CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION TO
THE SCIENCE OF
PSYCHOLOGY

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
LEARNING OUTCOMES
•Define basic terms in psychology;
•Trace the historical development of
psychology;
•Describe the schools and subfields
of psychology;

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Explain the goals of psychology;
• Identify the research methods of
psychology;

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Psychology

BASIC TERMS IN Science

PSYCHOLOGY
Behavior

Mind

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Psychology
Greek Words
“psyche” “logos”

soul or spirit study

Psychology is the study of soul or spirit
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 PSYCHOLOGY
…is the scientific study
of the mind and behavior
(American Psychological
Association)

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 SCIENCE
…is the pursuit and
application of knowledge and
understanding of the natural
and social world following a
systematic methodology
based.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
PSYCHOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
Psychology as a science
deals systematically with
human behavior, motives,
feelings, emotions, thoughts
and actions.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
PSYCHOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
Like other sciences,
Psychology
discovers and explains the
underlying laws and
principles of behavior

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 BEHAVIOR
…anything that is done by a man.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 BEHAVIOR:
Example

Motor activities:
(Walking, speaking)

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
BEHAVIOR:
Example
Cognitive activities:
(perceiving, remembering,
thinking, reasoning)

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 BEHAVIOR:
Example

Emotional activities:
(feeling happy, sad,
angry, afraid)

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 BEHAVIOR
… is the reaction of
an individual to a
particular
environment.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 BEHAVIOR
The environment exerts
INFLUENCE on individuals.
STIMULUS

RESPONSE
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 STIMULUS

RESPONSE

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Overt vs Rational vs
TYPES OF
Covert Irrational
BEHAVIOR
Voluntary Conscious
vs vs
Involuntary Unconscious
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Overt vs Rational vs
TYPES OF
Covert Irrational
BEHAVIOR
Voluntary Conscious
vs vs
Involuntary Unconscious
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Overt Behavior unobservable
actions which can
behavior that is only be deduced
observable by by oneself
people. Covert Behavior

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 we don’t know
Overt why the man is
walking when we
When a try to understand
man is the covert
walking purpose.
Covert
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Voluntary Involuntary
Behavior Behavior
Behavior that a Behavior that
person is naturally can't be
contributed to an controlled over.
action.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Voluntary Involuntary

People voluntarily
joined the marathon Eye twitching
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Rational Behavior Irrational Behavior
A type of behavior that It is defined as
is reasonable and unreasonable
used to explain the behavior or having
choices that people
no clear objective
make with regards to
achieving satisfaction. or meaning.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Rational Irrational
Studying to
comply with
the
requirements

Parents fighting
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Conscious Unconscious
Behavior Behavior

Is a type of A type of behavior

behavior is where the person
conscious or is unaware of what
aware. he's doing.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Conscious Unconscious

Working out in a gym Snoring while sleeping

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
PSYCHOLOGY - SCIENCE - BEHAVIOR
Psychologists collect facts of
behavior by means of
objective methods such as
observation and experiment
and predict human behavior.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 MIND
…all intellectual and psychological
phenomena of an organism,
encompassing motivational, affective,
behavioral, perceptual, and cognitive
systems;
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 MIND
…that is, the organized totality of an
organism’s mental and psychic
processes and the structural and
functional cognitive components on
which they depend.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
TIMELINE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF
PSYCHOLOGY

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
5,000 B.C.E
-Trephining used to allow the escape of evil spirits

430 B.C.E
-Hippocrates argues for four temperaments of
personality

1637
-Descartes describes animal spirits

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
1960
-John Locke introduces the idea of tabularasa

1807
-Franz Josef Gall proposes phrenology

1879
-Wilhelm Wundt inaugurates first psychology
laboratory in Leipzig Germany
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
1890
-Principles of Psychology published by William James

1895
-Functionalist model formulated

1900
-Sigmund Freud develops the psychodynamic
perspective

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
1905
-Mary Calkins works on memory

1915
-Strong emphasis on intelligence testing

1920
-Gestalt Psychology most influential

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
1924
-John B Watson an early behaviorist, publishes Behaviorism

1951
-Carl Rogers publishes Client-Centered Therapy
helping to establish the humanistic perspective

1953
-B.F Skinner publishes Science and Human Behavior,
advocating the Behavioral perspective

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
1954
-Abraham Maslow publishes Motivation and Personality
developing the concept of self -actualization

1969
-Arguments regarding the genetic basis of IQ fuel
lingering controversies

1980
-Jean Piaget and influential developmental
psychologist
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
1985
Increasing emphasis on cognitive perspective

2000
-Elizabeth Loftus does pioneering work on false
memory and eyewitness testimony
2010
-New subfields develop such as clinical
neuropsychology and evolutionary psychology
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Structuralism

SCHOOLS OF Functionalism
PSYCHOLOGY Gestalt psychology
(EARLY PERSPECTIVES)
Psychoanalysis
Behaviorism
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Structuralism Formal research in
psychology began at the
university
of Leipzig Germany where
Wilhelm Wundt founded
the first psychological
laboratory in 1879.
Wilhelm Wundt
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Structuralism
Wundt is considered as the
first psychologist and
father of experimental
psychology.

Wilhelm Wundt
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Structuralism
limited the subject matter of psychology to the
study of CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE

SENSATIONS FEELINGS

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Structuralism

Method of Study
people are taught, Introspection is
trained to observe detailed
and report the description and
'content' or 'elements' Introspection how people
of awareness in a
particular situation. perceive things in
the world
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Functionalism
It focused on what the mind
does on the functions of
mental activity and the role
of behavior in allowing
people to adapt to their
environment.
William James
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Functionalism William James was greatly
influenced by Charles Darwin.
James held that the function
of consciousness was to
enable humans to behave in
ways that would act survival
through adaptation to the
William James environment.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Functionalism Where these adaptive
behaviors were
repeated frequently they
became habits. Habits
provide stability and
predictability
William James in society.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Gestalt Psychology

Max Wertheimer Kurt Koffka Wolfgang Kohler

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Gestalt Psychology
Instead of considering
separate parts that Gestalt means
make up thinking, shape, form or
Gestalt psychologists configuration
concentrated on the
‘whole’.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Gestalt
Psychology

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Gestalt Psychology
In order to understand
our environment we
have to perceive it in
its totality not in its
individuality.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Gestalt Psychology

“it is a mistake to analyze psychological

events into pieces, or elements, as
the structuralists did.”
- Max Wertheimer -

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Freud said that beneath Psychoanalysis
the conscious experience
is primitive biological urges
that seek expression but
which are in conflict with
the norms and morality of
the society. Sigmund Freud
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Psychoanalysis
These unconscious
motivations and conflicts
have powerful influences
on our conscious
thoughts and actions.
Sigmund Freud
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Psychoanalysis
Therefore they are
responsible for much of
human behavior
including physiological
problems.
Sigmund Freud
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 According
to Freud, all behavior
whether normal or
abnormal is
influenced by the
unconscious
mind.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Structure of
Personality
ID
EGO
SUPERGO

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Psychoanalysis
Methods of studying the unconscious mind

Free Association Dream Analysis

Psychoanalyst gives the The contents of dreams
client a word and asks to are analyzed for
reply with the first word underlying or
that comes to mind hidden motivations.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Behaviorism John Watson (1878-1958)
revolutionized psychology
by changing the subject
matter of psychology from
the study of conscious
experience to the study of
John Watson behavior
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Behaviorism Watson believed that the
study of psychology should
be about observable
behavior and its aim should
be to describe, predict,
understand and control
John Watson behavior.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Behaviorism He contended that
psychologists should never
use the terms
consciousness, mental
states, introspection,
imagery and the like.
John Watson
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Watson’s focus on the
study of observable
behavior enabled to
formulate clear
hypotheses, which could
be tested by
experimentation.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Biological
SCHOOLS OF Cognitive
PSYCHOLOGY
(RECENT PERSPECTIVES) Behavioral
Humanistic

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Biological Perspective
Psychological
approach that focuses
on how bodily events
affect behavior,
feelings, and thoughts
. GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Biological Perspective

This Hormones
perspective Brain chemistry
involves: Genes
Evolutionary influences

.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Cognitive Perspective
It focuses on the
process that helps
people to know,
understand, and think
about the world.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Cognitive Perspective Example:
This perspective explains Can a medical
how information in the student watch
memory is processed at
different stages and how our television and
thinking about the world study at the
influences our behavior. same time?
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Behavioral Perspective
The 1904 Nobel Prize winner,
the Russian physiologist and
psychologist, Ivan Pavlov
opened a new way of thinking
for psychological
investigations.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Behavioral Perspective
His experiment on dogs
enabled psychologists to
explain certain behavior and
certain differences
among individuals as the
result of learning.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 PAVLOV’S
EXPERIMENT

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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 Behavioral Perspective
Following the works of
Pavlov, Thorndike and Watson
behaviorism got strength.
Through time, its principles
and methods of study became
an integral part of psychology.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Behavioral Perspective

The American
psychologist B.F.Skinner
refined and popularized
behaviorism.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Behavioral Perspective
He showed that the
consequences of
behavior provide the
basic mechanism for
predicting and shaping
future behavior.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 SKINNER’S
EXPERIMENT

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Humanistic Perspective
It is a psychological
approach that
suggests that people
are in control of their
lives.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Humanistic Perspective
This perspective assumes
that people are naturally
endowed with the capacity
to make decisions about
their lives and to control
their behavior.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Humanistic Perspective Example:
The human being has if a person chooses
to lead an average
free will to make
life, it cannot be
decisions about his/her considered as
own life, rather than worse compared to
depending on societal a person who has
standards. higher aspirations.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
BRANCHES OR SUBFIELDS OF
PSYCHOLOGY

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 To Describe

GOALS OF To Explain
PSYCHOLOGY To Predict
To Change/Control

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 To Describe Example:
through describing the
Describing a behavior response of dogs to
or cognition is the first various stimuli, Ivan
goal of psychology. This Pavlov helped develop
can enable researchers laws of learning known
to develop general laws as classical
of human behavior. conditioning theory.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 To Explain
Once researchers have described
general laws behavior, the next
step is to explain how or why this
trend occurs. Psychologists will
propose theories which can
explain a behavior.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 To Predict Example:
classical conditioning
Psychology aims to be able
to predict future behavior
predicts that if a person
from the findings of empirical associates a negative
research. If a prediction is outcome with a stimuli
not confirmed, then the they may develop a
explanation it is based on phobia or aversion of
might need to be revised. the stimuli.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 To Change/Control Example:
interventions based on
Once psychology has classical conditioning, such
described, explained and as systematic
made predictions about desensitization, have been
behavior, changing or used to treat people with
controlling a behavior can be anxiety disorders including
attempted. phobias.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Experimental Method
Correlational Research
RESEARCH
METHODS IN Survey Method
PSYCHOLOGY Case Study
Naturalistic Observation
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 WHAT IS RESEARCH?

any honest attempt to study

a problem systematically or
to add to man’s knowledge of
a problem.
Theodoson and Teodoson (1969)
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 VARIABLE
A variable is something that undergoes
changes. If the variable in the research is, for
example, intensity of a tone, intensity is the
variable; if difficulty of a test is the variable in
a study, the study variable is difficulty.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 TWO TYPES OF
VARIABLES

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

any factor whose change the event that is expected
is expected to affect the event to change when the
that is being independent variable is
studied. altered

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 MODERATOR VARIABLES
They moderate the
relationship between the two
ANOTHER IMPORTANT other variables, acting like a
gate valve
VARIABLES
EXAMPLE
AGE, SEX, CLASS

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Experimental Method

This enables to infer

cause – effect
relationship with
reasonable confidence.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 TWO TYPES OF
EXPERIMENTAL
VARIABLES
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT VARIABLE
VARIABLE A variable that is affected
A variable the by the independent
variable; what is measured
experimenter manipulates

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Independent & Dependent Variables
When psychologists The “X” represents
set up an experiment, the independent
variable.
they think, “If I do X,
The “Y” represents
then my participants the dependent
will do Y.” variable.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 EXPERIMENTAL CONTROL GROUP
GROUP The group that
A group in an Experimental receives similar
experiment that is treatment except for
exposed to the Method: the critical
independent Two Groups independent
variable(s) under variable(s) is called
investigation is the the control group.
experimental group.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Correlational Research

It is a research method,
which studies the
relationship between
two or more variables.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Correlation:

It is the degree
of relationship
between two
variables.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Survey Method
It is a method of getting
information regarding
peoples’ characteristics
attitudes, opinions or
behavior by asking them
all the same question.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Case Study
It is an intensive
investigation of one or a
few individuals usually
with reference to single
psychological
phenomena.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Case Study

A case study is a detailed

description of a particular individual
being studied or treated.
Most commonly used by clinicians,
but occasionally used by academic
researchers
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Naturalistic Observation
It is a method used to
collect data by
observing the overt
behavior of an
individual.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Naturalistic Observation
Passive
In naturalistic  Unobserved
observation the
 Does not intrude the
observer is:
situation being
studied.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Naturalistic Observation

Different kinds of Physical signs

behavior that Expressive movements
might be  Physical location
observed:  Conversation
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 ACTIVITY 1:

THE SCHOOL and

SUBFIELDS OF
PSYCHOLOGY

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 ACTIVITY 2:

IS VINCENT VAN
GOGH A GENIUS
OR AN INSANE?

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
SUMMATIVE TEST 1

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)