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___________________CHAPTER 3____________________
LESSON : The human person as being and subject_________
Not just am I a being but am I treated as a subject?
Three Intellectual Giants
Father of Western Philosophy : Socrates or Plato
- It is debatable that is why there is no one distinction of
who is the father of western philosophy, but for the sake
of historical evolution of ideas. Plato got it from Socrates,
but Plato has more proof because he wrote books in
which Socrates is almost always the main character. It is
debatable whether Socrates exists or he is just existing in
the mind of Plato.
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
- Greek philosopher
- Student of Plato
- Wrote voluminous books and lectures
- A polymath, a scientist and a logician
- Famous works: Nicomachean Ethics, Politics, and
De Anima
- Tutor of Alexander the great
Thomas Aquinas (25 Jan 1225 – 07 Mar 1274)
- Italian Dominican priest, theologian and scholastic
philosopher
- Student of St. Albertus Magnus
- Magnum opus: Summa Theologica and Summa
Contra Gentiles
- Synthesized the works of Aristotle
- Canonized by Pope John XXII on July 18, 1323
- Feast day: Jan 28
- Proclaimed as doctor of church by Pope Pius V in
1567
Karol Wojtyla
- Polish priest/pope
- Popularly known as Pope John Paul II
- Canonized by our present pope Francis in April 27,
2014
- He improved the relationship between Christians,
Muslims and Jews
- Second longest serving pope
- Most travelled pope
What does it mean to be human?
Whats the fundamental difference between…
Human Being
- Has a rational substance (Reason)
- Has a civil and political rights
❖ Abstract ; Concerns about humanity and
other human beings ; All people
❖ Collective (11 – ABM 9 as a whole)
Human Person
- Individuated – Concrete and individually (Annie,
Alvin, Jamie)
- Has Free will
❖ anything that is capable of movement must
have a soul according to Aristotle
❖ do beings that are not conscious does not
have a soul? They have a soul and dignity.
❖ Even our pets and animals are to be treated
right with a certain form of discretion and
dignity even though they have no
consciousness.
❖ Like in persons, even if someone is our
enemy we still have to treat them with
respect
❖ People are to be treated with respect
because they have dignity.
- Embodied Subjectivity
- Care for the Other
- Bestowed with Human dignity
What does being mean?
As a general idea:
- As a being means anything that exists; something
that exists; it means that it has an essential
substance or nature.
- To exist to means to have an actual being.
What does being a subject mean?
Being a subject means:
- Recognizing one’s SELF WORTH
- Treating oneself and the other with RESPECT
❖ We must respect everyone regardless of
status in life or who they are because they
are human. We have moral deliberation
and think and choose our actions unlike
animals.
- Preserving one’s DIGNITY
❖ Humans have a choice ; even though
someone is our enemy, we still treat others
with dignity.
❖ Nowadays, police suspect everyone and
use force and dahas on other people but
that is not right because it becomes abuse
of power.
❖ We treat each other with suspicion ;
❖ If you get angry and the person you
insulted doesn’t get angry then the anger
falls back on you
ARISTOTLE’s Theory of Substance___________________
The WORLD is divided into two categories: Substance
and Accidents.
Two kinds of Reality:
Distinction between SUBSTANCE and ACCIDENTS:
Substance
❖ Means necessary and essential element or property
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❖ It means what does not exist in another and not said
of another
❖ It means whatever is a natural kind of thing and
exists in its own right.
❖ Examples: rock is a rock, a tree is a tree, a watch is
a watch
Accidence
- not necessary and non-essential element
- something that belongs or inheres to something else
- only happens when they are the accidents of some
substance
- Mode of a existence, element, property
❖ height of a tree but we still call it a tree
❖ The color of a watch ; colors, weight, motion etc.
For Aristotle, there are ten categories into which things
naturally fall.
They are substance and nine accidents:
- Quantity, quality, relation, action, passion, time,
location, arrangement and possession
- The distinctions reflect the structure of reality.
❖ All substance have accidental qualities but
the accidental quality is not reduced to its
substance.
- One never finds any substance that we experience
without some accidents, nor an accident that is not
the accident of a substance.
For ST. THOMAS AQUINAS_________________________
- A person is an individual substance of a rational
nature.
A person’s essential property is his/her rationality.
❖ Something that is not rational is not a
person.
Being Rational means…
- Behavior guided more by conscious reasoning than
by experience and not adversely affected by
emotions.
❖ However, emotions are also important
because it signifies our limitedness ; we
have limitations that’s why we get angry
sometimes but it shouldn’t drive our
actions. That is why sometimes we are
incapable of thinking about the pros and
cons when we get clouded by our emotions
which leads to :
- Thinking process that employs logical, objective,
and systematic method in reaching a conclusion or
solving a problem.
❖ This is important because we need to
communicate and process our emotions to
solve our problems ; not shut the problem
off. Just because we do not understand it
doesn’t mean we should leave.
- Person who can draw logical inferences and is
capable of normal mental process weighing pros
and cons of an action, choice, or decision, without
being swayed by emotions.
❖ Example : some people leave the group
chat because they do not like what you said.
We should not do this because we should
process things and our emotions.
❖ Even if we’re angry, we can still be rational
because we have a thinking process.
For ST THOMAS AQUINAS_________________________
Therefore it is the rational soul that gives the human
person his/her spiritual capacity, namely, faculty of
intelligence (reason) and will (perform).
❖ Not all smart and intelligent people have high
EQ and are ration even under stress which is
important.
As such, the human person is also bodily or
CORPOREAL.
This union is what defines a person.
Philosophically speaking, this union is called
‘Hylomorphism’. (fussion of soul and body)
Where in: the SOUL is the FORM and the BODY is
MATTER.
• Soul – animates the body ; Animal and
plants are capable of moving so they must
have a soul.
• It is the PRINCIPLE that makes the body
ACT and MOVE.
Tri-priatite parts of the SOUL :
❖ Only humans have a rational soul, other
beings either have a Sensient or Vegetative
soul.
Rational soul – composed of intellect and will.
• Intellect: it is the spiritual cognitive faculty
(truth)
• Will : It is the faculty of choice (good)
Object of intellect is to know the truth. If you execute it then it
is the question of the will and the object of the will is to know
the good.
Example: Your grandmother has a heart failure, you know that
the truth (intellect) is she is dying. However, is it good to tell
the truth at this moment?
The problem is even if we know, we do not want to do it. Even
if we know this is good, we do not do it ; Even if we know this
is bad, we still do it.
This is not rational according to St. Thomas and Aristotle.
Sensient soul – Composed of senses and appetites
• Senses: it is the material cognitive faculty
Two types of Senses:
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a. Internal Sense (e.g. common sense,
imagination, memory, and estimative
sense)
- You could intuitively understand and imagine, you
could recall the lessons last time through memory
b. External Sense (i.e. the five senses)
• Appetites/desire: it is the natural inclination
toward something.
Two types of Appetites:
a. Concupiscible Appetite (mild emotions;
easy to attain or avoid)
e.g. love, care, our wants
- desiring part of the soul
b. Irascible Appetite (emergency emotions;
hard to attain or avoid)
e.g. when there’s fire, someone steals
from you, we cannot avoid
Vegetative Soul – it is the faculty of growth, nutrition,
and reproduction
- This is why all moving beings can procreate.
Example: Virus have a vegetative soul. They can
procreate and move but do they have a
consciousness, no. There in accordance to Aristotle
that anything that moves must have a soul, it exists
however they do not have the rational soul as it is
only humans who have this.
FOR KAROL WOJTYLA (JP II)__________
The psychological and moral dimensions of human
person is primarily shaped and formed by the activities
of reason (intelligence) and will (volition).
Reason gives us sense of direction but will makes it
happen.
❖ It would determine our being.
❖ e.g. the body can withstand anything, you
should just have the will to do it.
❖ If there’s a will there’s a way ; its cliché but
it true.
❖ As the mind tells you. The body will follow.
❖ The will to overcome limitations.
❖ We always have a chance, it is just up to us to
choose. We need reason to know what is right
or wrong and to identify which we need to do.
- Knowing the truth and making it happen.
- When you kill, it is not exercised under free will,
because will is good. It is under one’s passion and
hatred.
- That’s why we say sorry because sometimes we do
not think before we act. We value relationship so we
say sorry and that is a rational thought.
Forget all the reasons why it wont work and believe
why it will.
Two Rational Faculties:
- Reason ; truth (intelligence)
- Will ; good (volition) ; when we exercise free will, it
must be good.
Following KAROL WOJTYLA (JP II)__________________
The HUMAN PERSON is the UNION of the
CORPOREAL (individual existence) and
SPIRITUAL (personality) aspects of his/her being.
❖ Example: pag binunutan ka ng ipin, hiwalay
ba ang pag bunot ng ngipin sa sakit na
nararamdaman mo? Spirituality and
corporeal are affected by theaction thath
happens, hindi pwede ipaghiwalay.
The irreducibility of the human person to the
cosmological level (worldly affairs).
❖ We should not treat others as we treat
objects or worldly affairs even though we
have a body.
Example : People being objectified – Prostitution to
objectification of women.
Through each one has a BODY, it doesn’t mean that
we TREAT each as mere objects or lifeless machines.
❖ We sometimes admit to it and recognize
ourselves as this, but it should not be our
decision because we are the only ones who
could tell it to ourselves. Common sense tells
us this.
- a mere OBJECT then we’re living an inauthentic life
or we’re creating a lifeless and inhumane world..
- How we want to be TREATED by others is directly
proportional to how we TREAT others.
o In simple terms, it’s morally wrong to treat
others like objects.
According to JACQUES MARITAN__________
• There are two poles or dimensions that shapes the
person: INDIVIDUALITY and PERSONALITY.
- Individuality –It is the material pole.
MATTER (e.g. whatness)
- Personality – it is the spiritual pole. FORM
(e.g. who)
Existential Question:
How are women viewed by men?
The PROBLEM lies when we OBJECTIFY women or
children (or those people who’s different from us)
Being OBJECTIFIED means treating the person as id
the person is an object (that has lesser value, quality, or
essence)
• Example: SEXISM is a form of OBJECTIFYING a
person.
• It’s a cultural or psychological belief that one sex is
more dominant, better, or superior than the other.
• In a partriarchial society, men are generally held to
be superior than the lower sex.
___________________CHAPTER 4____________________
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Chapter IV : The HUMAN PERSON as an EXISTENTIAL
SUBJECT (p.63)
Introduction
A Human Person..
• Exists as a CONCRETE human individual;
- It means to have a body and be that body.
- It means he/she is an embodied subject.
• Makes his/her own CHOICES and decisions in
life;
• Relates to others since he/she is BEING-IN-THE-
WORLD
- He/she engages and relates with objects in
external world.
• Acts CONSCIOUSLY and determine his/her own
actions
- It simply means that he/she is FREE to create
his/her own essence.
- It means that human nature is NOT FIXED or
static.
❖ “Eh ganito talaga ako”, you chose that. What dictates
who we are is what we do. We can be aware or unaware
but we are the ones who do it.
❖ To choose not to choose is a choice.
THE HUMAN SITUATION (p. 63)
• No one lives in complete isolation or “vacuum”.
• He/she exists in concrete and specific situations.
• Two Basic Features of our Human Situation:
- FACTICITY – conditions that are given
to us; notion of “thrownness”
❖ No way for us to change the condition (e.g. online class)
❖ Nokia have become complacent and did not transcend
and adapt that is why they got left behind. They simply
allow things to happen.
- TRANSCENDENCE – conditions that
we control, something we could decide
for ourselves, or something we could
create.
- We have the capacity to choose. We
have the willingness to rise above a
situation.
❖ e.g. School stepped up and decided to conduct online
classes bought tools and technology in order to be adapt
with the change.
❖ e.g. it is determined that we are all going to die but it is
within our free will what or how we will make our life
worth living so we are free in that sense.
❖ Our kapalaran is within our hands because we control
what we do, others do not. They can suggest and inspire
but in the end, it is still our choice.
FACITICITY
• In simple terms, it means that all human beings
are born with certain qualities and in certain
conditions over which they have no control.
- For example, we do not choose our
parents, family, our nationality, our
religion, our moral values, and our
socio-economic conditions, etc.
• And while reading this text you now have a past
which is also a kind of faculty, something you
cannot change but becomes a real part of your
personality.
• Thus existentialism recognizes the presence of
certain factors in life which one does not choose,
but nonetheless has to accept.
❖ Life is never easy, but what can we do about it.
❖ Things we cannot change that becomes a part of us. (e.g.
Physical appearance)If you are born poor, you should
accept it but you should do something about it which is
transcendence.
TRANSCENDENCE
• It means going beyond or exceeding one’s limits.
• In existentialism: In simple terms, it means it is
that condition which is within our control and
that we could change some aspects of our
decisions (thoughts and/or actions) since it all
originated and created by us.
❖ Go and rise above the (facticity) situation thrown to us.
What can I do in spite and despite the situation? Think
and act quick.
❖ You cannot transcend if you haven’t experienced life.
Growth is painful. If there is no pain and suffering there
is no growth.
❖ Grades, I am not defined by my grades. I need to learn.
❖ This is not only material transcendence, it can also be
wisdom or rising above a hard situation like how mother
Teresa became famous.
❖ Nick Jucivic – DO NOT QUIT, THE MOMENT YOU
QUIT IS THE MOMENT YOU FAIL.
❖ An example pag may hinaharrass.
AUTHENTICITY
• In simple terms, it means one is aware and
responsible for the consequences of one’s action.
❖ One is an authentic person if he/her is
responsible for his/her freedom.
❖ To what extent am I free, as long as we are
responsible for our actions means that we
are free. To use freedom in a right way.
• In this sense, FREEDOM and
RESPONSIBILITY.
INAUTHENTICITY
• In simple terms, it means living merely to the
prevalent social norms or someone else’s values.
❖ When we stray away from the consequence
of our choice, it is authenticity.
❖ That is why sometimes we let other people
choose for us, we are scared to choose
because we do not want to be responsible,
so that we have someone to blame.
❖ Example voting in the election.
• It includes a firm belief in fate and determinism.
• There is no free will and consequently no
responsibility for one’s actions.
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❖ Every test in our life makes us bitter or better, every
problem comes to us break us or make us. The choice is
ours whether we become a victim or victor.
Meaning : we are always thrown into a situation bt w ehave
the capacity to pick to become a victim or victor.
The human person as being-in-the-world and
embodied subjectivity.
❖ Embodied Subjectivity – A person is not just a
body but a body that has subjectivity, life of its
own, dignity, interiority. It is not just a body.
❖ Being in the world – relationship of being to the
world
Martin Heidegger (in the book being in time)_______
• MAN as DASEIN (“there-being”)
❖ We are there in a situation. What will we
do?
❖ Pagpapakatao, what can we do if we are
thrown in a situation where we can
choose to do a humanely act.
❖ An example, when there is a money on
the ground. Would we ask who’s money
is this or would we keep it in or pocket.
• In simple terms, it means existence.
• In BEING and TIME, it does not mean humans.
• To understand more plainly, dasein is like asking
the question what it means to be human, to be with
other human beings, and how we could create a
(better) world.
“WORLD” – not just the physical world but more so a
world that is beyond or reach ; it also means objects that
are near to us ; it also means objects that are near to us. It
is the intersubjective relation of communicative beings.
World - metaphor as a relation.
Two (2) Basic Relations:
(should be relation to objects, not person. Proper behavior
towards objects)
- READY-AT-HAND – objects that are
ready to be used as tools or equipment.
Ex: Ballpen ; pag may tint ba ang ballpen.
- PRESENT-AT-HAND – objects that
are always available to us for use.
Ex: Cellphone.
- It becomes wrong when we treat other
people as this because we are not objects.
Example:
- Media tend to filter the information we
get from the actual situation.
- So biased news destroys the accuracy of
live report.
- In this context, people are objectified
from their actual situation.
- Media as tools are viewed as ready-at-
hand relation with the real world.
Categorical Imperative
• Principle of Humanity: “Act in such a way that you
treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the
person of any other, never merely as means, but
always at the same time as an end.”
❖ Don’t use a person just for your own advantage.
❖ Do not view a person only as something to use for our own
advantage. If we do this, we are reducing our relationship
with that person as a mere object or utility.
Example: political campaign ; journalist documentation.
❖ Do not treat people as means rather as an end.
In other words..
• How we relate with the world
o Ready-at-hand relation
o Present-at-hand relation
- The kind of relation with objects
• How we relate with human beings
o Man as dasein
- The kind of relation with subjects
Subject (meaning) – treat them with
dignity.
❖ Example:
❖ kasambahay, vendor, garbage collector –
treat them as persons not just because they
are rendering services to us.
❖ Kasambahay, we should not just treat them
as servants. We should also learn to relate
and know them as persons and not just use
them for your needs, rather know them as
persons treat them as “kasambahay”, not just
laborers.
❖ Regardless of level of understanding or
status in life we should still treat them as
subjects because all persons have dignity.
For Gabriel H. Marcel________________
Book : Being and Having
• Man as EMBODIED SUBJECTIVITY
• In being and Having (1938), Marcel said:
“ When I affirm that something exists, I always
consider that something as connected with my
body, as able to be put in contact with “
• Existing – it relates to my body.
According to him, a person is an embodied subject.
What does embodied subjectivity mean?
Embodiment
❖ We cannot talk about the subjectivity without the body
because the body also has feelings and inner
perception.
• To have a (physical) body
- It means “I have a body”.
❖ Means you possess a body ; you have it.
Ex: watch, computer
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• To experience intimacy (closeness) with one’s body
- It means “I am my body”.
❖ Wherever we go, our body is always with
me. Unlike watch or material things we
experience closeness with our body
because it is always with us.
• To have feelings
- It means to have an internal perception or
inner awareness
- It is the first and basic mode of
embodiment
Example: A person must have a body that we saw &
experienced.
That is why we visit the cemetery on all souls day because we
commemorate the time that their physical body was with, that
there was once a time where they could hug us. Yes, the body
will cease to perish but it still remains in the memory.
Subjectivity
• To be a subject means…
- To have an individual conscious and
personal experience of reality
- To act upon an object
❖ Has an inner life ; the body itself has an inner life
• Another term for inferiority (loob)
The BODY as Visible Reality (pp. 67 - 68)
• According to KAROL WOJTYLA
- The BODY is the material and visible reality
which is accessible to the senses
- The BODY has its own inwardness
❖ Example: When we get invited to an occasion, of
course it means we are important. When we say yes to
the invitation we shouldn’t practice “proxy” because
we are not really be there physically and felt, not just
in spirit, but also we should be a tuned in spirit.
• For MARCEL and WOJTYLA
- Both of them recognized that we express
ourselves in and through the BODY
- It is through the BODY that one realizes and
engages the external world
❖ The body is the one that channels our values to the
other person. If we say it we should do it, if we
wouldn’t do it might as well not say it which leads to
participation.
_______________GABRIEL MARCEL________________
Embodied Subjectivity as a Mode of PARTICIPATION
• Two (2) Kinds of Participation:
a. Objective Participation
- Sharing or being part of something
- Acting like a mere observer or spectator
- Means : you are doing half only of what you
are doing.
❖ e.g. when you are cheering for the people playing in the
basketball game. You are part of the game because in the
game but you are not actually playing the game. ; In the
class these are the people who listens only.
❖ Participating in silence.
❖ Like in online class, sometimes the professors in the class
wouldn’t even know the other students as they do not
participate so their presence is not felt. An example is when
the students feel like laughing they would just sign it
through an emoji or sometimes would not like the class to
hear our real laughs which would make it artificial
b. Non-objective Participation
- To be personally involved in the situation
- Being an actor (the one who performs)
❖ Active participants ; e.g. in the class, these are the
students who recite.
❖ Artificiality of emotion becomes normal which is not good
Involvement must be with other persons.
(participation as involvement)
Marcel emphasize the role of DIALOUE:
❖ Meeting of two minds.
❖ Example: when we are together in a table eating and
all of the people uses their phones and are just there for
the sake of eating as they are hungry. It cancels out
dialogue because we simply do things out of
functionality. To counter this, we should be aware of
the mystery of being. (explained in chapter V)
• Marcel spoke of the development of the individual
in person-to-person dialogue
• To counter impersonality of the mechanistic
modern world and to recall man to an awareness
of the mystery of being
Human existence finds its earthly satisfaction in a God-
centered communion of persons that is characterized by
mutual fidelity and hope.
LESSON 2: The human person as an ACTING SUBJECT___
•ACTING
- It means CONSCIOUS doing
- It means WILLINGNESS to do
something
• SUBJECT
- It is the doer of the act
- It is the (moral) agent him/herself
• The ACTING SUBJECT is the Human Person
❖ All human actions have a value and all actions are
grounded on a value.
Human Persons are FREE and INTELLIGENT beings.
❖ If you are intelligent therefore you are free to do
things.
❖ An animal is not, a dog may be free to do things
but it is not intelligent. It would simply do things
based on instinct. They could know when to poo
or pee because you taught them to potty but they
would not thank you because they are not
intelligent.
They are capable of DETERMINING and shaping their
own lives by their own choices.
HOW?
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By FREELY choosing to form their lives and actions in
accord with the TRUTH.
By making GOOD MORAL choices.
These CHOICES performed by free persons are called
HUMAN ACTS.
❖ If truth and good would be the end goal and
motivation of our actions, then it is categorized as
Human Acts. These decisions we do sensibly and
intelligently.
__________ __For ST. THOMAS AQUINAS______ ______
Two (2) Kinds of Actions:
A. Human Action (Man-Acts)
❖ Uniquely proper to us and within our control.
• Actions which human being does as man.
• Actions that are proper to man as man.
• Actions that are within our control.
• Actions performed knowingly, freely,
voluntarily, and willingly.
• Only human actions are considered moral
actions. (because we are responsible for the
actions we did)
• Since man is responsible for his actions.
• REASON AND FREEDOM: These makes man
a moral subject.
❖ Actions done with reason and freedom are moral
human action.
❖ E.g. when we kill & steal it is not a moral act
because even if we do it knowingly, we do it out
of ignorance because we think it would do good
therefore he/she did not know the truth, so he/she
was not able to do it.
❖ If we reason with “kasi mahirap kami wala
kaming makain” it is not a reasonable answer
because life is simply hard and painful but it
doesn’t mean that we should sacrifice the good.
We could rise above it through hard work. We are
morally culpable.
B. Action of Man
• Actions WITHOUT knowledge of the
intellect.
• Actions WITHOUT the decision and
influence of the will.
• Actions WITHOUT (moral) deliberation and
freedom
• Actions that are INVOLUNTARY.
• Actions which includes but not limited to the
physiological or bodily functions.
• These actions bear NO moral value or worth.
❖ When we blink or breathe. We respond or act to
somethings outside of our control.
KAROL WOJTYLA (JP II)______________
The NATURE of Human Action
• ACTIONS expresses and serves as basis for
one’s SUBJECTIVITY.
❖ We come to know who we are based on
the actions we perform or the decisions
we make.
❖ E.g. when we someone is courting you,
do not simply look at money or their
bank account. Rather, look how they
relate and act with others. With their
friends, parents, with you.
❖ When you are smart, you shouldn’t say
your smart, you can just let other people
see it themselves. Similarly, If I say to
you, “I am humble” that contradicts it
because on that sense I am already
bragging about it. So we should just let
people judge because upon seeing our
actions they would know if I really am
humble or not.
• We come to KNOW ourselves and others in
and through our conscious actions
(decisions).
• Like St. Thomas Aquinas, Wojtyla believes
in HUMAN DYNAMISM.
• This dynamism (vitality) is seen, realized and
fulfilled in and through one’s actions
The experience of ‘EFFICACY’ & SUBJECTIVENESS
What’s the EFFECT when we make a conscious act?
• WOJTYLA calls this moment the
“EXPERIENCE OF EFFICACY”
• Being the cause (source) of one’s action, he/she is
in complete control of his/her action.
• As an efficient cause, he/she is responsible for
his/her action.
• Thus, he/she becomes a meaning-giving being.
The experience of EFFICACY & ‘SUBJECTIVENESS’
What’s the EFFECT when we make a conscious act?
• When one performs an act, they are not just
conscious of their action, they are also AWARE
of their SUBJECTIVITY.
• Wojtyla calls this self-awareness, subjectivity
(i.e. moods, feelings, attitudes, opinions, etc.)
- Subjectivness is the AWARENESS of
the person of him/herself as a SUBJECT.
• Also called self-conciousness.
PERSONALISTIC VALUE of ACTION
• It is through one’s ACTION where one’s
SUBJECTIVITY is realized and revealed.
• Every ACTION has a PERSONAL CHARATER
rooted in the value of the person.
• It is presupposed that such action has an
INHERENT DIGNITY and VALUE.
• This VALUE is always personal.
• For Wojtyla, this fundamental value is called
PERSONALISTIC VALUE of the ACTION
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- This personalistic value is very
performance itself of the action by the
person doing the act.
- Thus all actions have personal
(personalistic values)
Human Action and SELF DETERMINATION
• For WOJTYLA, self-determination is the
ABILITY to MOVE from the “I can” and “I need
not” to “I WANT” or “I WILL”
• The latter phrase is an expression or decision
coming from the acting person.
• Two (2) Aspects of Self-Determination”
A. Self-possession
- It means a calm and self-assured
command of one’s feelings, faculties,
and behavior.
B. Self-governance
- It is a personal conduct which refers to a
larger scale of activity.
- It also means self -rule.