214/28, 901 PM ‘Adapting an engine to Ethanol fel (Flex fuel)
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Adapting An Engine To Ethanol Fuel
(Flex Fuel)
3 Comments / Engine, Engine features, Featured articles, Fuel and lubricants, Technology,
Technology features / By Romain Nicolas
Fuel Characteristics
Ethanol is a fuel obtained from the distillation and fermentation of starchy crops such as
corn. In France, ethanol fuel is sold as E85. It is a mixture of ethanol / gasoline (volume ratio:
85% ethanol to 15% gasoline). It is widely used in Sweden, Brazil and the USA, where it is
used as E100, fuel based on 100% ethanol. The characteristics of the latter are listed below:
Ethanol E100 Gasoline
Density (g/cm3) 0,79 0,75
LHV Lower Heating Value (MJ/kg) 26,90 42,50
Reid Vapor tension 16 60
Stoechiometric Air/Fuel ratio 9 145
Latent heat of Vaporization (kJ/kg) 845 420
Octane RON index 110 95
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Adaption of engine to Ethanol
The octane rating of ethanol is higher than conventional gasoline, which means that with the
same compression ratio, the mixture E100/air is more stable than the fuel/air mixture. This
allows to increase the compression ratio for better engine efficiency.
KaM E85
éléments spécifiques
specific parts
ects
® Soupapes d'admission
t
Outotvekes
Segoe de soupepeséenapeement
Suet ey ee
@enges
Bhenwur
Psions
The ethanol re I of the engine. Specifically, the
pressure in the cylinder is 20% greater when operating with ethanol, with respect to
petrol operation. Flex-fuel vehicles which are currently marketed take this constraint into
account, and to ensure the reliability of mechanical components, several modifications are
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made to strengthen the piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, and even the valve seats and
valves.
&
8
Eo}
Pmax Cylindre (bar)
45
40
10001500 2000-2500 3000 3500 4000-4500 5000 5500 = 6000 6500
régime [te/mn]
Ethanol £100 Gasoline
LHV Lower Heating Value (MJ/I) 212 318
According to the characteristics of the E100, the energy ratio (LHV) ethanol / gasoline is 0.66.
When burning ethanol, injection duration should be increased (to increase the volume of fuel
injected) to provide the same amount of energy. This involves changes in the fuel intake
circuit and fuel injectors for having a higher fuel flow.
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1800000 pp pp
47000,00 E85
16000,00
15000,00
+40 % i
14000,00 |
13000,00
12000,00 feo Ke = ms |
11000,00
Temps d'injection [ us ]
10000,00 +
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 60006500
régime [trimn}
Engine calibration with Ethanol fuel
Ethanol E100 Gasoline
Latent vaporization heat (kJ/kg) 845, 420
Octane RON index 110 95
The RON characterizes the ignition delay of the fuel. It is higher for ethanol. The higher
octane index is, the higher the ignition delay is meaning that the ethanol fuel is more
resistant to detonation.
The latent vaporization heat of ethanol requires to have higher spark advance for
operating at high loads (the load is the ratio of work done by an engine at a certain speed
over the maximum possible work at this speed). However, in warm conditions, it overcomes
knock problems in the engine (local inflammation and destructive mix) as combustion
temperature is lower.
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Gasoline Ethanol
Knock TDC ToC
Advance ;
opin a
Advance
Knock
Advance
hi
Ce
a
Eo
et
Due to the increase in internal pressure, performances with ethanol are also increased.
Tae 1
However, Engines operating with E100 have difficulties to start for ambient temperatures
from -15°C. The use of ethanol therefore requires a fuel heating system.
Ethanol fuel image
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If bio-ethanol is described as a revolutionary fuel and “clean", some people think it is not the
best alternative ecologically speaking. In theory, the CO2 released during combustion is
collected by the plants that will be used to produce ethanol. This fuel can also get rid of
some of the energy dependence vis-a-vis the oil-producing countries. Ethanol also allows the
development of agricultural land and creating new opportunities for its operators
In practice, its ecological aspect is questioned a lot mainly because ethanol production
contributed to soaring food prices due to the use of food resources for the transportation
industry. However, we do not know at what level can be attributed to bio-fuels such
increases.
Romain Nicolas opinion:
With the operation on ethanol, an engine emits less CO2 despite higher fuel
consumption. With limitations on CO2 arriving in Europe, the USA and Japan, it could be
that the Flex-fuel engines are increasingly offered by manufacturers despite the controversy
over the origin of bio-fuels. | believe this is a short term solution but less costly for
manufacturers than hybrids. Do you think that with arrival of 3rd generation bio-fuels, the
volume of Flex fuel engines on the market will finally take off?
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