edible things on the table.
Badiou’s major interest – once he’s started to build his set theory ontology (and I’m skimming awkward
and time-consuming mathematics) is that there can be, as we can see form the preceding example,
(This nature of parts that belong without being included, is expressed for Badiou in the Zermelo Frankel
power set axiom, which reveals the Cantorian discovery of the excess of parts over elements. What this
means is that, even and especially for sets whose members stretch on to infinity: that a whole can be
In taking ZFC set theory as itself representing the present “ontological” situation, Badiou thinks that the
potentially innumerable excess of parts over elements in the theory (as in reality)derives fromw hat
Badiou describes as the ‘gap between being and presentation’, or in other words it a consequence of the
paradox that everything that ‘is’ must in some sense be ‘one’, even though for Baidou, being, as a pure
multiple is not one (which is why it can never be encountered as itself). Instead, the closest we get to
being is the laws of its presentation in ZFC (i.e. ontology). In this sense, and only this sense, Badiou
subscribes to the Heideggerian maxim that Being ‘withdraws’ even as it is ‘given’ (i.e. to be present, it
must be presented ‘as one’, whereas the essence of being is ‘pure mulitplicity’.
Now, Badiou thinks that a major consequence of using ZFC set theory as an ontology, is that the very
existence of structure or presentation (which means that there are beings) of being as pure-multiple
requires is a result of what he calls the ‘void’, that which is represented in ZFC set theory by the ‘null
set’.
The null set for Badiou, in a way, is the symbol of being. It represents being because it never presents
itself (has no structure), belongs to everything (every situation or set) while nothing can belong to it, and
yet as such is the condition of possibility for any structure: how do you get (as hegel asks) something that
Badiou’s answer is, in a way, the same as Hegel’s: through the effect of nothingness.
As nothingness, Badiou thinks that (non)being is the condition for presentation or structure. The
thought here is that if being were a consistent as opposed to an inconsistent multiplicity it should present
itself AS manyness-without-one which is impossible) but also, therefore a precariousness to the structure
Because every situation is precarious, Badiou thinks that a situation has both a ‘structure’ (a way of
being presented) and a meta-structure: a way of containing the excess of parts over elements.
Everything on the plate belongs to the plate, even if we now add, as Badiou does, that our plate’s just
fallen into the dirt such that the fruit and the …ice cream has been mixed with dirt, as well as bone-dust
from the skeleton of a bird, worms, a bit of glass and so on. Now, insofar as the plate has fallen into the
dirt, all of these things and the parts of which they consist (themselves sets of other things, situations
In Badious’ terms, “meta-structure” of the situation of the plate, or its form of representation would be
via what he in his late work calls a ‘transcednental index’ or – something that gives a principle to the
way elements are grouped together or counted. Thus, the plate could be thought of (represented) as
consisting in edible stuff and horrible inedible things. This would be a meta-structure, a way of
If we remember that a situation can be anything (The situation of this room conceived physically, or
emotionally, or politically), the situation of the ecological crisis, of a chess game et cetera, Badiou thinks
every situation has a ‘state’, i.e. a way of ordering the situation beyond the pure ‘belonging of its
elements’. It is this ‘state of the situation’ (the structure of the situation) which makes ‘decisions’ about
what belonging means, and what parts of elements get included in the set by what principles.
But the state of the situation is always precarious. The reason for this is that the ‘state of the situation’
or its ‘principle of counting or ordering’ is threatened by the existence of any multiple, as a part of it,
which belongs to the situation without being represented in it (let’s say, as Badiou does, in this case a
part of the plate that consists in bits of fruit with bits of skeleton and bits of dirt)
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There are all types who belong to the field of philosophy . We divide the field: there are analytics, there
are continentals, there are philosophers of mind and so on. But, what if the situation of Australian
philosophy today contained one philosopher -- we’ll call her Petra – who belongs to the situation of
philosophy but the inclusion of whose papers into the state of philosophy today would lead to all of us
Because by Badiou’s ontology, the ordering of any state (beyond the basic, not-much-of-an-order
attempt to hold of the ‘void’ that attends any situation) it makes sense to talk of an element whose
inclusion into the representation of the set (it’s meta-structure) would blow that structure apart, expose
Similarly we might say, that there was a time, when Einstein’s first papers into the situation of physics at
the beginning of the century, or T.S. Eliot’s vers libre, or Schönberg’s atonal music belonged to the
situation of music, or poetry, or physics in the basic sense of belonging, but they weren’t at all
represented yet as included inn the situation proper : because this could not happen without changing
the state of music, physics or poetry, such that it would have a different transcendental index (as Badiou
calls it in his later work) a different principle of ordering the elements of the situation, into things which
Similarly, Badiou thinks, if the billion or so slum-dwellers of the world, were to be included in the way
present in) the world, our liberal-capitalist political order would have to change fundamentally.
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Last, we could think about the way that the history of philosophy always belongs to philosophy. but
always contains parts of what belongs to it (ideas) that are not represented in the state of philosophy
(the current fashions, norms, sense of what philosophy is about and could not be without completely
changing the state of the situation (the way things are ordered or relate to each other).
Badiou calls any situation that contains at least one element that is present in a situation but totally
unrepresented in it an evental site. To get from his notion of an evental site to an event (and thus to
For Badiou an event is a multiple (in other words an entity, counted as one, but still (infinitely) divisible
into component parts, that appears in an evental site and that starts to link elements of the situation
What this means is, that if we take an event like the French revolution, we have all kinds of stuff
belonging to the situation “France 1789 to 1794”. We have the angry sans culottes of Paris, the deputies
signing the cahiers de dolerance, the Austrian Queen, and the angry political pamphleteers writing
pornographic denunciations of her excesses, the life-story Robespierre, starving peasansts, bread,
microbes, languages, and so on: innumerable elements divisible into innumerable parts. The point is
that, for there to be an ‘event’ the French revolution, there has to be something that links all of these
elements that were present in the prior situation (but often ‘uncounted’ in the ‘state of the situation’)
together into a new situation which includes the situation (the revolution) as one of its elements: the
idea here is that -- you can’t just have a bunch of things, you have to have the grouping of bunch of
things together with a self-showing of the new set to which the things are grouped after the
unprecedented inclusions.
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Now, in Zeremelo-Fränkel set theory, no set can be a member of itself. In speaking of the event,
Badiou is talking precisely of a set that is a member of itself. As Badiou is well-aware, the axiomatic
forbidding of this self-inclusion (which leads to Russell’s paradox) is one of the reasons that ZFC exists.
But, Badiou, considers the violation of ontology legitimate, because he thinks, an event, is precisely, in
breaking with the axioms of what he has decided is ontology, something of dubious ontological status.
Something that may consist of either “being” or “nothingness” (which we have seen have already been
linked together in other aspects of the metaphysical apparatus of Being and Event.)
We reach finally the most remarkable thing that Badiou links this notion of the event not only to truth
(or truths), in a move that he thinks, gives modern philosophy a post-Cantorian Platonism.
For Badiou, truth is the process of negotiating, drawing out consequences and dealing with the
consequences of an event whose original status is undecidable, and thus requires it to be decided upon
human beings, whose lives are transformed by an encounter with things whose appearance in a
situation, not only changes that situation, but invokes the possibility of a situation whose members
Thus, for the life and death of Socrates to be an event, it one, needs a) to be something that could not
be included into the moral, political, intellectual situation of Athens would be radically transformed, b)
people like Plato or Xenophon, who having been ‘seized by’ or affected by the event then undertake the
at once rigorous, creative and adventurous (because unprecedented) process of trying to think through
the consequences of the event by seeing how the implications of the event connect or do not connect to
In short, for the life and death of Socrates to be an event for us we need a Plato who, having decided
that Socrates’ life was indeed an event, sets what Badiou calls the ‘truth process” into motion. By truth
process Badiou means the potentially inexhaustible series of operations that could be taken up by
anyone regardless of place in prior states of situations, as long as they were willing to follow through
and endeavour to work through and work out the consequences of the event into ever new situations:
connecting evental (unrepresented and possibly paradoxical) realities to things represented by the state
of things.
Thus, Plato is a subject to truth, because he decides that the fact that Socrates lived and died, changes
everything he knows about life, about thought, about society, such that he has to invent, and think, and
overcome obstacles and retrace his steps, and return to the beginning and start again, in an attempt to
square the event ‘Socrates’ with aspects of the knowledge fo the day, the political, erotic and artistic life
Well, and this is very important to avoid misunderstandings has to – Badiou does not think of truth, as
equivalent to the arrival of the event, nor does he equate it with the moment at which the “subject”
Instead, he decides (with no real basis for doing so) that this thing (this encounter, this experience, this
occurrence in the situation of my amorous life or in the lives of people) is something and not nothing.
Thus, ‘truth’ is not the epiphany by which Plato is struck by the remarkable life and death of Socrates,
but what emerges in the process of Plato, attempting to tie the consequences to the situation
Now, it’s true that Badiou reminds his readers constantly that truth is not to the road to Damascus
epiphany, but rather the attempts to trace and follow through the consequences of such an epiphany.
In other words, it is not the moment in which I decide that I feel this surge of romantic feelings or get
the sense that this strange temporary thought that Alban Berg might be a composer whose legacy I have
to try to deal with in my own compositions that is to be equated with ‘truth’ but rather in my
subsequent long struggle to be a composer who takes what Berg has done seriously without merely
imitating him, or treating him as a blueprint for my own work. It is the process by which I will be
required to constantly decide whether either (or both, or neither) my domestic-monogamous long-term
relationship or my series of hedonistic/utilitarian pragamatic flings is adequate to the ‘idea of love’ that
Thus, the most important point and one I’m not sure is brought out very often is that although Badiou
speaks of truth here, it is not the event, but rather the kind of processes described above (which Badiou
associates with ‘fidelity to the event’) in which truth is to be sought, anticipated, and found in the very
relentlessness of the seeking. Furthermore, fidelity is not to be understood as a slavish deference to,
‘what has happened in the past’: as if a past commitment bound us with chains of iron.
On the contrary taking the consequences of a ‘truth’ process to the point of the repudiation of what has
been institutionalized or accepted as the truth of that event, is more often than not the litmus test of
fidelity. In other words, what links fidelity to truth is not the mere fact of declaring oneself for an event
(“I am in love!”, “Freud changes everything!”, “From now on I will work to help the poor who are, truly,
God’s people”) but the fact that an attempt to be faithful to the event means tracing its consequences
into a potentially never-ending series of situations, and seeing these new situations in the light of the
event.
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It is therefore, this becoming visible of the invisible that results from looking at situations in the light of
‘fidelity to the event’ that Badiou calls truth. This is because, in the process of fidelity (the truth
process) multiples that belonged to the situation, but which remained uncounted, are suddenly
illuminated in terms of a principle of counting that would belong to a situation that does not (yet) exist,
such that the existence of this ‘new’ situation (the future), would constitute a violation of the laws of
Now, in conclusion, I want to maintain that Badiou’s notion of truth is a Platonic notion of truth, despite
how counter-intuitive (and even downright mad) this may sound to you.
I grant without hesitation that Plato knew nothing of ZFC set theory or transfinite numbers, or of any of
the building blocks of Baidou’s system. But this is trivial, surely, when we are as I’ve said from the
More seriously, it might be objected that the very idea of Cantorian infinity which is more important for
Badiou than I’ve had time to explain, would scandalize Plato as it did any fGreek.
But here we must be careful of not confusing Plato with Aristotle. While Aristotle’s ethics (and politics)
undoubtedly rely to a large extent on his teleological view fo man and the cosmos, I’m not sure that a
After all, the cosmology of the Timaeus (is not only dizzyingly complex) and ambiguous, but also
Second, if we believe that the essence of a Platonic notion of truth is thinking that truth is a matter of a
correspondence between perceptions, thoughts, words and hyper-uranian entities called ‘forms’ (or
more evocatively, and more accurately ‘ideas’)we should remember how much this doctrine is
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complicated and shown to be paradox generating in the Parmenides and The Sophist, second the
If we think of this, I believe it makes more sense to say that the real heart of Plato’s notion of truth is
the non-distinction of the ideal to the real. Thus, contra to those who argue, either way, Plato is both
an ‘idealist’ and a ‘realist’ insofar as he suggest that the further we get from what we know, i.e. the
closer we get to the realm of ‘forms’, or abstraction the closer we get to the reality of things But this
does not have to be understood as a ‘two-world’ theory, where the real is ‘beyond the (literal) clouds’,
In the end, I will risk your condemnation and your tomatoes, and say that for Badiou, thought, (in a very
broad sense which of think which includes ‘act upon’, work through) like art, and politics involves
attempting to deal with things that we know cannot be justified on the basis of what we know of reality
and attempting to connect them with what we do know as the ‘state of the situation’ , i.e. of our
various worlds with a rigour that is as if norm-governed, but which because of the present of ‘evental’
elements is irreducible to recognizable normative space: thus, a political activist needs to know about
the way the world works and the WTO, the economy, but her activity, also involves attempting to bring
to bear on this state of the stiutation formulae that will connect strange ‘evental’ notions like ‘justice’,
and axiomatic declarations like ‘all human beings are equal’ with what we know of a reality that –
Platonism stands here for the idea of trying to think through and act upon things of dubious ontological
status in the real world, and doing so with the rigour as well as the creativity of mathematics. The state
of the situation of education, philosophy and politics today is such that weird hybrids or monsters as
these go acknowledged. But, it is surely, the task of philosophy today, as it has always been, to
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demand, a thought, that would illuminate these monsters which, beyond the cave, are the denizens of
desire.