Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Justo Khanna 2

    Uploaded by

    CIVIL ENGINEERING
    73 views112 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    73 views112 pages

    Justo Khanna 2

    Uploaded by

    CIVIL ENGINEERING

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 112
    Section - C Tests on Bituminous Materials Tests on Bituminous Materials Introduction Btuminous binders used in pavement constucton works Include both bitumen end tar. Bitumen fs @ Petroleum product oblained by the cision of petroleum crude whereas road tris obtained by the cestustve {station of coal wood. Bain bitumen and tar have simisr appearance as both are black colour oth these bincers.can be used for pavernent works, bu they have fret characerstes. However, tars sedom sed for saving applicabons because of ts undesirable characersies inelucing high temperature. susceptby. and armful effects offs fumes during heating. The bitumen is trough! o sufcent Puy or viscosity before use in pavement construction by any one ofthe folowing treo methods (0) heating, inthe form of het bitumen binder. (i) dssoting in ght ols, he tor of cutback bitumen, (8) cepessing bitumen in water inthe form of bituminous emulsion, Bituminous binders are very commonly use in surface course of pavements; they ar also used in he binder ‘and base courses of lexble pavements fo withstand relatvely adveree conditions of traffic and cimata, These "materiis ae also used in soi ~ ttumen stabilisation end to prepare sealer materials fo ing the ons n cement onerte pavements Bumen is avalable 3 vary of tyes and grades. The grades of bltumen uked for pavement constuction work of roads an at elas ae saled peeing grades and those used for water prouting of slctures, oust ors, te are oad industa races, “There are 9 numberof tests to assess the properties of bluminous binders. Standard agencies in various counts ike S15 in india have spectied to test Gatals and requremente of the aiferent types of luminous Dinders ke the brumen, emulsion euback and ta. The common ess assess the properties and reourements of paving grade bitumen ae the viscosity test, Denetation teat, dct test and the sofrsng pon lest. Algo spect graviy test and fash and fre poi fests are ne ie fer use 9 paving applications. Adora ests Hike the mater soluble in carbon-diphie, loss on eatra and ponetation tests on residue may also be cariad out. The viscoily test by orice viscometer i porn for testing or and cba, Chapter 15, Penetration Test wrroouction ‘The consistency of bituminous malrisls varies depending upon several factors such 9 constituent, temperature, el. At temporauro ranges between 25 and SO°C moet ofthe paving oitumen grades remain ‘semssol on paste state anc thei viscosity Is 6 high that they donot flow a6 iq an can nol be mixed wih ‘aggregates. ut some grades af cutback biumen and bituminous emulsion ae In kquld slate 2nd the viscosity Sufcenty iow at tis temperature range enabing these binders tobe sprayed orto be mixes wih aggregates without heating. Determination of absolute viscosity of bituminous materials isnot so simple. Therefore the consistency of these materials are determined by indrect methods. Penetration test fs one such indirect tet fo datemine He. consistency of paving grade bitumen, whichis a very skmple test. The viscosyof tors and cutback sturmen ee {elermined indrecty using an orice viscometer terme of timo requ¥ed fora speciiod quart of meter ‘ow though an ortce of specified size ai tne specifed tompertur, There a cerian range of consis:ency of bituminous materials, wheren the meters 150 sof fr penetration test, but the vscosty isco high that Ae. ‘material cannot flow through the orflee ofthe viscometer; the consistency of such materia s measured by test Verious types and grades of bituminous malerils are avaiable depending on ther origin and refining process, ‘The penotatlon test determines ho consistency of thee materi forthe purpose of grading them, by reaauth the dept (units of one fen of a milmetre or one hundred of @ cantmetve) to which a standard needs wil penetrate vertically under spectied concitons of standard loed, duration and temperature. Thus the basic Drncple of the penetration testis the measurement of he penetration (in Uns of ane tenth of a mm) of 2 Slandard needle in a biumen sample maintained at 25°C dung te seconds, the total weigh of the needle ‘assembly boing 100 g. The concopt ofthe penetration test on btumen sample i Wustated Fg. 15.1. Te softer tho bitumen, the greater wil be te penetration, “The penetration tests widely used for classifying the bitumen nto diferent grades. The BIS has standardiné the penetration fest equipment and the test procedure. Eventhough Is recognised tha the empecal est Ico penetration, sotaning point etc. cannot fully quay the paving binder for its temperature susceptbity Characteristics, the simply and quickness of operation ofthis test cannat be ignored for common use. Ea sur wTERUE Fig. 18.1 Penetration test concept 107 408 PENETRATION TEST Apparatus “Tho afaraus for conducting penetration test en biumen consists of pentromeler, conisiner, thrmastatcay contol wats ba, thermometer, sto watch and ansfer ah, Fokowing are tne standard spaticatons ax per B'S. ~ (@) Ponetaton test apparatus or Penetemetar : This apparatus consist of @ penaiaton neode assembiy ‘whch Is stzched to a calbrated Gal On release, the penetration aoode ‘panetratos ino the biumen Specimen wiheut appreciable icon. The panevaton unt consis of svaght, posed cylindrica stares. Stoo need o tl lngih 80 mm and damn 10 mm wih a pote en, the cereal end of he penetration noodle tapers eam a dameter of 1.0 mm to 0.15 mm Inough a egih ofS mem. The ae end ofthe adie "igi eed to a shank of ameter 3m, The goss weg of fw penoaton nood assembly 100g. The: dal of the penetrometer s calbreied to measure the penetraion value m unis of ne teh of a mm. The peced stancad tat omparaur ie 25°C and Graton of pontine zane Elecricaly operated automatic penetometers are also avaiable, in which the test duraton automaticaly controled, by releasing he test noecie assembly for a1 exact duration of 5, O seconds ‘Typical sketch of penetrometer is shown Figure 1522 bi & ! ~o1m. FOR pecbkg —ormensame owen Ee vere Reranmemenarmn Ea Fig. 152 Ponetrometer (©) Container: fat bottomed cylindrical metal cr glass container of dmeter 65 mm and depth 25 mm ie Used fo place the penetration lest specimen of biumen. A container of clameter 70 mm and depth 45 ‘mm is used for testing bitumen binders with penetration values exceadng 225, (©) Water Bath : & thermostatically controlled water bath containing not less than 10 lives of water, Maintained at 25 41°C so 38 fo Keep the contanors wit bitumen sample immersed in water ata dep of 100 mm (or more) from the surface and supporiad on a perforated shal placed at 50 mm (or more) fom {he bot ofthe water bath (@) Transfer tray: A smal ay which can keep the bitumen contane ful immereed in water at 25°C during the test. (6) Thormemeter: A thermometer to reed up to 0.2 (0) Timer evice: timer device o stop wateh, accurate to 0.1 ofa secon, PENETRATION TEST 109 Procedure ‘The bfumen is heated to a pouring canistoncy. about 75 to 100% shove the temperature at which bitumen softens, The sample material is thoroughly sed to make it homogeneous and tee From a bubbles and water. ‘The Biimen sample fs then poured inta the zontsners af 36 mm deh oe Geph at east 15 myn rmore than the expected penetration). The sample contaners are placed on the iansfer tay and cooled In atmosphere temperature Betwoen 15 to 30°C for 60 to 69 minutes. Then the transfer way, wh the containers placed nthe thermostatically controled waterbath mainte ata temperate of 25°C Tor @ period of 60 to 90 minutes. (For testing biumen win penetration value betwoan 225 and 350, the container of depth 45 mm and damater 70 mm is used and tne coving period n atmosphsreand nthe waterbath ¢ 80 to 120 minutes each). ‘Th tanelor tay withthe cample contsinr ond wotor is removed fromm the wr beth ond pioged under the needle ofthe ponetomete. Usmg tho adusing seu, the needle assombly i lowered nd the bp ofthe noodle ‘ade ta just touch te top surface ofthe bauer sample and te needle assembly & camped nts poston. The Contact ofthe ti ofthe needles checked using he mor paced onthe rear of he noodle. The mia reading of the ‘enetrometer das eter adjusted o zo oF he ital reading s taken before releasing the needle. The need is feleased exact for a period of 50 seconds by pressing the knob and the fina reading i taken on the i. The heedle astemdlyf then raised and the pereaton neede f romaved and replaced by 2 clean, dy necde. The {ests repeated onthe sama samale by cencucing the repes est a a cstance of not less than 10 mm. At least three such measurements are mace on this some a festing stance of rat less 10mm apar. Afr each test he needle i dlsengagc and ceanea wih benzene and eaetuly ded. The lst repented on he samp inthe other Containers, after Keeping Inte waterbath mahlanod ata temperature of 25°C, Results “The ference between the inland fine! penetration readings is taken os the penetaton value. The mean value of not less than tives consistent penelvation measurements (when do not differ by more than the values pected below) i reported asthe penetration value. Discussion may be noted tet the penetration value & infuenced by any inaccuracy as regards ©) pouring temperature (size ofneedie (2) weight places on he needle (i) test temperature (%) duration of releasing the penetration needle period of eating If he test temperature is higher han speciod value of 25%C, the penetration velue cbse wil be much higher. ‘The penetration value obtained wi be higher the weight ofthe needle assembly's higher than speciod valve of 100 g Higher pouring temperature than thal specthed value may cause hardening of ture and result in ower Penaltaton vali. "The diraton of release the penetration neadle should be exacty 50 seconds. Is aso ecessay to Keep the needs clean each tine before Testing in order to got consistent resus. The penetraton needle should nat be paced close than 10 mr Krom the se of the dsh or Fem ease: est locaton, 110 PENETRATION TEST Hot air oven or send bath may be used to avoid over heating of blir ofthe container. Ifthe bitumen semole contains exraneous matter, should be sieved tough ‘sieve No 30 ‘Applications of Penetration Test Penetration test's the most commonly adopted test on btumen to determine the grado ofthe mt in tems of narchess because of is simply. The peneiaion grade of bitumen binders are goneraly donoted a9 '80/100, 6170 o 30/60 grade bitumen. 8000 dtumen denales tat the peneiraton value of the Der ranges beeen 80 end 100, The penetration values of varous iypes cf bitmen used ‘n pavernentconstnston iis ‘county range between 20 and 228. The appropriate grade o he biumon bir to be used for ted contrcton works decided depending upon ine cimatc conan ofthe project sto, the type of constuction /spectision and the pavement layer (base course I binder course I surface course). Harder grado of bauman tiner wih lower penetration value is generally chosen in warm regions. In colder regions bitumen with higher penetration values are general used. However binders which Become vay aif at ow temperatures are nol preferred far *0ad const. in regions wth cold weather as fe pavement may crack unde ac loads The penetration tests nat intended to estimate the consistency of softer materia like utbeck or ar. These ‘materi ae usually graded by an Inoctviscosl test such as orice viscometer, ‘Some ofthe lmtations of penetration tes for grading of itumen binders are Penetration tests an empiica test and there is no relation to the fundamental properties ofthe binder; the Roneivaion test tomparsure of 25°C is not ai al the aclual pavement setvice temperature, the service temperature of ho pavement ia much higher say, about 60°C for most ime af the day, Dtumen having the sir penetration valve may have diferent performance while in service, depending on ts tompeature suscepti because pitumen having the same peneiation valuo may have widely varying tomperlure-sifess reais. In ew of he 2bove limitations, Viscosity Grading Is cxranty recommended By the BIS for paving applications, tis tobe stressed thatthe quay of the binder Nas a signifiant role on the pertormance ofthe bituminous Pavements, "in devcioped vous, ow-a-daye,perormarice based binder and mk specications are generally doped. Btumen binders which ere highly susceptible to temperature changes may nol be sutabe or ute Feajons where the temperature vviation betwoen summer and wiler seasons are Vey high. Appropriate ‘ype OF ‘modiied binders may be chosen in such cases, SELECTED REFERENCES 4. Bureau of Indian Standards, IS: 1203 ~1978, nian Standard Methods for Testing Tar end Bituminous Materia: Determination of Penetration (Fest Revision) 2 Bureau of naan Standerds, 1-73-2006, indian Standeré Paving Bitumen - Specticaton (Thi Revision) 3. Road Research Laboratory, Bituminous Matera in Raad Construcion, HM.S.0., London 4 Roberts, FL, Kanahal, PS, Brown E.R, Lee, O.Y and Kennedy, TW, Hot Mo Asphalt Materials, Mure Design and Construction, (Sacond Eaton 1996), NAPA Education Foundation, Maryond ‘questions How is ponoration test value of btumen expressed ? What are the stancardioad, time anc temperature specie for penetration test? Brey outine the penetration test procedure, What do you understand by 8100 bitumen ? What are the common causes of erors during conduct of penetration tests ? ‘What ar te eects ofthe flowing on penetration tests resus (Ohigher test temperature (i) higher pouring temperature (i) exposed bitumen ©. What are the limitations of penetration tes for grading of btumen binders. PENETRATION TEST am ‘OBSERVATION SHEET ‘Table 15.1 Results of penetration test (Pouring temperature, {)Petod f cool in atmosphere (W) Room temperature, . (&)_ Perio of cooking in waterbath, minutes (¥) Actual tost temperature, : ‘Sample Ne. C ‘Sarg No, Test} | Test2 | Tests ‘est t | Test2 | Tests \Reedings Tian vale. [Pénevomeier dai readings (ni (i toa! [Penetration value [Repeatabiy, percent { ‘Mean penetration valve = (Grade of btumen Romarks Chapter 16 'y and Elastic Recovery Tests DUCTILITY TEST wrrooucTiON In the foxble pavement constuction, Is cesrabe tat the lien dors used Ue isin nie a ductle thin fms sround the aggregates. This serves as a satisfactory binder i impeoving the prysical leocking ‘ofthe aggregaes. The Binder material which does not possess sufcien ductaty wows cack and thus provide pervious pavement sutace. This in tum resus in damaging efecto he pavement structure. Ithas begn etated by ‘some agencies thal the penetration and ductty properties 9o together, Dut depending upon the. chemical ompostion andthe typo of crue source ofthe iumen sometines it has been observed thatthe above stalement 'S ncorect.rmay hance be mentoned tat the Blumen may easly te peneraion vlue but may fal to sat) the octty requirements. Blumer paving engineer wouls however vant thal bah fest requirements are said Inthe fold obs. Penetration test or ductily test cannot in any case pace each other. The ductity valve of bitmen binder is expressed asthe distance in cenimtes fo which a stardard biquati of bitumen can Be svelches before the treed breaks. The tests conduc at 27 «0.5 and a rai of pul af 60 + 2.5 mm per mut, The test has boon standardized by te BIS. The ductay test concepts shown Fg. 16.1 let Fig. 16:1 Ductity test concept Apparatus The ductty test apparatus consists of items tke sample (brqueti) moulds waterbath square-ond trowel or pty knite sharpened on end and ductity machine. Standard speciealions a por BIS reas folows (2) Briguette Mould : Mould is made of brass meal with shape and dimensions 3s indicated in Fig. 182 Bot ends called cips possess cular heles to grip the fixed and movable ends of the testing machine, \Wnen the side pieces are placed fogetner in the briquette mould, duc lest specimen ofthe following dimensions are obtained: Lengt| Sm Distance between cips ae Wath at mouth of eps rn ‘Cross section at minimum wish |}Omm x 10 mm 12 DUCTILITY AND ELASTIC RECOVERY TESTS 1 (8) Ductty Machina: Ws an equipment which functions 28 constant temperature waterbath and 2 pusing ‘evice at a precaltrated rate. The corral ro of the machine i threaded and through a gear syster Provides mavement to one end where the clp i fixed durng ital pacement. The other clip end 6 hooked atte fied end of tha machine. Two cps ae ths pulled apart Rorzonalyat uniform speed of 50 2.5 mm per minute. The machine may have provision to fix two or more mould $0 2s to lest these specmene smutaneoushy. Fig. 162 Ductlty Tost Specimen and Mould Ben a Spec Procedure “The biumen sample is meted toa tomperature cf 75°C to 100°C above the approximate softening point unt is thid, The molten biumen i poured nthe mou assembly and placed on a brass plete, ster a solution of ‘dyoerine and deste is applied et surfaces of the mould exposed to biumen.Bmen is poured into the moulds and the plate assembly slong wth the sample i Kept fr alr cooling in raom temperature for 30 to tiles. The air cones specimen then placed in waterbath maintained at 27°C for 30 minutes. The sample ‘nd mould assomiby are removed from water bath and excess blumen materi cut off by leveling te sutece Using the hot kf, Aer taming the specimen, the mould assemby containing sample, i replaced in water bath maiained at 27°C for 85 to 99 minutes. The sides of tre mould areow removed andthe clips are carefuly Booked onthe machine without eausing any ria strain Two or more specimens may be prepared in the movies nd clipped to the macrine so as to conduc! these ests simitaneously. “Te pointer i seo read zero or the nial reading ofthe pointers noted. The mace is started an the two cips are thus puled opart horizontally.” Whe te test sn operation, it I checked whether the sample s immersed in water at depth of at feast 10 mm. The distance at which the bitumen thread of each specimen breaks, Is racarded jn em) to report as ductity val. Results ‘The distance stretched by the moving end of the specimen up tothe pont of breaking of thread measured n centimetres recorded ae ductity value. The average of tree tests is reported as the ductity ofthe sampb proved the treo valves are within 26 percent ofthe mean value. If he value Is not within fe above its, bat {he two higher values are within 5 percent of to mean vale, then the mean ofthe two values is considered as the fet result. Durng the tet ifthe stretched materia of te specmen comes in contact wih the bottom or tp Surface ofthe bath the test not considered as normal. BIS species thatthe test results shoud not afer by ‘more than the folowing: a Repestasity | 10 %ot mean Reproducibty | 20% ofmeen Discussion “Te ductity value gets seriously affected if ary ofthe flowing factors ee vie’ () Testtempersture (@) Pouring temperature 14 DUCTILITY AND ELASTIC RECOVERY TESTS (i) Dimensions of riquete,parteularly the cross section ofthe tet sampia atthe minimum width, which shouldbe 10 10 mm (0) moroper love! of briquette placement ortho stretched teed of the specimen touching the top or bottom suace ofthe waterbath ding the test (0) Rate of puting (Period of coating Increase in minimam cross secton of 10 sq mm and increase in test temperate would record increesed etsy value. Applications of Ductiity Test ‘A certain minimum ductity value is considered essential for @ bitumen binder for satisfactory pavement pettoamance. "This is becaise of the temperature changes lo the bituminous mikes and. the repeated ‘etormains tet occur in flexible pavements due fo the taf Toads, If the bitumen has low ductty valve he ‘btumnous pavement may creck, especialy in cold weather. The ductity values of bitumen vary fom 5 lo over 100. ‘Several agencies have speciog tho minimum ductty values for various ‘ypes of bumious paver (tena minimum duct valu» of 50 or 75cm is spectied for bituminous constuction, ‘The ductity value fs datemined on residue from thin fm oven tests nd the cequkemens for paving bitumen 25 per BIS area follows: Property ver | ve2 | ves0 | vedo | method of Test Ret. No Ductity t 25°C, om min. | 75 50 40 | 25 | ts:1208- 1078 atte thn fim oventest | I VG in Viscosty Grading Its tobe noted that as perth current specications for paving bitumen, the ductity requemens are to b> _pnducted on samples obtne ater tin fm ove test ané et on Beumion samples obtaiad fra ta ly eat ELASTIC RECOVERY TEST Introduction ‘The elastic recovery test I intended to assess the degree of bitumen modication by elastomeric active. “This is sinple test conducted ina ductiy Testing mactine fo optimise the cosage of polymeric adives bvtumen ané also helps in assessing the qualtyof the modified bitumen in the laboratory. The tesic recovery ct the modifies bitumen is evakaied by comparing tne recavery ofa thread of modified bitumen afer condoning for ‘ne hour at spoetid test temperature Apparatus (2) Ductty esting machine as per iS: 1208 () The size and shape of he lest specimen and mould are as showin Fig. 16:3, (6) Thermometer (2) Sesser (0) Seate DUCTILITY AND ELASTIC RECOVERY TESTS. a5 Fig. 16. Elastic recovery test specimen and mould Procedure ‘The sample is prepared and conditoned 2s per the procedure of the ductty test bu, inthe elastic recoviry ‘mou. "The test specimen is elongated atthe specified rate af SO 25 mm per minute al the spestes {temperature to a deformation of 10 em. As soon 3s the specimen js elongate lo a deformation of 10 cm, tne specimen fs cut info wo halves atthe mid-pont using sessors. The specimen is kept inthe water bath inn __ undisturbed condition for period of one hour at he spested temperature. Aer one hour, the elongated Mf of the specimen is moved back tothe postion near he fhed half ofthe test specimen, so that both the pieces ofthe specimen ust touch each othe. The tenth ofthe recombined specimen is measured as cm. ‘The elastic recovery ofthe tested specimen in percent may be computed as laste recovery, % = where, Dis the length ofthe combined specimen, cm ‘Applications. “The elastic recovery test can be used fo test the suitably ofthe modted bitumen for paving spplcations Modified bitumen vith Tow elastic recovery vale is general found to crack. As por the specications of tne Inaian Rosds Congress, ne requirements of minimum slaste recovery valve for Gifferent modified bders are as ‘osows: “Type of Mostiod Baumen | Elastic recovery at 15°O,% (onium) = 1 Elastomeric thermoplastic: based polymer 15 | ‘modiies bitumen | Plastomerc polymer modified biumen 0 | ‘Natural uber modes bkumen 30-50 | crumb rubber modified buen 50 18 DUCTILITY AND ELASTIC RECOVERY TESTS SELECTED REFERENCES 1 Bureau of Indien Standards, 1S: 1208 -1878, Method for Testing Ta and Bituminous Materials Determination of Duct (Fai Revision) 2. Buroav of indian Standards 1-73-2008, dian Standard Paving Bitamen - Speciation (Third Revision) 2. Indian Roads Congres, Gudelnes on the Use of Polymer and Rubbe Modified Bitumen in Ross CConstvtion (Fit Reson), IRC SP53 2002 4 Shot Butumen, Shel Buren Hand Book, (Fith Editon), Thomas Telford Pubishing, London 5 Road Research aboratory, Bluminous Materials in Roed Construction, HW.S.0., London ‘QUESTIONS 1. plain ductity of btumen ands significance, 2, How is ducky value expressed? 3. Outne the dutty test procedure 44, Whatis the specie temperature for conducting the duct tests? 5. Whatis the mininum area of erss secon of he ductity specimen ? 16. What are the precautions tebe taken whe fing the duit vlve 2 7. What are the fadors affecting the ductity test ests ? 8. What ae the objectives of conducting elstc recover test? 8. How elastc recovery valve is expressed? 10, What are the appications of elastic recover est? 11. What are the desirable values of elastic recovery forefront ypes of maid binders? DUCTILITY AND ELASTIC RECOVERY TESTS. OBSERVATION SHEET ‘Table 164 Results of ductlty test (Grade of tamer - (3) Pouring temperate, - (iy Test temperature - (Period of cooing, minutes, (inair : (©) in waterbath before tiening (6) tnwater bath after timing sine | Tetra [1 [bvcaty vue (om) 7 Repatity pret 3 Reoeticbty parce a |} | |} 162 Resuite of elastic recovery test (Type tthe binder (0) Testtomporature sno] Testoopery [gp eaamibe ST eonvouw | [aa orcad feeenan Dan Elsi Rucoven,% 2 [fonso0) 0 [Repeatabity Chapter 17 Softening Point Test INTRODUCTION Bitumen does not sudeny change from sold to liquid state, bu as the temperature increases, i gradually becomes softer unt flows ready. All somi-solé stata bitumen grades need sufiont fucy Delors hey ae sed for application wath the aggregate mix. For this purpose burnt surnsties cut DECK With SoNore Ie kerosene. The common pracedure however isto liquely the biumen by heating. The sftenng pow! is the lomperatire at wfc the substance attans parteuar degra of solening under speciied condition of test, For lumen, 8 usualy determined by ring and Ball test, A brass tng contanng the lost sample of btumen Ie suspended in quid ike water or glycerine at 8 gven temperate. A stee bass placed upon the bitumen so liquid medium is then Nested at a specified rae. The lomperature at which the softened bitumen toucres the eta plate placed at a species distance below he cng is recorded asthe softening pont ofa paalarDaumien ‘The apparatus and test procedure are standardized by BIS. Its obvious thal harder grades of lumen poseoos higher softening ‘ost than softer grades. The concopt af determing the softenng. pan! by Ting and ba apparatus is shown in Fig. 17-1 Fig. 17.1 Softening Point Test Concept Apparatus Itconsists of Ring and Bal apparatus (@) Stoo! Bats : Two ste! bal, each of ameter of 9.5 mm and weight 25 9 # 0.05 4 (©) Brass Rings: Two rings of the ftowing dimensions Depth 6.4 mm, inside ekameter atop 17 5 mm, inside dlameter at bottom 15,9, ouside ciameter 206 mm (©) Support: The metalic support is used fr placing pairs of ngs. The oper surface of the rings is adjusted tobe 80 mm below the surface or water or quid contained in the btn A distance of 26mm between the bottom ofthe rings and lop surface of tne boom plate of suppor! Provided. thas a housing fora sutabe thermometer. (2) Bath and ster: heat resistant glass container of Sm cameter and 120mm depth ie used. Bath ‘go i water for materal having softening point Low 80°C and gern for mateals having softenng port above °C, Mechanical str used for ensuring unform heal anon a al tes tought the bab 118 ‘SOFTENING POINT TEST 110 Procedure ‘Sample material is heated fo the tomporature between 75 and 100°C abare the approximate softening pont Lunt t's completely fd and is poured in heated ngs paced on a metal pale. To avo slcking of he bre ‘to metal pat, coatngis done fo tis wit a soluion of @yerine and Gextne. Aer cooing te rings na for 30 minutes, the excess bitumen is timed ana rings are placed ne support ae dacussed In em {e) above, this time the temperature of dstiled water is kept ot S°C.. This temperature Is mamtained for 5 minutes ater which the bas replaced in postion. The tomporatur of water erated at unfom ate of SY: per ite with Controlled heating unt, un the bitumen softens and touches tho bottom plats by sinking of bats. A least two ‘bservations are made. For material whose softening points above 80°C, ghearme Is used a8 a heating medium ‘ane the staring emperatue fe S5°C Hstead of SC Results ‘The temperature atthe instant when each ofthe ball snd sample touches the bottom plate of support is recorded 2s softening value. The mean of duplicate deeminations is nated. It is essential that ts moan velue Df the softening point (temperature) Goes not afer For invidal abservaonsby more than te flowing lis produ) i Discussion As in the other physical tests on bitumen, its essential that the specifestons discussed sbove are sity observed. Pertculary, any variation in the folowing point would affect he resi considerably (0) Quality ane type of Bau in he bath () Weight of bis (Distance between bottom of rng and botiom baseplate (i) Rate ofhesting Impurity in water or glyoerin nas been obsorved fo affect the result considerably. Ii logical to obtain lower softening point te weight of bal is excessive. On the athe: hand increase in datance between the rng and bottom plate incestes hgher value ofthe softening point ‘Applications of Softening Point Test Softening point is essenialy the temperature at which the bituminous bincers have an equal vscosiy. The fering point ofthe tari therefore related to the equiviscous temperature (ev). The softening point found by the ring nd bal apparatus is approximately 20°C lower han the ext Softening point, thus gives an idee of the temperature at which the bitminous material attains @ certain viscosty. Bitumen wih higher softening point may be prefered in warmer place.” Softening pont 380 sometimes use to specty hard bilumene and pitches [As per the Bureu of Indian Standarés, the requirements of softening point fer paving bitumen are as flows 7 Paving Grades aa tia sa VE 10" VG 20 VG 30 V6 40 mstioa ee ‘Softening point 7 1978 | cayoun| | 8 eee 120 ‘SOFTENING POINT TEST [SELECTED REFERENCES 4. Bureau of Indian Standards, Softening Pont (Fest Revision) 2 Bureau of indian Standords, 15-73-2008, Indian Standare Speciation for Paving Bitumen (Thirs Revsion) 3. Road Resooren Laboratary Bituminous Road Construction, HM.S.O.,Lonéon 4. Shel tumen, Shet Bitumen Hand Book, (Fh Eaton), Thomas Telford Pubising, London 12051078, Methods of Testing Tar and Bitumen: Determination of ‘questions Whats softening pont 7 2. What does softening pont of bituminous materials indicate ? 3. What are the applications of ing and bl tts results ? 44, What are the factors whieh affect the ing and al toss resus? 65, Indicate the common range of softening point test values of tre paving bitumen used in bituminous mes {orroad construction. ‘OBSERVATION SHEET “Table 171 Results of softening point test () Bitumen grese . (i) Aeproximate softening point 5 (W)Uqu used in tho bath water gyeerine (i) Petod of sr cooing, minutes = (0) Period ofcootng nwater bath, minutes = ‘SOFTENING POINT TEST at ote of heating Tine, | Terperaire, | Tine, | Temperature, minutes “c ines c ° 1 1 2 | 2 8 3 1 4 18 5 ‘6 3 7 7 o 78 9 ° 2 10 Test volves oosoved Sompionie 1 —[SanpioNo.2 ean value, Test property Balle. Bal e.2 re oa | Seton pont [Temperate CC) at whieh jamal touches bottom plate Repeatnitty Reprodubity Chapter 18 Specific Gravity Test on Bitumen INTRODUCTION ‘The specite gravy of tumen hinder fs a fundamental property trequonty used as an aid to classy the bones i ose B paving soos. In most appleatons, te biwmen s weagied, out faly in se wih aggregate system, the bitumen content converted on volume bass, Thus sceurate detecminaton of specie gravity vawe 'S requied for conversion of weight fo volume. The spectic gravity is wvivenced by tne chemical compostion of binder. Insreacod quantity of arematc ype compounds increases the spocic gray. The lest procedure has been stancarcived by he BIS, ‘The speci gravy is ‘he mase ofan equal vom ned by BIS asthe rato ofthe mass of a gen volume of the Bituminous material to war, the temperature of bth being spectied as 27°C = 01°C Apparatus ‘There are two methods () Pyknometer method (i) Balance Method. For pyknemeter method, the apparatus ‘ate spect gravy botte of 80 mi capaci, ordinary capilary type wih 6 mm dlameter neck or wide mouthed Capiary type bate with 25 mm dameter neck can be used. For batance method an snalyiesl balance equipped wth apan saad 6 used, Procedure ‘otnod ~ 1, Pyknometer method “The speciic gravity botte Geaned, dried and weighed slong wit the stopper. Its fled wth fresh dstied water, stopper placed and the same is kept in water contanet for at leat hall an hour al temperature 27°C + (0.1°C: ‘The bates then removed and cleaned from ouside. The specie ray Hole containing sisted water 'S now weighes, ‘The bituminous material is heated o a powing temperature and is poured in the above emply bot taking a the precautions that tis clean and cry beloe fing sample maerats The material filed upto the hal taking cate to prevent enry of ar bubbles. To permit an escape of ae bubbles, the samp bole is alowed to stand for hail an hour at suiable temperature coolad to 27°C and then weighed. The remaning spaco in the specific ray bate is Med wih dsited water at 27°C, stopper placed and is placed in water container at 27°C. The bots! containing biuminous material and conianing water is removed, cleared from oulside end is aga weighea ‘Method ~ 2, Balance method Inthe balance method, the bitumen test specimen is cube shaped, about 12 mm on each edge. Is prepared by pouring the liquefied bitumen sample in a brass mould to provice the sample of requred dimensions and ater cooled. The sample is weighed in ar and then instil water maintained at 27°C = 0.1°C fo te nearest .1 mg cceteua “The speci oraviy ofthe material is calculated 98 fous: (0 Pykrometor method (c-a) Specie gy = (weight of bituminous mate (weigh of equal lume of water : (b-a)-(6-c) we ‘SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST ON BITUMEN 128 where 2 =woight of specie gravy bot, g =weghtof the specie gravy bot fled with dled water. @ weight of he epectie gravy Bate about hat fed wih bituminous mateca.q 4 went of the specie gravy Bote about ha filed wih the material an the rest with tiled water, @ (@ Batance metho pectic gravity = vere, 1 = wight ofthe dy specimen, @ FS Weight ofthe specenen when immersed in dstiled water, 9 Discussion tis necessary that al precautions ae taken in making the specie erauiy hotles thoroughly cleaned and cried in the fist weighing. The surface of be spect vray botbe shouldbe cleaned dry after fing wih water, bore ‘aeighing. The test temperature should be fim adhered o, Inaccurate Balance would nover give Teproducilo Tests, Atleast three measurements should be: sede for determining value of the specie gravy. ‘The specife gravity of all typas of bituminous binders may be determined by the pyknometor method Homever the bitumen which isn semesaid slate ‘at 27°C can be tesled by the Balance mathog any” if the bituminous materal tin Iquid form at 27°, the specie gravy may be found by the pyknometer mthed by ‘complet fling the specie gray battle with the quid mata -Agplications of Specific Gravity Test on Bituminous Materials [A knowledge of the correct specie gravy of bituminous meters have mainly two applcaions. Fist, ‘convert tha spectied bitumen canont by weight fo volume basis when the binders measured by volume. Here t 'srecessary to know the cooicat of expansion othe specie grey values at diferent temperahixes, ‘Second, tne spect graviy i useful ta icentty the souree of bituminous binder. Pure bitumen hss spectic ‘raviy nthe range 097 to 1.02. (Higher peneraton grade blumen and cut back bitumen have lowe range of pecte gravity values). In ease th Bitumen contains mineral impury, the specific graviy wilbe higher, Thus it is possi for a qualitative estmaion of mineral impurty in bitumen. ‘The specific gravy of ta depends on the type of carbonisaton process used forthe production. Verteletot tars Nave a specie gravy range 1.10 0 11785 whereas horizonaeter andcoke-ove tars have values in the renge 1.180 1.26, SELECTED REFERENCES 4. Bureau of Indian Stondads, Methods for Tesing Tor and Bituminous Materials : Determination of ‘Specie Gravity, (Fest Revsion), IS: 1202-1978 2. Road Research Laboratory, Bituminous Malesia n Road Construction, HM.S.O., London 3. Bureau of indian Standart, Indian Standards Spectication for Paving Bitumen IS: 73 ~ 2006 ‘Questions 1. What are the wo methods of finding specific gravy of bituminous materials ? Ment jon the principle of pyknometer metod Indicate the principle of baance method of determining spect aravly ‘wiht precautions should te taken while Finding the specie gravy ? ‘what re the aplleations of spenfic gravity and resut ‘SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST ON BITUMEN ‘OBSERVATION SHEET ‘Table 18.1 Results of specific gravity test on bitumen by pyknometer method (@ Gre ofttumen = (0) Test temperature iz Woah ot | Weigh otatie | Weight ofboile+ | Weight of btie half 5 Semple | bot, ‘stiled half fed | filed materal + asiled ie water, wale am ® o [averape vate | Specie gravity vai ‘Table 18.2, Rsuits of Specific Gravity Tes: on Bitumen by Balance Method (Grade ofbitumen = (Test emperature = Waghtel Wait asa Tapa grinnge | aaedwra’ "| Sx f : — i B. [average valu =I Specie gravity value = Remarks Chapter 19 Viscosity Tests imRoouction Consistency of Bituminous Binders Paving grade bitumen whicn is obiained fromthe disilaton process of petroleum crude s extensively use for the preparation of bituminous mixes and in fexible pavement canetnucion. At normal range of sinosphere. temperature, bitumen is n semisotd state and romains highly scous and sticky and trefore the consisieny of Diunen at low temperatures is evalisted by empirical teats Ike the penetration test and sotenrg pont tet Bitumen is temperature susceptible and the consistency of bitumen varies depending on the temperature \anavons. eumnaus binders are used in fid consistancy for bomng sprayed as a'Prine Coat or ‘Tack Coot beter taking up the construction of bituminous pavement layer. Biuminovs binders we. Used in thid consistency for mixing with aggregates for he preparation of btumnous mixes before laying 28 apavernent layer and aso ‘Pavement construction techniques suchas penetration Macadam and "bultip spray grout When the paving grade bitumen is heated, it softens al a rapid rate and atts fhid consistency and the aozally of fad bitumen decreases wih furter increase in temperatura, For the construction of bleminous avemens, the paving grade bitumen is heated to temperatures nthe range of 130 10-178 °C or even haven, Spending upon the ype and grade of bitumen selected and the type ofthe constuction work. Mixing of the bbtumen wih the aggregates fs done ina hot mix pant to aban hot ituminovs re bn order to achieve fui consistency of the bitumen at clatvely low temperatures without heating, Cuttack ‘Biumen’ and "Btumnen Emulsion’ have been dovelopes. Cubeck btumen ls prepare by dung a pewng rade Diuen wih a volaie solvent such 2s a light fuel ol or kerosene, The consistency of ta cutback ane te rate at Uahich it hardens “after application depends on the. grade of the biumen selected. and the proportion and chareteristes ofthe ol / cent used. Bitumen Emulsion or Emus Biumen ie prenered by dspersng binant inthe form of fine globules suspendod in water wth the help of sutabie emulsifier Te properties of tuminous {emusions vary depending upon the properties ofthe Dtumén, fs proportion wit respec 10 water and te properties (ofthe emulsifier. Appropriate type and grade of bitumen emulsion or cutback may be selected for boing rectly ‘sprayed as prime coat or tack coat and fx belng mid wth aggregates fo form ‘cod oieninous mie “Te degree of uty of a bituminous binder at the appcaton temperature influences the ably of he binder to ‘spreod, penetrate into tre voids and elo to coat the aggregates and hence affects the characterises of he Fesuting paving mes. For each type and grace of bituminous binder, there Is @ sulsble range of tmporalze at “whics he fuicty or viscosty fs appropriate fo effect good ming. Similarly there is an appropriate tompertize range win which the viscosity Is most appropriate for efectve compaction ofthe bluminous met very ow ‘ccs, the bitumen binder simply ‘ubricates' the aggregate parties instead of providing an uniform fm {hiclness for good binding action. "At high vscosy, the luminous brider wil nol be ate to coat the ent surface ‘of aggregates and it offers higher resistance to compaction resulting In tower deny end stably ofthe bumnous ‘bx. Therefore te buminous binders used m road pavement works shou uta folowing raqueerents () to be capable of being made suffcienly fuid ether by heating or by adsing volat solvent or by femuistying (0 enable t to coat the miners! aggregates or boing pumped and sprayed at dened ‘emperatve range (8) 10 become sucionty viscous on coating or en evaporation of the volatile solvent or the suspension tha the compacted bituminous pavement layer can gan sabi ard resist deformaton under trai loads (9. toretain ne desire stabity atthe highest pavement temperatures during service lite ofthe road and (0 tobe sutcienty flexible and not become brite at low temperatures of the 2avement ayer so thatthe Pavement layer Can resist cracking or facture under moving trafic loc 125 128 viscosity Tests Viscosity of Bituminous Binders iscosty of tiquid i he property that retards is flow de to internal fiction and itis a moasure of resistance to om of ne liquid. ‘The ow of lkuid under an apple force wil depand on is viscosity, higher the viscosty. Slower wil be movement or rato of flow As bluminous binders are mixed wth aggregates or applied in 1036 works inthe gu form at cfleren temperatures, 8 mmporant thet the Wscosty aroperts of he binder are Gelermined at the desred temperatures belo’ use. The range of viscosity of diferent types of bituminous binders (auch ae hot bitumen, cutback blumen or bfurnen emulsion) used in road constuction vary considers ‘epencing on the fypa and grade of the binder and the temperature of apalcation. Therefore diferent test ‘methods ara necessary for the determination of the vscosty of the bituminous binders im fquid state and the ‘method enasen wil depend upan the viscosty of the binder to be testod and the purpaso for which the ‘measurement is required. A number of Test methods and apparatus Nave been eveloped fr testing of ‘tuminovs binders, ome ofthese are empical methods which gve an erect measure of viscosly, making Use ‘of onic type viscometer and ahers are forthe Gvect measurement of absolute vcs, Absolute Viscosity, “The ratio bemicen the appl shear svoss and the ate of shear called the Coecent of Viscosiy the Absolute \ioosiy of te laud. Absolte er nem viscosty (of @ Newtonian Iqud, hr whien the shear Stess i drocty propertena othe rate of shear stan) the itera con such tala tangent force of ene emo (0.00001 N} feng on ples of unt area separated by wnt since cf hq prediens Unt tangent veloc. In OGS uns fhe cosy i moasured as gram per cm-socond (g / ers) or eyno-s/ en and i termed, Poise (P). The Si unk of sco is Pascat second (Pa-s) or Newton ~ socond per squae mat (Ns /m) ans equal to 10P. Kinematic Viscosity Kinematic Viscasty (of 2 Newtoian iui) isthe rao of the absolut viscosity tothe density ofthe ud, both athe some fonperiue. It & 2 moose of essarce to flow of oad under gravy. The COS unt ued fr te measurement of kinematic vscosiy is caecond and is cle a Stoke (Sf Suns, Komate vscosty i ‘expressed m uns of meIsecond orn centstoke, cStwhicnis one handed ofa soke, le, 1 mm*lsecond= 1 eSt If kinematic veces (n stokes) s mulpied by the specie gray of bitumen, the absolute viscosity (n poise) canbe obtained Inlrect or Empirical Methods of Measuring Viscosity Increct measurement of visosty of toner fuks such as etback bitumen and bituminous emulsions (which can ‘ow under normal room temperatures) are made using office vscometars, such as Tar Viscomeler or Saybol Fur Vscgetr nse enpical est ets, he vos sensed ts te in 0 settee = pected quant ofthe ful o ow tough an ile of dese sae a the specie tt tomperaluse Measurement of Viscosity of Bituminous Binders ‘Some af the important methods of measicng absolute viscosity of bitumen are (simple shear ofa thin fim placed between two paral fat plates, suchas the sliding plate viscometer (shear between roistng coaual cylinders or cone and cylinder, such con-clincrical viscometer or Brookfield viscometer ane (i) fw trough capiar tube, such as vacuum eaplary viscometer Equoment tke siding plate micro viscometer and Brooke viscometer are in use for measurement of viscosity of bitumen of al grades inesnective of testing temperature. The viscosity of bitumen can also be ‘measured bya capllay tube viscometer, In ts chopter, the folowing methods of determination of viscosity of bituminous binders have been briey resented viscosity Tests wr (0) Absolute Viseosiy of paving rede bitumen using vacuum capil tube viscometer (i) Knomatic Viscosty of bitumen and cutbeck bitumen using caplary type viscometer (i) Indeoot measurement of viscosity of bituminous emulsion and tar by using orice vscometers DETERMINATION OF ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY BY VACUUM CAPILLARY VISCOMETER General ‘A vacuum capilay tubo viscometer Is generally used fo measure the absolute viscosy of bitumen at 80°C ‘The viscometer is mounted ina thermostatically controled water bah or ol bath at uifrm tet temperate o 6 SC._At mis temperature the paving grace bitumen is highly viscous and canna flow freely tough the capiary tube and terelore there sa need to apply vacuum pressure. The time taken (n seconds) fr the lui ume flow trough a krown distance tough te caplay ube le measured anc expressed asthe Wscosiy. Depending on the ype of fis, diferent diameter tubes are to be used and hence the calbration factors supplied by be ‘manufaclurer are necessary, Bureau of Indian Standards has standardised tee types of Vecwum Capiay. Viscometes' for the determination of absolute viscosiy of bitumen, namely ‘Cannon-Manning’, ‘Asphalt ns and "Modiied Coppers’ Vacuum Capilary Viscometer” Cannar-hanning Wscomeler method of Test has been bety given nhs enaper Apparatus iscometer: “Cannon Mansing Vacuum CapilaryViscomete' Is shown in Fi. 19.1. Ths viscometer consist af five units of capiary tubss with bulbs of diferent sizes 2nd ealiraton facts forthe measurement of cferent ranges of viscsty ef fuds, (2 36 to 800 (b) 20 to 2400 (e) 260 t BOON (a) 1200 to 24000 and (e) 600 "0 ‘0000 Poise | ete 4} | ; yf} | WS Fig. 19:1 Cannon ~ Manning vacuum capillary viscometer ‘Termometers: suitable > measure test temperature of 60 °C ‘Bath: Thermostatcaly canto bath maintained to an accuracy of 0.1 °C andl placed at suitabie poston far Immersion of the viscometer such that ha upper surace of the Bath bau sa least 20 mm below the surface io tenable visibly ofthe sepmeter and the thermometer. 18 viscosiry Tests (Oven: Thermastaticaly controled oven with a ange up to 138°C In which the viscometer can be placed Vacuum System: The vacuum system wih a vacuum pump capable of maintaining vacuum to ofthe desired level upto and including 40 KPa oF 300 mim Hg, within an accuracy of 0.5 mm Hg ‘Stop Watch or Timer Unt: to measure timings accurate to 0.1 second Procedure ‘The bitumen sample is heated to pouring temperature not exceeding 90 °C above the approximate softening pint About 20 ml ef he bitumen sample i transfered to a container and is placed in oven maintained at 35 ‘55°C andis occasionally stred to alow the enrapped air to escape. From the set of viscometes, a viscometer {ube is selected that wl ive a flow tine more than 60 seconds for the material tobe tested and pre-heated to 160°C. The manufacturers of he viscometer pro-cabrate the viscosty tubes with standard os of known viscosity values en furnish caliration factors for each tube and the calration factor ofthe selected capilay viscometer 's noted. In ase the calbraton factor supplied by the manufacturer is nat avaiable, the viscometer should be fst calibrated using @ reference material of known viscosa tho tet temperature. “The prepared sample is poured into tne fling tbe (largo sce) ofthe vscometor unl the level ofthe bitumen reaches within 2 mm of the fil ine € shown in Fig. 191. The charged viscometer is placed in the oven ‘malnaines at 125 + 5:5 °C for 10 minutes to allow ai bubbles to escape. The viscometer fs now Wansfored to the ol bath msnisined atte test temporature of 60 0.1 °C ands fixes In the bath in verte poston withthe help ofthe holdor such thatthe upper most timing mark sat least 20 mm below the surface of the bath fui ‘The vacuum un with ts suction pressure mainained at a vacuum pressure of 40 + 0.07 KPa or 300 + 0.5 mmm of mercury connected tothe vacium tube ofthe viscometer withthe valve closed. Aer Being in the waterbath for a parod of 20 to 86 minutes, the valve is opened anc the quid bitumen is allowed to fw ino the capilay viscometer under the vacuum suction pressure. The time taken forthe leading edge ofthe meniscus to pas between successive pars of tring marks is recorded in seconds Results ‘The measured tine in seconds ts multiplied by the cafbraton factor (supplied with each vscosty tube) to ban the valve ofthe viscosly in Poise. ‘The calraton factors selected that corresponds tothe pa of timing marks used fr the determination of iscosy The viscoty computed suing th relation, Viscosity, P= At

    You might also like