KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF NATURAL & APPLIED SCIENCES (SONAS)

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

NAME ATUHURA NASURU

REG.NO. 2020-01-00478

COURSE UNITE RESEARCH METHODS

CODE UCC2102

LECTURERS NAME TUKUNDANE BENSON

COURSE BEM

YEAR TWO

SEMESTER TWO

QTN.

1. Give and apply the steps of coming up with a good title.

2. From the title stated above, write chapter one
SOLUTIONS.

NO.1

URBANIZATION AND POLLUTION AROUND JINJA CITY AND NEIGBORING AREAS

NO.2

CHAPTER-ONE.
1.0. INTRODUCTION

Pollution refers to the introduction of harmful substances into the environment, categorized into
air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution among others. Pollution is due to
complex factors, which are as result of different anthropogenic and non anthropogenic activities
like urbanization, Poor waste management, industrialization, volcanic eruption among others
which emits gasses like CO2 , CH4 , and N2 O to the atmosphere and once these chemicals enter
the stratosphere, ultraviolet radiation can convert them into highly reactive species that can have
a devastating effect on stratospheric ozone. Similarly, anthropogenic CO2 emissions from
combustion processes were considered safe because they are not toxic, but the long-term
accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere may lead to a climate change, which could then be
harmful to humans and the ecosystem.

Human activity can also influence geogenic and biogenic emissions. For example, human
applications of nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture can result in increased biogenic emissions of
nitrogen compounds from the soil. Also, humans can affect the biogenic emissions of Volatile
Organic Compound by cutting down trees or planting trees. Lastly, geogenic emissions of dust
from the earth’s surface can be altered if the surface is changed by human activity.
1.1.BACKGROUND

 Pollution is not a new phenomenon. In fact, pollution has been a problem since the appearance
of our earliest ancestors. Increasing human populations have opened the door to more bacteria
and disease. During the Middle Ages, diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever broke out all
across Europe. These epidemics were directly related to unsanitary conditions caused by human
and animal wastes, and garbage. In 1347, the bacterium Yersinia pestis, carried by rats and
spread by fleas, caused the "Black Death" an outbreak of bubonic plague. Unsanitary conditions
provided the perfect environment for the deadly bacteria to flourish.

Physically, pollution occurs because it is virtually impossible to have a productive process that
involves no waste; economically, pollution occurs because polluting is less expensive than
operating cleanly

According to the World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe & European Centre for
Environment and Health. (2005), the development of lung function abnormalities, childhood
infections, the development and severity of allergic diseases (including asthma), childhood
cancer and neurobehavioural development have been linked to air pollution worldwide.

The mortality rate for air pollution in Uganda was 155.7 for every 100,000 in 2016. The rate was
70.5 for every 100,000 deaths in 2012, the World Health Organization data shows.

1.2.PROBLEM STATEMENT
The increase rate of urbanization around Jinja city has resulted into high levels of pollution as a
result of increased establishment of industries with its associated evils for example, Increased
cases of acidic rains and drought conditions in different areas around Jinja city which has
adversely affected agricultural operations that is to say, stunted growth of crops resulting into
low quality and quantity of agricultural yields. Pollution has also resulted into global warming
exposing different living systems to dangerous ultra-violet rays resulting into cases of skin
cancer, sight problems lowering the immune systems of different living systems, acidic rains also
contributes to destruction of painted properties and many others.

Urbanization has also contributed significantly to encroachment issues and disposal of untreated
wastes like in the case of Associated Match.Co.Ltd, Oxy-Plastics Ltd,March International Ltd
both dealing in chemical. The first growing cities and industries, together with immature
wastewater treatment, led to an increased anthropogenic emission of trace elements and
phosphorus (Oguttu et al. 2008). 

Pollution can be controlled by imposing strict laws against industries discharging waste for
example increasing on the price of polluters pays principle, user pays principles and also
discouraging the discharge of non and partially treated wasted in both hydrosphere and
atmosphere among others.
1.3. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY.

To Assess the relationship between urbanization and pollution in Jinja city and its neighboring
areas.

1.4. OBJECTIVES.

I. To identify the Impacts of the pollution on Agricultural production in city town and
neighboring community , Eastern Uganda.
II. To identify the Impacts of the pollution on socio economy in Jinja city and neighboring
community , Eastern Uganda.

1.5.RESEARCH QUESTIONS.

III. What are the Impacts of the pollution on Agricultural production in Jinja city and
neighboring community , Eastern Uganda?
IV. What are the Impacts of the pollution on socio economy in Jinja city and neighboring
community, Eastern Uganda?

1.6. HYPOTHYSIS.

The pollution haven hypothesis holds that, when large industrialized nations seek to set up
factories or offices abroad, they will often look for the cheapest option in terms of resources and
labor that offers the land and material access they require. However, this often comes at the cost
of environmentally unsound practices. Developing nations with cheap resources and labor tend
to have less stringent environmental regulations, and conversely, nations with stricter
environmental regulations become more expensive for companies as a result of the costs
associated with meeting these standards. Thus, companies that choose to physically invest in
foreign countries tend to (re)locate to the countries with the lowest environmental standards or
weakest enforcement

1.7. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Jinja city is in Jinja District, Busoga sub-region, in the Eastern Region of Uganda. It is

approximately 81 kilometres (50 mi), by road, east of Kampala, the capital and largest city of
Uganda.It sits along the northern shores of Lake Victoria, near the source of the White Nile.The
city sits at an average elevation of 1,204 metres (3,950 ft) above sea level .JBut the study was
mainly conducted in areas of Jinja city , Buwenge, Bugembe and Budondo. ( Uganda Travels
Guide -2017 ).
1.8. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

.The Research Work study carried out on the relationship between urbanization and pollution
on Jinja town and its Surrounding areas, eastern Uganda will help the District and the national
wide on matters concerning preserving and conserving the Environment since it provides the
possible solutions to the causes of pollution in both urban and rural areas.

CHAPTER TWO.

2.0.INTRODUCTION.

This chapter presents the views of other different scholars on what has been written on
urbanization and pollution management. This literature has been presented in themes that reflect
study objectives and variables. This is to help the researcher in drawing the existing arguments
and make comparison with the findings to find out the new knowledge on how different forms of
knowledge helps in pollution control in relation to urbanization.

2.1.THEORETIC REVIEW.

Physically, pollution occurs because it is virtually impossible to have a productive process that
involves no waste; economically, pollution occurs because polluting is less expensive than
operating cleanly, This chapter explores the sources and consequences of, and remedies for,
pollution and associated environmental damages. If all goods had well-defined property rights
and could be traded in markets, environmental goods would be no different than other goods;
however, markets fail for these goods because property rights cannot or do not exist and because
of the nonexclusive, nonrival nature of these goods. Thus, environmental goods provide the
classic case where government intervention can increase efficiency. Achieving efficient levels of
pollution involves charging per unit of pollution based on damages caused by that unit. In
practice, this policy can be difficult to achieve, due to difficulties in measuring and
differentiating damages by source, difficulties in monitoring and enforcing pollution policies,
and the financial and political costs of pollution taxes. Additionally, pre-existing market
distortions influence the nature of efficient pollution abatement strategies. Thus, many regulatory
approaches that do not achieve first-best outcomes may be used because their technological or
political feasibility is superior. Market-based instruments provide flexibility to polluters, while
command-and-control (standards-based) approaches limit choice, often through an emissions
limit or a technology requirement. Market-based approaches typically achieve a specified level
of emissions with lower abatement costs than standards, but their greater efficiency may not hold
in the presence of the problems mentioned above. Non-regulatory approaches to pollution
control include the use of liability law to define and enforce property rights and some voluntary
pollution control initiatives by polluters. While these approaches can play an important role, they
are unlikely to achieve adequate provision of environmental goods.
 2.2. CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

.
Urbanization Pollution

Industrialization Creation of foul

Disease outbreak like

2.3.RELATED STUDIES.
cancer
Infrastructure Microplastic pollution has
development Drought
received considerable
attention in marine Sight nuisance systems, but recent
work shows substantial plastic pollution also occurs in freshwater
ecosystems. Most freshwater research
Wetland
has focused on large rivers and lakes, but
encroachment
small streams are the primary interface
between land, where plastic is used, and
drainage networks. We examined variation in the amount and form
of plastic occurring in small streams spanning an urbanisation
gradient. All streams contained microplastics with concentrations
similar to that found in larger systems (up to 303 particles m  in water and 80 particles kg−1 in
−3

sediment). The most abundant types were fragments and small particles (63–500 μm). Chemical
types of plastic were quite variable and often not predictable based on size, form and colour.
Variation in microplastic abundance across streams was high, but only partially explained
by catchment scale parameters. There was no relationship between human population density or
combined stormwater overflows and microplastic abundance. Residential land cover was related
to microplastic abundance, but explanatory power was low. Our results suggest local-scale
factors may be more important than catchment-scale processes in determining microplastic
pollution in small streams.( by Maria Cristina Fossi.).

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY
3.0 .Introduction
This chapter focused on the research design, the study population, sampling
procedure, sample size, tools and methods of data collection, sources of data, data
analysis techniques, ethical considerations and limitations of the study.

3.1 LOCATION
Jinja is in Jinja District, Busoga sub-region, in the Eastern Region of Uganda. It is approximately
81 kilometres (50 mi), by road, east of Kampala, the capital and largest city of Uganda.
It sits along the northern shores of Lake Victoria, near the source of the White Nile.[4] The city
sits at an average elevation of 1,204 metres (3,950 ft) above sea level
3.2 .STUDY POPULATION
The national census of 2002 estimated Jinja's population to be 71,213 of which 36,325 were
males and 34,888 were females. In 2010, the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) estimated the
population at 82,800. In 2011, UBOS estimated the population at 89,700. In 2014, the national
population census put the population at 72,931. However, the Municipality Authority contested
the recent census of 2014, saying it under-counted Jinja's population. According to the 2014
national population census data, Jinja is the largest metropolitan area in the Jinja District and the
14th-largest metropolis in the country.

3.3 CLIMATE
3.3.1 RAINFALL
Average Rainfall amounts per year ranges from 1200mm to 1450mm at an altitude of 1000M
to 1800m hilly and relatively flat some parts of Jinja city and neighboring community is made
up of wetlands and forests , January is the driest month with Rainfall amounts being 59mm
to 120mm and seasonal Rainfall peak is experienced a round the month of October within
lake Victoria shores (Uganda Meteorology , 2011).

3.3.2 TEMPERATURE

The average temperature in Jinja city and neighboring community ranges in about 28.4c with
the lowest being 15.9c and highest being 29.5c from the month of December to March as
provided by the (Department of Uganda Meteorology, 2011).
3.3.3 HUMIDITY

Jinja city and neighboring community humidity is relatively high especially from the months
of July to December by (Department of Uganda Meteorology , 2011 ).

3.3.4 DRAINAGE
The City’s main water body is Lake Victoria shores which encroaches some parts of Mayuge
district being anhabitat of a variety of wildlife like the tilapia and Nile perch fishes. The major
wetlands includes Bujingo and Kisira wetlands reports by the district investigation officer
(Nasser, 2017)

3.3.5 SOIL

Soil samples were collected from eight trees of each species 8 to 10years old and this
study was conducted in surrounding areas like Mayuge district by (National Banana Research
, 2013 ) and discovered that soils are of moderate stable structure being low in readability
and high fertility rate to support Agricultural production .

3.3.6 VEGETATION
10% of the Total land of surround areas of Jinja City like Bunya community is protected by
National forest covers and has many Islands which are currently being occupied by
permanent settlers but natural tree species include ; Celtis , Entandrophragma ,
Chlorophoraexcelsa and Maesopsiseminii . On 31 May 2017 vegetation of Mayuge district
has adversely been affected by rapid population growth with pressure towards forest
resources to acquire Agricultural production , Industrialization works , Housing construction
activities (Daily Monitor Newspaper, 2017).

3.4 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

Jinja has the second largest economy in Uganda. In the past, factories chose Jinja as their base
because of the nearby electric power station at the Owen Falls Dam. Since the early 2000s, the
economy of Jinja has picked up steadily. The main economic activities take place in the central
business district. A new market for fresh produce was completed during the fourth quarter of
2014. The facility can accommodate up to 4,500 vendors and cost US$13.7 million to construct,
with a loan from the African Development Bank from 2011 until 2014. The biggest local
employer is the Kakira Sugar Works (KSW), a member of the Madhvani Group of companies.
KSW is one of the largest sugar factories in East Africa, employing over 7,500. The factory
burns bagasse byproducts from sugar manufacturing to generate 50 megawatts of electricity for
internal use and sale to the national grid. Sugar cane cutting median wages are about UGX:1,000
per day
3.5 COMMUNICATION
The main Road links –up places such as Musita to Mayuge to Lumino to Majanja to Busia
town and it has been recently accomplished by the Chinese company under the supervision of
Uganda National Road Authority and the contract of Road construction started in the
year( UNRA , 2015).

3.6 RESEARCH DESIGN

The research was conducted using the two ways ; Qualitative and Quantitative in nature
where descriptive or cross sectional methods were used . Systematic data collation was used
to isolate important variables within highly varying flora and fauna.

SAMPLE SIZE

During the field work , Research was carried out mainly in Jinja town and 4 villages and
these were ; Baitambogwe village ,Magamaga trading center , Lugolole and Bufulubi .
Interviewing people from each village different questions for data collection such as ;
How does sugar factories impacted adversely which were noise pollution, water pollution among
others and positively which were job opportunities, infrastructure development to their
community, Population size of Jinja community was estimated to be 461200 people year
2012, National population census made by Uganda Bureau Of Statistics ( UBOS ,2012).

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

While carrying out Research , The technique used was random sampling whereby
respondents were chosen at random from the different villages identified already above to
give information for data collection basing on research questions such as the Impacts of
urnanization on Agricultural production of Jinja city and neighboring community , Eastern
Uganda.

3.7 DATA COLLECTION METHODS

3.7.1 OBSERVATION;
The data collection method involved usage of sights to see and this enabled excellent
assessment and analysis of adverse effect of pollution where I saw different parts of Lake
Victoria being affected by eutrophication.

3.7.2 QUESTIONNAIRE;
A data collection method that involved prepared set questions which were sent to a group of
individuals who later gave feedback .examples questionaires sent to one of the local fisherman
of lugolole village Mr. Mukwena stated that their has been decline in fish population which has
been as a result of partially and untreated waste disposal in different parts of Lake Victoria.

3.7.3 RECORDING METHOD;

This data collection method involved usage of writing materials such as note book, pens, markers
and writing pads which were used to take notes during the process of data collection.
3.7.4 INTERVIEW;
This data collection method involved asking f questions face to face and being answered by the
respondents in the field work study, example during the field study, Mr. Mawudo Joseph from
Baitambogwe village stated that the effects of pollution on agricultural production of bunya
community Mayuge district has led to acidic rainfall received
3.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Negative attitude of the local people and the respondents towards information sharing during
the data collection in field

Language barrier in some areas of Jinja and neighboring communities made communication too
hard and also gathering data in the field study.Inadequate resources such astransport fees to tour
a round different zones of Jinja city and the neighboring communities to collect adequate
information for the Research work

REFERENCES.
 Lindstrom, Chris (2011-04-24). "How To Write A Problem Statement". www.ceptara.com.
Retrieved 2018-04-10.
Highlights of the Uganda Atlas of Our Changing Environment: Pollution of water bodies: Lake
Victoria and Lake Albert.
Highlights of the Uganda Atlas of Our Changing Environment POLLUTION OF WATER
BODIE
echnologies, Emrite. "Civil Service College Uganda". www.cscuganda.go.ug. Archived from the
original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
 Daniel Kazungu (15 October 2020). "Uganda Decides 2021: Kyemba nominated for Jinja city
Woman MP, pledges to make Jinja city