1. Closed plane figures like the square or the equilateral triangle can be grouped into a class __________ polygons.

A. called B. to call C. is called D. calls

2. Experiments in the photography of moving objects __________ in both the United States and Europe well before 1900.
A. have been conducting B. were conducting C. had been conducted D. being conducted

3. The values of a people, their customs, and their perceptions of the world _________ their language.
A. are influenced B. be influenced C. influencing D. influence

4. Desert animals ______ a means of retaining moisture in such a hot, dry climate if they are to survive.
A. need B. needing C. to need D. was needed

5. Ground plans and contour maps of the Earth _______ from aerial photographs.
A. can be drawn B. can draw C. to draw D. drawn

6. The operetta first ________ as a popular form of musical theater in the nineteenth century.
A. to emerge B. emerging C. has emerged D. emerged

7. _____ raw materials into useful products is called manufacturing.

A. Transform B. Transforming C. Being transformed D. When transforming

8. Orchestral instruments ______ under the following types: strings, woodwind, brass, and percussion.
A. grouped B. can group C. can be grouped D. to be grouped

9. Amplifiers such as those in computers and sound –reproducing systems are responsible for ______ an erratic input signal.
A. strengthening B. being strengthened C. strengthen D. to strengthen

10. ______ time and labor, cartoonists generally draw the hands of their characters with only three fingers and a thumb.
A. Saved B. Saves C. To save D. The saving

11. Nutritionists ________ goat milk to be rich, nourishing, and readily digested.
A. consider B. is considered C. are considered D. considering
12. Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries _______ commercially for their meat and eggs.
A. Raised B. and are raised C. raised as D. are raised

13. As a resident of New Mexico, Dennis Chavez ________ to the House of Representatives in 1930 and to the Senate in 1938.
A. when elected B. elected C. who was elected D. was elected

14. ________ in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States.
A. Founded B. Founding C. To found D. Having founded

15. East Liverpool, Ohio, _________ the pottery capital of the United States.
A. and called B. is called C. calling D. to call

16. Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined _____ high levels of self-confidence.
A. possess B. have possessed C. to possess D. possessing

17. Under the guidance of choreographers Martha Graham and Jerome Robbins, American dance _______ new levels of artistic achievement.
A. reaching B. has reached C. is reached D. have reached

18. _________ as “the census taker of the sky,”Annie Jump Cannon contributed considerably to the field of astronomy.
A. Known B. Knowing C. To know D. Knowledge

19. _________ stereophonic phonograph records, two recordings are made of the same musical performance.
A. Creates B. Created C. The creating of D. To create

20. The center of gravity of the human body _________ behind the hip joint.
A. Locates B. locating C. to locate D. is located

21. Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but __________ plenty of water and not too much sun.
A. to require B. they require C. required D. requiring

22. _____ wooden buildings helps to protect them from damage due to weather.
A. Painting B. Painted C. The paint D. By painting

23. Prescriptions for corrective lenses that are provided by an optometrist are often brought to an optician who ______ the lenses.
A. grinding B. grinds C. they grind D. are ground
24. The human skeleton consists of more than two hundred bones _______ together by tough and relatively inelastic connective tissues called ligaments.
A. are bound B. to bind C. bind them D. bound

25. In 1727 Benjamin Franklin founded one of the first adult-education organizations ________ the Junto.
A. has been called B. which group called C. to call D. a group called

26. It is unlikely that a nation would choose war if its goals _____ peacefully.
A. meet B. could be met C. having been met D. would have met

27. The wood of the holly tree, close-grained and very hard, _____ for musical instruments, furniture, and interior design.
A. is used B. uses C. used D. is using

28. In areas away from the poles, the size of glaciers decreases in summer because the rising temperatures cause the lower parts _____.
A. melt B. are melting C. melted D. to melt

29. Astronomer Maria Mitchell was the first woman _____ to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
A. to be elected B. was elected C. which she was elected D. for her to be elected

30. An underlying assumption of most market research is that people are continually _________ financial decisions based on their desire for goods that give them the
most satisfaction
A. making B. and make C. being made D. having made

31. The first president of Cornell University, Andrew White _____ the concept of a university unaffiliated with any religious sect or political party.
A. develop B. developing C. develops D. developed

32. Often the design of a scholarly investigation _____ by the question that it is addressing.
A. to affect B. affects C. affected D. will be affected

33. Unlike moderate antislavery advocates, abolitionists _____ an immediate end to slavery.
A. demanded B. they demand C. that they demanded D. in that they demand

34. Narcissus bulbs _____ at least three inches apart and covered with about four inches of well drained soil.
A. should be planted B. to plant C. planting D. should plant

35. In 1938 Pearl S. Buck became the first American woman ______ the Nobel Prize for Literature.
A. receive B. received C. to receive D. she received
36. ____ at the turn of the century, the Minnesota State Capitol building is made of white granite and marble.
A. Erected B. Was erected C. To erect it D. Erecting it

37. The gray scale, a progressive series of shades ranging from black to white, is used in computer graphics _____ detail to graphical images.
A. added B. to add C. are added D. to be added

38. Isabel Bishop was one of many American artists ___ by the government during the Depression years on various federal art projects.
A. employed B. whose employment C. to employ D. had been employed

39. _________ at the site of a fort established by the Northwest Mounted Police, Calgary is now one of Canada’s fastest growing cities.
A. Built B. It is built C. To build D. Having built

40. The Navajo Indians of the southwestern United States _____ for their sand painting, also called dry painting.
A. noted B. are noted C. to be noted D. have noted

41. The second-oldest continuously occupied governor’s mansion in the United States _____ Jackson, Mississippi.
A. the location in B. locates C. is located in D. located in

42. In so-called nonfiction novels, a documentary style is combined with fictional techniques _____ actual events and people.
A. described B. to describe C. are described D. are describing

43. In 1864 the American Shakespearean actor Edwin Booth gained critical acclaim when he ______ Hamlet at the Winter Garden Theatre in New York City.
A. perform B. performed C. was performed D. performing

44. Appointments to the United States Supreme Court and all lower federal courts ____ by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate.
A. making B. to make C. are made D. have made

45. The brain of an average adult is one of the largest organs of the body, _____about three pounds.
A. weighs B. is weighed C. weighing D. weighed

46. Before the Europeans arrived, American Indians were using virgin copper _____ into ornaments, knives, and other artifacts.
A. which was hammering B. which hammered C. was hammered D. hammered

47. The English colonization of Virginia was devised in 1606 by a group of merchants _________ the Virginia Company of London.
A. who formed B. formed C. who they formed D. they formed
48. The twentieth century has been a period of enormous growth in mathematical research and in the number of mathematicians and fields _________ them.
A. they require B. requiring C. require D. as required

49. It is said that United Stales literature _________ individuality and identity in the twentieth century, after long imitation of European models.
A. was achieved B. achieved C. to achieve D. achieving

50. Duke Ellington’s orchestra, __________his own often complex compositions, made many innovations in jazz.
A. he played B. playing C. that it played D. was playing

51. The museum on Ellis Island, a former immigration station, contains documents and artifacts_________ to four centuries of United States immigration.
A. related them B. related C. related that D. are related

52. The “confederation school” poets of nineteenth-century Canada were primarily nature poets, _________ a wealth of eulogies to Canadian rural life.
A. were producing B. were produced C. producing D. whose production of

53. Larch and spruce trees ______ in bogs and wet areas of the northern United States.
A. found B. are found C. have found D. finding

54. _________ the percentage of individuals with similar traits in succeeding generations, geneticists use the theory of probability.
A. The calculation of B. To calculate C. Is calculating D. Calculated

55. Bubbles, flaws, and other irregularities diffuse the light that passes through stained glass, _________ the glass sparkle.
A. are made B. made C. making D. make

56. All the major cities of the United States, ________ the cities of the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico, began as centers of trade.
A. are included B. which including C. included D. including

57. All brass instruments use a mouthpiece _________ into a long cone-shaped tube.
A. is inserted B. that inserted C. that is inserted D. are inserted

58. The wood of elm trees is used in shipbuilding and in _________ barrels, furniture, flooring, and sporting goods.
A. is made B. made C. making D. to be made

59. Today’s farmers use irrigation, fertilizers, large machines, and other technology _________ high crop yields.
A. produced B. for production C. to produce D. produce
60. The solid-bodied electric guitar mixes and amplifies vibrations from microphone contacts at different points _________ a range of tone qualities.
A. produce B. to produce C. a production D. produced

61. Desktop publishing systems are capable of _________ camera-ready pages made up of text and graphics, with text set in different typefaces and sizes.
A. are produced B. produce C. produced D. producing

62. Technology will play a role in _____ future lifestyles.

A. a shape B. shaping C. is shaping D. to be shaped

63. ______ as a masterpiece, a work of art must transcend the ideals of the period in which it was created.
A. Ranks B. Ranking C. To be ranked D. The rank of

64. During the flood of 1927, the Red Cross, _____ out of emergency headquarters in ississippi, set up temporary shelters for the homeless.
A. operated B. was operating C. was operated D. operating

65. The wallflower ______ because its weak stems often grow on walls and along stony cliffs for support.
A. called so B. is calling so C. is called so D. it is called