UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS

IN A NEW NORMAL DESIGN

A Research Paper

presented to

Architect / Environmental Planner

Mr. Gerelson Ray R. Bernardino, uap, piep, mscm

Bachelor of Science in Architecture

University of Batangas Lipa Campus

In Partial Fulfillment

of The Requirements For The Subject

Architectural Design 6

By

Ariane Joy R. Bautista

Jianne H. Carandang
Kayla Moriz M. Igle
Gerald Mutya
Jhemer Porto
Clarice T. Tubo

April 13, 2021

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………... ii

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………….. 3

CHAPTER II………………………………………………………..…………..….. 6

1.1 University Design Guidelines by NBC.………….……………………..…. 6

1.2 IATF guidelines for the new normal ……………………………….…….. 8

1.3 Design Considerations for New Normal Schools……………….……… 12

1.4 Standard size of Classrooms, Facilities, etc………………………..…… 21

1.5 Parking ratio for universities………………………………………..……… 29

1.6 The University of Batangas………………………………………………….. 30

CHAPTER III………………………………………………………..……….….….. 35

CHAPTER IV………………………………………………………..……..……….. 38

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………….…… 52

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 CHAPTER I

Introduction

When people think about education, the first thing that comes to mind is learning
skills. Education is a tool that provides people with experience, ability, methodology,
and information, as well as teaches them about their rights and responsibilities to their
families, community, and country. It broadens one's view and perspective on the
universe. It fosters the ability to combat inequality, crime, and corruption.

Schools should have a sound management system which involves the

participation of various stakeholders, including teachers and parents etc. The school
management should also establish a good management culture to facilitate the
professional development of teachers and create a harmonious school atmosphere.
Schools should also formulate reasonable objectives and provide students with a proper
learning environment. They should offer students balanced learning opportunities in the
five aspects of development, i.e. moral, intellectual, physical, social and aesthetic as
well as nurture them to be responsible citizens. Finally, schools should be self-directed,
flexible and seek for continuous improvement and development in order to meet the
needs of the community.

The educational system of the Philippines has a long and complicated history.
Probably the first comprehensive research conducted dealing with the supposed
medium language of teaching was accomplished by Andrew Gonzalez (1992, 1998),
who also discussed the educational system of the Philippines and its historical aspects,
together with the interlocking conflicts and resulting problems of higher education in the
Philippines. Catherine Young (2002) discussed the Pilipino language as the medium of
instruction in the country’s educational system, as well as proposed an alternative,
ideological model of literacy which develops the critical thinking skills of Filipino
students, builds cognitive and affective domains, and values their local language
experience and culture.

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 The Decree of Education in 1863 established the first ever educational system in
the Philippines. It required the government to provide school institutions for boys and
girls in every town. Given the situation, the Spanish schools started accepting Filipino
students. It was during this time that the intellectual Filipinos emerged. This also
brought about the establishment of the Normal Schools which gave more opportunity to
the Filipinos to attain a sound education. The Normal Schools offered a three-year
teacher-lead education at the primary level.

To this date, with English as the medium of instruction, the Philippine education
is a prototype of the American system. Schools are categorized into public
(government) or private (non-government). The preparatory primary level consists of
nurseries, kindergartens and preparatory schools offered in most private schools;
moving on to six years of primary education, followed by four years of secondary
education and college – meaning the general pattern of formal education has four
stages.

Generally, college education takes four, rarely five years and in some cases, as
in medical and law schools, as long as eight years. Two or more years are added for
graduate schooling or schooling for advanced study, mainly offered to those who have
already attained a bachelor’s degree. Foreign schools are present with study programs
similar to those of the local schools. In 2003, the overall literacy rate was estimated to
be 95.9 % for the total population, 96 % for males and 95.8 % for females. The majority
(90 %) of all enrolments is in vocational courses with a specific work goal, most of these
are in Business and Engineering, attracting over half of the student body (Estelle 1991).
While only 4 % of all the students are majoring in Humanities, Mathematics, Natural and
Social Sciences – the fundamentals of the arts and science curriculum in most
countries.

With this level of importance of education, building such academic institutions is

important such as schools, academies, learning centers and universities. Hence,
University is the higher (or tertiary) college or educational institution that grants

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undergraduate degrees in a variety of academic disciplines. Usually, universities deliver
both undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. Universities usually offer doctoral
degrees; schools only offer undergraduate degrees. In the country, the University of
Santo Tomas (UST), also known as the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas
or the Catholic University of the Philippines, is ranked 801-1000 in the world and 179th
in Asia. UST is a private, Roman Catholic academic university in Manila, and it holds
the distinction of being the oldest university in both the Philippines and Asia, having
been established in 1611. Which plays a large role in the life of many Filipinos including
the National Hero himself - Dr. Jose Rizal.

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 CHAPTER II

1.1 UNIVERSITY DESIGN GUIDELINES BY NBC

Facilities and Features

According to Specific Requirements for Buildings and Related Structures, for

Public Use the University falls on Category III which is composed of Educational and
Industrial occupancy. The Group C Educational Institutions or schools, Colleges,
Universities, Vocational Schools, Seminaries, including school Auditoriums, Gymnasia,
Reviewing Stands, Little Theater and Concert Halls. Architectural Features and
Facilities required for this category is Stair, Walkaways, Corridors, Doors and Entrances,
Washrooms and Toilets, Lift or Elevators, Ramps, Parking Areas, Switch, Controls,
Buzzers, Handrails, Thresholds, Floor Finishes, Drinking Fountains, Public Telephones,
and Seating Accommodations. This facilities and features must be barrier-free.

Special Type of Facilities

As stated in Standard of Accessibility for Special Type of Facilities, Auditoriums,

assembly halls, theaters and other related facilities must have seating for disabled and it
must be accessible from the main lobby going to entrances and together with the other
related toilet facilities. In assembly places where seating accommodation is provided,
there must be space for person with disability. For every seating capacity of 4 to 50,
there shall be 2 wheelchair seating space, 51 to 300 must have 4 wheelchair seating
space and 301 to 500 seats requires 6 wheelchair seating space. In case the seating
capacity exceeds 500, there shall be additional seating space provided for each total
seating capacity increase of 100 seats. Removable seats may be used in the said
space is not required to accommodate wheelchair users.

Parking

As mentioned in the Minimum Required Off-Street cum On-Site Parking Lot,

Parking Area and Loading or Unloading Space Requirements by Allowed Use or

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Occupancy, the Group C Division 2 including the Public Colleges and Universities, one
car slot is required for every five classrooms with one off-RROW passenger loading
space that can accommodate two queued jeepneys or shuttle slot and one school bus
for every two hundred students. For Private Colleges and Universities, one car slot for
every three classrooms is required and one off-street passenger loading space that can
accommodate two queued jeepneys or shuttle slots and school bus slot for every one
hundred students.

Type of Construction

As mentioned in Section 401, Types of Construction is classified into five types.

All buildings proposed for construction in Type V must have fire-resistivity of four hours
throughout and structural elements shall be of steel, iron, concrete or masonry
construction. Standards for the materials to be used in structural framework, together
with the ingress, egress and exterior walls, stairs, roofs and floor shall be governed by
the provision of the Fire Code of the Philippines.

Building Height Limit by Type of Use or Occupancy

According to Section 707, Maximum Height of Buildings varies for different

occupancies. For institutional, Building Height Limit is 15.00 meters or must follow the
duly-approved BHL in the major zone it is part of. In addition to this, if there is a sloping
grade where the edges of the structure footprint running perpendicular to the right road
of way has a difference in elevation of less than 3.00 meters, the finish grade of the
highest adjoining natural grade shall be considered the established grade elevation.
However, if the sloping grade exceeds 3.00 meters, the average grade level of the
building footprint must be considered the established grade elevation.

Percent of Total Lot Area

As stated in Section 803 Percentage of Site Occupancy, for institutional structure

without firewalls 50% of the TLA is the Maximum Allowable PSO, 20% Maximum.
Allowable ISA, 30% Minimum USA and 50% TOSL. On the other hand, institutional

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structures with firewalls has 60% Maximum Allowable PSO, 20% Maximum Allowable
ISA, 20% Minimum USA, and 40% TOSL.

Setbacks

According to the Setbacks for Commercial, Industrial, Institutional and

Recreational Buildings, there shall be different setbacks for different width of the RROW.
For Road-Right-of-Way of less than 10 meters, there shall be 5 meters on side on sides
and 2 meters on rear setback. There shall be 5 meters on sides and 2 meters on rear
for 10 meters to 19 meters width of RROW. In addition, RROW width of 20 to 24 meters
has setbacks of 5 meters on side and 3 meters on rear, RROW width of 25 meters to 29
meters must have setbacks of 6 meters on sides and 3 meters on rear, and RROW of
30 meters and above must have 8-meter setback for sides and 5 meters for rear.

Ramps

According the Minimum Requirements for Accessibility, there shall be a ramp

placed in changes of level except when served by a drop curb, an elevator or other
devices. The ramp should have 1.20 meters od minimum clear width. The maximum
gradient allowed is 1:12 and the length of the ramp should not be more than 6 meters. If
the slope requires longer ramp there shall be landings provided of not less than 1.5
meters. Moreover, area levels above 1.8 meters shall be provided at the top and bottom
of any ramp. Handrails must also be provided on both sides of the ramp having 0.7
meter and 0.9-meter height from the level of the ramp. The minimum height of curbs
which shall be present on both sides of the ramp is 0.10 meter. If the riser of the ramp
exceeds 0.2 meter and leads down towards an area where vehicular traffic may exist,
there shall be a railing across the full width of its lower end with not less than 1.8 meters
from the foot of the ramp.

1.2 IATF GUIDELINES FOR THE NEW NORMAL

When the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the 2019 Coronavirus
Disease (COVID-19) a global health epidemic and President Rodrigo Roa Duterte

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declared a state of public health emergency in the Philippines in March 2020, urgent
steps were taken to stop the disease from spreading. Work was halted, classes were
halted, and Filipinos were told to remain at home.

When classes were suspended in March, the Philippine higher education sector
had a few weeks/months left before the end of the last term of Academic Year (AY)
2019-2020. The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) advised higher education
institutions (HEIs) to switch to flexible learning to ensure learning continuity. While
flexible learning is the most effective and safest pedagogical method during the
pandemic, face-to-face delivery of some courses may be required in certain cases. In
order to prepare for such a scenario, HEls must implement mitigation measures on their
campuses to keep their students, teachers, and staff from being infected or spreading
the disease. As a result, reopening HEls campuses should be done cautiously and
gradually before safe and reliable COVID-19 vaccines are distributed or made available
to Filipino tertiary students.

On the Joint memorandum Circular No. 2021-001 under coverage the Higher
education institutions located under Modified General Community Quarantine (MGCQ)
areas, if they are offering any of the priority health-related degree programs and
courses/subjects, CHED can grant them permission to hold restricted face-to-face
classes during the COVID-19 pandemic. For HEts located in areas under General
Community Quarantine (GCQ), CHED may give them authority to conduct limited face-
to-face classes during the COVID-19 pandemic if they have some of the priority health-
related degree programs, classes, and subjects, and they have a base hospital or
hospitals that cater to COVID-19 patients. Keeping up with the UP Interns would not be
permitted to rotate in the emergency room under the PGH model. Only be able to rotate
in the outpatient department and COVID wards units that aren't COVID (including non-
COVID operating rooms and ICU), center for telemedicine.

Under General Guidelines on Joint Memorandum circular HEls must establish

and strictly enforce operational policies and actions that revolve around and adhere to
the DOH's minimum public health requirements. When on school grounds, approved
HEIs must strictly enforce physical distancing procedures for their students, teachers,

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and staff. Students taking small face-to-face lessons must maintain a physical distance
of 1.5 meters. Prejudice to HEls raising the physical distance needed.

Under Specific guidelines on Joint memorandum circular Occupancy Capacity- In

collaboration with their LGUs, HEls can decide the maximum number of students
present on campus at any given day or time. HEIs are responsible for ensuring that the
number of physically present students is manageable on a regular basis within, inside,
and outside of the school grounds. Since classrooms, labs, and communal areas are all
configured differently, HEIs must decide the occupancy capacity based on the number
of students who can fit in an environment with at least 1.5m of physical
space.separating people from specific recommendations/policies a large meeting. Also,
HEls must re-engineer or re-design the architectures of their classrooms, labs, and
communal areas (caféteria, library, study halls/centers, etc.) to ensure that a minimum
physical distance of 1.5m is maintained.

Under Additional Health and Safety Measures HEIs shall ensure that health and
safety measures have been planned and installed prior to reopening of the campus and
shall strictly be observed once authority has been given by the CHEDRO. On Screening
at the Entry Point, By the entrance gates, HEls must have a sufficient number of hand
washing or hand sanitizing stations. Students, faculty, and staff must wash or sanitize
their hands prior to or immediately after using the restroom after you've entered.

On Classrooms/Laboratories, HEls must specify the classrooms/laboratories that

will be used, taking into account foot traffic and sufficient ventilation. Assess
classroom/laboratory ingress and egress with physical distancing to determine impact
on the time needed for student movement between classrooms and buildings. There
shall be a transparent/clear partition between the faculty and the students. Implement a
one-way human traffic system to limit human intersection, contact or interaction. Also,
there shall be markings on the floors indicating the directions and proper distancing to
follow from the entrance gate to the room and within the room. HEls may employ other
traffic systems as long as these shall limit human intersection, contact, or interaction. In
addition to physical distancing of at least 1.5 m, there shalt also be transparent/clear
partitions between eating cubicles. Determine the maximum time an individual can stay

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in the eating or communal area as well as the maximum number of occupants in a
period of time.

A. Classrooms

1. There is adequate ventilation.

2. The table-chair layout adheresto the physical distancing of 1.5m,
3. The faculty will be teaching behind a transparent/clear partition.
4. There are visible and readable signages of health and safety reminders.
5. There are markings on the floor to direct one-way foot traffic.
6. There is a station by the door for hand sanitizer or alcohol.

B. Laboratories

1. There is adequate ventilation.

2. The lab station layout adheres to the physica! distancing of 1.5m.
3. The facuity will be teaching behind a transparent/clear partition.
4. There are visible and readable signagesof health and safety reminders.
5. There are markings on the floor to direct one-way foot traffic.
6. There is a station by the door for hand sanitizer or alcohol.

C. Eating/DiningArea/Communal Areas

1. There is adequate ventilation.

2. The table-chair layout adheresto the physical distancing of 1.5m.
3. For dining areas, there is transparent/clear partition between diners.
4. There are visible and readable signages of health and safety reminders,
5. There are markings on the floor to direct one-wayfoottraffic.
6. The foot markings on the floor adheres to the physical distancing of 1.5m
7. There is handwashing or sanitizing station by the entry and exit points.

D. Library

1. There is adequate ventilation.

2. The table-chair layout adheres to the physical distancing of 1.5m.
3. There is a dedicated drop off box/station for returned books.
4. There are visible and readable signages of health and safety reminders,
5. There are markings on the floor to direct one-way foot traffic.
6. The foot markings on the floor adhere to the physical distancing of 1.5m.
7. There is a station for hand sanitizer or alcohol by the entry and exit points.

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E. Isolation Room for Symptomatic Individuals. The room accommodates a
maximum of one person peruse.

1. There is adequate ventilation.

2. There is a self-closing door, if possible.
3. There is a single bed.
4. There is a dedicated comfort room.
5. It is near the exit gate.
6. There is a foot-operated ―handwash‖ basin or hands-free sanitizer or alcohol
dispenser.
7. There are dedicated trash bins for various type of waste.
8. There are dedicated cleaning and disinfection materials.

F. Comfort Rooms

1. There is adequate ventilation.

2. There is adequate supply of water.
3. There are visible and readable signages of health and safety reminders.
4. There is a visible and readable signage posted by the door indicating
maximum number of persons allowed to use the comfort room at any given time.
5. There is a station for hand sanitizer or alcohol by the door.

1.3 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR NEW NORMAL SCHOOLS

The Covid-19 crisis has impacted approximately 27 million students, 1 million

teachers and non-teaching staff, as well as student families. To reopen safely in the
midst of the COVID-19 pandemic and optimize the use of in-person teaching, schools
need adequate services as well as effective state and local public health policies that
everyone adheres to. Consistent implementation of successful COVID-19 prevention
measures during all school-related events is crucial for reopening—and keeping—
schools open. It is also important to note that populations of color, as well as people
with disabilities or chronic conditions, have borne a disproportionate burden of disease
and serious outcomes as a result of COVID-19, necessitating additional considerations.
It is critical that all schools and students have access to the tools, technical assistance,
and other services needed to prepare and implement comprehensive prevention

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strategies, and that district and school leaders and educators actively involve parents
and community members during the process, with a focus on communities that have
borne a disproportionate burden of COVID-19.

Ventilation is an effective COVID-19 prevention tool for schools and childcare

services, and it is one component of preserving safe environments. Wearing a well-
fitting, multi-layer mask helps to avoid virus particles from entering the air or being
inhaled by the person wearing the mask. Another measure that can help minimize the
amount of virus particles in the air is good ventilation. Ventilation, in conjunction with
other preventive measures, may help to minimize the spread of disease. The following
are some ideas for improving ventilation in your school, whether it is in a large building
or in a home:

Bring in as much outdoor air as possible.

 If safe to do so, open windows and doors. Even just cracking open a window
or door helps increase outdoor airflow, which helps reduce the potential
concentration of virus particles in the air. If it gets too cold or hot, adjust the
thermostat. Do not open windows or doors if doing so poses a safety or health
risk (such as falling, exposure to extreme temperatures, or triggering asthma
symptoms).
 Use child-safe fans to increase the effectiveness of open windows. Safely
secure fans in a window to blow potentially contaminated air out and pull new air
in through other open windows and doors.
 Consider having activities, classes, or lunches outdoors when
circumstances allow.

Ensure Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) settings are maximizing
ventilation.

 Make sure your ventilation systems are serviced and meeting code
requirements. They should provide acceptable indoor air quality, as defined
by Standard 62.1external icon, for the current occupancy level for each space. *

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 Home-based childcare programs should meet requirements established by their
state and local regulatory authorities.
 Set HVAC systems to bring in as much outdoor air as your system will
safely allow. Reduce or eliminate HVAC air recirculation, when practical and
with expert HVAC consultation. *
 Increase the HVAC system’s total airflow supply to occupied spaces when
you can. More air flow encourages air mixing and ensures any recirculated air
passes through the filter more frequently.
 Disable demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) controls that reduce air supply
based on occupancy or temperature. This way the air supply will remain constant
throughout the day.
 For simple HVAC systems controlled by a thermostat, setting the fan control
switch from ―Auto‖ to ―On‖ will ensure the HVAC system provides continuous air
filtration and distribution.
 Consider running the HVAC system at maximum outside airflow for 2 hours
before and after the building is occupied to refresh air before arrival and
remove remaining particles at the end of the day.

Filter and/or clean the air in your school or childcare program.

 Improve the level of air filtration as much as possible without significantly

reducing airflow.
 Make sure the filters are sized, installed, and replaced according to
manufacturer’s instructions.
 Consider portable air cleaners that use high-efficiency particulate air
(HEPA) filters to enhance air cleaning wherever possible, especially in higher-
risk areas such as a nurse’s office or sick/isolation room.
 Consider using ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) in schools and non-
home-based childcare programs as a supplemental treatment to inactivate the
virus that causes COVID-19, especially if options for increasing ventilation and
filtration are limited. Consult a qualified professional to help design and install
any UVGI system.

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Use exhaust fans in restrooms and kitchens.

 Inspect and maintain exhaust ventilation systems in restrooms and kitchens.

 Ensure restroom and kitchen exhaust fans are on and operating at full
capacity while the school or childcare program is occupied and for 2 hours
afterward.

Open windows in transportation vehicles.

 Ventilation is important on buses and vans servicing schools and childcare

programs, along with other strategies such as mask use for people over 2 years
old and physical distancing.
 Keep vehicle windows open when it does not create a safety or health hazard.
Having more windows open is more helpful, but even just cracking a few
windows open is better than keeping all windows closed.
 1. Space students at least 6 feet apart, when possible. Have students sit in
the same assigned seat every day. Consider working with administrators and
teachers to standardize seating charts across classes.
 2. Turn desks to face the same direction (rather than facing each other), or
have students sit on only one side of tables, spaced apart. Students can be
instructed to avoid spinning or turning around in their chairs.
 3. Modify learning stations and activities so that there are fewer students
per group and students can be at least 6 feet apart, if possible. When it is
difficult to space students at least 6 feet apart, use physical barriers, such as a
sneeze guard or partition.
 4. Reduce the use of shared space and objects in the classroom. Keep each
student’s belongings separated from others’ and in individually labeled containers,
cubbies, or areas. Ensure adequate supplies to minimize sharing of high touch
materials to the extent possible (e.g., assigning each student their own art
supplies, equipment, optimizing educational technology to limit shared paper
materials) or limit use of supplies and equipment by one group of children at a
time and clean and disinfect between use.

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Safety Considerations Related to Music, Arts, and Athletics Programs

Schools should prioritize in-person learning over in-person extracurricular and athletics
programs and activities, in keeping with CDC recommendations for safe levels of
interaction depending on the extent of community transmission of COVID-19. In general,
whether occurring as part of instruction or as extracurricular activities, schools should
aim to continue to offer music, performing arts, physical education, health education,
and athletics programs as part of a well-rounded education for all students during the
COVID-19 public health emergency, even if some activities may need to be offered
virtually or through a hybrid approach.

1. For music and performing arts, CDC recommends masks be worn by all students
and staff when not playing an instrument that requires the use of their mouth
(unless the program is outdoors and at least 6 feet of distance can be
maintained)
2. If the class is held indoors, maintain at least 6 feet of distance and ensure
that it occurs in healthy facilities, including by optimizing ventilation.
Cohorting/podding can help minimize class size. Teachers can use a portable
amplifier to keep voices at a low, conversational volume and should limit the
exchange (or sharing) of any instruments, parts, music sheets, or any other items
3. Consider community transmission rates in determining which activities are
appropriate. At low rates of community transmission, guidelines indicate that
sports and arts programs may occur with at least 6 feet of distance between
students to the greatest extent possible. At moderate rates of community
transmission, 6 feet of distance should be required. At substantial or high rates,
these activities should occur only if they can be held outdoors with more than 6
feet of physical distancing between participants. Schools may consider using
screening testing for student athletes and adults (e.g., coaches, trainers) who
support these activities.

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 Prioritizing sports that pose fewer risks. Outdoor sports that allow for
physical distancing are safer than indoor sports. Sports that require frequent
closeness or contact between players, or that involve shared equipment, may
make it more difficult to maintain physical distancing and, therefore, may present
increased risk for COVID-19 spread. Consider which sports are feasible given
the level of community transmission, and avoid high contact sports, which are
associated with greater risks. To determine which sports are safer to play during
the COVID-19 pandemic, consider the following:

 Ability to play outdoors

 Ability to wear a mask during the activity
 Physical closeness of players during play
 Amount of necessary touching of shared equipment and gear 20
 Ability to engage in physical distancing while not actively engaged in play,
such as when on the bench or sideline
 Players’ age and ability to comply with physical distancing and other
protective actions Size of the team and field of play
 Presence of nonessential visitors or volunteers during practices or games
 Travel required outside of the local community
4. Considering eliminating use of locker rooms if they are small and poorly
ventilated or do not allow for physical distancing. Advise students to come to
the athletic activity in clothes that are appropriate for participation in the athletic
program.
5. Avoiding equipment sharing and, if unavoidable, cleaning shared
equipment between use by different students. Used equipment can be
collected in a central container placed in the middle of the gym, marked for cleaning, or
schools can personalize gym equipment and make students or cohorts/pods responsible
for maintaining their own equipment.

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Map A

This map illustrates how to set up a classroom with 6’ round tables. This 900-
square foot exterior classroom seats 10 students and one teacher. This layout does not
allow for student seating/desks to be spaced out at least 6 feet apart or for chairs to be
turned to face the same direction. When round tables are used, a modified layout can
be used to minimize the risk of transmission of the virus that causes COVID-19.
Modifications could include reducing the number of students per group, mandatory
correct and consistent use of masks and installing physical barriers, such as a sneeze
guard or partition.

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Map B

This map illustrates how to set up a classroom with 4’ rectangular tables (24‖ x
60‖). This layout does not allow for student seating/desks to be spaced out at least 6
feet apart or for chairs to be turned to face the same direction. Because this classroom
is limited to four rectangular tables to seat all students, a modified layout can be used to
minimize the risk of transmission of the virus that causes COVID-19 if there are no other
available learning spaces within the school or community. Modifications could include
reducing the number of students per group, mandatory correct and consistent use of
masks and installing physical barriers, such as a sneeze guard or partition. If four
students are seated at the same table, consider having students sit on all sides of the
table instead of two on each side. Although students are facing each other, it creates a
physical separation.

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Map C

This map illustrates how to set up a classroom with student desks with attached chairs.
This classroom seats nine students and allows for student desks to be spaced out at
least 6 feet apart and turned facing the same direction. Other modifications are added to
minimize the risk of spread of the virus that causes COVID-19.

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1.4 STANDARD SIZE OF CLASSROOMS, FACILITIES, ETC.

a. Classroom Size

The classroom size for schools is width/depth x 9.00 meters length or width/depth x
7.00 meters length determined from the middle of the walls.

b. Windows
1) The windows must be of bilateral fenestration (transparent or translucent),
operable louver type. The window must allow the entry of daylight even if it is
closed.
2) The total area of window openings must be at least 10.00 square meters to
provide for natural ventilation and illumination.
3) The window sill must not be lower than 0.60 meter for single-storey buildings
or higher than 0.90 meter for multi-storey buildings from the finished floor line
(FFL).
4) The minimum height of the fixed louver or transom window above the operable
windows is 0.30 meter.
5) The window panels, when opened, must not be an obstruction along the
corridor.
6) The window metal frames and jalousie holders must be sturdy enough to
withstand vandalism.

c. Doors
1) There shall be two (2) doors for every classroom.
2) The swing-out should be 180 degrees.
3) The doors must be 0.90 meter in clear width and 2.10 meters in clear height.
4) The doors must withstand normal wear and tear and shall be provided with
keyed lever-type locksets.

d. Floor
1) The floor must be of non-skid finish (grayish color).
2) The classroom FFL should be higher than the corridor FFL by 25 millimeters.

21
 3) The first floor finish elevation must not be less than 225 millimeters and 325
millimeters for single-storey and multi-storey school buildings, respectively. The
elevation may be increased depending on the history of flood level.
4) A ramp must be provided with a maximum slope of 1:12 in compliance with the
Accessibility Law (B.P. No. 344), of non-skid finish and properly labeled.

e. Ceiling
1) The ceiling must be a drop-type ceiling.
2) The clear height of rooms from FFL to the finished ceiling line (FCL) must be
at least 2.70 meters.
3) Materials to be used for the ceiling must provide thermal comfort inside the
classroom.
4) Maintenance access to the ceiling cavity must be through the corridor.

f. Roofing
1) The roofing material must be adequately protected from rust/oxidation, salt air,
acid rain, or other sources and forms of corrosion. If made of metal, the roofing
sheets shall be of 0.40 mm base metal thickness (BMT) and securely fastened to
the roof frames.
2) For single-storey schoolbuildings, gutters may not be included however, a
properly sloped trench drain on both sides must be provided.
3) For multi-storey schoolbuildings, the roof must be provided with concrete
gutter and eaves which shall be at least 1.10 meters from the corridor.

h. Corridors
1) The corridor for single-storey schoolbuildings shall not be less than 1.50
meters.
2) For multi-storey schoolbuildings the corridors must not be less than 2.50
meters and should be provided with steel railings at a height not less than 1.50
meters.

22
i. Stairways
1) For multi-storey schoolbuildings, concrete stairs must have a width of not less
than 1.50 meters.
2) Number of stairways per schoolbuilding shall comply with the requirements
stipulated in the National Building Code of the Philippines (NBCP).
3) Handrails with steel railings must be provided.

j. Fire Protection
1) All schoolbuildings shall comply with R.A. No. 9514, otherwise known as the
Fire Code of the Philippines (FCP) and its latest Implementing Rules and
Regulations (IRR). The requirements shall include a fire alarm system, a
standpipe system, pressure and gravity tanks, hose boxes/reels, extinguishers
and other firefighting equipment, including an automatic sprinkler system (NFPA
13). In addition, 3-storey and 4- storey school buildings should be compliant with
NFPA 25.
2) Fire escapes must be provided for multi-storey schoolbuildings following the
requirements of the Fire Code of the Philippines.

o. Ventilation
Natural ventilation shall be primarily supplied by the windows and vents. Artificial
ventilation inside each classroom shall be supplied by two (2) units of oscillating
ceiling fans.

p. Illumination
Illumination falling at desk or arm rest should be taken with combined artificial
and natural lighting. Illumination at all staircases and fire exit stairs shall comply
with R.A. No. 9514 and its IRR.

Wind Load

For all schoolbuildings, the roofing and walls shall be designed to withstand a
minimum BASIC wind speed (as defined in Sec. 207 of the NSCP) of 250
23
 kilometers per hour (kph). The year-round effects of the southwest monsoon
(―habagat‖) wind and the northeast monsoon (―amihan‖) wind as well as of the
easterly winds must be taken into consideration due to the extensive damage
these may cause to roofing, walls, and fenestrations.

A Wind Importance Factor (WIF) of 1.15, based on the NSCP, shall be used.

The structure should be fully sealed against rainwater intrusion during typhoons
and heavy rains to protect sensitive materials and equipment. Doors and
windows should be fully sealed against strong vertical and lateral rains.

Seismic Load

For all schoolbuildings, the structure shall be designed to withstand earthquakes

for Seismic Zone 4 with a corresponding Seismic Zone Factor of 0.4, or as
otherwise specified in the NSCP.

A Seismic Importance Factor (SIF) of 1.5 shall be used. As the FFL shall be
elevated to 0.20 meter above the level of flood indicated/identified in the Site
Appraisal Reports (SAR), the use of ―containment wall‖ is prescribed to ensure
the safety of the structure during the rainy season.

Building Foundation
The foundation shall be designed for a net allowable soil bearing pressure of 96
kPa (2,000 pounds per square foot or psf). Consistent with best practices, the
Proponent shall undertake the prior appropriate studies/investigations for use as
basis/bases for the foundation and structural design of each Sub-Project.

Lighting and Fixtures

Each classroom of dimension 7m x 9m or 9m x 7m must be provided with at least
six (6) units of double T-5 36 watts fluorescent lamp with reflector or a minimum
of 104 Lumens per Watt (LPW).
24
 2) A duplex convenience outlet (CO) of the grounding type must be provided on
each windowless side of the classroom.
3) Two ceiling outlets for ceiling fans for every classroom must be provided.

Wires and Wiring Devices

Wires shall be properly designed in accordance with Article 3.10 and the
grounding system shall conform to Article 2.50 of the PEC.
Wiring devices must be of modern type and approved for both location and
purpose.
Service Entrance wires for a standard 7m x 9m or 9m x 7m described above
must have a size of 8.0 sq.mm minimum and properly protected by circuit
breaker protection.
Stairs. Stairs shall be at least 750 millimeters in clear width, with a rise of 200
millimeters and a minimum run of 200 millimeters.
Entrance and Exit. There shall be at least one entrance and another one for exit.

space shall be provided as follows: 1. School Rooms. 3.00 cubic meters with
1.00 square meter of floor area per person; 2. Workshops, Factories, and Offices.
12.00 cubic meters of space per person;

Exits

Number of exits. Every storey or portion thereof, having an occupant load of 500-999
shall have at least three exits. Every storey or portion thereof, having an occupant load
of 1000 or more shall have at least four (4) exits. The maximum number of exits
required for any storey shall be maintained until egress is provided from the structures.

Width. The total width of exits in meters shall not be less than the total occupant load
served divided by 165. Such widths of exits shall be divided approximately equally
among the separate exits.

25
Arrangement of exits. If only two exits are required they shall be placed a distance
apart not less than one fifth of the perimeter of the area served measured in a straight
line between exits. Where three or more exits are required they shall be arranged a
reasonable distance apart so that if one becomes blocked, the other will be available.

Doors

Swing. Exit door shall swing in the direction of ecxit travel when serving any hazardous
areas or when serving an occupant load of 50 or more. Double acting doors shall not be
used as exits serving a tributary occupant load of more than 100; nor shall they be used
as a part of fire assembly, nor equipped with panic hardware.

Width and Height. Every required exit doorway shall be of a size as to permit the
installation of a door not less than 900 millimeters in width and not leshaltss than 2.00
meters in height. When installed in exit doorways, exit doors be capable of opening at
least 90 degrees and shall be so mounted that the clear width of the exitway is not less
than 700 millimeters. In computing the required exit width the net dimension of the
exitway shall be used.

Door Leaf Width. No leaf of an exit door shall exceed 1.20 meters in width.

Special Doors. Revolving, sliding, and overhead doors shall not be used as required
exits.

Egress from Door. Every required exit door shall give immediate access to an
approved means of egress from the building.

Corridors and Exterior Exit Balconies. The provisions herein shall apply to eve-,
corridor and exterior exit balcony serving as a required exit for an occupant load:. more
than ten.

Width. Every corridor or exit balcony shall not be less than 1.10 meters in wict

Projections. The required width of corridors and exterior exit balconies shall, be
unobstructed: Except, that trim handrails, and doors when fully opened, shall not reduce

26
the required width by more than 200 millimeters. Doors any position shall not reduce the
required width of the corridor by more thaone-half.

Access to Exits. When more than one exit is required, they shall be S arranged to
allow going to either direction from any point in the corridor c'

Exit Enclosures. Every interior stairway, ramp, or escalator shall be enclosed as

specified in this Code: Except. that in other than Group D Occupancies, an enclosure
will not be required for stairway, ramp, or escalator serving only one adjacent floor and
not connected with corridors or stairways serving other floors. Stairs in Group A
Occupancies need not be enclosed.

Enclosure walls shall not be less than two-hour fire-resistive construction. There shall
be no openings into exit enclosures except exit doorways and openings in exterior walls.
All exits doors in an exit enclosure shall be appropriately protected.

Stairway and ramp enclosures shall include landings and parts of floors connecting
stairway flights and shall include a corridor on the ground floor leading from the stairway
to the exterior of the building. Enclosed corridors or passageways are not required for
unenclosed stairways.

A stairway in an exit enclosure shall not continue below the grade level exit unless an
approved barrier is provided at the ground floor level to prevent persons from
accidentally continuing into the basement.

There shall be no enclosed usable space under stairways in an exit enclosure. not shall
the open space under such stairways be used for any purpose.

Stairs and Ramps

Stair Rise and Run. The maximum rise of treads shall not exceed 200 millimeters ar
the minimum width of the run shall be 280 millimeters. The maxims variation in the width
of trends in any one flight shall not be more th, 5 millimeters and the maximum variation
in one height of two adjacerises shall not exceed 5 millimeters.

27
Ramp Slope. The slope of a ramp shall not exceed 1 in 8. Ramps shall roughened or
shall be of approved nonslip material.

Aisle Used as Era. An aisle maybe considered as only one exit unless it is continuous
at both ends to a legal building exit or to a safe dispersal area.

Two Exits Required. stand within a building shall have at least two means of egress
when the stand accommodates more than 50 persons. Every open air stand having
seats without backrests shall have at least two means of egress when the stand
accommodates more than 300 persons.

Three Exits Required. Three exits shall be required for stands within a building when
there are more than 300 occupants within a stand and for open air stands with seats
without backrests where a stand or section of a stand accommodates more than 1000
Occupants.

Four Exits Required. Four exits shall be required when a stand or section of stand
accommodates more than 1000 occupants: Except, that for an open air stand with seats
without backrest four exits need not be provided unless there are accommodations for
more than 3000 occupants.

Width. The total width of exits in meters shall not be less than the total occupant load
served divided by 165: Except, that for open air stands with seats without backrest the
total width of exits in meters shall be not less than the total occupant load served
divided by 500 when exiting by stairs, and divided by 650 when exiling by ramps or
horizontally. When both horizontal and stair exits are used, the total width of exits shall
be determined by using both figures as applicable. No exit shall be less than 1.10
meters in width. Exits shall be located at a reasonable distance apart. When only two
exits are provided, they shall be spaced not less than one-fifth of the perimeter apart.

Exits

Distance to Exit. The line to travel to an exit shall not be more than 45.00 meters. For
stands with seats without backseats this distance maybe measured by direct line from a
seat to the exit from the stand.

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1.5 PARKING RATIO FOR UNIVERSITIES

The term "parking lot" refers to a piece of property, a yard, or other open space
lot that is used or built for the parking of standing motor vehicles. The parking spot,
maneuvering area, and associated vegetation areas make up a parking lot or parking
area.

As per the National Building Code of the Philippines, the size of average parking
are is 2.4mx5m for perpendicular or diagonal parking and 2mx6m for parallel parking
while truck or bus parking shall have minimum of 3.6mx12m.

In addition, there are standard requirements for parking based on Building Code
of the Philippines in computing for parking slots. There are minimum required parking
slot, parking area and loading space requirement that there are one (1) car slot for
every three (3) classrooms; one off-RROW (or off-street) passenger loading space that
can accommodate two (2) queued jeepney/shuttle slots; and one (1) school bus slot for
every one hundred (100) students for educational institutions like schools, colleges,
universities, including school auditoriums, gymnasia, reviewing stands, little theaters,
concert halls as well as libraries that falls on Group C- Educational and Recreation
(Institutional) Division C-I.

As stated in Accessibility Law (Batas Pambansa Bilang 344), parking spaces for
the disabled should allow enough space for a person to transfer to a wheelchair from a
vehicle; 2. Accessible parking spaces should be located as close as possible to building
entrances or to accessible entrances; 3. Whenever and wherever possible, accessible
parking spaces should be perpendicular or to an angle to the road or circulation aisles;
4. Accessible parking slots should have a minimum width of 3.70 m.; 5. A walkway from
accessible spaces of 1.20 m. clear width shall be provided between the front ends of
parked cars; 6. Provide dropped curbs or curb cut-outs to the parking level where
access walkways are raised; 7. Pavement markings, signs or other means shall be
provided to delineate parking spaces for the handicapped; 8. Parking spaces for the
disabled should never be located at ramped or sloping areas.

29
1.6 THE UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS

The History of University of Batangas

It started years after the Second World War, early 1946 at the Javier Printing
Press for two gentlemen, Mr. Juan Y. Javier and Atty. Jesus Lorenzo A. Arguelles. They
had a common gripe against a school owner who failed to pay the cost of the printing of
instructional materials and the failure of Atty. Arguelles to collect his salary as a college
teacher at the academic institution of the said school owner. By providence, the two
men decided to open a school. In order to realize their plan, they invited prominent
people who would provide them with the necessary resources for the project. they
invited Rev. Fr. Vicente R. Catapang, a noted educator from Taal; Atty. Francisco G.
Perez, a senior board member of the Province of Batangas; Mayor Roman L. Perez of
Batangas; and Atty. Pablo C. Umali of Lipa to pool their resources to create a possibility
to establish an educational institution. Together, they laid the plans for the founding of
the Western Philippine Colleges. The College operation started in 1946, the age of
freedom and change, it was also the year of rehabilitation and construction.

Announcements of the school opening were posted on walls and posts, and
advertised in local newspapers and movie houses. This part of the campaign was
undertaken by Mr. Arguelles with the help of the other founders. By all these tokens, it
was apparent that the popularity of the founders and their cause was well on the
threshold of success. On April 28, 1947, the first classes of 48 students formally opened
after a year of planning and laying the groundwork for the founding of the Western
Philippine Colleges. The site was very small opposite to the Batangas Trade School,
now the Batangas State University. Education is the first course with Mr. Juan Javier as
the first Dean, Liberal Arts with Atty. Francisco G. Perez as Dean, and Commerce under
Dean Pablo C. Umali. The High School and the Elementary departments were also
started with Mrs. Flordeliza M. Arguelles and Ms. Gliceria Martinez as the principals
respectively. Due to the sudden increase from 48 to 78 students after a year, the
classes were transferred to the Javier house, which was located on the corner of D.
Silang and P. Burgos streets, now occupied by the Jollibee Foods Corporation. Rev. Fr.
Vicente Catapang was elected by the Board of Trustees as President and overall
30
Administrator because of his wisdom and expertise as an educator. Atty. Arguelles was
elected Executive Secretary. Unfortunately, Atty. Arguelles had a massive heart attack
followed by his sudden demise in July of 1947. He was replaced by his wife, Mrs.
Flordeliza M. Arguelles. Many problems related to unstable finances, resources, and
facilities like the library, school ground, and a limited number of teachers cropped up
and had to be solved immediately. The needed money had to be borrowed from the
founders. The problem as regards the school ground was solved by borrowing a vacant
space from the Batangas High School used for military drills and ROTC parade and
training. To increase the finances of the college, an educational partnership was forged
on December 5, 1947, which marked the beginning of Western Philippine College,
Incorporated. New stockholders subscribed shares to augment the existing capital.

After years of hard working, the first graduation program of 14 high school senior
students was held on April 30, 1948, with Judge Vicente Arguelles as the guest speaker.
Remigio Agpalo was the first valedictorian and Rafael Dimaculangan as the first
salutatorian. in the same year that the first batch of college graduates, 18 from the
College of Liberal Arts and 48 from the Education and Normal departments were turned
out with the Honourable Speaker Jose P. Laurel as commencement speaker.

The Western Philippine Colleges continued to gain prominence in academic,

cultural, research, sports and athletics, community extension services, national and
international linkages, physical facilities development, and technological advancement.
Through the years, WPC had gained prestige as it celebrated the 50th (Golden)
Anniversary. It has passed Level I and II accreditation of the Liberal Arts, Education,
and Commerce programs and with the change in status, from a college to a university.
WPC was thereby named the University of Batangas, the first university in the Province
of Batangas. UB in the 21st Century and Beyond Even before the start of the 21st
century, the University of Batangas has metamorphosed from an unknown college in
1946 to a university in 1996. The first ten years after gaining the university status
actually laid the foundation for blossoming into a mature university. It is not only
blooming but constantly growing with varied curricular offerings like the Doctoral
Program, Expanded Tertiary Education Equivalency and Accreditation Program

31
(ETEEAP), Review Center, and short term courses with physical facilities always
updated for quality education. UB is the first university in the province of Batangas.
Others may follow, but UB will always be the first and it shall continue to prove time and
again that it is undeniably the Best.

VISION

We envision the University of Batangas to be a center of excellence committed to serve

the broader community through quality education.

MISSION

The University of Batangas provides quality education by promoting personal and

professional growth and enabling the person to participate in a global, technology- and
research-driven environment.

PHILOSOPHY

The University of Batangas, a stock non-sectarian, private educational institution,

believes in the pursuit of knowledge, values and skills necessary for the preservation
and improvement of the Philippine society. It has faith in the dignity of the human
person, in the democratic process, in the reward for individual excellence, and in the
freedom of a person to worship God according to his conscience. Thus, the institution
believes that the development of the individual as a person and worker is an effective
means in building a better family, community and nation, and a better world.

OBJECTIVES

The University of Batangas aims to:

 Pursue academic excellence through continuing search for the application of truth,
and knowledge and wisdom via traditional and alternative modes of instructional
delivery.
 Promote moral and spiritual development through an integrated educational process
that will enhance human character and dignity;

32
 Develop cultural, economic and socio-civic conscience through an educational
content relevant to national development needs, conditions and aspirations;
 Strengthen involvement in community services through varied economic and
environmental projects;
 Attain institutional self-reliance through responsive programs for staff, facilities and
systems development;
 Ensure financial viability and profitability
 Adopt internationalization to meet the shifting demands in the national, regional and
global labor environment; and
 Increase the University's productivity and innovation in research, scholarship and
creative activities that impact economic and societal development

Courses Offered by the University of Batangas

As the year pass the University of Batangas offered a lot of courses and
secondary education, now they offered the K to 12 program basic education curriculum.
The University also offers college programs which includes allied and Medical Sciences
that has BS in Physical Therapy, BS in Respiratory Therapy and BS in Occupational
Therapy. They also offer Bachelor of Arts in Communication, Bachelor of Arts in Legal
Management, Bachelor of Arts in Multimedia Arts, Bachelor of Arts in Political Science,
Bachelor of Arts in Psychology/Science in Psychology. The University of Batangas also
has College of Business and Accountancy, College of Criminal Justice and Education,
College of Education, College of Engineering and Architecture, College of Information
and Communication technology, College of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Tourism
and Hospitality Management, College of Technical Education.

UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS DESIGN

The University of Batangas has its own design and color. It is the trademark of
this school. The color of the building usually uses maroon and gold that helps the
design to be different from other school. Maroon is often used to reflect things that are
strong and passionate, such as trust, imaginative thoughts, enthusiasm, strength,
33
danger, passion, devotion, ambition, bravery, strength, warmth, and elegance. The color
gold is associated with extravagance, luxury, riches, and excess, as well as light,
devotion, kindness, bravery, passion, magic, and wisdom. The color of the building
reflect the passion, love, wisdom and all the traits that might help the student to be more
devoted in studying. The University of Batangas uses big windows that help to provide
ventilation and comfort for the students. The school comes with a gable roof and flat
roof that also help with the design of the school.

34
 CHAPTER III

Facilities:

Accounting Office
Admission Office
Auditorium
Book Store
Cafeterias
Cashier Office
Chapel/Multi-faith Hall
Classrooms
Comfort Rooms
Computer Laboratory
Cooking Laboratory
Dormitories
Drawing Laboratory
Drop-off
Elevator
Executive Offices
Fountain
Guard House
Guidance Office
Gymnasium
Hallway
ICT Room
Library
Lobby
Maintenance Room
Medical Center
Open Field
Parents Faculty

35
Parking
Pocket Park
President’s Office
Publication Office
Science Laboratory
Speech Auditorium
Sports Office
Stairs and Ramps
Stock Room
Students Council
Office
Study Areas
Swimming Pool
Teachers Faculty
Theater Room
Utility Room

36
37
 CHAPTER IV

Architectural Features

It means a prominent or significant part or element of a building, structure, or

site. Architectural features may include special lines, massing, and/or texture.

- Balcony

External extension of the upper floor of a house, covered by a sturdy or pierced

screen, balusters or railings up to a height of around three feet (one meter).

- Canopy

A canopy is one of the architectural features that provide shelter from the rain
and sun. It can also be used as decoration and give emphasis to a route or part of the
structure.

- Cantilever

A beam supported at one end and holding a load at the other end; or scatter
around the section not supported.

- Cove

A cove is served as a design in a structure it is a curved surface that forms a

junction in the middle of a ceiling and a wall.

- Drop Off

A spot where it is possible to drop a person or item off.

- Gatehouse

A dwelling or house linked to a gate or connected with it.

- Gazebo

38
 A gazebo, often hexagonal or octagonal in form, is a freestanding, open garden
building with a roof.

- Louvre

Arrangement of parallel, horizontal blades, laths, laths, glass drops, wood or

some other substance intended for airflow or light penetration control.

- Patio

It is a commonly used open area for dining or leisure that adjoins a home and is
normally paved.

- Porch

A roofed structure, generally accessible on the sides, projected from the face of a
house and used for the defense of the entry. It is sometimes known as a veranda in the
United States and is also called a portico.

- Skylight

The opening of the roof is shielded by translucent or transparent glass or plastic

to allow sunshine.

- Sunshade

A sunshade is a horizontally mounted metal louver over a window and/or

vertically in front of a window to avoid solar heat or glare from infiltrating while providing
views of sunshine.

A. Sustainable Features

The capacity to be retained, endorsed, preserved, or confirmed. The importance of

not being detrimental to the environment or the loss of natural resources and thereby
fostering long-term ecological balance

39
 - Solar Panel

Pure science, made concrete and functional, is solar energy. Yet there is
something mystical about it as well. Technology that through reduced energy
consumption brings a great deal of good to your home. Both the culture and the climate
are a great boon. It harnesses the sun's strength, the abundant resource that welcomes
us in the morning and is the subject of so many images of sunset. Ever since its
founding in 2011, Solar Solutions has been quietly supplying much-needed power in
times of disaster.

- Sun Shades

A sunshade's primary function is to regulate the amount of direct sunlight through

the windows of your house and sunshades at either end of the day can be used to
reduce direct sunlight and glare

- Rain- Water Harvesting

Rainwater is caught by a structure and then stored in big tanks. It is then possible
to use the water to water plants, flush toilets, or supply cooling towers.

- Natural Ventilation

One of the most fundamental strategies to minimize energy use in buildings is

natural ventilation. Natural ventilation plays an important role in ensuring optimal indoor
air quality and preserving fair thermal comfort without the assistance of mechanical
devices, enabling occupants to obtain fresh air using sustainable and energy-efficient
methods.

- Air and Vapor Barriers

The purpose of using vapor retarders and vapor barriers is twofold: to stop
moisture from outside or inside the building assembly from entering the building
assembly, and to allow the building assembly to dry outside or inside or both if the

40
assembly gets wet. On the other side, a vapor barrier prevents moisture from entering.
It has a permissibility of 0.1 perm or less, making it a substance which is impermeable.

- Low Solar Heat Gain Coefficient Glass

The coefficient of solar heat gain is the amount of solar radiation which enters
through glass and is released inside a building as heat. The lower the SHGC, the cooler
the house, the less solar heat it transmits. As air-conditioning systems don't have to do
all the work, this also decreases energy costs.

- Enthalpy recovery of exhaust air

A system called an enthalpy wheel recovers cooled air from inside and cools
fresh air from outside using the coolness of this "spent" air. The process also
dehumidifies the external air. This is a cost-effective way to improve the quality of indoor
air and reduce the energy that air conditioning systems consume.

- Vegetation

A significant portion of the unpaved area of the building should be dedicated to

vegetation. This helps to reduce the effect of heat on urban islands when heat from the
sun is absorbed by concrete surfaces that are so common in urban areas and radiated
to the environment. Plants also help to absorb some rainwater that would otherwise go
to drainage and sewers, later leading to flooding.

B. Electrical System

It consists of all the elements required, including overhead and underground lines,
poles, transformers, and other equipment, to distribute electrical power.

- Energy Efficient Lighting

Modern technology allows us to access more efficient lighting systems as

traditional incandescent light bulbs are being improved and other alternatives are being

41
discovered. In relation, a more energy efficient lighting has now become options which
are Halogen incandescent bulbs, Compact fluorescent lights and light-emitting diode
bulbs. Upon using this electrical materials, 25 to 80 percent electricity can be lessen
and when it comes to durability, these lightings can last from 3 to 25 times longer than
the traditional light bulbs. During construction, installing these materials can be more
costly, but in terms of future expenses, its efficient energy use and high quality will
reduce bills and environmental impact.

- Use Smart Power Strips

Common problem and one of the source of excessive electricity happens not
only when appliances and equipment’s are being use by occupants but when these are
plugged in while not in use. This turned off electronics and electrical devices that are in
standby mode results to wastage of electricity. In reality, it is estimated that 75 percent
of the energy of electrical consumption in a house is being generated while it is
switched off. Instances like these are known as phantom loads which can be avoided
through the use of smart power strips. This power strips have advanced feature of
shutting off the power of electronics when not it use. By the use of remote and switches
or by a set master status in the device, it can be assigned to turn off after a certain
period of time or during inactivity.

- Insulate Your Home

Temperature in every unit will dictate whether active cooling devices will be used.
However the use of these can be reduced through the use of insulation materials upon
construction of the structure. Insulation not only lowers utility bills by retaining heat
during cold season but also minimizes heat that are penetrating through units during hot
season. Through proper choice of insulation materials and level of heat resistance a
structure needs, overall costings of the structure can be reduced, and environmental
impacts of electronic cooling devices can also be eliminated.

- Power Bolt Energy Saver

42
 While there are devices and equipments with its main purpose of providing
comfort for the users, there are also devices that are used to help these devices work in
wiser manner. Through the use of Power Bolt Energy Saver within the spaces of a
condominium such as offices, units and even basements, utility bills can be reduced up
to 90 percent. This device is user -friendly for it only needs to be plug in a socket to
work. The portable device has a high-frequency range of 50 to 60 hertz and akes input
from 25 to 90 volts for its uninterrupted functioning. Moreover, the advanced features of
these energy saver does not end with reduced bills but also has the capability to control
temperature which makes it safe from fire incidents. Aside from being handy, this device
is self-operated.

C. Mechanical System

These are building service machines that contribute to the well function of the
building. It may include elevators, escalators and HVAC system within the structure.

- Elevator

A vertical transport also called lift, that carry the passengers or freight between
the levels of a multi-storey building in a vertical movement. Modern elevators are
typically propelled by electric motors, with the aid of a counterweight, through a system
of cables and sheaves (pulleys). By opening the way to higher buildings, the elevator
played a decisive role in creating the characteristic urban geography of many modern
cities.

- Air-conditioning

Temperature control, humidity, purity and air movement in an enclosed space,

irrespective of external conditions. The nature of air-conditioning systems takes into
account several circumstances. A self-contained unit, directly serves up the room. More
complex structures use ducts to deliver cooled air, as in tall buildings. Air is cooled once
at a central plant in the induction system and then distributed to individual units, where
water is used to change the air temperature according to certain variations.

43
 - Generator

Any mechanism that transforms mechanical energy into electricity for

transmission and distribution via power lines to domestic, commercial and industrial
customers is an electric generator, also called a dynamo. The electrical power needed
for cars, aircraft, ships and trains is also provided by generators. For an electric
generator, the mechanical power is generally derived from a rotating shaft and is
proportional to the torque of the shaft multiplied by the velocity of rotation or angle.

D. Fire Protection System

Early warning of a fire was provided by fire alarms in condominium buildings. Inside
each unit and in the rest of the building are fume alarms and heat detectors and/or
sprinklers (if the building has a sprinkler system). If a smoke alarm sounds in the unit,
the building fire alarm system will not be triggered because it is not attached.Only your
unit will receive an early warning if a fire begins. It is a local alarm. However the building
fire alarm device is triggered when a heat detector or sprinkler is activated in a private
apartment. Fire alarm systems for buildings will also be triggered by the smoke and heat
detectors and/or sprinklers (if a sprinkler device is in place) situated in corridors,
staircases, storage rooms, washing-rooms and other places.

The fire alarm can also be turned on manually by pulling the pull station. A pull
station with instructions such as "pull down" is the red device on the wall Pull stations
connect to the building's fire alarm system and simultaneously activate all alarms. If a
single action is used by the pull station, only a lever must be pulled down.You must
either raise the cover or push in a panel if the pull station is dual-action, then pull the
lever. This is meant to discourage unintended action. Pull stations are located close to
the exit or stairwell doors on each level. Any occupant who detects smoke or fire will
quickly pull the trigger in the event of a fire to alert everyone.

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 - Smoke Alarms

A key part of a fire escape plan is smoke alarms. Smoke spreads fast when there is a
fire. Many injuries or fatalities arising from residential fires are due to the smoke, not the
fire. Working smoke detectors give you early warning so that you can easily get outside.

- Carbon Monoxide

Carbon monoxide, often referred to as the "Silent Killer," is a gas that you can not see,
smell or taste. It's toxic, it can make you sick, and it can be deadly. In a residence,
carbon monoxide sources can be heating and cooking devices that burn fuel (i.e. oil,
propane, wood) and an attached garage.

- Portable Fire Extinguishers

Fire extinguishers are regarded as first aid equipment for the control and execution of
small fires before they become large ones, but the fire department is not a substitute. It
is essential to have the right extinguishers, as well as knowing how to use them and
how not to use them, to safeguard your family and home.

There are various types of fire extinguishers that can be used on various kinds of
fires. The most common types of fires in the residence are:

Class A: Ordinary things like paper, wood, cardboard and most plastics that can burn.

Class B: Gasoline, kerosene, grease and oil are inflammable liquids.

Class C: Electrical appliances, such as cables, appliances, machines and outlets.

- Sprinkler System

A sprinkler system is a piping system with sprinklers that automatically discharge

water over a fire zone, linked to a water supply. The building fire alarm scheme will be
activated by a sprinkler activation. Each sprinkler has its own individual heat sensitive
element that detects about 68 ° C of fixed temperature. Smoke is not affected by these
heat sensitive elements, only by heat. The sprinkler element is activated as the
temperature reaches a fixed temperature of approximately 68°C. Sprinklers are highly

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reliable without heat and do not activate. It will only operate with the sprinkler(s) closest
to the fire.

- Evacuation Plan

If the nearest one is blocked by fire or smoke, know the locations of all available exit
stairwells from your floor. The number of doors between your apartment and the exit
stairwell is a good idea to count in case there is smoke in the hallway and your visibility
is limited. In the event of a fire, never use an elevator unless you are directed by the
Fire Department to do so. Make sure that all exit stairwell doors are clear of clutter, that
safety bars are not locked or blocked, and clearly marked with exit signs.

E. Structural System

The term structural system or structural frame refers to a building or object's load-
resisting sub-system. The structural system transfers loads through elements or
members that are interconnected. Structural elements in construction are like the
human skeleton, which gives the strength and proper shape to make it perfect. For a
building, proper structural planning makes it strong and cost effective. The possibility of
expensive failures is greatly minimized by a well-engineered structure. That is why it is
important to have a good kind of structure system specially in tall structures.

With this, the researchers have come up to the conclusion of using a Shear Wall
System. According to a scholarly blog, Constructive Executive; ―Shear Wall System is a
kind of system is a continuous vertical wall that’s constructed from reinforced concrete
or masonry wall. Shear walls are great at withstanding gravity and lateral loads, as well
as acting as narrow-deep cantilever beams. This is commonly constructed as a core of
buildings. When it comes to bracing tall buildings that are either reinforced concrete or
steel structure, this system is highly suitable because shear walls are substantial in
plane stiffness and strength. Moreover, a shear wall system is appropriate for hotel and
residential buildings that have floor-by-floor repetitive planning that allows the walls to

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be vertically continuous. Shear walls may also serve as excellent acoustic and fire
insulators between rooms and apartments.‖ (Jackson, 2020)

Moreover, shear walls provide buildings with great strength and rigidity in the
direction of their orientation, which significantly decreases the building's lateral sway
and thus reduces damage to the structure and its contents.

Advantages of using Sear Wall:

- Fast construction time.

- Significantly reduces lateral sway.
- The shear wall is very Light-weight.
- Shear wall one type of thinner walls.
- Easy construction and implementation.
- Enough well-distributed reinforcements.
- Shear wall Cost-effectiveness respect of earthquake.
- Minimized damages to structural and Non-structural elements.
- Provide large strength and stiffness in the direction of orientation.
- Efficient in terms of construction cost and effectiveness in minimizing
earthquake damage.
- Shear walls are generally used in high-rise buildings subject to lateral wind
and seismic forces.
- For slender walls where the bending deformation is more, the Shear wall
resists the loads due to Cantilever Action.

F. Sanitary System

These are a combination of different functional units which, together, enable the
management and reuse or disposal of the various flows of waste from households,
institutions, agriculture or industries in order to protect the environment and people. The
systems are designed to deal with the entire cycle of water and nutrients, from the user
of the toilet where waste water is produced, and sent to the treatment. Large sewer
systems with centralized high-tech treatment stations are generally referred to by

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conventional sanitation systems. These systems may be efficient and have contributed
significantly in recent decades to improving people's health and to lowering the
environmental burden of wastewater discharge.

Septic System

- Materials

It is essential to have a Septic system that is well-designed to carry off waste

from multiple units within an R-5 occupancy or Condominium. In accordance, septic
tanks must be made or built out of fiberglass, concrete, thermoplastic or an a material
that has been approved. Tanks must be waterproof and manufactured with the
capability to withstand loads and avoid any chances of leakage that may cause
unsanitary conditions. All tanks must pass the requirements and be approved by the
Department of Environmental Quality and or Water Quality Division.

- Location

In order to maintain the good ambiance within the condominium premises, the
septic must be located in a space that will not be distractive and will not cause
unnecessary odor. It must be located on a level grade and a firm bedding to prevent
settling. In cases or instance of encountering obstructions such as rocks or unexpected
protruding, the opening for the septic tank shall be over excavated and backfilled with
sand, crushed stone, or gravel to the proper grade as needed. Moreover, the space that
shall be provided or reserved for the septic must be far or distant from areas where
traffic might be prevalent or where excessive load will be generated unless it is design
to carry such amount of load. To further improve the safety of the system from leakage
and damage in its pipes, backfill shall be surrounded over the septic tank.

- Construction

To successfully deliver the wastes from units to the proper tanks, there shall be
sewer pipes made of Polyvinyl Chloride or Acrylonitrile butadiene-styrene. The septic

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tank inlet and outlet pipes must be assigned 40 PVC or ABS pipe. According to
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D-3034 Standard Dimension Ratio
(SDR), 35 plastic pipe is allowed to be used if the void at the tank’s side is filled with
material that is granular, clean, and compacted. It is also essential to make sure that the
sizes of the pipes that will be designated to handle the units from the structure is
capable of bearing hourly flow and must not be smaller than 4 inches diameter. In
adjoining two pipes of different sizes fittings and conversion adapter must be used.
Moreover, in terms od the slope of the sewer pipe, it must comply to the slope of 1/4
inch per foot and shal not be flatter than 1/8 inch per foot, keeping the system guided
with this standard will keep the flow of waste smooth and prevent unnecessary clogs.
To ensure the accessibility in instances of repair, cleanouts must also be provided
between the structure and tank and must be at least every 100 feet in straight runs.
These elements shall be safe from damages that may be encountered due to hard
lumps of soil, debris and other hard substance’s.

G. Landscape System

Landscaping not only tends to boost and preserve property prices for a
condominium, but also has a positive effect on residents themselves. Beautiful, usable
green spaces and plantations increase ownership pride, influence morale, and generally
just make it more enjoyable for owners and visitors alike to be in a town.

Using plants native to the area can make an association’s landscape much
healthier and more durable.
- Areca Palm
There are several Areca Palm Advantages, one of the best tropical foliage plants, easy
to grow and also clean the indoor air.
The two key important parts of healthy living are clean air and good food. The
consistency of indoor air is influenced by indoor activities like cooking and heating.
Indoor air quality is often degraded also by the use of paints, nail polish and nail polish
removers, cosmetics, printers, chairs, rugs and garage operations. The health benefits

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of indoor plants such as isca palm are helpful in removing toxic gases and adding to the
room's serenity and aesthetic sense. Thus, planting indoor plants is one of the easiest
ways to reduce the effects of indoor emissions.
- Carabao Grass
Carabao grass, sometimes referred to as buffalo grass, has multiple applications in
various realms. Grass is particularly valuable in the agricultural sector, where some of
its uses are: forage for grazing, ground cover to avoid the barrenness of open fields and
as an important instrument for landscaping.
- Frog Grass
Frog grass looks like a short shape of carabao grass, with compact side growth on
ground creeping stalks so that no sharpness and "leggy" is needed.Its short leaf blades
extend across the ground slowly filling up any gaps, it tolerates partial shade and some
foot traffic, but not a combination of both.It can't grow faster than weeds, so it first has to
be removed entirely, in reality I call this grass a slow cultivator. This grass is not soft or
rough, suitable for children.
- Bamboo Trees
Bamboo offers a landscape with visual appeal and a striking design given the dramatic
height it can achieve, as well as variations in the scale, shape and color of the leaf. In
comparison to other plants, bamboo doesn't need pesticides or fertilizers to grow and
needs very little water.
- Date Tree
The date palm is a tree that grows to 30 meters in height. The trunk, with distinct
petiolar scars, is slender. Leaves at the upper part of the crown are erect-ascending, at
the lower part of the crown, down-descending, and long-peeled. Narrow-lanceolate, stiff
and grayish-glaucous leaflets are present. Among the leaves, inflorescence is
produced, with a single bract at the base. The flowers are small, yellowish and single-
born. The fruit, with edible flesh, is cylindrical or oblong-ellipsoid.
- Coconut tree
In coconut trees, coconuts are exotic, edible fruits produced. The coconut tree is a kind
of palm tree with a single straight trunk and has been used for many purposes since
prehistoric times. Each component, including the fruits, wood, and leaves, has a usage.

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Because of this, the trees in many places in South India are commonly cultivated for
both commercial and home use.
- Sansevieria
Snake plants are also known for their ability to help extract toxins from polluted air.
Snake plants can absorb cancer-causing contaminants, including CO2, benzene,
formaldehyde, xylene, and toluene, but in small quantities. Snake plants can serve as
an effective defence against airborne allergies with the ability to absorb and eliminate
harmful toxins.
- Pebbles
Natural stone pebbles are able to blend into their surroundings, thus adapting to every
idea of design or style. They make it the right landscaping material to use for swimming
pools, gardens, etc. For pool tiles, there are plenty of natural stones to choose from.
There are plenty of benefits that natural pebble stones offer when used. They are
aesthetically pleasing to look at, and they also provide you with all the benefits of a
good looking setting for that elegant and timeless presentation. To choose from a large
variety of natural pebbles for your home or garden, please go through our items.
- Monolith Stones
Stone absorbs heat during summer and prevents it from reaching the roots of plants.
This ensures that plants in direct sunlight will benefit from the sun without the
unnecessary stress of excess heat. And because rock holds the roots and the soil
cooler below, water evaporates more slowly. That means less risk of drying out plants
and better conditions for growing.
When it comes to focal points, a strong candidate is stone. You may, of course,
go bold and dramatic, with a big boulder set in a stone garden or a flower bed. If you do,
then go even bolder and, in the form of a spotlight, install landscape lighting to highlight
it during night hours. To create a striking and enigmatic silhouette, or try back lighting,
and illuminate a tree or wall behind the boulder.

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 REFERENCES

Department of Education. Deped School Buildings Performance Standards and

Specifications (2006).

National Building Code of the Philippines.

S. Musa. (2012). European Journal of Contemporary Education

Department of Public Works and Highways (2004).

Department of Energy. (2019)

Jyoti (2018). Areca Palm: Air purifying plant and health benefits

F. Idris, Z. Hassan. (2009). The role of education in shaping youth’s national identity

Earth Garden and Landscaping (2007).

Jackson, C. (2020). Five Types of Structural Systems in High Rise Buildings.

Construction Executive

Centers for Desease Control and Prevention (2021) Ventilation in Buildings Respond to
Cov19

Spuhler, D. & Gensch, R. (2019) Find Tools For Sustainable Sanitation and Water
Management Sanitation Systems

Commission on Higher Education and Department of Health (2021). Joint Memorandum

Circular. Retrieved from

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