340 MAKPOCKOIIMYECKHE KBAHTOBBIE ABJIEHHS (Pa. Vit pelleTKH, KOTOpbIii 3aKmO4eH MexKAY CcbepaMH c pagduycaMH k 4 k-+ dk, T.¢, OTHOWeHHIO O6beMa TaKOrO 3a30pa K OOLeMy sUeiKH: 1 4k? dk VR? dk dZ W= 3 as =e (53.7) rae V = L?— o6bem cocysa. aa sekTponos (4 Boobme uactul co cnHHOM 1/2) BEIpaxKe- Hue (53.7) caeayeT YABOHTL, TaK Kak Ka2KOi MpocTpaHcTBeHHOli BOJHOBOH (PYHKI(HH B 9TOM CAYYAe COOTBETCTBYIOT Ba CIMHOBbIX COCTOAHHA C IPOTHBOMOMOXKHO OPHeHTHPOBaHHbIMH CnHHaMH. Jaa (poTonos Bolpaxenne (53.7) cneayeT Take YABOUTD, UTOGbI yuecTb BO3MOXHOCTD ABYX B34HMHO MepMCHANKYAAPHLIX NosApusaunil. B 9THx cayyaax dZ 5 (k) = dZy(k) = (VR/n”) dk. (53.8) Tlocseauan cbopMy.ia, KOHe4HO, He MOET GbITh OGOCHOBaHa Cc T0- MOLIbIO ypaBHeHua (53.1), Tak Kak ypaBHeHne Lpeaznurepa ann (oTtouos HempHMeHuMO. Ognako oHa yxKe Obia BbIBeMeHa Hamu © MOMOUbIO ypasHenuli Maxkcpeaa mp paccMoTpeluu BoOmpocoB TenoBoro u3ayyeHua (cM. T. IV, § 117). Or BoaHoBbIx UHce MOXKHO MepelirH K HMMyJbCaM, Nob3ysacD dopmyaoh p=fk u, caecgopateibHo, dp =fidk. B arux nepemen- HBIX AZ, (p) = dZy(p) = (Vp"|APn”) dp. (53.9) MoxkHo TakxKe B KaueCTBe MepeMeHHOH MPHHAT 9HEPrHlO YaCTHUL &. OAnako 13-34 pasanHoli cBA3H SHEPFHH C HMIYJIbCOM B 3TOM cayuae MOJyualoTca pas qHyHble BLIPAKeHHA DA 31€KTPOHOB H LAA cpotoxos. Jus s1exTponosn & = p?/2u, dZ 4, = (V VY 23S [a?A) dé. (53.10) Ilan potouos p = &/c, a2 4 = (VEwe%n) dé. (53.11) § 54. Teopua [le6an TenuoemkoctTH TeepAbIX Te 1. Kak 6bi0 moxa3ano BT. II (cm. §§ 69 u 85 yka3anHoro Toma), NPHMeHeHHe KBaHTOBOH TeOpHH Mo3B0NHAO SiinwteiHy yxe B 1906 r. aT NPUHUNIMaTbHOe OObACHEHHE NaeHHA TeNIOeMKOCTH TBCPALIX Tel BOH3H aOCOOTHOrO HYyA TemMMepatyp. Dinmreint paccmaTpHBal TBepAce TeO Kak coBoKyNHocTh N Aesaeucumoix yacTHW, (rapMOHH4eCKHX OCUMAAATOPOB), KOTeGJIOWNXCA OKOIO TIO- Owen paBHOBecHA Cc OAHOli H TOM 2%Ke YacTOTOH w. CpeqHaa sHep- THA, NPHXOAMLUaAcd Ha OAHY CTeneHb CBOOOALI, B STOM cyyae ompe- Aeaaetes cpopmyaoi MnanKka g= (64.1) GrolkT —y?§ 54] TEOPHA AEBAA TEMJIOEMKOCTH TBEPIbIX TEJI 341 B KOTOPoH onyulen den hw/2, npercTaBAMIOUHH HyeByto sHeprHio oclMIIaToOpa. STOT wiekH HaO YUHTHIBaTb B Tex BONpocax, Korfa CyLecTBeHHa AMNJHTYa KoeOaHHi, HaNpHMep B BoOnpoce oO 3a- BHCHMOCTH PaCCesHHA PeHTTeHOBCKHX syYeH oT TemMepatypEI. Ho B BONpOce O TeMMOCMKOCTH HYJI€BAA SHEPrHA POH He urpaeT, m0- CKO/IbKy OHA He 3aBHCHT OT TemnepaTypHl. Ilo sto npnuAne ona Hu onyckaeTca B 1aJIbHeliliem. [Ipn BbicoKux Temnepatypax cbopmyaa (54.1) nepexoaut B Kjiac- cueckoe BLIpaxkenue € = kT, a NOTOMY B BOMpoce O TelOeMKOCTH HPHBOLWT K 3akOHy Tliononra u Ila. IlpH wu3kux TemnepatTypax (opMyja, NoAyyeHHad SinwTeinom, AaeT yOuiBanue TenoeMKOCTH c TeMMepaTypol, IpH¥eM TeNOeMKOCTb CTPeMHTCA K HYJIIO B Corsa- cCHH C TeM, 4TO Tpe6yer SMMMpHYecKH YCTaHOBJeHHaA TeOpeMa Hepucra. OgHako coracne TeopuH C ONbITOM TMOsy4aeTCH TOKO KauecTBeHHoe. Tak, no dopMyse SinwTefna BON3H aGcomMWTHOrO HYJA TelJOeMKOCTh TBEPAOro Tea MO/2KHa YOLIBATb C TeMIepa- TYpol MO aKcnoHeNyUaAbHOMY 3aKOHY, TOrMa KaK OMBIT MPHBOLHT K 6oee MedueHHOMy yOpiBaHHIO m0 Crenennomy 3axony. MoxHo ObINO AYMaTb, YTO TaKOe PaCXOKMeHHe TEOPHH C OMNbITOM CBsAZaHO He C MPHHUMMHaIbHBIMH HeMOCTATKAaMH TeOpHH, a OGyc/IOBeHO rpy6ocTbio MpHMeHeHHOH MofetM TBepsorO Tela. B TeopHn SiiH- WrefiHa OCWMAATOPh! CHHTaIOTCA He3aBHcuMbIMH. Ho 6yaeT ro- paso GAwxKe K JefCTBHTeAbHOCTH, eCJIH HX PaCCMaTPHBATb CBR3AH- Holmu. B TakoM Céyuae B Tele BOs6yauTCH He KoeOaHHe ¢ OMHOL wacTOTOl, a MOy4HTCA LesbI cnexrp 4uactoT w; Uneo 3sTHX 4a- cToT paBHo 3N, T. e. uHcCay cTeneHef cBoOonbl N uacTul, 43 KOTO- PbIX COCTOHT TeO (KOHE4HO, CpeMH 9THX UaCTOT MOryT OBIT H CO- Biagaloune). Ecau TBepfoe Teo paccMaTpHBaTb KaK cuctemy N cBAsaHHbIx YaCTHL, COBEPWAIOyI0 HOPMabHbIe rapMoHHYecKHe KOmeOaHus, TO efO CpeAHAA SHEPruA ONpeAeuTCA NO dopmyse 3N 3N =e =) a i ha, [kT . eholet tml i=! 1 Uncio HOpMaJbHbIx Kovle6aHHH C YaCTOTaMH MeHbIe @, KOHe4HO, MHCKpeTHOe, HO OHO O4eHb BeMKO H MOXET GObITh annpOKCHMHpO- BaHO HenpepbiBHol dynKuuei Z(@). Uncno HopMadpublx KoneGanHi B HHTepBale UaCTOT OT w 10 @ + dw TOxe OUeHb BeAUKO, HO MO2KET paccmaTpuBaTecn Kak Audpepehunaa dZ(w) To xe pyHKuun. B yka3aHHOM OpHOM2xKeHHH MpeAbizyuyIo opMyay MoxHO 3aMe- HHTb Ha MaKe = | ary ; az (0), (54.2) a342 MAKPOCKOMNHUECKME KBAHTOBBIE ABJIEHHS (ra. vit OTOPOH Wmaxc OZHAYACT MAKCHMAJIBHYIO YACTOTY HOPMAJIbHBIX KO- aeSanni. Ona onpegenserca 13 COOoTHOWeHHA Z (@xaxe) = 3N, (54.3) TaK Kak OOMlee YNCO HOPMAAbHEIX KOJeOaHHi paBHo yucmy crTe- tieHeli cpo6odbl 3N. TakuM o6pa30M, B KBaHTOBOM Teopun 3ana4ya HaxXoOKMeHHA CpeAHeli SHEPrHH TBepforo Tea CBOAHTCA K olIpedte- JCHHIO .COOCTBEHHBIX YaCTOT HOPMAAbHBIX KOTeOaHHH, TOra KaK B KlaceH4eCKOli TEOPHH ¥TOTO FeMaTb He TpeSyeTcA, TaK Kak Mo 9TOH TeOPHH CpeAHAN SHEPFHA 3aBUCHT TOADKO OT OGIllerO UNCAa cTe- nee CBOGOAB. 2. BoiynclenHemM cOOcTBeHHEIX 4acTOT KOJeOanH KPHcTaqaH4e- cKolt PelleTKH MPHMCHHTeJbHO K TeOPHH TeIMOCMKOCTH 3aHHMa- aucb Bopo # Kapman (1881-1963). Sto — oueub TpyaHad 3afaya. Ouako B BONpOCe O TENMOCMKOCTH TBepABIX Te NP HHSKHX TeM- nepaTypax OHA MOMKeT ObITb CHIbHO ympolleHa, TO H OHIO cile- nano Jle6aem. PaccmoTpuM cpeaHiow dHeprvio ocuMAAATOpa &, Ol- pefeasemyio maaHKoBckok dopmyasoli (54.1) Kak dyHKuMto a6co- suoTHoH Temnepatyppt 7. [aa storo TpeAcTaBuM 9TY opMywJy B Buse x &=kT re) e rae BBesena Gespa3MepHad NepemeH- Han x==ho/kT. Tpadpuk stoi dyyK- IHW MpesctaBwieH Ha puc. 94. H3 nero BHO, YTO B BbIpaxeuuH (54.2) gna cpeduei 9HeprHH Tea cyllecTBeHHbI WeHbI, cooTBeTcTBy1oliine TOJIBKO “HU3KUM 4QCTOTAM HOPMaJibHBIX KQJIe- GOannii. HM cooTBeTCTBYIOT /WIHHBI BOJIH, 6oublwHe 0 CpaBHeHHIo C M0- Puc. 94° CTOAHHON KpuCTasaM4ecKOl peuleTKH. STO NosBoAeT OTBJe4bCH OT AaTO- MHCTHUeCKOH CTPYKTYpbl Tela H paCCMaTPHBaTb HOPMAJbHbIe KO- neOaHHA B HEM KaK CTOAYHE HHpasByKOBble BOMUbI B Yyipyroit CNIOWHOH cpeze. STO — Te Ke BOJTHE, KOTOPble BbISBIBAIOT TOHKY!O CTPYKTYPy CMEKTPaJbHBIX JIMHUM MPH MOJeKYIAPHOM paccesHHn cBeta (sbdext Mandeaputtama — Bpnasiosna, cm. T. IV, § 99). Takum o6pa3oM, CyLlecTBeHHbIe HH3KHe COOCTBEHHbIe YaCTOTHI Tea MOryT 65ITb BLIYHCeHbI MeTOAaMH Teopuu ynpyeocTu, B KOTOpOll cpela CuHTaeTCA Chaownod. Buipaxenue 21a dZ(w) MoxeT OnITb HalineHo us Andpdepen- IHaJIbHbIX ypaBuennit TeOPHH YNPYFOcTH COBepWeHHO Tak we, Kak 61a BbIBeAeHa dbopmy.ia (63.7) QA TaKol xe BeHTHHDI B CAyyae BouH Ae Bpotiaa. pH stom nado TOADKO MpHHATb BO BHAMAHHe, NTO B TBEpAOM Tele MOryT pachpocTpaHsATECA Kak NpoOoAbH ole, TaK§ 54] TEOPHA AEBAS TEMJOEMKOCYH TBEPIBIX TEA 343 H nonepednole 3BYKOBBIE BOJIHBI. B OJHOM H TOM 2Ke HallpaBJIeHHH MOXET PaCIPOCTPaHATLCH TOABKO OAHA NPOLOMbHaA 3BYKOBas BO.I- Ha onpedenenHod yactotbl. FloaTomy Aaa MpOLOJbHbIX BOJIH dop- Myla (53.7) MoxkeT ObiTb COXpaHeHa 6e3 H3MeHeHHit (pasyMeeTca, ¢ 34MeHOH Pas0B0H CKOPOCTH BOVIH Je Bpoiiaa Ha cKOpocTb 3Byka). Tonepeunnix xke BOAH, pacipocTpanslomuxca c To xe YacTOTO H B TOM 2Ke HalpaB.JeHHH, MOKeT ObITb ABe. TlostToMy B 3TOM Culy- uae BbIpawenue (53,7) 1aa0 yABOHTb. TakHM O6pa3om, 2 (0) =" (at) =a (54.5) 3 3 23 2n cy ey anc roe V—o6nem Teja, Cj—CKOPOCTh NPOO/bHEIX, a Cy — Momepeq- HbIX 3BYKOBBIX BOTH. BeawuvHa Ke c eCTb HeKOTOpan «CpeAHAA CKOPOCTb», ONpede.1HeMaA COOTHOMCHHEM S=$44. (64.6) e L B sToM BbIBOfe He yuTeHa aHH3OTPONUA YNpyrHx cBoiicTB KpH- CTaJJIOB, NPOABIAIONaicA Wake AIA KPHCTAaJJIOB ky6nueckol cH- cTemMbI. Teo cuHTaocb H30TpONHEIM, H ero yipyrHe cBolicTBa xa- PakTepH30BaIHCh ABYMA NOCTOMHHBIMH, 3a KOTOPbI€, B YaCTHOCTH, MOXKHO IPHHATb O6€ CKOPOCTH 3ByKa Cy H Cy. Ho yyeT aHH30TponHA MasocylecTBeH H BPA AN onpaBlaH B paMKax NpHOaMxKeHHOrO metoda Jle6as.. 3. CpeaHaa sHeprua KpucTadaa, cormacHo (54.2), 6ymeT paBHa (54.7) WH, BBOJA MpexHee o6o3HayeHHe X= hw/RkT, a TaKIKE Xyaxe == == hOmuanc/kT, (53.8) ja HH3KHX TeMMepaTyp NOAbINTerpabHOe BbIpaxKeHHe MpH BbI- COKHX YacToTax (x >> 1) oyeHb Maso. B atom cayyae TOYHOe ompe- ACHCHHE BEPXHETO MpeNela Xmaxc HECYWECTBEHHO H CFO MOXMKHO IIPH- HATb PaBHbiM 6eckoueqHocTH, T.e. co 3VRT* dx antckh e*— 1" = (54.9) Bxouauif cloqa HHTerpad B TOWHOCTH COBMagaeT c TeM, KOTO- pili Bcrpeyaaca mpH BuIBOZe 3akoHa Crepana — Boupumana uz