John R. Njord, Presiden Executive Director eee Utah Department of Transportation State Highway and John Horstey Transportation Officials Executive Director ERRATA Dear Customer: ‘Due to errors found after the publication had been completed, AASHTO has reprinted the pages listed below ‘and made the following errata changes to the Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, 17th Edition: Page No(s). Affected Article Errata Change Front Matter p. bx. bexiv Contents ‘Add “Figure 4.12.3.2.1-1 Location of Equivalent Footing after ‘Duncan and Buchignami (1976)...104.1” tothe lst of figures p. boxxiifp. boxxiv Contents ‘Add the following paragraph: “As referenced in Section, 4.12.3.3.7 and 4.13.2, the following figures have been reprinted from the 1993 Commentary ofthe 1993 Inerims to the Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges.” ‘Ada “Figure C4.12.3.72-1 Uplift of Group of Closely Spaced Piles in Cohesionless Soils...104.2” dreetly below Commentary references ‘Add “Figure C4,12.3.72-2 Uplif of Group of Piles in Cohesive Soils after Tomlinson (1987)...1042” directly below Commentary references ‘Add “Figure C4.13.3.3.4-1 Elastic Settlement Influence Factor . a8 a Function of Embedment Ratio and Modulus Ratio after Donald, Sloan, and Chiu, 1980, as presented by Reese and O'Neil (1988)...104.2" directly below Commentary references ‘Add “Figure C4.13.3.3.4-4 Bearing Capacity Coefficient, Ky after Canadian Geotechnical Society (1985)...104.2” directly below Commentary references Division I - Design pITips Article 3.1 Reference to “Figure 3.7.3" should read “Figure 3.7.7A” Executive Office: 444 N. Capitol St, N.W., Suite 249, Washington, D.C. 20007 Telephone (202) 624-5800 Telefax (202) 624-5806 www.transportation.orgPage No(s), . 38tp. 40 p. 95ip. 96 p. 11S/p. 116 p. 157/p. 158 1. 239ip. 240 p. 253/p. 254 p.25S/p. 256 1p. 289/p. 290 p.339/p. 340 p.34Bip. 344 p.355/p. 356 Affected Article Article 3.26.1.1 Article 4.11.2 Article 5.2.2.4 Article 5.8.7.1 Article 9:203.2 Asticle 10.1.1 Article 10.1.1 Article 10.32.1 Asticle 12.1.2 Article 12.4.1.5 Article 12.8.4.3 Article 12.8.4.3.1 Article 12.84.3.2 Enrata Change Reference to “Article 20.19.1” should read “Article 16.3.14" Remove the leter “C” from the following references: “Article (C4.10.4" and “Article C4.11.4.1.1" Reference to “1996 Commentary, Division 1, Article 6, in particular Equation C6-10 of these specifications” should read, “AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 2nd Edition” Reference to “Article 8.5.42” should ead “Article 5.8.4.2" ‘Add missing square root symbol to “4 fb’ d” so that it reads “4a” Reference to “Article 10.38.17" for notation F, should read “Amite 1038.1 Reference to “Article 10.53.1.4” for notation V, should read “Anticle 10.533" tn Table 1032.14, “195:000. 780 «spout ead (KL/r) 135,008,740 ,, (KL/ry Remove the following: “Ca = dead load adjustment coefficient (Article 12.8.4.3.2)" Reference to “Article 12.8.4.3.3” for My should read “Article 12843." Reference to “Article 12.8.4,3.3" for M,, should read “Article 128.432" Reference to “Articles 12.3.1 and 12.3.3” for@ should read “Anticles 12.3.1, 123.3, 12.5.3.1, 12.6.1, and 12.8.4.2" Reference to “Article 23.10-Division Il” should read “Division I, Aticle 26.6" ‘Three references to “Table 12.8.4D” should read “Table 128.48” ‘Add “factored” in frst paragraph before “crown and haunch ead load moments” “Two references to “Mp,” should read “Ma.” ‘Add “x(Dead load, load factor) "to end of Equation 12-12, Reference to “nominal” for Mg, should read “factored” ‘Add “factored” in first paragraph before “crown and haunch live load moments”Page No(s) Affected Article .355Ip. 356 Article 128.432 Article 12.8433 Asticle 12.84.33, Article 12.8.5 .395iIp. 396 Article 14.65.2 p.467p. 468, Article 7.3.1 Division II— Construction . 509ip. 510 Article 6.43 p. S6lip. $62 Asticle 10.10.2 p.579/p. 580 Article 11.5.64.3 p. 631/p. 632 Article 18.9.1 P. 665ip. 666 Article 26.5.4.1 p. 687/p. 688. Article 30.1.1 ‘The following new pages have been added: p. 104.1/p. 104.2 Errata Change ‘Two references to “M,” should read “My” ‘Add parentheses around “C/KiS/K.” and *x(Live load, load factor) "to end of Equation 12-13 Reference to “nominal” for My should read “factored” ‘Add “6” to beginning of Equations 12-19 and 12-20 Delete “Ca” and “Cj” from Equation 12-19 Delete “Ca” and “Cy” from Equation 12-20 Reference to “Articles 233.1.4” should read “Division Il." Reference to “Figure 14.6.5.2-2” should read “Figure 146521" Reference to “Figure 5” should read “Figure 3.10” Reference to “Article 10.3.1.4.3, "Anchorage Devices with Distribution Plates." should read “Division I, Article 921.7.2, “Bearing Strength.’ ” Reference to “Article 10.5.1.4" should read “Article 10.5.1” Reference to “7/8 inch” should read “7/8”; the last bullet should be a new paragraph, not a bullet Reference to “Article 18.4.10” should read “Article 18.4.9" Reference to “Figure 26.5.1D” should read “Figure 26.5.2" Reference to “Division I, Section 18” should read “Division I, Section 17” ‘Add Figure 4.12.3.2.1-1 Location of Equivalent Footing after Duncan and Buchignami (1976) to p. 104.1 ‘Add the following paragraph: “As referenced in Section 4.123.3.7b and 4.13.2, the following figures have been reprinted from the 1993 Commentary of the 1993 Interims to the Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges:” top. 104.2 ‘Add Figure C4.12.3.72-1 Uplift of Group of Closely-Spaced Piles in Cohesionless Soils to p. 104.2 ‘Add Figure C4,12.3.7.2-2 Uplift of Group of Piles in Cohesive Soils after Tomlinson (1987) top. 104.2pp. 104.1/p. 104.2 ‘Add Figure C4.13.3.3.4-1 Elastic Settlement Influence Factor ‘as a Function of Embedment Ratio and Modulus Ratio after Donald, Sloan, and Chiu, 1980, as presented by Reese and ‘O'Neill (1988) to p. 104.2 ‘Add Figure C4.13.3.3.4-4 Bearing Capacity Coefficient, Kyy ‘after Canadian Geotechnical Society (1985) to p. 104.2 Please substitute the original pages of text with the enclosed pages. We apologize for any inconvenience this ‘may have caused. AASHTO Publications Staff November 2003,Figures CONTENTS Figure 3.7.68, Lane Loading ...... coe . 23 Figure 3.7.7 Standard HS Trucks 24) SECTION 4—FOUNDATIONS Figure 4.434, Design Terminology for Spread Footing Foundations 48 Figure 4.4.7.1.1.14, Figure 4.4.7.1.1.1B Figure 44.7.1.1.1C Figure 44.7.1.1.4A Figure 4.4.7.1.1.4B, Figure 4.4.7.1.1.64, Figure 4.4.7.1.1.7A Figure 4.4.7.1.1.7B Figure 4.4.7.1.1.84, Figure 44.72.18 Figure 44.72.30 Figure 44.7.2.3B Figure 44.7.23¢ Figue 44.72.30 Figure 448.114 Figure 448.220 Figure 45.40 Figure 4634 Figure 4.6.5.1.1A Figure 465.314 Figure 465.118 Figure 4.6.55.1.18 Figure 4.655.124, Definition Sketch for Loading and Dimensions for Footings Subjected to Eccentric or Inclined Loads, Modified after EPRI (1983) . 52 Contact Pressure for Footing Loaded Eecentrically ‘About One Axis . Contact Pressure for Footing Loaded Eecentrically About Two Axes, Modified after AREA (1980) 53 ‘Modified Bearing Capacity Factors for Footings on Sloping Ground, Modified after Meyerhof (1957) ... 54 ‘Modified Bearing Capacity Factors for Footing Adjacent 32 Sloping Ground, Modified after Meyerhof (1957) 54 Definition Sketch for Influence of Ground Water Table ‘on Bearing Capacity .. 55 ‘Typical Two-Layer Soil Profiles 56 Modified Bearing Capacity Factor for Two-Layer Cohesive Soll with Softer Soil Overlying Stiffer Soil, EPRI (1983) ..56 Definition Sketch for Footing Base Inclinat 57 Boussinesg Vertical Stress Contours for Continuous ‘and Square Footings, Modified after Sowers (1979) 58 ‘Typical Consolidation Compression Curve for Overconsolidated Soil—Void Ratio Versus Vertical Effective Stress, EPRI (1983) 60 ‘Typical Consolidation Compression Curve for Overconsolidated Soll—Void Strain ‘Versus Vertical Effective Stress 60 Reduction Factor to Account for Effects of Three- Dimensional Consolidation Settlement, EPRI (1983) ... ..60 Percentage of Consolidation as a Function of Time Factor, T, EPRI (1983) ool Allowable Contact Stress for Footings on Rock with Tight Discont 5» Peck, et al. (1974) 62 Relationship Between Elastic Modulus and Uniaxial ‘Compressive Strength for Intact Rock, Modified fter Deere (1968) 66 Design Terminology for Driven Pile Foundations nN Design Terminology for Drilled Shaft Foundations - 81 Identification of Portions of Drilled Shafts Neglected for Estimation of Drilled Shaft Side Resistance in Cohesive Soil, Reese and O’Neill (1988) 82 Procedure for Estimating Average Unit Shear for Smooth Wall Rock-Socketed Shafts, Horvath et al. (1983) 85 Load Transfer in Side Resistance Versus Settlement Drilled ‘Shafts in Cohesive Soil, after Reese and ONeill (1988) . ..87 Load Transfer in Tip Bearing Settlement Drilled Shafts in Cohesive Soil, after Reese and O’Neill (1988) ...87 Load Transfer in Side Resistance Versus Settlement Drilled Shafts in Cohesionless Soil, after Reese and O’Neill (1988) ......88 xxiixxiv ‘CONTENTS: Figure 4.6.5.5.1.2B Load Transfer in Tip Bearing Versus Settlement Drilled Shafts Figure 4655.24 Figure 4.6.5.5.2B Figure 4.123.2.1-1 Figure 5.28 Figure 5.28 Figure 5.2C Figure 5.5.14 Figure 5.5.20 Figure 5.5.28 Figure 55.2 Figure 5.5.2D Figure 5.5.5A Figure 5.624, Figure 5.6.28 Figure 5.6.2 Figure 5.6.2D Figure S.7.1A Figure 5.7.24 Figure $7.28 Figure 581A Figure 5.8.24 Figure 58.28 Figure 5.8.2C Figure 5.8.2D Figure 5.8.38 in Cohesionless Soil, after Reese and O’Neill (1988) .... ..88 Influence Coefficient for Elastic Settlement of Rock-Socketed Drilled Shafts, Modified after Pells and Turner (1979) ....89 Influence Coefficient for Elastic Uplift Displacement of Rock-Socketed Drilled Shafts, Modified after Pells and ‘Turner (1979) 89 Location of Equivalent Footing after Duncan and Buchignamt (1976) seeeeee O41 ‘Typical Mechanically Stabilized Earth Gravity Walls... 112 ‘Typical Prefabricated Modular Gravity Walls 113 ‘Typical Rigid Gravity, Semi-Gravity Cantilever, Nongravity Cantilever, and Anchored Walls... 4 ‘Terms Used in Design of Rigid Gravity and Semi-Gravity Retaining Walls 12 ‘Computational Procedures for Active Earth Pressures (Coulomb Analysis) ...... 122 Procedure to Determine Lateral Pressure Due to Point and Line Loads, Modified after Terzaghi (1954) 123 ‘Computational Procedures for Passive Earth Pressures for Slop- ing Wall with Horizontal Backfill (Caquot and Kerisel Analy- sis), Modified after U.S. Department of Navy (1982)... .124 ‘Computational Procedures for Passive Earth Pressures for Ver- tical Wall with Sloping Backfill (Caquot and Kerisel Analysis), Modified after U.S. Department of Navy (1982) 125 Design Criteria for Rigid Retaining Walls, (Coulomb Analysis) ‘Simplified Earth Pressure Distributions for Permanent Flexible Cantilevered Walls with Discrete Vertical Wall Elements 129 ‘Simplified Earth Pressure Distributions and Design Procedures for Permanent Flexible Cantilevered Walls, with Continuous Vertical Wall Elements, Modified after ‘Teng (1962) 130 ‘Simplified Earth Pressure Distributions for Temporary Flexible Cantilevered Walls with Discrete Vertical Wall Elements .... -.130 Simplified Earth Pressure Distributions for Tempo Flexible Cantilevered Walls with Continuous Vertical ‘Wall Elements, Modified after Teng (1962) ..... 31 ‘Typical Terms Used in Flexible Anchored Wall Design... .133, Guidelines for Estimating Earth Pressure on Walls with ‘Two or More Levels of Anchors Constructed from the Top 127 Down, Modified after Terzaghl and Peck (1967) ........134 Settlement Profiles Behind Braced or Anchored Walls, Modified after Clough and O'Rourke (1990) ...........135 ‘MSE Wall Element Dimensions Needed for Design 139 External Staity fr Wall with Horinontal Bakslope ‘and TrafMic Surcharge cose dO External Stability for Wall with Sloping Backslope 141 External Stability for Wall with Broken Backslope .......142 Overall and Compound Stability of Complex MSE. Wall Systems . veel Calculation of Vertical Stress for Bearing Capacity Calculations (for Horizontal Backslope Condition) .....144 Figures‘Tables CONTENTS. SECTION 11—STEEL STRUCTURES Table 11.4.3.3.2 Table 115A Table 11.5B Table 11.5C Minimum Cold-Bending Radii ...... sm Required Fastener Tension Minimum Bolt Tension in Pounds -+ 578 [Nut Rotation from the Snug Tat Condition Geometry ‘of Outer Faces of Bolted Parts. 519 Untitled 582 SECTION 13—PAINTING ‘Table 13.2.1 United ee 500 SECTION 15—CONCRETE BLOCK AND BRICK MASONRY Table 15.1 Grouting Limitations ......0..000.200000 605 SECTION 16—TIMBER STRUCTURES ‘Table 16.1 ‘Typical Dimensions of Timber Connectors SECTION 18—BEARINGS ‘Table 18.4.3.1-1 ‘Table 18.4.5.1-1A Table 18.4.5.1-1B ‘Table 18.4.7.1-1 ‘Table 18.5.1.5-1 (@imensions in inches) 608 Physical Properties of PTFE .......2..+.+ 619 Material Tests—polychloroprene 621 Material Tests—polyisoprene 622 Physical Properties of Polyether Urethane . Fabrication Tolerances and Surface Finish Requirements ..624 SECTION 26—METAL CULVERTS ‘Table 26.4 Table 26.6 Categories of Pipe Joints 661 Minimum Cover for Construction Loads (Round, Pipe-Arch, Bilipse and Underpass Shapes) 2-667 SECTION 27—CONCRETE CULVERTS. Table 27.58, Standard Embankment Installation Soils and Minimum ‘Compaction Requirements .. 615 Table 27.5B Standard Trench Installation Soils and Minimum ‘Compaction Requirements 676 ‘Table 27.5C Equivalent USCS and AASHTO Soll Classifications ‘oF SIDD Soil Designations oe om APPENDICES: ‘A-Live Load Tables... 691 B—Truck Train Loadings 695 C—Columns. 696baxxiv CONTENTS. Commentary D_Plastic Section Modulus 700 E—Metric Equivalents and Expressions 701 INDEX . cee OT COMMENTARY —Interim Specifications —Bridges—1996 aon COMMENTARY —Interim Specifications—Bridges—1997 cu COMMENTARY —Interim Specifications—Bridges—1998 C39 COMMENTARY—Interim Specifications—Bridges—1999/2000 cor As referenced in Section 4.12.3.3.7b and 4.13.2, the following figures have been reprinted from the 1993 Commentary ofthe 1993 Interims to the Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges: Figure C4.12.3.7.2-1 Uplift of Group of Closely-Spaced Piles in Cohesionless Soils 104.1 Figure C4.12.3.7.2-2 Uplift of Group of Piles in Cohesive Soils after Tomlinson (1987) 104.1 Figure C4.13.3.3.4-1 Elastic Settlement Influence Factor as a Function of Embed- ment Ratio and Modulus Ratio after Donald, Sloan and Chiu, 1980, as presented by Reese and "Neill (1988) .. 104.1 Figure C4.13.3.3.4-4 Bearing Capacity Coefficient, Ky after Canadian Geotechnical Society (1985) 104.1Section 3 LOADS Part A ‘TYPES OF LOADS 3.1. NOTATIONS = maximum expected acceleration of bedrock at the site Tength of short span of slab (Article 3.24.6) bbuoyaney (Article 3,22) = width of pier or diameter of pile (Article 3.18.2.2.4) Iength of long span of slab (Article 3.24.6) combined response coefficient stiffness parameter = K(W/L) (Article 3.3.4.3) = centrifugal force in percent of live load (Article 3.10.1) = centrifugal force (Article 3.22) ‘= coefficient for nose inclination (Article 3.18.2.2.1) = steel bending stress coefficient (Article 3.5.1.5) = steel shear stress coefficient (Article 3.25.1.5) parameter used in determination of load fraction of whee! load (Article 3.23.4.3) degree of curve (Article 3.10.1) ead load (Article 3.22) fraction of wheel load applied to beam (Article 3.28.1) = contributing dead load width of slab over which a wheel load is distributed (Article 3.24.3) earth pressure (Article 3.22) equivalent static horizontal force applied at the center of gravity of the structure = modulus of elasticity of concrete (Article 3.26.3) = modulus of elasticity of steel (Article 3.26.3) = modulus of elasticity of wood (Article 3.26. horizontal ice force on pier (Article 3.18.2.2.1) = allowable bending stress (Article 3.25.1.3) allowable shear stress (Article 3.25.1.3) 32.2 fs impact fraction (Article 3.8.2) = gross flexural moment of inertia of the precast member (Article 3.23.4.3) ice pressure (Article 3.22) ‘gross Saint-Venant torsional constant of the precast member (Article 3.3.4.3) stream flow force constant (Article 3.18.1) = siiffiness constant (Article 3.23.4) ‘wheel load distribution constant for timber flooring (Article 3.25.1.3) live load distribution constant for spread box girders (Article 328.1) loaded length of span (Article 3.8.2) = loaded length of sidewalk (Article 3.14.1.1) Pengonascue> greggove POT RRR Re a 8 718 HIGHWAY BRIDGES 31 L__ = live load (Article 3.22) L_ = span length (Article 3.23.4) LF = longitudinal force from live load (Article 3.22) Mp = moment capacity of dowel (Article 3.25.1.4) = primary bending moment (Article 3.25.1.3) {otal transferred secondary moment (Article 3.25.1.4) number of beams (Article 3.28.1) = number of traffic lanes (Article 3.23.4) number of dowels (Article 3.25.1.4) live load on sidewalk (Article 3.14.1.1) = stream flow pressure (Article 3.18.1) = total uniform force required to cause unit horizontal deflection of whole structure = load on one rear wheel of truck (Article 3.24.3) wheel load (Article 3.24.5) ‘design wheel load (Article 3.25.1.3) 12,000 pounds (Article 3.24.3) 16,000 pounds (Article 3.24.3) = effective ice strength (Article 3.18.2.2.1) proportion of load carried by short span (Article 3.24.6.1) radius of curve (Article 3.10.1) normalized rock response rib shortening (Article 3.22) shear capacity of dowel (Article 3.25.1.4) primary shear (Article 3.25.1.3) {otal secondary shear transferred (Article 3.25.1.4) design speed (Article 3.10.1) soil amplification spectral ratio shrinkage (Article 322) average stringer spacing (Article 3.23.2.3.1) spacing of beams (Article 3.23.3) ‘width of precast member (Article 3.23.4.3) effective span length (Article 3.24.1) = span length (Article 3.24.8.2) = beam spacing (Article 3.28.1) effective deck span (Article 3.5.1.3) stream flow (Article 3.22) period of vibration = temperature (Article 3.22) thickness of ice (Article 3.18.2.2.4) deck thickness (Article 3.25.1.3) variable spacing of tuck axles (Figure 3.7.7) velocity of water (Article 3.18.1) combined weight on the first wo axles ofa standard HS Truck (Figure 3.7.7A) width of sidewalk (Article 3.14.1.1) ‘wind load on structure (Article 3.22) total dead weight ofthe structure ‘= width of exterior girder (Article 3.23.2.3.2) overall width of bridge (Article 3.23.4.3) roadway width between curbs (Article 3.28.1) wind load on live load (Article 3.22) th of pier or diameter of circular-shaft pier atthe level of ice action (Article 3.18.2.2.1) distance from load to point of support (Article 3.24.5.1) subscript denoting direction perpendicular to longitudinal stringers (Article 3.25.1.3) M, pe UU UUUE ZZ a PRRRTT noua PL 2 z 1 “ee gdeeeedec< 77443.25.14 3-28) 3-29) E goats ints 'M, = total secondary moment transferred, in inch- pound, determined by the relationship, PS (6-10) fors<50 inches (3-30) Ps (s~30), PS (5-30) or 5 > 50 inches . Fo a igy 03730 inches 6-31) Rp and Mp = shear and moment capacities, respec- ively, as given in the following table: 3.25.15 In addition, the dowels shall be checked to censure tha the allowable stress of the steel isnot exceeded using the following equation: . ECAR + uM) @-32) where, ° minimum yield point of stel pins in pounds per square inch (see Table 1032.14): 1, M, = 1s previously defined: Cy. Gy "= steel stress coeficents as given in pre- ceding table. 3.28.2 Plank and Nail Laminated Longitudinal Flooring 3.25.2.1 In the direction of the span, the whee! load shall be distributed over 10 inches. DIVISION I—DESIGN 39 3.25.22 Normal to the direction of the span the ‘wheel load shall be distributed as follows: Plank floor: 20 inches; Non-interconnected nail laminated floor: width of tire pplus thickness of floor, but not to exceed panel width. Continuous nail laminated floor and inter- connected nail laminated floor, with adequate shear transfer between panels*, not less than 6 inches thick: width of tie plus twice thickness of floor 3.28.23 For longitudinal flooring the span shall be taken as the clear distance between floor beams plus one~ half the width of one beam but shall not exceed the clear span plus the floor thickness 3.253 Longitudinal Glued Laminated Timber Decks 3253.1 Bending Moment In calculating bending moments in glued laminated ‘timber longitudinal decks, no longitudinal distribution of wheel loads shall be assumed. The lateral distribution shall be determined as follows. ‘The live load bending moment for each panel shal be determined by applying to the panel the fraction of @ ‘whee! load determined from the following equations: ‘TWO OR MORE TRAFFIC LANES Wy, Load. Fraction = —Py- or <2, whichever is 500 3.154 28 sreater, (ONE TRAFFIC LANE y, W, Poor Load Fraction = “ 5.50 425+ 8 sreater. where, W, = Width of Panel; in feet (3.5 = W, = 4.5) L = Length of span for simple span bridges and the length of the shortest span for continuous bridges in feet. “This shear transfer maybe accomplished using mechanical fasteners splines or dowels long the pael joint or spreader beams lead ai {eral lon the panes or ther stable means.40 HIGHWAY BRIDGES 32532 Shear ‘When calculating the end shears and end reactions for each panel, no longitudinal distribution of the whee! loads shall be assumed. The lateral distribution of the ‘Wheel load atthe supports shall be that determined by the equation: ‘Wheel Load Fraction per Panel w, = fy Put not less than | For wheel loads in other positions on the span, the lateral distribution for shear shall be determined by the method prescribed for moment. 3.2833 Deflections ‘The maximum deflection may be calculated by apply- ing tothe panel the whee! load fraction determined by the ‘method prescribed for moment. 3.25.4 Stiffener Arrangement ‘The transverse stiffeners shall be adequately attached to.each panel, at points near the panel edges, with either steel plates, thru-bolts, Clips or aluminum brackets. The stiffener spacing required will depend upon the spacing needed in order to prevent differential panel movement; however, a stiffener shall be placed at mid-span with ad- ditional stiffeners placed at intervals not to exceed 10 feet. ‘The stiffness factor El of the stiffener shall not be less than 80,000 kip-in® 3.25.4 Continuous Flooring Ifthe flooring is continuous over more than two spans, the maximum bending moment shall be assumed as being 80% of that obtained for a simple span. 3.26 DISTRIBUTION OF WHEEL LOADS AND DESIGN OF COMPOSITE WOoD- CONCRETE MEMBERS 3.26.1 Distribution of Concentrated Loads for ‘Bending Moment and Shear 3.26.11 For freely supported or continuous slab spans of composite wood-concrete construction, as de- scribed in Article 16.3.14, Division TI, the wheel loads 3.2532 shall be distributed over a transverse width of 5 feet for bending moment and a width of 4 feet for shear. 3.26.12 For composite T-beams of wood and con- crete, as described in Article 20.19.2, Division TI the ef- fective flange width shall not exceed that given in Article 10.38.3. Shear connectors shall be capable of resisting both vertical and horizontal movement. 3.26.2 Distribution of Bending Moments in Continuous Spans 3.26.2.1 Both positive and negative moments shall be distributed in accordance withthe following table: “Maximum Bending Moments—Percent of Simple ‘Span Moment ‘Maxima Uniform Maximum Live Dead Loed Moments {Load Moments Wood Composite Concentrated Uniform Se ee ee Sao Pon Neg Pon Nog Pon Nop Pos Np inne 5050S End 70 2Speat 65 7 SS mM @ &§ 0 BS 6 m5 “Continous beam of? gual spans. 3.26.22 Impact should be considered in computing, stresses for concrete and steel, but neglected for wood. 3.263. Design ‘The analysis and design of composite wood-concrete ‘members shall be based on assumptions that account for the different mechanical properties ofthe components. A suitable procedure may be based on the elastic properties of the materials as follows . = 1 forstabin which the net concrete thickness is Es Jess than half the overall depth of the compos- ite section E. < 2 forstab in which the net concrete thickness is Ex atleast half the overall depth of the composite section E. = 18.75 (for Douglas fir and Southern pine) E, in which, E, = modulus of elasticity of concrete; E, = modulus of elasticity of wood; E, = modulus of elasticity of steel.418 DIVISION IDESIGN ‘TABLE 4.10.6-2 Performance Factors for Geotechnical Strength Limit States in Axially Loaded Piles Performance Method/SoilCondition Factor Ultimate bearing capacity Skin friction ‘a-method 0.70 of single piles method 0.50 Aemethod 0.55 End bearing Clay (Skempton, 1951) 0.70 Sand (Kulhawy, 1983) ‘from CPT 045 ; from SPT 0.35 Rock (Canadian 0.50 Geotech. Society, 1985) ‘Skin friction and end bearing SPT-method 0.45) CPT-method 0.55 Load test 0.80 Pile driving analyzer 0.70 Block failure Chay 0.65 Uplift capacity ‘e-method 0.60 of single piles B-method 0.40 A-method 04s SPT-method 035 CPT-method 04s Load Test 0.80 Group uplift capacity Sand 0.55 Clay 0.5 ysis of soil and groundwater samples should be con- sidered. 41119 Nearby Structures In cases where foundations are placed adjacent to ex- isting structure, the influence ofthe existing structures on the-behavior ofthe foundation, and the effect ofthe foun- dation on the existing structures, shall be investigated. 4.11.2 Notations = footing width (in length units) = reduced effective footing width (see Amite 4.11.4.1.5) (in length units) = soil cohesion (in units of force/length’) correction factors for groundwater effect (dimensionless) Cy Re —FE_- 135,008,740, ESL (KLis? with FS, = 2.12 ‘Shear in girder webs, ross section F= 0.3, 12,000 17,000 17,000» 23,00 «33,000 30,000 ‘Bearing on milled stiffeners and other 0.80F, 29,000 40,000 40,000 56,000 80,000 72,000, steel pars in contact (rivets and bolts excluded) ‘Stress in extreme fiber ofpins* —O.80F, 29,000 40,000 40,000 56,000 80,000 72,000 ‘Shear in pins F.=0.0F, 14,000 ° 20,000 20,000 28,000 40,000 36,000 Bearing on pins no subject to rotation” 0.80F, 29,000 40,000 40,000 © $6,000 80,000 72,000, Bearing on pins subject rotation O.40F, (14,000 20,000 20.000» 28,000 40,000 36,000 (Goch a5 used in rockers and hinges) ‘Beating on connected material at Low Carbon Steel Bolts (ASTM A 307), "Turned Bolts, Ribbed Bots, and Rivets (ASTM A 302 Grades 1 and 2)— ‘Governed by Table 10.32.34, * Quoc ad tempered ly sel acta sapes and vexmlesrmesianial ating ecg all mechanical ad emia euirenents of A 209 Grae 1001000 cept ha the pected meinem eae sng maybe 140,00 pl fo scar shapes ad 145 0p for ess Imechizal aking, shal be considered ws A708 Grades 100IODW ste Puce rhe nana atch gts abd welt eee, the ASTM dsigatons ae sma tote AASHTO designations Sets iectng he AASHTO requens are prequalified fr sein weed ridges. M270 Ge 36 and A709 Gr 36 are equivalent o M 163 and A 36 1M 770 Ge. 50 and A 709 Ge 50 ae equivalent wo M 223 Gr. $0 and A $72 Gr. 50 M290 Ge SOW and A709 Or SOW are equiva to M222 and ASB M270 Ge TOW and A709 Ge. 70W ate equivalent to A 852 |M270 Ge. 100100W and A 709 Ge 100/100W are equiakea to M244 and 314 + Forthe use of lager, vale, ace Strtaral Salty Research Coun Guide wo Sibilty Design Crieriafer Metal Srctres, dB. 138. ‘cove plates ae used, te allowable tate strese a the poof heretical ctl hl ea determined bythe formal. ee ee eng in inches, of ensuppred flange betwen Ital connections, knee aes, other pon of ppt. ‘c= ome of eri of compression flange abot he verse nthe paseo he web in Compression meer sich as crcform orbit op members with very dun wall, may als eure consideration of flexural torsional ational bhcling. Refer tothe Manual of te! Consraction, Ninth iden 1989, American Institue of Stee! Consution. Seve Arte 10.526 "This shall apply to pins wed primarily in axially lode members, soc s russ members and cable adjusting Links. 1 shalt apply to pis ied in ember bang rotation caused by expansion o deflection290. HIGHWAY BRIDGES 10.323 ‘TABLE 10.3234 Allowable Stresses for Low- ‘Steel Holts and Power Driven Rivets (in psi ‘Shear Bearing Type ‘Tension* Bearing® Connection” 18,000 20,000 11,0008 arbon ‘Type of Fastener (A) Low-Carbon Stet Bali! Turned Bots (ASTM A307) Ribbed Bolts (8) PowerDriven Rivets, (civets driven by ‘aewmaticaly oF ‘lctially operated ‘hammers are considered power drives) Stvctural Stel Rivet — Grade 1 (ASTM A 502 Grade 1) Structural Stel Rivet — (high strengt) Grade 2 (ASTM A S02 Grade 2) “Apples to fastener cross-sell area based upon nomial bay 40,000 13,500 40,000 20,000 diameter Apis to mmina diameter of fastener multiplied by the thickness ofthe eta ‘ASTM A 307 bots shall not be used in consections subject 10 figue “Te connections trasmitig ail force whowe length betecn x= ueme tener enured pra ote offre ere Sach, be ‘ubuhted vie shal be reduced 20 perce. 10,32.3 Fasteners (Rivets and Bolts) Allowable stresses for fasteners shall bea listed in Ta bles 10.32.3.A and 10.32.3.B, and the allowable force on 4 slip-crtical connection shall be as provided by Article 10323.2.1 10.3231 General 10.32.3.1.1._ In proportioning fasteners for shear ot tension, the cross-sectional area based upon the nominal diameter shall be used except as otherwise noted. 10.32.3.1.2 The effective bearing area of a fastener shall be its diameter multiplied by the thickness ofthe metal ‘on which ic bears, In metal less than 7 inch thick, counter- sunk fasteners shall not be assumed to cary stress. In metal ‘Ye inch thick and over, one-half of the depth of the counter- sink shall be omitted in calculating the bearing area 10.32.3.1.3 In determining whether the bolt threads ‘are excluded from the shear planes ofthe contact surfaces, thread length of bolts shall be calculated as two thread pitches greater than the specified thread length as an al- Towance for thread runout 10.32.3.1.4 In bearing-type connections, pull-out shear ina plate should be investigated between the end of the plate and the end row of fasteners. (See Table 10.32.38, foomote .) 10.32.3.1.5 All bolts except high-strength bolts, tensioned tothe requirements of Division Il, Table 11.58 or Table 11.5B, shall have single self-locking nuts or double nuts 10.32,3.1.6 Joints, utilizing high-strength bolts, required o resist shear between their connected parts are designated as either slip-critical (See Anicle 10.24.1.4) ‘or bearing-type connections. Shear connections sub: jected to stress reversal, or where slippage would be un- ‘desirable, shall be slip-crtical connections. Potential slip TABLE 10.3238 Allowable Stresses on High-Strength Bolts or Connected Material ksi) Mis. M253 (asi (ASTM Loud Coiition Ans AsO ‘plied Satie Tenso™ SOT The tele strong of M164 (A325) bots decreases for diameters geater than iach, The design value sted are for bls up 1 1 inch ‘Eateter, The design aes shall be mulipied by 0.87 for dameters ‘ester than 1 neh a connections trapamitng axial force whose length between ex- tueme tenets meatred pra ote line fore exceeds SDinches, labulted vues hl be reduced 20 percent. For ange splices the ‘Dine length tobe measre between the extreme bolts on oly (ne ade ofthe connection. "af material hicknese or oint details pecade teas athe shear plane, mull tabulated ves by 125 ‘speied minim tense svengh of comneted materi Conoerioos using high-strength bot in ted hoes wih he oad ppd ina direction other than pprosiately soma (between 0 and 100 depres) to the ast ofthe hole and comections wth bok in ‘reat holes shall be designed for eestance against spin acord- ce with Arie 10.52.32. "Lis equal the ea distance betmeen the oles or between the ole ind the ge of te materi nthe econo the applied bearing fore, i. and dis the nominal ameter ofthe bolt "tie allowable beating fore for he connection equal othe sm othe allowable bearing foes or the diual bls inthe connecSection 12 SOIL-CORRUGATED METAL STRUCTURE INTERACTION SYSTEMS 12.1. GENERAL 12.1.1 Scope ‘The specifications ofthis Section are intended for the structural design of corrugated metal structures. It must be recognized that a buried flexible structure is a composite structure made up of the metal ring and the soil envelope, ‘and that both materials play a vital part in the structural design of flexible metal structures. (Only Article 12.7 is applicable to structural plate box: culver, 12.1.2. Notations required wall area (Article 12.2.1) A. = areaof pipe wall (Article 123.1) ‘AL = total axle load on single axle or tandem axles (Ar- ticles 12.8.43.2 and 128.4.4) C,_ = number of axles coefficient (Article 12.8.4.3.2) Cz number of wheels per axle coefficient (Article 1284.32) Cee = Hive load adjustment coefficient (Anicle 128432) straight leg of haunch (Article 12.8.2) modulus of elasticity of metal (Articles 12.2.2 and 123.2) Eq, = modulus of elasticity of pipe material (Articles 12.24 and 12.3.4) FF = flexibility factor (Articles 12.2.4 and 12.3.4) f, = allowable stress—specified minimum yield point divided by safety factor (Article 12.2.1) f= critical buckling stress (Articles 122.2 and 123.2) f= specified minimum tensile strength (Articles 12.2.2 and 12.3.2) {, = specified minimum yield point (Article 12.3.1) H._ = height of cover above crown (Article 12.8.4.4) 1 1oment of inertia, per unit length, of ross section of the pipe wall (Articles 12.24 and 12.3.4) k = soil stiffness factor (Articles 12.2.2 and 12.3.2) 339 My, = dead load factored moment (Article 12.8.43.1) Mu = live load factored moment (Article 12.8.4.3.2) M, = crown plastic moment capacity (Article 1284.33) My =haunch plastic moment capacity (Article 128.43.3) P= design load (Article 12.1.4) P= proportion of total moment carried by the crown, Limits for P are given in Table 12.7.4D (Article 1284333) = radius of gyration of corrugation (Amicles 12.2.2 and 12.3.2) ‘= radius of crown (Table 12.8.2) dius of haunch (Table 12.8.2A) rise of box culvert (Articles 12.7.2 and 1.8.4.4) hhaunch moment reduction factor (Article 1284.33) $= diameter of span (Articles 12.1.4, 12.2.2, 12.82, and 12.8.4.4) = pipe diameter or span (Articles 12.2.4, 12.3.2, and 123.4) safety factor (Article 12.2.3) SS. = required seam strength (Articles 12.2.3 and 123.3) T= thrust (Amicle 12.1.4) T= thrust, load factor (Articles 12.3.1 and 12.3.3) T, = thrust, service load (Articles 12.2.1 and 12.2.3) t= length of stiffening rib on leg (Article 12.8.2) V__ = reaction acting in leg direction (Anicle 12.8.4.4) A__ = haunch radius included angle (Table 12.8.2A) Y= unit weight of backfill (Articles 12.84.32 and 1284.4) = capacity modification factor (Articles 12.3.1, 12.33, 12.531, 126.13, and 12.8.4.2) 124.3 Loads Design load, P, shall be the pressure acting on the struc- ture, For earth pressures, see Article 3.20. For live load, see Amticles 3.4 t0 37, 3.11, 3.12, and 64, except thatthe340 HIGHWAY BRIDGES a3 words "When the depth of fill is 2 feet or more” in Article 64.1 need not be considered. For loading combinations, see Article 3.22. 1214 Design 12,1.4.1 The thrust in the wall shall be checked by three criteria. Each considers the mutual function of the ‘metal wall and the soil envelope surrounding it. The eri- teria are: (@) Wall areas (b) Buckling stress: (©) Seam strength (structures with longitudinal seams). 1214.2 The thrust in the wall is: s T=px’ 12+ ; (2p ‘where: = design load, in pounds per square foot; S$ = diameter or span, in feet; ‘T = thrust, in pounds per foot. 12,143 Handling and installation strength shall be sufficient to withstand impact forces when shipping and placing the pipe. 12.15 Materials ‘The materials shall conform to the AASHTO speciti- cations referenced herein 12.1.6 Soil Design 12.1.6.1. Soil Parameters ‘The performance of a flexible culvert is dependent on soil structure interaction and soil stiffness. ‘The following must be considered (@) Soils: (1) The type and anticipated behavior ofthe foun dation soil must be considered; ie., stability for bedding and setlement under load. (2) The type, compacted density, and strength properties of te soil envelope immediately adjacent {othe pipe must be established. Good side fil is ob- tained froma granular material with ttle or no plas- ticity and free of organic material, ie., AASHTO classification groups A-1, A-2, and A-3, compacted to.a minimum 90% of standard density based on AASHTO Specification T 99 (ASTM D 698). (3) The density of the embankment material above the pipe must be determined, See Article 6.2 (b) Dimensions of soil envelope. ‘The general recommended criteria for lateral limits of the culvert soil envelope are as follows: (1) Trench installations —2-feet minimum each side ‘of culvert. This recommended limit should be modified ‘as necessary to account for variables such as poor in situ soils. (2) Embankment installations—one diameter or span ceach side of culvert. (3) The minimum upper limit of the soil envelope is 1 foot above the culvert 12,1.6.2 Pipe Arch Design ‘The design of the comer backfill shall account for ‘comer pressure which shall be considered to be appro» ‘mately equal to thrust divided by the radius of the pipe arch corner, The soil envelope around the comers of pipe arches shall be capable of supporting this pressure. 12.163 Arch Design 12.1.6.3.1 Special design considerations may be ap- plicable; a buried flexible structure may raise two impor- tant considerations. The first is that it is undesirable (0 ‘make the metal arch relatively unyielding or fixed com pared with the adjacent sidefil. The use of massive foot- ings or piles to prevent any settlement of the ach is gen- erally not recommended ‘Where poor materials are encountered, consideration should be given to removing some oral ofthis poor ma: terial and replacing it with acceptable material, ‘The footing should be designed to provide uniform longitudinal settlement, of acceptable magnitude from a functional aspect. Providing forthe ach to setle wll pro- tect it from possible drag down forces caused by the con- solidation ofthe adjacent sidefil ‘The second consideration is bearing pressure of soils ‘under footings. Recognition must be given tothe effect of depth of the base of footing and the direction ofthe foot: ing reaction from the arch Footing reactions for the metal arch are considered to act tangential fo the metal plate at its point of connection tothe footing. The value of the reaction is the thrust in the ‘metal arch plate atthe footing 12.1.6.3.2. Invert slabs and other appropriate mea- sures shall be provided to anticipate scour,a. DIVISION I—DESIGN 343 1241.4 Flexibility Factor (a) For steel conduits, FF should generally not exceed the following values: Yein, and Yin, depth corrugation, FF = 43 x 107 Lin, depth corrugation, FF = 3.3 x 10 (b) For aluminum conduits, FF should generally not exceed the following values: Yein, and Y~in. depth corrugations, FF = 3.1 X 10°? for 0.060 in. material thickness 1 X 10°? for 0.075 in. material thickness FF = 9.2 x 10°? forall other material thicknesses in, depth corrugation, FF = 6 10" 124.15 Minimum Cover ‘The minimum cover for design loads shall be Span/8 ‘but not less than 12 inches. (The minimum cover shal be ‘measured from the top ofa rigid pavement or the bottom, of a flexible pavement.) For construction requirements, see Division I, Article 26.6, 124.2 Seam Strength Minimum Longitudinal Seam Strength 2X U2 and 2-27 x U2 Corrugated Steel 3 X 1 Corrugated Stel Pipe— Pipe—Riveted or Spot Welded Riveted or Spot Welded ‘Single Double Double Thickness Rivet Size _Rivets_—_Rivets_ Thickness Rivet Size Rivets (in) (in) Gps) (kipst) yin) chip) 0.068 a ee 0.079 S682 288387 0.109) 38 24 © 468 076530 0.138 a8 43 490k 663.7 0.168 EG PO et Oi 2 x 1 and 2.2/3 x 1/2 Corrugated Aluminum Pipe—Riveted. Rivet ingle Double Thickness Sie —Rivels—_Rivets in) (in) Gps) (kip) 0.080 56 30 «140 0.075 sis 90 180 0.108 am 136 Ls 0.135 a8 162 330 0.164 a 168 340344 HIGHWAY BRIDGES FX Corrugated Aluminum | 1 Corrugated Aluminum Pipe—Riveted PipeRiveted Double Double Thickness Rivet Size Rivets Thickness Rivet Size Rivets in) (in) ¢kipwtt) Gin) Gin) Chips) 0.000 3a 165000 «12 ~~+160 0.075 38 mS oms 1 199 0.105 1 0 = o.S ka 0.135 m ea) 01S ud 2259) 0.164 m O17 nS 1243 Section Properties 1243.1 Steel Conduits 112 1/4 Corrugation Thickness Ay r Ex10> A 7 1xi0> in) giv) _ Gn) nin) _(eginty__¢in)__in in) 0.028 0.308 0.03% 0.380 js <1 Comrogtion 0.040 0455 0.0816. 0.253 0468.21.12 0.020.608 0.0824 0344 0190.77 1 500 006 = O70 0a OTIS, O72 1.892. 0.07 0.950 0.0846 0567 0.968 OTB 2.392 0.109 1.300879 08ST 386.74 3.425 0138 = «1712, (0.0019 1.205.744 01766 4.533 0.168 2.008 0.0067 1.635 2133 IT9S 5.725 3 xt Gorrugation «SE Corruption ‘Thickness Ay aaa xlloeneeeas rt Tx,10> in) toginstt) _iny infin) _(sginstty__(in)__tin i.) 0.064 0.890 0.3417 8659 (0.794 (0.3687 «8.850. 007 1.113 0:3427 «10.883 0.992—0,3663 11.082 010911503448 15.459 1:300 3677 15.650 0.138 = 2.008 03472 = 20.183. «1.788 = 0.3693 20317 O16 2.458 0.3499 25012186 ——O3TIL__—_—25.082 1243.2 Aluminum Conduits TAR 18 Corrogation 228 X12 Corrugaton Thickness AS 7 a + 1x1 2 (in) Geqinift) Gin) Gin) 0.088 ~ 0.608 0.0824 0.060 0.761 «0.083239 TTS TI, 892 0.075 0968 0.1721 -2.392 0.105. . 1356 01M. 3.425 0.135 LS 0.1766 4.533 0164 210 01m S75 3 1 Corrgation out Thickness Ay Pee ia ‘Area © Gn) (oqinift) (in) inVin)(sqinstty gine) (in) 0.060 O37 8659 «7750387 0.3629 «8.505 0.075 0.327 10.883 0.968 0484 0.3630 10.631 0.105 03448 15.459 1355 0.678 0.3636. 14.340 0.135 03472 © 20.183 1744 «0.872 0.3646 19.319 O.let 2.458 0.3499 -2S.01_—-2133 1.066 0.3656 23.760 12421284 DIVISION IDESIGN 355 FIGURE 128.2A Standard Terminology of Structural late Box Culvert Shapes 1284 Design 1284.1 Analytical Basis for Design Structural requirements for box culverts have been de- veloped from finite element analyses covering the range of structures allowed by Article 12.8.2 1284.1.] Structural requirements are based on analyses using two dimensional live loads equivalent to HS 20, 4-wheel, single-axle vehicles. Dead load of soil ‘equals 120 pounds per cubic foot. Coefficients to adjust for other load conditions are contained in Article 12.8.4,3.2. 12.84.12 Backfill required in Article 12.8.3 isdense granular material, The analyses that provide the basis for this specification were based on conservative soil proper- ties of low plasticity clay (CL) compacted to 90% of stan- dard AASHTO T 99, 1284.2 Load Factor Method ‘The combined gamma and beta factors to be applied are Dead load, load factor = 1.5 Live load, load factor = 2.0 {The eapacity modification factor dis 1.00. 12843 Plastic Moment Requirements Analyses covering the range of box culvert shapes de~ scribed in Article 12.8.2 have shown moment require ‘ments govern the design in all cases. Effects of thrust were found to be negligible when combined with moment. ‘Metal box culverts act similar to rigid frames, distrib uting moment between the crown and haunch on the basis, of their relative stiffness, Within limits, increasing the stiffness of one component of the box (either erown or hhaunch) reduces the portion of the total moment cartied by the other, Article 128 provides for this moment distribution within the allowable limits of the moment proportioning factor (P), P represents the proportion of the total moment that can be carried by the crown of the box culvert and. varies with the relative moment capacities of the crown, and haunch components, Limits for P are given in Table 12.8.4. 12.8.4.3.1 Thesum ofthe factored crown and haunch, ead load moments are Ma = ¥ X 10° (S'[0.0053 ~ 0.00024(S ~ 12)] + 0.053 (H = 1.4)$") 1212) X (Dead load, load factor) where Mu load moments (kip-fuft) $= Box culvert span in feet. = Soil density (bse) H__ = Height of cover from the box culver rise to top, of pavement ft) 12,84.3.2 The sumof the factored crown and haunch live load moments are My = (CuKiS/K3) X (Live load, load factor) (12-13) My = The som of the factored erown and haunch live oad moments (kip-fUt) ive load adjustment coefficient for axle loads, tandem axles, and axles with other than 4 wheels: Cu = CGAL 244) Total axle load on single axle or tandem axles in kips: \djustment coefficient for number of axles; 0, for single axle; 1 C, = (05 + $/50), for tandem axles, (Cy = 1.0): Box culvert span in feet; justment coefficient for number of wheels per axle, (Values for C2 are given in Table 128.40.) H__ = Height of cover from the box culvert rise fo top of pavement (ft) for8<=$<20 (12-15) as ns for 20= 8 = 26 Guy (12.16) 0.08356 HIGHWAY BRIDGES 04H + 5.05, for 14 H<30 1247) 1.00H + 3,for 30H 5.0 (12-18) TABLE 12844 C,, Adjustment Coefficient Values for [Number of Wheels Per Axle ‘Wheels Cover Deptt s ee Cee Aue a 20 30 so z Lis 121 rer 1a 4 Lo 190 00 Lo 083 on, 08 093 12.8.4.3.3 Crown plastic moment capacity (Mpc ¢). ‘and haunch plastic moment capacity (Mph ¢), must be ‘equal to or greater than the proportioned sum of load adjusted dead and live load moments Mg. = PL(Mug) + (Mr)]_ (12-19) My = (1.0 ~ PIL(Myd) + (RM 1 (12-20) where P= Proportion of total moment carried by the erown, Li its for Pare given in Table 12.8.4D; jaunch moment reduction factor from Table 1284. Ry =I 128434 Article 12.8 can be used to check the adequacy of manufactured products for compliance with the requirements of this specification. Using the actual crown moment capacity provided by the box culvert ‘under consideration and the loading requirements of the appliettion, Equation (12-19) is solved for the factor P ‘This factor should fall within the allowable range of Table 12,84B. Knowing the factor P, Equation (12-20) is then solved for required haunch moment capacity, which should be less than or equal to the actual haunch moment capacity provided. TABLE 12.848 P, Crown Moment Proportioning Values ‘Allowable Range of P 05510070 0500070 05100.70 045 100.60 128.432 ‘TABLE 1284C_ R,, Haunch Moment Reduction Values ‘Gover Dei 4 2 3 405 100 If Equation (12-19) indicates a higher P factor than ‘permitted by the ranges of Table 12.8.4B, the actual crown, is over designed, which is acceptable. However, in this ‘case only the maximum value of P allowed by the table shall be used to calculate the required haunch moment ca- pacity from Equation (12-20), 12.844 Footing Reactions ‘The reaction at the box culvert footing may be com- puted using the following equation -y(HS/2,000 + $240,000) + ALB + 20H + RD] where V__ = Reaction in kips per Foot acting in the direction of the box culvert straight side: = Backfill unit weight in pounds per cubic foot; H__ = Height of cover over the crown in feet; 'S__= Span of box culvert in feet; AL = Axle load in kips: R= Rise of box culvert in feet, 12.8.5 Manufacturing and Installation 1285.1 Manufacture and assembly of structural plates shall be in accordance with Division Il, Articles 23.3.1.4, 26.3.2, 26.3.3, 26.3.4, and 26.4.1. Reinforcing ribs shall be attached as shown by the manufacturer. Bolts connect ing plates, plates to ribs and rib splices shall be torqued to 150-foot pounds. 1285.2 Sidefill and overfill per Article 12.8.3 shall be placed in uniform layers not exceeding 8 inches in ‘compacted thickness at near optimum moisture with equipment and methods which do not damage or distort the box culvert. 12.8.5.3 Following completion of roadway paving, crown deflection due to live load may be checked. After a ‘minimum of 10 loading cycles with the design live load, the change in rise loaded with the design live load relative ‘o the rise unloaded, should not exceed Ys» of the box culver span.1464.7 DIVISION I_DESIGN 395 loads imposed on it, but shall not be less than 6.0% ofthe inside diameter ofthe pot, D,, except atthe rim. ‘The diameter of the piston rim shall be the inside di- ameter ofthe pot less a clearance, . The clearance, c, shall be as small as possible in order to prevent escape of the elastomer, but not less than 0.02 inch. Ifthe surface ofthe piston rim is cylindrical the clearance shall satisfy De. e20q(w-22) — asoaz-n internal diameter of pot (in) ‘height of piston rim (in) design rotation specified in Article 14.4.1 (rad) 1464.8 Lateral Loads Pot bearings which are subjected to lateral loads shall be proportioned so that the thickness, t, of the pot wall and the pot base shall satisfy > [Hn YR For pot bearings which transfer lateral load through the Piston (146.4.8-1) 25H, (1464.82) and wen ‘where w isthe rim thickness ofthe piston which is in con- tact with the pot wall 1465 Steel Reinforced Elastomeric Bearings— Method B 1465.1 General ‘Steel reinforced elastomeric bearings shall consist of alternate layers of steel reinforcement and elastomer, bonded together. Tapered elastomer layers shall not be ‘used. All internal layers of elastomer shall be of the same thickness. The top and bottom cover layers shall be no thicker than 70% of the internal layers. In addition to any internal reinforcement, bearings may have external stee! ‘oad plates bonded tothe upper or lower elastomer layers. ‘or both, 1468.2 Material Properties ‘The elastomer shall have a shear modulus between 0.08 and 0.175 ksi and a nominal hardness between 50 ‘and 60 on the Shore A scale. ‘The shear modulus of the elastomer at 73°F shall be used as the basis for design. Ifthe elastomer is specified explicitly by its shear modulus, then that valve shall be used in design and the other properties shall be obtained from Table 14.6.5.2-1. Ifthe material is specified by its hardness, the shear modulus shall be taken as the least favorable value from the range for that hardness given in ‘Table 146.5.2-1. Intermediate values shal in all eases be ‘obtained by interpolation. For the purposes of bearing design, all bridge sites shall be classified as being in temperature Zones A, B, Cy D or E. Characteristics for each zone are given in Table 14,65.2-2. In the absence of more precise information, Figure 14.6.5.2-1 may be used as a guide in selecting the zone required for a given region, ‘Bearings shall be made from AASHTO low tempera ture grades of elastomer as defined in Section 18 of Divi- sion Il. The minimum grade of elastomer required for each low temperature zone is specified in Table 1465.22 ‘Any of the three design options listed below may be used: ‘specify the elastomer with the minimum low tem- perature grade indicated in Table 14.6.5.2-2 and de- {ermine the shear force transmitted by the bearing as specified in Amicle 14.5.3.1 ‘= specify the elastomer with the minimum low tem- perature grade for use when special force provision are incorporated inthe design and provide alow tric tion sliding surface, in which case the special force provision is that the bridge components shall be de- signed to withstand twice the design shear force specified in Article 14.5.3.1, or specify the elastomer with the minimum low tem- perature grade for use when special force provisions are incorporated in the design, but do not provide a low friction siding surface, in which case the com- ponents of the bridge shall be designed to resist four times the design shear force as specified in Article 1433.1 ‘Table 1465.2-1 Elastomer Properties At Different Hardnesses Hardness (Shore A) 2 @ 70 ‘Sear modus 73°F (ps) 95-150 130-200 200-300 (Creep deletion a 25 : Inantneous deletion G2 oe Ee396 HIGHWAY BRIDGES 14653 Table 146.5.2-2 Low Temperature Zones and Elastomer Grades [ow Temperate Zone a B ¢ D E Soyeariow emperare CF) 0 =20 0 s ‘others Mat no. of ays below 32°F 3 4 6 NA NA Low temp, elastomer grade a 2 3 + 3 "ntht special provisions Low temp, elstomer grade o ° 2 3 5 FIG! 1465.3 Design Requirements JURE 14652:1 1465.3. Scope Bearings designed by the provisions of this section shall be subsequently tested in accordance with the re- {quirements for steel reinforced elastomeric bearings of ‘Map of Low Temperature Zones 1465.32 Compressive Stress In any bearing layer, the average com (ksi) shall satisfy the following: ‘for bearings subject to shear deformation Ack 187 of Division Il ofthis Spetcaion. Stee te on = 16 ks infred elastomeric bearings may also be designed under ouslseGs (4652-1 the provisions of Arce 18.66. on, = 066 GS 1600 oe srapoucer 2 Jef Shap er 1400 /e/ 1400 © 120} ered © 120} aor 2 10m 3 1000 g 2 800 E 000 : : 8 8 400 0 ° ote 8 7 cmaemaonTs campresve sain) Compesse stain) FIGURE 14653344 Lond Detection Behavior of Eastomere Bearings12.208) (a) Axial Forces—the maximum and minimum axial Toad isthe dead load plus, or minus, the axial load de~ termined from the final iteration of Step 3 (b) Moments—the column overstrength plastic mo- ments corresponding to the maximum compressive axial load specified in (a) above, with a strength re~ duction factor of 1.3 for reinforced concrete and 1.25 times the nominal yield strength for structural ste! (©) Shear Force—the shear force corresponding to the ‘column overstrength moments in (b) above, noting the provisions in Step 2 above. 72.3 Column and Pile Bent Design Forces Design forces for columns and pile bents shall be the following: (a) Axial Forces—the minimum and maximum design force shall either be the elastic design values deter- ‘mined in Article 3.9 added to the dead load, or the val tues corresponding to plastic hinging ofthe column and determined in Article 7.2.2. Generally, the values cor- responding to column hinging will be smaller. (b) Moments—the modified design moments deter- ‘mined in Article 7.2.1 (6) Shear Force—either the elastic design value deter- ‘mined from Article 7.2.1 using an R-Factor of | for the ‘column or the value corresponding to plastic hinging ‘ofthe column as determined in Article 7.2.2. Gener- ally, the value corresponding to column hinging will be significantly smaller. 7.24 Pier Design Forces ‘The design forces shall be those determined in A cle 7.2.1 except ifthe pier is designed as a column in its weak direction. Ifthe pier is designed as a column the design forces in the weak direction shall be as specified in Article 7.2.3 and all the design requirements for columns of Article 7.6 shall apply. (Note: When the forces due to plastic hinging are used in the weak direc- tion the combination of forces specified in Article 3.9 is not applicable.) 7.25 Connection Design Forces ‘The design forces shall be those determined in Article 7.2.1 except that for superstructure connections to columns and column connections to cap beams or foot- ings, the alternate forces specified in 7.2.5(C) below are recommended. Additional design forces at connections are as follows: DIVISION IA~SEISMIC DESIGN 467 7.2.5(A) Longitudinal Linkage Forces Positive horizontal linkage shall be provided between ‘adjacent sections ofthe superstructure at supports and ex- pansion joints within a span. The linkage shall be de- signed for a minimum force of the Acceleration Coeffi- cient times the weight of the ighter of the two adjoining spans or parts of the structure, Ifthe linkage is ata point where relative displacement of the sections of super structure is designed to occur during seismic motions, suf- ficient slack must be allowed in the linkage so that the linkage force does not start to act until the design dis- placement is exceeded. Where linkage is to be provided at columns or piers, the linkage of each span may be at- tached tothe column or pier rather than between adjacent spans. Positive linkage shall be provided by ties, cables, «dampers, or an equivalent mechanism. Friction shall not be considered a positive linkage. 7.2.5(B) Hold-Down Devices Hold-down devices shall be provided at all supports or hinges in continuous structures, where the vertical seismic force due to the longitudinal horizontal seismic load op- poses and exceeds 50% but is less than 100% of the dead load reaction In this case, the minimum net upward force for the hold-down device shall be 10% of the dead load ‘downward force that would be exerted ifthe span were simply supported. the vertical seismic force (Q) due tothe longitudinal horizontal seismic load opposes and exceeds 100 percent of the dead load reaction (DR), the net upwards force for the hold-down device shall be 1.2(Q = DR) but it shall ‘not be les than that specified inthe previous paragraph 7.2.5(C) Column and Pier Connections to Cap ‘Beams and Footings ‘The recommended connection design forces between the superstructure and columns, columns and cap beams, and columns and spread footings or pile caps ate the forces developed at the top and bottom ofthe columns due to column hinging and determined in Article 7.2.2. The smaller of these or the values specified in Article 7.2.1 may be used. Note that these forces should be calculated after the column design is complete and the overstrength ‘moment capacities have been obtained. 7.2.6 Foundation Design Forces ‘The design forces for foundations including footings, pile caps, and piles may be either those forces determined in Article 7.2.1(B) of the forces at the bottom of the columns corresponding to column plastic hinging as