Access Methods to WiMAX Femtocells:
A downlink system-level case study
David López-Pérez, Alvaro Valcarce, Guillaume De La Roche, Enjie Liu, Jie Zhang
Centre for Wireless Network Design (CWiND)
University of Bedfordshire, Luton, Bedfordshire, UK
David.Lopez@beds.ac.uk
Abstract—Over the last two years, GSM and UMTS femtocell
access points have been proposed as a solution to the poor
indoor coverage problem experienced in certain areas. Research
on these devices has shown that femtocells will not only increase
indoor system coverage, but also system capacity. Femtocells will
allow new services and business models to be offered to indoor
users. Almost parallely, the WiMAX standard has emerged
as a potential candidate technology for the future wireless
networks. WiMAX femtocells are currently under development
and will therefore play an important role in the world of indoor
broadband wireless access. However, several aspects of this new
technology, such as the access method and interference avoidance
techniques play a crucial role in the amount of interference
caused to co-channel deployed macrocells. This paper provides a
framework for the study of WiMAX macro-femtocell hybrid sce-
narios. An in-depth description of the necessary radio coverage
prediction and system-level simulation for this kind of scenarios
is introduced. Simulations and numerical results for two different
types of access methods (public and private) in the downlink are
also presented.
I. I NTRODUCTION
WiMAX (Wireless Interoperability for Microwave Access)
is considered as one of the most suitable technologies for the
future deployment of cellular networks, thanks to its capability
to support high QoS (Quality of Service) and data rates [1].
On the other hand, femtocells are low-cost and low-power
cellular home base stations that connect mobile users to a
network operator by means of a broadband backhaul [2].
Femtocells are a good solution for managing the exponential
growth of the traffic within the macrocells and for improving
indoor coverage. They may enhance system capacity and user
performance, while providing the basis for a next-generation
of converged services. Since femtocells are paid by the end
users, they will also reduce the overall cost of the network
deployment for the operators.
Due to the fact that more than 70% of the voice calls and
data usage is performed in indoor scenarios, e.g. - home,
school, office [3], WiMAX femtocells has been pointed as
good approach for the future deployment of wireless broad-
band indoor solutions. As an example, several companies such
as [4] have already started to deploy WiMAX femtocells.
However, several aspects of this new technology such as the
access method, mobility management and resource allocation
(frequency and power) still need further investigation before
femtocells become widely deployed.
1-4244-2424-5/08/$20.00 ©2008 IEEE 1657
When deploying a femtocell network, the access method,
which refers to the rights of the users when making use of the
femtocells, needs to be defined. Two main different strategies
for femtocell access have been proposed so far:
• Public Access where all the users can access all the
femtocells of a given operator.
• Private Access where only the subscriber of the femtocell
and a list of invited users can access a given femtocell.
In [5], [6], it is shown that public access femtocells will
provide a better network performance in terms of QoS and
throughput. However, this will also increase the number of
HO (Handovers) and therefore, the signaling between the
existing femtocells.
Furthermore, when considering public access the operator
must take into account the property and security concerns
of the customers, since those who pay for a femtocell are
normally not keen to share their resources with any other users.
That is why in the first instance operators will use femtocells
with private access.
Special attention must also be paid to interference avoidance
when talking about femtocells [7]. This can not be handled
by the operator by means of network planning anymore,
since the number and location of the femtocells is now
unknown. Therefore, femtocells must be self-configurable and
self-healing units in terms of power and frequency.
This paper provides a framework for the study of macrocell
and femtocell hybrid scenarios. A radio coverage prediction
model and a system-level simulation engine adapted to this
kind of scenario are then introduced. This tool will help
vendors and operators to analyze and develop new algorithms
and procedures for future WiMAX femtocells. Furthermore,
the advantages and disadvantages of the public and private
access for WiMAX femtocells in terms of interference and
network performance are studied.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section II
overviews WiMAX MAC and PHY layers. In Section III
and IV, the adapted radio coverage prediction and system-
level simulation for macrocell and femtocell scenarios are
introduced. Section V presents the different cases of study
(private and public access) and the derived experiments and
results. Finally, in Section VI the conclusions are drawn.
ICCS 2008
 II. WIMAX MAC AND PHY LAYERS
WiMAX [8] is a broadband wireless access technology
capable of delivering voice, video and data over the licensed
or unlicensed spectrum to static, nomadic and mobile users.
There are two versions of the WiMAX standard: the fixed
and mobile deployment [9]. The first version (IEEE802.16d) is
based on a fixed FFT OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing) physical layer. Meanwhile, the second version
(IEEE802.16e) is based on a variable FFT OFDMA (Orthog-
onal Frequency Division Multiple Access) physical layer.
Both standards are quite open, e.g. - mechanisms such as
QoS and bandwidth allocation are defined in the standard, but
other details such as scheduling or resource allocation are left
to free implementation by the vendors.
Next, a brief overview of the MAC (Medium Access Control)
and PHY (Physical) layers of Mobile WiMAX is presented.
A. MAC Layer
The MAC layer of Mobile WiMAX supports point-to-
multipoint and mesh architecture, being able to handle differ-
ent applications with different QoS. The MAC layer is divided
in two sub-layers: CS (Convergence Sub-layer) and CPS (Com-
mon Part Sub-layer). The CS sub-layer classifies the incoming
packets to a proper connection with the specified QoS. The
CPS sub-layer controls most of the MAC functionalities such
as packing, scheduling and resource allocation.
Five different types and priorities of service have been
defined by the standard: UGS (Unsolicited Grant Service),
rtPS (real-time Polling Service), ErtPS (Extended real-time
Polling Service), nrtPS (non-real-time Polling Service) and BE
(Best Effort).
B. PHY Layer
The PHY layer of Mobile WiMAX supports both OFDM
and OFDMA configurations. However, the option chosen by
most of the vendors is TDD (Time Division Duplex)/OFDMA
because of its scalable bandwidth. OFDMA also improves the
system capacity due to the exploitation of frequency or multi-
user diversity.
When using OFDMA, the available bandwidth is broken
down into sub-channels, which consist of several orthogonal
sub-carriers. The sub-channel is the minimum frequency re-
source unit that can be handled by the BS (Base Station).
Different sub-channels will be assigned to different users as a
multi-access mechanism. Since the sub-carrier spacing is fixed,
the number of available sub-channels depends on the channel
bandwidth and permutation scheme selected by the operator.
The permutation scheme indicates how the sub-channels are
formed. The sub-channels may be built by contiguous or
pseudo-random distributed sub-carriers. Sub-channels using
contiguous sub-carriers, e.g. - AMC (Adaptive Modulation
and Coding), benefits from multi-user diversity (appropriate
for static/nomadic traffic). Meanwhile, sub-channels using
distributed sub-carriers, e.g. - PUSC (Partial Usage of Sub-
channels), benefits from frequency diversity (appropriate for
mobile traffic).
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On the other hand, when using TDD, the available time
is divided into symbols. The symbol is the minimum time
resource unit that can be handled by the BS. The number of
available DL (Downlink) and UL (Uplink) symbols depends
on the frame duration, overhead information and DL:UL ratio,
which could vary to support different traffic profiles.
As a result, the slot is the minimum frequency-time resource
that can be allocated by the BS and it is composed of one sub-
channel and one, two or three OFDM symbols,. The number
of symbols in the slot depends on the selected permutation
scheme. The bandwidth should be allocated to the users as
a continuous groups of slots, called data regions (Contiguous
Allocation). This two dimensional allocation depends on the
bandwidth demand, QoS requirements and channels conditions
of the user.
III. P ROPAGATION MODEL FOR FEMTOCELLS
The effects introduced by the femtocells into the macrocells
are typically local and they only take place in the surrounding
areas of the femtocells. In order to obtain reliable results
from system-level simulations, the femtocell and macrocell
coverage must be predicted as accurately as possible with in
those areas.
In order to precisely predict the degradation of the femtocell
and macrocell signals when interference occurs, it is therefore
necessary to make use of the most accurate indoor and outdoor
propagation models.
A proper prediction of the femtocell coverage from a
macrocell perspective, can be reasonably estimated by sim-
plifying the model that describes the house buildings where
the femtocells are located. Individual houses will be thus
depicted by polygons and polyhedrons for the 2D and 3D
cases respectively.
Due to its formulation based on the Maxwell equations, the
FDTD (Finite-Difference Time-Domain) has been traditionally
used to perform very accurate electromagnetic simulations.
The FDTD model can be equally applied to indoor and outdoor
environments, being thus very suitable for hybrid indoor-
to-outdoor or outdoor-to-indoor propagation predictions such
with the case of femtocells.
In this paper, the use of FDTD for the prediction of urban
coverage and its application to WiMAX mobile system-level
simulations is therefore proposed. The implicit consideration
of all diffractions and reflections, as well as the availability of
time domain or wideband information must be mentioned as
some of the main advantages of using Finite-Difference alike
methods for coverage prediction. This model will thus serve as
a reliable input for wireless network planning and optimization
tools.
On the other hand, FDTD is also known for its time
consumption properties when performing computations. This
reason has stopped it from being more widely applied to urban
coverage prediction. To overcome this issue, an approach has
been recently proposed [10] that exploits the parallelizable
characteristics of FDTD by implementing it on a GPU (Graph-
ical Processing Unit) by means of the recently released CUDA
(Compute Unified Device Architecture) from NVIDIA [11]. The structure of the simulation is depicted in Figure 1. The
This implementation is aimed at 2D scenarios, being thus simulator follows different steps to compute the final users and
extremely suitable for flat or near-flat urban environments. BS (macro or femto) performance in each snapshot. First of
Due to its efficiency in terms of memory, this implementa- all, the network configuration is read in (users, sectors, bearers,
tion of FDTD for 2D scenarios makes use of the CPML (Con- services and traffic map parameters). Secondly, the path loss
volutional Perfectly Matched Layer) [12] absorbing boundary between the users and the neighboring BSs is computed, and
condition. This way, a minimum interference from boundary the best server of each user is identified. Afterwards, the users
reflected waves can be guaranteed. By making use of the same are separated and queued according to the different priorities
terminology as in [13], the expressions for the FDTD and of their service: UGS, rtPS, BE, etc. Subsequently, DL and
CPML updates are expressed as follows: UL are analyzed separately. Finally, the results of both DL and
UL are presented. Note that AMC (adaptive modulation and
n+1 n coding) is supported in both DL and UL. UL power control
Hx i,j+ 1 = Hx i,j+ 1
2 2 is also taken into account.
 1  1
  Ez n+ 2 − Ez n+ 2 n+ 1  (1)
−Db i,j+ 1 · + ΨHx,y i,j+2 1
i,j+1 i,j
2 Δκyj+ 1 2
2

n+1 n
Hy i+ 1 ,j = Hy i+ 1 ,j
2 2
n+ 12 n+ 12
  E  
z i+1,j − Ez i,j n+ 1  (2)
+Db i+ 1 ,j · + ΨHy,x i+ 12,j
2 Δκxi+ 1 2
2

n+ 1  n− 1   n n
Ez i,j 2 = Ca i,j ·Ez i,j 2 +Cb i,j · ΨEz,x i,j − ΨEz,y i,j
n n n n
Hy i+ 1 ,j − Hy i− 1 ,j Hx i,j+ 1 − Hx i,j− 1  (3)
+ 2 2
− 2 2
,
Δκxi Δκyj
being Db , Ca , and Cb the materials dependant update
coefficients, Δ the spatial step, and ΨHx,y , ΨHy,x , ΨEz,x , ΨEz,y
discrete variables with nonzero values only in some CPML
regions.
This approach will let us perform extremely descriptive
propagation predictions within a running time in the order
of seconds. Note that each of the predictions shown in the
next sections are computed once for each antenna, i.e. one
simulation per femto or macro cell.
IV. S YSTEM - LEVEL SIMULATIONS FOR FEMTOCELLS Fig. 1. SLS Diagram with DL interaction.
The aim of this section is to introduce a WiMAX static
system-level simulation for the performance analysis of macro-
cell and femtocell hybrid scenarios. Now that the structure of the simulation tool has been
The simulation tool presented in this paper takes multiple presented, the DL and UL iterations are analyzed in detail.
independent Montecarlo Snapshots of the network to deter- For simplicity, only the DL iteration is described, but the UL
mine its average behavior over long time scales. iteration follows the same architecture.
During each snapshot, the simulator randomly distributes During an snapshot, the BS layout is fixed and the channel
several users over the planning area with different require- undergoes fast fading according to the motion of the users.
ments of QoS and throughput. Different users can support Channel state information is fed back from the users to the BS
different types of service, in this case: VoIP, Video, Web- in terms of SNIR (Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio).
Browsing and Email. The number of spread users depends Five different types of service with different priorities are
on the densities of the defined traffic maps. When using distinguished in WiMAX : UGS, rtPS, ErtPS, nrtPS and BE.
private access, users generated in outdoor traffic maps are Therefore, the users are scheduled independently in each BS
only allowed to connect to the macrocells. Meanwhile, users first by the service priority and then by the scheduling policy.
generated in indoor traffic maps are allowed to connect to the It is considered that in the buffer of each user, the data queue
macrocells or to their own femtocell. On the other hand, when is always full so that we focus on the system performance.
using public access, any user can connect to any macrocell or Two scheduling polices are supported by this simulation tool:
femtocell regardless of their traffic map. best SNIR and PF (Proportional Fair).

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 Afterwards, the BS allocates system resources (slots) to the • No coverage: if the power received coming from the
users according to the channel state information and the radio user’s best server is smaller than the user’s equipment
resource management strategy. The user profile or RAB (Radio sensitivity.
Access Bearer) is selected by comparing the channel state • No resource: when all the resources are gone and the
information with the RAB SNIR threshold. The higher the user has not achieved the minimum requested service
user profile, the higher the bearer efficiency (bits/symbol) and throughput during the resource allocation process.
the bit rate (bps) provided by the slot. Nine different user • No RAB: when the SNIR reported by the channel state
profiles are defined in this WiMAX platform (see Table I). information is smaller than the SNIR level required to
get the minimum RAB defined in the simulation.
TABLE I
W I MAX R ADIO ACCESS B EARER
• Transmission failure: if the user has got a RAB and has
RAB Modulation Code Rate SNIR threshold Efficiency transmitted its information, but the throughput achieved is
RAB1 QPSK 1/2 00.0 dB 1.00 b/s smaller than the minimum requested service throughput.
RAB2 QPSK 2/3 02.5 dB 1.33 b/s
RAB3 QPSK 3/4 06.5 dB 1.50 b/s
RAB4 16QAM 1/2 09.6 dB 2.00 b/s V. P UBLIC VERSUS P RIVATE ACCESS
RAB5 16QAM 2/3 13.4 dB 2.67 b/s
RAB6 16QAM 3/4 17.3 dB 3.00 b/s WiMAX system-level simulations will be used in the fol-
RAB7 64QAM 1/2 17.8 dB 3.00 b/s lowing section to extract realistic statistics about network
RAB8 64QAM 2/3 19.6 dB 4.00 b/s performance when considering public and private femtocell
RAB9 64QAM 3/4 23.3 dB 4.50 b/s access. For this work, the effect of the DL interference on a
macrocell and femtocell hybrid scenario has been investigated
When assigning the resources, the users are served in the for both access methods.
order indicated by the scheduler. Then, the indicated user
gets as many slots as needed in order to fulfill its minimum
service throughput requirement. After serving all the users in
the queues with the minimum requirement, more resources
are given to all the users until they get their maximum
requirement. The process stops when all the users are satisfied
with their maximum requirement or all the resources are gone.
Subsequently, the transmission of the information is sim-
ulated and the SNIR value of each slot is computed and
compared to a SNIR threshold just to decide if the information
transmitted in such a slot was received with or without errors.
The SNIR threshold is pseudo-randomly selected within a
given range, according to link level simulation results of the Fig. 3. Satellite view of the area subject to study (Luton, UK)
used RAB stored in look up tables, BLER versus SNIR.

Fig. 2. Slot Error Decision.

Multiple iterations are carried out on each snapshot looking
for the stability of the final solution in terms of RAB selection.
Such stability is achieved when the changes in the RAB
selection of the users remain constant along several iterations.
Finally, the state of the user is estimated. The possible states
of the users are defined as follows:
• Success: A user is considered to be in this status, if it
has achieved the minimum requested service throughput.
Fig. 4. Best-server coverage in a hybrid macro-femtocell scenario with a
densely deployed street and some randomly located femtocells
Figure 3 presents an aerial view of a residential area within
Luton, a town located at the north of London (UK), where
the study has been carried out. In order to study a dense
femtocell deployment scenario, most of the femtocells have
been deployed in the same street (Stockwood Crescent). The
location of the macrocell and femtocell BS can be easily
identified from the coverage plot in Figure 4. Note that

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some femtocells have been switched off for an easier visual
inspection of their effects.
Regarding the user distribution, different traffic maps have
been used for indoor and outdoor environments to perform this
system-level simulation. On one hand, there is an indoor traffic
map per femtocell and house, solely containing two randomly
positioned users. On the other hand, there is an outdoor traffic
map in the street of the femtocells, containing 10 randomly
positioned users. This scenario corresponds to a worst case
scenario, since the probability of having one femtocell and
two simultaneously connected users per house, is quite low.
In this scenario, femtocells operate in the same channel
as the existing macrocell network (co-channel deployment).
This solution is far more challenging in terms of interference
avoidance, but it is also more profitable for the operator due to
the higher spectral efficiency. The parameters of the system-
level simulation are shown in Table II.
TABLE II Fig. 5. Downlink system-level simulation when using Public Access
S IMULATION PARAMETERS

Parameter Value Parameter Value

Nr of Macrocells 1 Femto Ant. Height 1m private access is the most preferred method to be employed.
Nr of Femtocells 32 Femto Ant. Tilt 0 However, this approach imposes some interference problems
Carrier Frequency 3.5 GHz Femto Noise Figure 4 dB to macrocell and femtocell users referred here as the ’street
Channel Bandwidth 10 M Hz Femto Cable Loss 3 dB femtocell problems’ (Figure 6). In the first street problem,
DL:UL Ratio 1:1 CPE Tx Power 23 dBm
Permutation Scheme AMC CPE Ant. Pattern Omni an UL user connected to a near femtocell can be jammed
Frame Duration 5 ms CPE Ant. Height 1.5 m due to the presence of a closer UL user connected to a
Sub-channels 16 CPE Noise Figure 5 dB macrocell using the same frequency/time slot. In the second
DL symbols 19 CPE Cable Loss 0 dB
BS TX Power 43 dBm Service Video
street problem, a DL user connected to a distant macro-cell can
BS Ant. Gain 18 dBi Min Service TP 64.0 Kbps be jammed due to the presence of a closer DL user connected
BS Ant. Pattern Omni Max Service TP 128.0 Kbps to a femtocell using the same frequency/time slot.
BS Ant. Height 30 m Average Symbol Eff. 19.9 Kbps
BS Ant. Tilt 3 σ(Shadow Fading) 8 dB
BS Noise Figure 4 dB Intra BS correlation 0.7
BS Cable Loss 3 dB Inter BS correlation 0.5
Femto TX Power 10 dBm Snapshots 100
Femto Ant. Gain 0 dBi Path Loss Model FDTD
Femto Ant. Pattern Omni Snapshots 100

A. Public access femtocells

Public access has been recently regarded [14] as one
of the key requirements for the proper functioning of co-
channel deployed UMTS femtocells. In UMTS and WiMAX
femtocells, an outdoor user could receive a stronger signal
from a nearby femtocell than from a distant macrocell. Since
with public access a connection is possible by means of the
nearby femtocell, the far macrocell signal becomes a weak
interfering signal, producing an acceptable SNIR in most of
the cases. This access scheme obviously benefits outdoor
users, who are able of making use of nearby femtocells,
reducing the overall use of system resources (power/frequency)
and therefore interference. This is proven in figure 5, where
it is shown that the outdoor users are mostly successful, since
they use a nearby femtocell to connect.
B. Private access femtocells
Although the access method for deployed femtocells still
remains an open question, customers surveys [15] show that
Fig. 6. Interference Scenario.
It is illustrated in Figure 7 how an outdoor user connected to
a distant macrocell is jammed due to the interference coming
from nearby femtocells.
Due to these problems, interference avoidance techniques
need to be applied to reduce the impact of femtocells into
the macrocell. Some of these include Adaptive Femtocell
Power, Dynamic Frequency Planning, and Adaptive Uplink
Attenuation. As this paper only deals with femtocells access
methods, interference avoidance techniques are not formally
presented here.

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Fig. 7. Downlink system-level simulation when using Private Access
Figure 8 shows the computed probability distribution for
the total cell throughput in both access modes. This figure
demonstrates that private access methods tend to drive the
total cell throughput to values that are around 15% lower
thanthea public access method. This is due to the destructive
interference that indoor femtocells produce to the users that
are connected to the macrocell. The decrease in the percentage
of users without RAB for the public access method is also
demostrated in table III.
Fig. 8. Downlink total cell throughput PDF
TABLE III
ACCESS METHOD STATISTICS
Public Access Private Access
Users with errors in transmission 6.2%
Users without RAB 0.2%
VI. C ONCLUSIONS
This paper has introduced a framework for the study of
WiMAX macro-femtocell hybrid environments. An adapted
propagation model and system-level simulation for this kind
of scenarios have been presented.
Throughout several numerical simulations, it has been
demonstrated that the private access with respect to a public
access method would decrease the total cell throughput by
around 15%. This would occur in exchange for the sharing
of the femtocell resources with nearby users plus an increase
in the number of HO. Whether this increase in the amount
of necessary HO is significant or not is still to be determined
by future dynamic WiMAX simulations. On the other hand,
our simulations also show that private access would increase
the percentage of users with errors in transmission due to a
lower signal quality. These users would be mostly outdoor
ones who would suffer from femto-to-macro DL interference.
However, this method is able to provide dedicated resources
to its subscribers, avoiding the problems mentioned above.
The influence of the street problem in the UL channel for
a femtocell connection is another subject area that requires
further investigation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work is supported by the first EPSRC-funded research project
on femtocells - “The feasibility study of WiMAX based femtocell for
indoor coverage”(EP/F067364/1) and by EU FP6 “RANPLAN-HEC”
project on 3G/4G Radio Access Network Design under grant number
MEST-CT-2005-020958.
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