TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Interactions 2 Emergence 3 Dynamics Sheree xn t aed 5 Adaptation 6 Interdisciplinarity 7 Methods nie} 2 ar 16COMPLEXITY EXPLAINED @ “There's no love in a carbon atom, no hurricane in a water molecule, no financial collapse in a dollar fyi (restate) Complexity science, also called complex systems science, studies how a large collection of components - locally interacting with each other at the small scales - can spontaneously self-organize to exhibit non-trivial global structures and behaviors at larger scales, often without ecclat- Un ClaN lala ela Peale tie Uelug eo] glu sme) (=x (e (ecm The properties of the collection may not be understood or predicted from the full knowledge of its constituents alone. Such a collection is called a complex system and it requires Talc aareVentlanr-\e(er-tie-Uanl-\ (el Ce UaeRel lala methodologies for its investigation. Here are a few things you should know about complex NCI oeINTERACTIONS COMPLEX SYSTEMS CONSIST OF MANY COMPONENTS INTERACTING WITH EACH OUT NPM a ae Le) Oe a TaN @ Wg Mey cam tglelm Neo AEN) ei ae ae Wreola Cte} Complex systems are often characterized by many components that interact in multiple ways among each other and potentially with their environment too. These components form networks of interactions, sometimes with just a few components involved in many Tal ecie-Celd ono [al cacsC@le (0 a eM na o1acIe-1 cma) TalceldnareVelela Mm enr-V maleate ll filae) fam COMECLOUTONYg components in isolation or to completely predict their future. In addition, the components of a system can also be whole aS) ea sXe a CONAN ora =a NNR (=) C-InTe (In ela aoa Ueda The main challenge of complexity science is not only to see the parts and their connections but also to understand how these connections give rise to the whole.EXAMPLES: Pie =i ol ne-Me) min le-dc-(ale ay Maelo A Ua) LUNE tin) « Computers communicating in the Internet Pie Oana Mame Leite ieee) heed oia) | 9)9 RELEVANT CONCEPTS: SSN Tuned anole lat Tal em nie -1¢- (adel a maa (04 a aU comalico) 41a lL WA LCL KAT Une Boi inter-connectedness, interdependence, subsystems, boundaries, environment, open/closed systems, systems of systems. REFERENCES: Mitchell, Melanie. Complexity: A Guided Tour. LO) tfolce MOINS N MP0 Oo Capra, Fritjof and Luisi, Pier Luigi. BU Bsy 1c Alo eee LA ay mC Cambridge University Press, 2016. RS: a INTERACTIONS 1 opusEMERGENCE PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS AS A WHOLE ARE VERY DIFFERENT, AND OFTEN UNEXPECTED, FROM PROPERTIES OF THEIR INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS. “You don't need something more to FeO Ae NACL neg eae Ver Nace Eun) In simple systems, the properties of the whole can be understood or predicted from the addition or aggregation of its components. In other words, macroscopic properties of Mina) oe 1a eae (—1e (Uae cena microscopic properties of its parts. In complex systems, however, the properties of the whole often cannot be understood or predicted from Saar omnron ie) xe) @o anole laine -le-UUo a phenomenon known as “emergence.’ This phenomenon involves diverse mechanisms Ce TUiay men Mal cce-Caelela Mecano aed Col BNC Cine Le Mae MLL Leon Ue) Cota oy ema ona se) rae eee ego e) Lyin lee eo ecie( This fact is usually summarized with the popular phrase “the whole is more than the sum of its parts.”CN a oH « Amassive amount of air and vapor molecules forming a tornado Pim IU helo) mee ce lgualiayee-U IVa Me lg=cU laa Pies =H ed ne=Me)mal=lU Tce ar -M a Pde-UaN Lele ayes consciousness and intelligence RELEVANT CONCEPTS: Emergence, scales, non-linearity, bottom- Uo e tele] 1 Mola SIU Ld Lem nT ll x Lea (leo non-intuitiveness, phase transition, non- reducibility, breakdown of traditional linear/ Fi eVerciele= eal Clam) (oe MOL ROT U the sum of its parts.” REFERENCES: Bar-Yam, Yaneer. Dynamics of Complex Systems. Addison-Wesley, 1997. Ball, Philip. C@iaiefec-1M\ C-tHa(o)OLCMTar a ore coma n ol Macmillan, 2004.DYNAMICS COMPLEX SYSTEMS TEND TO CHANGE THEIR STATES DYNAMICALLY, OFTEN SHOWING UNPREDICTABLE LONG-TERM BEHAVIOR. Galea agnor the future, but the approximate Wega Aeae) LO ANIC (ela Cm Lise UcoR Relat) Systems can be analyzed in terms of the changes of their states over time. A state Teme cteg ote Ci LU) RTL characterize the system. NSM UTM NF} Ccl na aU ooo MNCL A to another, its variables also change, often responding to its environment. This change is called linear if it is directly proportional to time, the system's current state, or changes in the environment, or non-linear if it is not proportional to them. Complex systems are typically non-linear, Clarets ae UM ne Le MP 1ae aA states and their environment. They also may have stable states at which they can stay the same even if perturbed, or unstable states at which the systems can be disrupted by a small perturbation, In some cases, small environmental changes can completely change the system behavior, known as bifurcations, phase transitions, or “tipping points.”Ste) pa tI} 01a UC aT (0] oD CCT sensitive to small perturbations and unpredictable in the long run, showing the so- (el lela Rsaee Acomplexsystem can also be path-dependent, that is, its future state depends not only on its Po cecet a leiec Lom Lele UcfoMe) amie oy-Cia aT AVA CN La oH » Weather constantly changing in unpredictable ways «Financial volatility in the stock market RELEVANT CONCEPTS: Dynamics, behavior, non-linearity, chaos, oar elU Teel ac lala bifurcation, long-term non-predictability, uncertainty, path/context dependence, non-ergodicity. REFERENCES: Strogatz, Steven H. Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos. lets ects bead Gleick, James. Oar Cel VEU da aM este noe Open Road Media, 2011.SELF-ORGANIZATION COMPLEX SYSTEMS MAY SELF-ORGANIZE TO PRODUCE NON-TRIVIAL PATTERNS SPONTANEOUSLY WITHOUT A BLUEPRINT. wR 441 ene) LapTapn eles O eL1elp a mee] MELO Lode Relat Meee LCR Ay ace CRU MMC (eae em Cene (aac a (eM main phenomena of morphogenesis.” NER) Interactions between components of a complex system may produce a global pattern or behavior. This is often described as self- (olga roa KRM alee Rema) controller. Rather, the “control” of a self-organizing system is distributed across components and Tal est-4e- C6 Mae) 4a acd nie (eee LL organization may produce physical/functional aula cea Reg V EU acer tae ea ee) gT-Wcig- cy and morphologies of living organisms, or dynamic/informational behaviors like shoaling behaviors of fish and electrical pulses propagating in animal muscles. PANS date iene Me Olt Pole this process, new interaction patterns may emerge over time, potentially leading to the production of greater complexity. In some cases, complex systems may self- organize into a “critical” state that could only saa Mle) oneal Unreal Ue (Oa oo Ue saul laaPatterns that arise in such self-organized fla t(e- eal ela I Te) CUNO Le Ue properties, such as self-similarity and power- law distributions of pattern properties. EXAMPLES: Pied al eots-me) ele aye UNO UCUVT self-organizing into complex shape of an leer) «Cities growing as they attract more people Ueno « Alarge population of starlings showing complex flocking patterns RELEVANT CONCEPTS: Self-organization, collective behavior, swarms, patterns, space and time, order from disorder, criticality, self-similarity, burst, self- organized criticality, power laws, heavy-tailed Celica lel eco laormunrela ale )oL-1aMeVem nal elol(omecversl tora eoy da Leon CODA learning and psychological development; social, via sharing information through social ties; or even evolutionary, through genetic AVN Veo eM SU Let et [reid (o] When the components are damaged or removed, these systems are often able to adapt and recover their previous functionality, and sometimes they become even better than before. This can be achieved by robustness, the ability to withstand perturbations; resilience, the ability to go back to the original state Fini mr-Wl Ug olla celgoy-\ele lame la@r-Vel-1o]e-le(e lg nan Flea MenT-Uay