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    Justo Khana 1

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    CIVIL ENGINEERING

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 110
    Highway Materials and Pavement Testing Dr. S.K. Khanna Fomery Chaiman- AICTE, Professor ef Gi Engineering Univeraty of Roorkon, Rooke Dr. C.E.G. Justo Formerty Professor of Civ (Highway) Encineechg, ‘Bangalore Unversity, Banglore Dr. A. Veeraragavan Professor of Civil Engineoring, Indian Inst of Technology ~ Maas, ‘Chennai Revised Fifth Edition 2000 Be Nem Chand & Bros., Roorkee 247 667, India ‘Second eaten See Eston Reprnt Fourth Eton Reprint ith tion isnt ier 982 $988 1989, +1902, 1996, 1090, 2001, 2003, 2008, 008 COPYRIGHT © NEM CHAND & BROS, ROORKEE, 2008 [No pact of is pubicaton may be retinas, reproduced o uilzod in ay erm or by any electronic, mechanical oF any means, now koown oF hereate vend, melding pholocopying and recording or many infraton Sorage and retievalsyiom oe Vaslaed many language, wihout he per writen porision ofthe autor ang the public ON o7e-01-95240.50.9, Puslsned by Nem Chand & Bro. Civil Line Roorkse 247 667, India ‘ema neb.rke@redtmal com Typese! and Printed at 9, Rocrkoe 247 687 Preface ‘Good periamance of road pavements depends en important factors such es : ) approprste desi of tho pavement sytem including te idiaduel layers (i) use of sulle mater fulieny he apetiemons coy Eonsiucton (i) uso of appropriate equipment ond sey foloving the spusted arsirienm mavossees Including quality contol checks (4) eaying out rutin and pencde mamtensnce works dt the sage sree Shoulders andthe pavenert a tho taht Le. Apart om tne esi ard constucioy af wanous gary recognised pavemen ayes, the pavement Ifa and performance ste very must pervont ate canpetey layers (suc asthe prepared Yormaton oil andthe sugrade over whch the oer paver ont levers ae I, ne sffecive functoning of te surface and eub-sstace orange sytem and a2 tho acu wall pig one oes ‘These aspects are generat covered under the Broad ara of Hara Enghnoorng and Teewroay In he present exton of hs book, al the tests on pavement materials have been revised keeping in view the resent standards ens specications 3s perth Bureau oan Standards (Bi) tet are being ood sh Seloced fel leis for pavement evaisten have been afded andthe bis ot the book hes bees wot ‘Highway Mater and Pavement Testing Laboratory tests on materials such as tats on sos usod inthe fll and subgrade, the aggegeles used in various savement component layers and tho blur nau binders and mags sed lop bys ot tonto Pavarnants have been presented in tho Tt part of hie Bock. "Some ofthe esse eld neste Ge Cored oc {tng tne construction of varus component lyers a8 8 pat ofthe aly cotvl check an tome simple fa ts fo suciral ad functonel evaluation of pavements hat aia Qenraty tama ten oumy Nave tee Dresentain me second part otha book. Efforts have been made by the authors so hat he reuse eon ofthis book is usell not ony to th Ci Engineering degree love! studonts but so to Ine practicing enpneers working n varus Sescgtons oe ‘ood industry. Ths bok is use to the constant ergneers engaged in carina ot nvestealons, oscil ‘tugs and denied engineeing dosign and tothe sie engineers wornng atthe coneiveton ses snide Yo Imanagement conauita's in highwey development projets, for the upgradation of existing hays and he tecranteat anatsis Mechancl analysis f sols consists of two parts () Stove anaes ana (i). Sedimentation anaes CRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS 3 Slave analysis is conducad onthe sl sample using ase of sieves to determine the percentage of proprten cf aitret sizes of matoras or 20 pare thal se present nthe sample. The Come acon of tol raed e078 rn Sve cons of) wa of se anes rom ar) soe tage To m9 ‘2.78 mm szb. “Diy Slove Anas gonerally cared out on coarse aggregates Sd grave rene on £75 ‘in-s08- Dry sieve analy ay slso be conducted on sand or aandy 801 passing 175 tem so, I the bor anges cohesionoss or without su lumps ot wih praciealy no fhe £08 ration consing of sen cay. ‘Wet Seve Anaysis should invariable cared out onal ornay sols passing 4.75 rm sieve. Dur the wel Sieve ana, sma lumps i the cohesve sol acon wit get broken evn nto Hail Sol portees cur ‘he procoss of soaking water ana washing wi Wate ough ie ine tos, ‘Secimertaion analysis is conducted t determin the proportion of ferent sizes o fine gained sl pices “consisting of sit and cay) nar than 07S mm shove. Thare me tes methods for ran ez ania ot ne {gained sats using sedimentation peneile, namely a) Ppete med (2) Hyerometer method an 2) Phsnet Balance motes. As per 5, ppeta mood ls considred es the slancard method a the oer bo methods 28 subsidiary! atemative metheds fr gr size analy of fine Sraned sols ving sedmenation arn, Gran size enayis of sols by dry and wet sieve anaisis are quite adequate forthe purpose of sl tSessicaton and for assessing the essential proprtes of sol as highway constucten mete. Theeloe the tmotneds of crying ou ay and wel seve anats have been presented her, ‘The Seve anys i a simple est consisting of slaving 2 meseured quantity of mati! rough successively ‘malar stoves. The weght of mater olan on each tee ie weighed and is exproesed ae 9 percentage of ‘tot weight of he srmpe Two methods of sive analyse ore \ 2) Gian saa dsvuton by Or Sieve Aneta, sppieable cry fo coarse sols rained on 75cm sieve {and te non-caesiv sao sancy sos passing 75 mm sive, wih precicalyno es (stand clay) \ Sin sz toto by Wot Seve nays, gpa tal sl sanles ping 475 mm sv win Some cohesion a ol antag es (ese), ORY SIEVE ANALYSIS (0) Dry Siove Analysis of soll ration retained on 475 mm sieve Apparatus “The apparatus required for dy stove analysis of so sample retained on 4.75 mm sieve ae (a). weighing machine or balance of suficent capac (say, 10 25 kg) to weigh hs speci quant of Sol spocrmen, senate o 0. percont of wean of sample (0) tostsioves of aamete 50 mm or 30 mm with square perforations on metal plats, ofsizo 109, 80/75, ‘and 475mm and so ths boom pan or recaiver and id sdaona fst sees of ert ses, suc 98 63, 45,224 and 112 am Sz6 may lo Used required (0 ter coves an mre — (om (0 ana ji lit i a Preparation of Sample ‘The sil samo clleced from the fed i sieved and divided ito oars, coarse actin etsned on 4.75, imi sieve snd the fracion passing 4.78 mm sive. The quarty of mixed Inaterl required fo: conducting ty Slove arayse rereases win Invease in tie madmum S26 of opgregaies fro sample, The recommended ‘quanty of sal sample fo be takon are 60 kg, 65 kg and 3.5 kg i tn r-skmum size of material present in ‘Ubstantal quads in the soll sample are respacivly 75 mem, 19 mem and 12.5 mm The requred quantity of ‘ol sample rata on 475mm sews taken, adopting the method ot quartering or by ing. 4 GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS Procedure The so uns present are broken wi he hp of uber covered poste snd mora and the required quanto he sol sample lana on 41 mm Sve lswoigsed. The speed st of 450 mm damier seves are ranged one ‘ove ne tar wes to pan ecaver athe atom andthe est sees of zee 475 ram, 19 en 7580 ena 100 fhm ae paced one above he cher yh weveaig oer of seve sue slected. (Alenaily a st of SOC mm ‘dometar aves may ato be used). Adcionaltst sieves of mesa se may aso be iivocuced as ecured {aun as 65:48, 224 and 112 ren Sve snes depending upon tie tena rsarnaon necessary foreach spore ‘or for expla atrial tr Gronlr Sia ose, Water Sound Macodar, Wet Mk Msraca t) “The weighed quofiy of he sample a placed ove th aigest est stave of se 100 mm atthe op wah het paves in postion to prevent spitage of eters when tne saves ar shaken or agate Atari sievng the [Rataral retard on each stove lscllete, the limps broken down using mortar and rubber covered pest and Secieved. Aer sewing ovoughy, tbe materi relines on each eve i ceruly calctod and weld The monmum asaty sf nator retsine! on each stun of £60 em came ava speed 1.0, 4.0 2nd 15 HO nT ram 15 mm ond 757 60 mm aze IS saver respoctly ; the spoctiad maxrum woight of reload ‘Ciamod on each lve of aamoter 300 mm ate 05, 20 ond 60 hg rospechvy. Calculation and Results “Tn opgraates tana on ch slow a colecte in pans and weighed. The percnlage of aggregates / 08 retard on each seve ie cooled i tern ofthe tll wig of ho sare taken tna (which may alto be fon each sive pus the waght a ol passing rough the sma! sive alunos Tale. The vues of cumulative peerage passing each seve ee then calcul (eal 100 wins theespocive cumulative percenage flared) and aro criotd natal coun othe Tab “Tae ross of gran sz0 or sive epaning and the corresponding cumulative percentage of material pssing the respective save are pled in 8 Semilogartenis graph paper fo obtain the gran size dsrbuton aya ‘The gan sie vaues ae plied on the X - as nog. scale andthe caresponding valves of cumusive poreentage posting are poi in arthmati sala onthe Y-axis (eee Fig 11). The sant curve joing nese ons i ald gan sz detbuton diagram, (i) Dry Sieve Analysis of the faction passing &.75 mm and retained on 0.075 mm sieve Apparatus (0). Set ot wke mesh typ test saves of camer 900 mm and sizes 75,20, 0.428 mm (25 mien) and ir5 mo mrs tam anevada Aiton et seves may ass bo meow ‘astound necessary (0) balan or weighing machine, sensitiv 00.1% of he weight of sample, (@)_memostatcallycontraled crying oven to main trmperature of 105 0 110°C (8) mocar wih rubber covered pestle and (6) mechanical sieve shaker sol san ve spain otto Tana, to paon sl psing {76mm sve aan over a msi opie 110°C and te raqure quantity taxen by fing by quartering method. About 200g of dy So ample woighod accurate oO preant fhe lal weight othe Seve analjsstst. Procedure by sieving may be cone nthe case af sand and nen-cohesive sandy sol passing 4.75 mm seve whkh ere ‘inge grained snd witout lumps, However # he sol samolas found fo postecs even very sight cohesion or & ‘ithe cy, * wil not be possi bra coun the very sms sol lumps wih peste 2rd mortar no nda st Darbcessucn tat they can pase tough the opproprate fina mesh slows I Gy Condon. Therefore Wf ‘ecessary to cary out wel sve analysis al such sls, GRAN SIZE ANALYSIS. 5 ‘The set of 300 mm dame lest saves are arranged one sbove the oer wth the pan or recaier ot the bot, The pon and ine est sieves of sizes 0075, 0425 and 20 mm ae placed one above the othe nthe Mer, oror of neve ses setcled, Aadibond! test sieves of Intermediate sex may also be invoduced as aera nding upon te alone ifoxmation secesseny ‘The raqured quay of oven died sol sample Cees enda'g aa mentoned above under preparation of sal sample) i taken and placed nthe tst ese the to and covered ny wit th hd The lof ves wih he sol sample wide shoud be agtsted ‘eattne hap of mecherea sieve shaker so fat ho mar sol patcls pas through te respective sieves ane (Sovmcs aoporaiad io he regured se rnges, Tha stat shoves wih the sod sample, pan and are placed n Fe (rice) hore, Wes welght of sh pis wet sol, W2=waight of sh plus ry sol, Wa weight of ish nly Shvage int, tor mother so amples aledte Hom tert W-Ve} www = 0 [LEMS 00 sie we 0 (Ye wee sis= Serkae tt = moire content pst fring wa pte ¥, = Voure of wet pot n= weigh of mercury ting he sirkap eh dvd the nk wh of mercy 13.59 g/l orm) Vo = Volune of ry pt. om®= weight of mercury espace, g dided by unt weight of marcuy Wo Weigt of oven dy pat = W2- Ws). 9 Shvnkagelndox (the numerical difference between the plas mit andthe svrkage itl remoulies sol samples Le be = PL=SL = paws ‘Shrinkage ato (R) is th rai of given volume change, exprossed asa percentage of the dy ‘volume ana it gen by, Volum stikage, Vais given by here, wi = Stpusstod water content % and ws = Shvinkage frit ‘SHRINKAGE LIMIT TEST ON UNDISTURBED SOIL SAMPLE ‘Sivrkage tnt (St) in an undisturbed soi sample I the maxsmum wate content. expressed asa percentage ‘of cv dnp waight at whic 2 farther eduction wafer content wl ol cause decrease n volume or svnkags of he undisturbed so sample. 8 CONSISTENCY LIMITS AND INDICES {arder to determine the shrinkage tint of undisturbed clayey sis, the wnidturbed 2 samples ore collected {tor the fed” Sot pats ‘of approriate size, 45 mm aismeter and 18 mm heh are vinmed ul of he ‘uncured soi samples. The specimens of sl pat ar est sed ha and then a oven mare 06 "10°C, The cred specimens are removed om the evn, cle Ina desicalr tne wages sTcthanea by sora Paper and the cust removed by aot brush. The volume ofthe ry pat of esol spectra ie Gelaanred oe mecurydsplacerent mathod 2s described above. The specie gravy, @ ct sol orteos le determine ns es 15: 2720 (Pan =9,Cactan 2}. The Svrkage Let of undeturbed sol sample calcite rom the rlsion Ve), Senha it of nated sot = wy = (Yo. 00 "Yor Volume o ry ato so, Wo = Weght of dy pat ofS and G = Specfe grviy of parce DETERMINATION OF FREE SWELL INDEX OF SOILS fe Swot index tests conducted on sos which have the potential to wel. tis deskabe to cary ut turer etced vestigations on sols wih high values of low swel index such 98 swoling pressures uncer coro ‘eldcondtone Apparatus Lryng oven, 425 mizon sieve, two sets of graduated gas Jars each of cana 100 ml and 250 mi, Other ‘moti requre for conducing tis test oe Kerorene ot and tod wate, Procesure {01 sample passing 425 micion sieve is died in a thermostatically contaled dying oven, 10 9 each of tis ‘ol Jpacmen is weighed and poured Ifo each eroded gla [ar of capaci 100 mi Ite sl be tated highy eweting ype, 250 ml jars may be sed. Keresene ol poured avr the sol samoleh one of the aes 421, up othe top 100 mi mark (r 280 mi mark, as the eas0 may be) and te jars gen lapped or sired ere (gost rd to remove enpped a. Oisiled wet is pote over ho sl sample inthe oer au othe op and {he entrapped ars removed. The soli thee [ars alowed to sete, 24 how's bie sslomed tr he oe "ej wh water to swe and atin equum, "The fra volun oI he eal or he top level ote soln each ‘radi jared Caeulations The volume ofthe sal sample inthe jr wih krceone is noted 2s Vs and this 8 considered 2s the oxgnal vue of tho sol samp, as kerosene o's 8 nonpola’lqud and hones does not cause swoling ofthe so Ths level o volume ofthe aon the jar wih waters noted a Vand hs lth fee swe evs. The Ke sel Inox casted rom he elation Fre swalindex.% = 100 (Yw—Vi)/Ve DISCUSSION ON CONSISTENCY LIMITS AND INDICES Factors atfcting Accuracy of Test Results and Precautions The porton of wel sl samplas colecte fr moisture content deterinaon during bon uid it and plastic Fn tests should be placed in the mostire container and th watertgn ho be securely pisced mimesataly befow weching. Deley in closing the moisture conianer and A weighing the wel sol samp wil eases considerable n mosture from the smal quan of te sol sample, expedalydurng dry west, One of the ‘main cares for icons rests Grin tho Iau tad paste lint test she enor Whe dlornation ot ‘ater contn!valuns caused by evaporation before weighing the wet sl semole. "Tho possble er Gusto Ie shove factor could be doreased by lking precauions ab mentened above or by conducting these Tests In'a ‘uumid room, Aft the removal ofthe cried sal sarpls tom the ovo, ncessory tal he iso the mate Containers ae again securely placed and cooled ma desiccator bore finding the Oy welght of he eeges, ‘orc o minimise absorption of mosture rom the stmosphere byte ed sol sample ‘CONSISTENCY LIMITS AND INDICES 1° In uid it tet by nechanical method, wha draving he Now curve ona semogacthic sale (Le, war ‘contentvaues Vs. opto of lows). W stent fur pons donot al on tho Saght he, tonal test shold ‘econavetes - unui test by the cone method Ypid when compared with he standard mechanical dees, Determination of patie Wnt accurptly needs wnat care and experience. The plas li value detwmined wil usualy be ower thn the aca valve de olsen mols asa result of evaporation. Severs tls mey be needed before geting ive or our reproduce values Anplication of Consistaney Limite and indices (a! kdenttcation and esssifcaion of soils Liga it and psy index are to of impetant popes fr he ideiiieaton and clssicaton of Be fe dnd sla by most of he sol nstirton metNocs. The Felon Standard Metod of So Clssfeatin fo genera ‘Trpnaoing purposes based on te Index Proparies of he sols, ming uso of teres of Wat Seve Ana, (Ehue tint and Pasto Lint tts. The fine graned sols ae cased wih the hp of he Pasty Chat down wih {que Lit vos plotedon he X— axis andthe Pasion elves sta on the Y~anis. (688 Fa. 25) Highway Research Board (HR) sol cassierion system Is also based on the test resus of Wat Sieve ‘Anavo, Ligud Lent of@ Paste Lim tesa, The sariicaton of sly ana clayey sols are based on LL and ‘ales, Piastay chars re made use of wit LL values poted on tho X-axis and Pl values on the Y — or UUasetyng the ait and chy no varus sub-greups ‘This fs shown in Fig. 28 (©) Compressibitiy “The liquid nt of sail depend both on amount and type of cay mineral nthe sol. The tau it of ciajey so indeates te eomoreseby, Higher the laid li higher the compressa of te Gayey so The ‘omereston index of neal consoldate cay sound 10 be depencent on the qu ns (6) Plasticty indox “The value of Pastis lndex ges an loa about the cay content in 8 so, Higher Pl vas indcaehiher coy conten 4 ie "alee = Fig, 2.5 Plasticity chart fr elassiyng fine grained soll by Unified sol classification syston 20 ‘CONSISTENCY LIMITS AND INDICES . Font E 2 Le Sheeiea Fg 26 ascty cnr for lssiying ire grained sls by HRB classieaton eytem (4) Shrinkage init “The valve shrinkage It ges an idea bout the shrinkage o swetig which they to tke pace after being compaced ata speciied moisture content. If sl is compacted ats ONC which happens to be higher than its shag lit as In heavy cays) he compacted Sol mass wil shmnk afer compaction on ying era {om craks, such aly is compacted ot about srrkago Im fewer han OM). kay f0 swel on S00KNg subseqveny ad ihe sueting pressure wil also be nigh {e) Group nde method of casing subgrade sl Figner values of quid imi, pasty index and percent fines passing 75 micron sieve inca poor quay of| S08 for une ithe subgrade of ead pavements. Group index (cI) vaue I en aPblvary index setened to gots ‘sed on the physical properties rarely, percent passing 7S miron seve, iq mit ang plasty index. Gl ‘val is given he rlaton: GI = 020+000580+ 0014 Percertage of oi passing 75 micron seve, grate than 36 end nat exceeding 75 (lve O- 40) ert of passing 75 micron sieve grater than 18 end net exceeding 55 (ate 0-40) qui lent value greater han 40 ond not exceeding 60 % (value 0-20) Jasty index greater tan 10 and not exceeding 20 (value 0-20) ‘Tho Gl values for various sols vary om zoo to 20. Higher vals of GI ndate interior subgrade all which woul require higher pavemect cknoss (9 Application of the above test results In highway construction ‘The sos wit hgh values of fault (LL), laste index (P) and free swe dex (FSI) re considered 0 ‘be poor or ot sulle for constuction of embankment or fa of highways ; as pe the specications ofthe ‘Miisty of Roac Transport and Higrwaye (MORTH), the makmum parmistbe mf ofthese values ae, 70%, Pas and FS 50%, ‘CONSISTENCY LIMITS AND INDICES a ‘SELECTED REFERENCES ‘Bureau of indian Standards, nan Stara Method of Test or Seis (Pat =), Detention of Liquid and Poste Lint (Second Revision), 18 2720 (Par 8) ~ 1985 (Resfrmed 1008). din Standard Meod of Fete Sote ft 8) Determination ef Sinn Fortes, 18.2720 Part =A) 1NP> (rr 1978) 2 Bureau of Indian Standards, Indian Standard Csssfeaton and dentcation of Sols for General Engneering Puspotes, [S498 1970 Raatfemed 1877) 4 Torzaghi K and Peck, RB, Sol Mechanic In Engineering Practice Asia Publishing Hous 4 Taylor, .W, Fundamentals of Sol Mechanics, Asia Pubishng House 4 Lambe, 7, Sol Testing for Engingers, John Wey ard Sons, Now York {Road Reseorch Laboratory, S02 Mechanics for Road Engineers, DSR, HMSO pubiation, London 7. Mistry of Road Transport and Highways, Spetietons for Road and Brie Works, Fourth Reis, tng Roads Congress, Now De 2 Kranna.SK. and Justo, CEG, Highway Engineering, Nem Chand 8 Bros, Roorkee. TONS 1. Dan gis it, past nt and strnkoge lint of sol 2 Brey outne he procede of fining aid tf so by mecranil device 4. Wow is LL test cares out using cone penetration test 4, What pestis index ? Explain plastic roportyn ots What re the factors on which LL and P ales of sols depend ? Define ow index. Whatis ts signfeance ? 7. What ar he various appcations of guid eit? 3. What do you generat infar when (a) the LL of @salis wry igh b) the P value of» sos high 3. Ute of 2A snd 8 are 80% and $25 respectively. Which sls a beter highway materia ny? 10. The plasticity indox of oH Pis Sand bat of sol Q's 35. Discuss the suitably of the two sois as igrway materia, 11, What ae tne various uses of applications of consistoncy iis and indices 7 12, Explain Group index and uses 13, What rete probes in compacting heavy cay whose shkage lint is much wer than ONC. 14, What are te maximum permissible values of ui! it, plasty index and free swel index of sols for Ue nhopway embankonents? 2 CONSISTENCY LIMITS AND INDICES OBSERVATION SHEET [UQUIO LIMIT, PLASTIC LIMIT AND SHRINKAGE LIMIT TESTS, Sol typo: Natura water content “Table 24 Results of liquia limit test (by mechanical method) Deiinien Nbr [V2 3a Nanter of ows | osture container number I ‘Wego cotaine + wet so, rig Of eosin + ven dy 20g Weight of wat Weight of dy sol. g Wier conte 6 quis Limit = Water content at 25 Hows from the graph ow curve] = emake: “Table 22 Results of plastic limit test Deterrinaton Nombor 7 2 [4 5 ‘Moisture container number | Wot ener 5 Weg ol coor + els 9 ‘oi fone ry og i ae [Wee twa 9 Weg of yt 9 ar ert 3 Prastictimt Resuts: LiqudLimt, w Piasic 2 Flowinges. = Limit We Toughness = Plast nde, l= Indes, rity Consistency Ind. e= Indes Romans Reporton sol ype CONSISTENCY LIMITS AND INDICES OBSERVATION SHEET ‘Teble23 Results of shrinkage limit test a Wachicteirtape aah a Woop of ah «nts pak Wepptel ash + sola 9 Wot wet oe 9 why a ag — ‘Volume of ey so pat (9), a ‘Sherkago Li (woh ‘Shrinkage a(R) ‘Volumetric strnkape (Va) [Treorshrnkage () Remarks: Chapter 3 Compaction Test wrRooucTiOn Compaction of sol is a mechanical process by which ine sol paricls are constrained fo. be packed more clay ager yreaieng teat von 0h se ‘erease in dy Sens. Ths may res possbity ol o ‘Compress decreases and also the tondoncy ou anges n moisture contort decreases, Dargo, ‘of eompoctin 1 usuty moa Increase in dry dens of 0 due to campscton maby depencs on two fates: () the amount of compacting off appted and () compacting most content IIe ype and amount of conpacton appied se maintained Eanstons he ory devel achioved ie found to depend upon the mature contont present Inthe sol dureg compaction. Ie ol is cry conten am ether words the conpacing moisure content nthe sos very lew then he dry denatyschioved wil sao be om, the compacting masturecontont of the sls neeased, he (iy dongey achevod i found to merease up fs certain stage and then decrease. This estos at under ‘ven conpacing efor. every sl hasan opium moltue contant (OMC) a whieh the sol atians maxenum &y fdnaty. Thi fot wos fs Yocorged by RA Proctor 1833. Fora sol ot a given moisture conten, easing amounts of compsction esut in loser pack of sol parties and en eres ry dst, on fe volume ofa vols so ceceasod ta fuer compacton produces no Stostrtal change te volume. H!hae bean fund that nt ols, wah al motods of corpactin, ereace ompacing energy apped per uni volume o al resu in an crease n mastmum dy deny anda decrease in ‘Gute. inthe fd, compact may be cared ou oy deren matods, su os () appvng pressure ons layers DBymeans of stat obrs (i) ammig (a) waraten(¥) apaliegprossure as wel 2 vrei eft using vst ‘hors amd (watering, The ace ofthe method of compaction ana the macnn be used ne eld depend Upon the sal yoe, dered degree of compcten snd nature oe reject. In the laboratory varous pes of compacting scupment and test methods have been developed for eteiming the wate content-ery densly or mosture-densty relonships of sols. Those Wests may De ‘asad oe (0) Static compaction test by apoling compressve force, an example ofthis ype is Cafomia static load ompacton tes veloped a Calfomia Bison of ghia. (©) Toe dyamie compsction tes by ramming, which are commonly adopted tess in th aberatoy. The test tretnods which ate often folowed are, (a) Proctor Compaction Test whlch was ltr standardised by Gfrent agencies n various cours nsuding Breau o nan Standards (BIS) snd ls knoe a ight empocton 0) Mode Proctr or Modifies AASHO fot weeh alsa standardised by BIS and Is know 35 heavy compact {c) he indirect appleaon of pact hough apsion asin the Det tes. (8) Kneading compactr in which the compaction is achieved by appling 2 gradusly ncressing cress through founda end of a pat snd releasing praualy ate retaining I for a smal ierva of be. ‘The yp of compaction i considered to smulse the compacting process the eld cing raing, It hasbeen found thatthe stese-sain behaviour of a compacid sol by diferent methods of compaction 's ‘aly ovary even the compacting molto content sn by denstyvaluos are te same. In tis chapter, the standard abertory test using eynamic compaction has been explained. The test's divided ing two pats () ight Compaction tet, dosgnatod as 1S 2720 part VI (his test slay to Proctor er tndard AASHO compacton tat) and (i) Heavy Compaction tea, desgnated as IS "2720 part Vl (hs es mia fo he Modified Proctor or Motes AASHO compacton test) Py COMPACTION TEST Apparatus (a). Moulds: Two sizes ofeyindrcal moulds are svaale for conducting compaction test on sols: () Sma mous of eapoety 1000 mi (on) with an infer Gaemeter of 100 mm and height 127-3.mm. for Compaction test on sl passing 19 mm sive (9) Lage erica mould of capacty 2250 mien’) ah a0 ‘turn times or a0 mm ane gr af 1273 mm for compaction test cn sl wih coarser mail up [O'37s mm sae. The mould 9 es win a detoche's base pate and removable colar or extension oF ‘out 60 en Poh (©) Tynes of compaction and compacting rammer: Two types of carpacton tess are conducted on sors (01S. Unt compection (aso known as Proctor compaction) to. using a metal rammer of 60m ‘dameter, 26 Kg wet ih a oo op of 310 mm (WLS. Heavy compaction also known 28 Moctied Proctor compacton) tei, using metal_rammer of 50 am ammeter, 489 kg weight hares crop of 480 mm {e)_Sraigt edge: Stee sraight edge having bevels ee for timing top of te specimen (6) Accessories: Othor accessories euch as mature containers, balances of capaciy 10 kg end 200 thermostat contoled ang oven, seves end mixing tls Preparation of sol ssmph “Th sl sarpes to be tested may contain wo pes of coarse soaregaes: (e)haré aggregates which are not ssceptble cushng dung thecompaction process (@) sof aggregate whic ae susceptible o crushing during compaction proces, In the case of si samp containing paris larger than 475 mm sive, about 20 kg of he represntave sols at ones, mined, puvorsed and beved tough 19 mm and 475 mm sieves Me enerse agaregstos presen! are hard ana not suscepibe fo eushig ding compaction, ne portion ofthe sol retained on 19 mm rove cotected, imps broken down end then prossod Uwougn 19 rh slew. Ite fect retained on 19 mm ‘ve fogs than 50 5 by wag ofthe sol this porn is roved ar the compaction est cared ou using tho smal mou of capocky 1000 ml sd daretr 100 mm. Fer compacting so conning frecton reine on 13 mm seve excoeding 8 and for compactng coarse mairal up 1087-5 mm size the inrge mould of capacity 22501mi and diameter 460 mm is made Use of and about 35 kg of soliscolected Fr the coorse aggragates xosent ae of sft ype and are suscepele to cxshing dung compaction the so samples are mives oroughly with diferent amaunis 7 proportons of water 19 oBtan the desired range of Composing movture contents (covering the expected OMG) a slorad in sles! conan for about 18 hours Rot ba then verrved and sheved thrugh 19 mm sieve andthe prion of mei lanes on Wis seve ‘The weight of ry slo be taken for canductng each alo he compsction ts wil depend on te ia of he rou, sol ype, mosture conlent used and amit of cortaacon. When 1000 ml maud is used 9 rowan ‘dance, 28mg of ry gal maybe reqted for tot carnation tt and 2.9 Kafr hoawy cmpacton es, In he ise of 2250 tf mould the weight of cry 0 required may to 8.3 ad 7.0 K, respect for ah and heavy orpactn tess Procedure ‘The compaction test onthe sol somes ae conducts 9 iferent moistare contents by appying he dosed compating effort (ether Light cempecten or Heavy eompacton) fo detemine the Ophrism Moise Content (Gute) and the maximum ery denely, A ium af fa toe ferent moti conterfs are lobe chosen ¥0 (hal two three molto one vlues are lest tu tna OM coresponug 16 the maximum dry censty of tha sol and totes values are higher than te ONG. 6 CcouPaCTION Test “The dy sols weighed and placed in tay. The requled quantiy of water is messured in» graduated or ‘and mixed wal wit na sl etoreconauzing the compan test Fer sandy sols and granular sis, the quantity of water fo be axded tothe ky si pec in st al is apply herzara bree on one hal of ne shear box ata constant ale of sai, proving mq and cal gouges to ‘eoture tbe apple shea force ae horizontal dspacement. ‘otnarsccossiries tke spat, straight edge, weighing machine of capacky 1.0 kg and sensi 00.1 9 ey 2 [SHEAR TESTS ON SoM Fig. 4.1 Direct shear test apparatus roparaton of sol specine ‘The to halves of te shear Box are fed logete by the fing sere. The base pate and gr plate are Placed al eto, wth he seratons ofthe gr placed at right angles tothe drection of shesr. Remanided es specmen of cohesioness sols may be prepared by tamping the sol in he sheer box se sitar plang the base plate and gid plate atthe baton of ho ox. Tho densiy actioved may be checked rom Ihe weght and volume othe specmen. Remoulded cohesive soll sample is frst compacted in atest mould to the required deny and moisture contr the sample exacted and emmed to he ae of he specimen in he shear box. The lost spocen ot Cohesive sang'e may also be proparea by drecty compacing in be shea box fo the requred densi ahd ‘oltre content, Unesturved specmen i prepared by timing the undisturbed sample extracted tothe requred size Procedure Procedure of conducting un-taned tst Is pcesented here. The gid plate i placed on the tap of the specmen wth te serratons at ght angos to th drecion of shosr. The shear box spaced postion the Icedng frame, loading ped placed over the arid plate and te screws wich fh the bw halves ofthe box a Femoved The requre norma load a The horizons shear loads aro pple’ at the dested san rate (usualy at 0.1 10 02 mm J min) athe ‘readings of shear load (rested by roving ing da readings) ana cmesponding longi! sapacemonts ao recorded at rgulr intervals (as inicated Tabla 4.1 of Observation Shoe!) Te ts contrued upto are cad (simi vats of shear load) of 20% lengua dplacemen, which ever coor at ond te values of ature shea ipad and covresponcing delacerent are ecorses, The tte repened wi our or mare Sern ‘vara loads and these observation ae recorded. (as given Table ho Observation Sho!) ‘The observed readings of ser load and displacement values fr each es / valve of normal oad applied are recorced as given in Table 4 “Te corected cross section ara of he specimen a allure shear lod i calcite ram the relator ‘Conectad area = Ap 3) 1s the nial cross section area ofthe specimen in en’ and 8s the hvizontal displacement in cm. SHEAR TESTS ON SOL. 3 ‘i values of nora stress and shear sires at fale are cacuiata rom the corresponding corrected aren of cose ston foreach othe ora ioe appled (Soe Table 4.2). Using these sess values, o apn potod FoR Sie cae nth noel sass values an the Xnis and shear stress valves onthe Y-axis. From the mean ‘Seis ine [arin he furor mre pln, the folowing voles ave cbaines (see ig. 4.2): Unt cohesen, kg em? = niercept on Y-a, corresponding to zero normal sess ‘angle of heating resistance or ang fnera! ron, @°= slope othe normal sires = shear stress tne. svesm seb gto bal gree Fig, 42 Direct shen ost results Discussion “Te main advantages of dice soar test are thatthe tests sel, easy 10 carry ot en eae imo consuming incupuieen fo Vinal compression test Som ofthe lnfaters cf cock hearts are) he fare i fread {5 fove ince slong the pre-determined orzorta surface passing trough the two haves ofthe shear Box. and (eK ante waatoc! plane wise be specmen (0) Re afea of cross secizn of fe apgcméh srocessvey ‘Feuroones rng te test) here le non onform shoo sees doution win he false plene (w) éranage enditone can not be entre, In vi ofthe above Simtatins, the shear srangh paamters of sls are oe determined mere precisely under contoled cranage condtons, Wal compression tes are prefers, “TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TEST Apparatus ie “The tual compression tst machine consists of toil test oef assembly and equbmant 1% loading wy foals er aneanizig the losd and deformation vatues cing the test. tho tidal est oat const of & eroporent cynical water ight chamber of appropriate dimensions depending on fe size of ynia sear be tected wis ¢contl pedestal to eon the speci The cynical sal specmen is inserted in Trebor mombrene and kept sealed (prevent the erty offs) spleen in poston the cok There ae Cony tal fle pressure and heremerval vera! Toad onthe est specmnen trough a piston. There Fe ar ono prevent dromage of specimen dung the application of stresses, A presse gou7e Shah to measure tha conning fd pressure thecal (Fig. 43) Lossng equipment: A mclrsed fading frame te apply vertical ond an the test specimen through Me Beh tedelecl ta measurng device (auth a proving vg wih disk gauge o lewd cl), Usually sain contoiod the core a guovsen to eppy (ne, deared rae of deformation per unk imo is used. Sets corled taupe may also be used in some teas Py ‘SHEAR TESTS ON SOIL Volume chenge and poe water prassure: The tix st equipment may so have aschments to messure the ‘lume change of te specimen and tha.pore water pressure in saluted spesmens, Oar accessores: These Include dal g2upe ataches fo he piston to measute the vertical defomstin of he ‘Specimen, mater membrane to encose the eyincrcal sol sompi, mombane stetcher, membrane binding tips, mous, peamen timing ons and porous stones and nce Procedus ‘Preparaton of soscinen: ther undisturbed er renoulded spacinans may be prepered os desed. Large ize of uncsturbed tot sample may be taken and timed to desrod so,” But undslrbed sol sore canbe Prepared only fom sols having sufiiot cohesion Rerauded sampiee of cohesive sole moy be eepares ‘the by compasing tat a larger mould and by pressing Notow cers orn constant volume mols’ Spec care Is ede whe prapring specrnens of cobesionles sot spec inl afer lacie membre 2 oper positon. Tne indica! specimens usualy have height io amar rao equa 02.0 hs ra dogs nl Fowover exes? 5 Type of Test: Three types of Wiel test may be perormed in partiay or uly satrated specimens, such as (0 undraied eu tet i) consctited~ undrained tet an i) crined or slow fot In he undraned or quick test the out vale is cosod and no drainage ie alwed fom te specimen dng {he fei tram to time of sppicaton of lateral pressure o3 tl the specmen fla under gradualy nereasing ‘orca esd, Inthe consolidated undrained tet the damage valves kept open andthe specimen slowed 19 fay, consolidate under the applied iaterl contning pressure o3. but no futher drainage is allowed dung the appicain of te vera leet abr Fo. 43 Travia est setup Fig. 4.4 Stress condition in trata eat 1m Pe ine c slow et he drainages afowed dng al tagos of etng. Ft the specimen i lowed to hay conacate under th epples llr pressure, cand the vert oad is seo apped in such way Pat tere enough efor tecainageof water lom the specrmen ye oe pore voter pressure developed om i one Thee so twc methods of applying the intra or confining pressure. Ususly the lateral pressre 03 is \anlaned const: thoughout bie fest. Buln some studies the volume othe specimen s mariaines constant ‘uring he osdngby aduting tne eer pressure SHEAR TESTS ON SOIL 8 Tet procedure; ‘The specinén-enveloped propel Inthe membrane Is kept in the tax el and a dese lore pressure 03's appled. The taka os et upis shown dagrarnmaticaly in Fig43. Verical load apple’ {hough the piston le ereased noting the vereal deformation and load reading aldested eral, un he ‘Shecihen fats and the normal oad eppled starts Jeeeasing. "The exoermen: is fopeaad for various other ‘ues of nea pressure, at requ. To fd te vauos of eabesion and ange of intemal icon, tests shoud be carsed out with at last thee erent ltrs! pressure values,” ‘Sas may be tested wih tee or four ‘Convenient alos of toa pressure such ap, 0, 0.75, 16,2.25 and 3.0 kg/cm ‘calculations ‘The axa fst epacmen is subjected to the al round pressure equal (lateral conring pressure oy and he pote vertical adi nereased. The nomial pressure applied on the specimen saan caled deitor stress 0g fan is obtained by dvding te veroal fad apple by te area of cross sect ofthe specimen. Th foal ‘eral pressure onthe specimen as equal to te deviate stess on adlon to tne cafnng pressure ca ‘This suatoa in Fig 4 and to ola toss sven by or * (aston) CCorecton fr area of rss soc. necessary ocarect the devo sess vars fore Woeaee area of cross ‘Secor of the specimen deo leedng, Assuring tht Bo vote of specenen rans corsa and te area of css ‘Sesion othe specimen inceases unflomiy, he coneced valve of devi sess ois ected om fhe reat P= applied load, Ay = orginal area of cross secton, = deformation of specimen, = erga! length of scien. a Mo sess cries are pled at normal seas iteccepts os endo; or wih eles equal to devitor sivess, 6g = (01-03). Nis desabe to conduct hee such tessa deent values of conning pressures 80 0s. {D ebtan tree sue) semborces for drawing the common tangont represen the Man aire envelope 3 Shown in Fig 45. The nteccept of his tne wth Yale epresonis te value of unl cohesarC andthe ination ‘tn ine wih Xan reprosents the angle of nial rcbon © of he sl |S te saceeee el arr Fig. 45 Motes Envelope from Talal Test Fig. 46 Stres-stran diagram Py SHEAR TESTE ON SOIL Besides figing te values of C and @ of he sol, th 1ed-eormaton characteristics ofthe sot are often udged rom the swessavain carves. The vue of modus of lately & erie appropri, the modAu eforaton, Es aio gbtahed tom the sress-svan dlagram ofthe specimen blained under epcied test Condions, such asthe selecied vaive of itera confeement os and at he destod san or sess value. The ‘moculus ef dferaton Ise ratio of stoss to sa tan array port on me stress stan curve (See Fg 4). ‘Ths pol maybe decided based on alowable perceniage of san or artispaed sess vie, Modulus of efomaton, Ea = where «sth selected stan value ang oy the corresponding valve of devaor stress obtained from the ia toot ah selected value of contnng pressure 03 Diecussion While testing suorade sol for pavement design, ether an unstained or consolidates undrined fost is prefered as tha load apled is most Wansiont, ‘The taxi tosmay also be care out on sol-apgregatemistures,stabized sols and bituminaus mies ‘However, lrger size epecion shoud bo used based on he mexumum pate size the es ample, Applications of Triana Tost Results (a) The shear strength parameters C and

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