Metzguer, Paul and The Magicians

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The Princeton Seminary
Bulletin
Vol. XXXVIII JUNE 1944 Number 1

:
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
OFFICERS
ROBERT E. SPEER, D.D., LL.D., President
LEWIS S. MUDGE, D.D., LL.D., Vice-President
BENJAMIN F. FARBER, D.D., Secretary
CENTRAL HANOVER BANK AND TRUST COMPANY, New
York, N.Y., Treasurer
MEMBERS
Term to Expire May, 1945:
JOHN B. LAIRD, D.D . Philadelphia, Pa.
LEWIS S. MUDGE, D.D., LL.D Bryn Mawr, Pa.
PETER K. EMMONS, D.D Scranton, Pa.
WILLIAM HALLOCK JOHNSON, Ph.D., D.D.. .Princeton, N.J.
.
BENJAMIN F. FARBER, D.D New York,N.Y.

W. OLIVER BRACKETT, Ph.D Lake Forest, III.
ROBERT E. SPEER, D.D., LL.D Lakeville, Conn.
*JOHN T. MANSON, Esq New Haven, Conn.
KENNETH H. LANNING, Esq Trenton, N.J.
JUDGE ADRIAN LYON Perth Amboy, N.J.
RAY VANCE, Esq Maplewood, N.J.
MAJOR HENRY B. M. SHERRERD Haddonfield, N.J.
Term to Expire May, 1946:

ALBERT J. McCARTNEY, D.D Washington, D.C.
JOHN H. GROSS, D.D Philadelphia, Pa.
FRANK SERGEANT NILES Princeton, N.J.
RAYMOND C. WALKER, D.D Harrisburg, Pa.
HAROLD E. NICELY, D.D Rochester, N.Y.
HUGH EVANS, D.D
I. Dayton, Ohio
EDWARD B. HODGE, M.D Philadelphia, Pa.
WILLIAM MATHER LEWIS, LL.D Easton, Pa.
JOHN J. NEWBERRY, Esq New York, N.Y.
JOHN G. BUCHANAN, Esq Pittsburgh, Pa.
WILBUR LaROE, JR., Esq Washington, D.C.
Term to Expire May, 1947
MINOT C. MORGAN, D.D Greenwich. Conn.
STUART NYE HUTCHISON, D.D Pittsburgh, Pa.
WILLIAM B. PUGH, D.D., LL.D Philadelphia, Pa.
J. AMBROSE DUNKEL, D.D Napoleon, Ohio
WALTER L. WHALLON, D.D Newark, N.J.
RALPH COOPER HUTCHISON, Ph.D., D.D. . .Washington, Pa.
SPENCER S. MARSH, Esq Madison, N.J.
COL. GUILFORD C. BABCOCK Morristown, N.J.
WEIR C. KETLER, LL.D Grove City, Pa.
HENRY E. HIRD, Esq Ridgewood, N.J.
RICHARD J. DEARBORN, Esq Summit, N.J.
* Died February 21, 1944
Published Quarterly by the Trustees of the Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church.
Entered as second class matter, May 1, 1907, at the post office at Princeton, N.J., under the
Act of Congress of July 16, 1894.
William Park Armstrong
1874-1944
:
The Princeton Seminary Bulletin
Vol. XXXVIII PRINCETON, N .J., JUNE 1944 No. 1
A NEW STATUS FOR THEOLOGICAL

EDUCATION
T HE creation of
in the U.S.A.
the Council on Theological Education of the Presbyterian
a landmark in the history of Presbyterian Seminaries. After a
is
lapse of nearly a century, theological education becomes once again the concern of the
Church
whole denomination. The way has at length been opened for the seminaries to make
a creative contribution to the life and thought of the Church as a whole, in a way that
was impossible in recent generations of Presbyterian history.
The new Council, which is probably the most representative body in the Presby-
terian Church, including in its
membership, not only representatives of the seminaries,
but also of the Church Boards, the Colleges and the Church at large, has proposed to
itself four principal aims
The first aim of the Council on Theological Education is to achieve solidarity among
the seminaries of the Presbyterian Church. We
have happily reached a point in Pres-
byterian history when no unworthy rivalry inspires the leadership of the Church’s
seminaries. Those responsible for their direction are bound together by a close and
understanding friendship. While devoted to the development of their individual insti-
tutions, they set the interests of the church as a whole above that of institutional glory.
It is their hope and prayer, that as they work together in the cause of theological edu-
cation, and put themselves at the service of the Church, they may succeed in bringing
about such a unity in the Presbyterian family as it has not known in many decades.
As a contribution to inter-seminary solidarity and the welfare of sister seminaries
which experience a more difficult time in their efforts to serve the Church, Princeton
Seminary has accepted a reduced share of the Church’s benevolences. While the
con-
sequent reduction in income may seriously affect our Seminary’s budget,
it is hoped
that this circumstance may be offset by two compensating factors
the development:
and gratitude of sister seminaries, and a firm resolve on the part of friends of Princeton
that their personal gifts and prayers shall be correspondingly
increased, in order that
the program of this Seminary may not have to be curtailed.
II
The Council aims, in the second place, to make Presbyterian seminaries second to
none in educational efficiency. It is inspired by no less an ideal than that the denomina-
tional centers for the training of Presbyterian
ministers shall be equal, and if possible,
2 THE PRINCETON SEMINARY BULLETIN
superior, in material resources, in the calibre of their faculties, and in the number and
quality of the students who attend, to the best non-denominational seminaries in the
country.
For many years past, considerable numbers of Presbyterian students have been
educated for the work of the ministry in institutions to the theological right or left,
which have no connection with the Presbyterian Church. God forbid that any Presby-
terian churchman, or even the Presbyterian General Assembly, should restrict the
liberty of a Presbyterian student in determining under what auspices he should prepare
for the Church’s ministry. It is undoubtedly true, nevertheless, that one of the factors
that have contributed to the lack of cohesiveness in the Presbyterian Church and to
extremist tendencies within its fellowship, has been the great diversity in the type of
theological education received by Presbyterian ministers in recent generations. There
is no inherent reason why a denominational institution should be less truly ecumenical
in spirit than one which is related to no church in particular. What the Ecumenical
Church stands most in need of at the present time is a type of theological education
which shall combine intelligent, and even critical loyalty, to one great tradition, while
being committed to the best interests of the Church Universal. This is the ideal which
the Council on Theological education envisages for the seminaries of the Presbyterian
Church in the new era.
III
To awaken a sense of ministerial vocation among the youth of the Presbyterian

Church is the third aim of the Council. In these last times, the Presbyterian Church
in the United States of America has not been producing a sufficient number of candi-
dates out of her own membership to man her vacant congregations, and to carry on
the great missionary enterprises at home and abroad to which the Church is committed,
and for which other churches hold her responsible. How painful is the reflection that
there are churches in the denomination which have not produced a single candidate
for the Christian ministry for a whole century This disgrace must be wiped out in the
!
years immediately before us. Why should industry and commerce, law and medicine,
education and politics claim so large a proportion of Presbyterian youth? The Church
falters in her witness, and slips steadily from the place of national Christian leadership
which she once occupied, because her sons have grown cold in their loyalty. Christ and
the times require that the Presbyterian ministry shall have the best that Presbyterian
homes and Presbyterian congregations can produce.
Not only young men, but also young women are now needed. In the period into which
we are entering, there will be an increasing place for women in the service of the
Presbyterian Church and of the Church of Christ in general. The Council on Theo-
logical Education is interested in recruiting the ablest representatives of Presbyterian
womanhood for the whole time service of the Church. Lay training, especially the
training of women, must become a major concern.
IV
Finally the Council on Theological Education aims to make theology missionary.
Too long has theology been regarded among Christian people in the United States,
and even in the Presbyterian Church which has been traditionally theologically-minded,
!
THE PRINCETON SEMINARY BULLETIN 3
as a body of knowledge useful only to prove one’s orthodoxy on official occasions, or in

a hard pinch. Christian theology, Reformed theology in particular, must now move out
from historical archives, from library shelves, from Seminary classrooms, from the
atmosphere of ecclesiastical gatherings, from the altercations of dry controversialists,
with all of which it has been too long and too exclusively associated by the Christian
mind in America. The Queen of the Sciences must be arrayed in worthy garments,
inspired afresh with a crusading mission, conducted through the highways and byways
of national life, and ushered into the confused arena of contemporary thought.
Theology must be made missionary again. The Council on Theological Education, in

cooperation with the Presbyterian Board of Christian Education, is arranging, accord-
ingly, for Traveling Institutes of Theology to carry the equivalent of Seminary “re-
fresher” courses to strategic areas of the United States. The new program will begin
in the summer of 1945. More and more, from now onward, Presbyterian seminaries
will organize special institutes, each one on its own campus, where courses will be
offered for ministers and lay people. The Council has also in mind the needs of Pres-
byterian chaplains, and measures are being taken for the organization of special
courses for chaplains, against the day when the War ends and the process of de-
mobilization begins.
The new review, Theology Today, whose first number has had a marvelous recep-
tion in Presbyterian and non-Presbyterian symbol of the fact that the new
circles, is a
missionary role of Christian theology is being recognized and promoted. In this new
journal, the representatives of several of our Presbyterian and other seminaries col-
laborate. Their Alma Mater, which has a major stake in the success of this literary
effort, expects that Princeton Seminary alumni shall lend it their support with their
traditional loyalty.
Streaks of light along the whole horizon pierce the darkness Christian crusaders
;
hear the alertthey are on their way to the gathering places. Lead on,
; O
King eternal
J. A. M.
THE USE OF THE BIBLE IN THE

FORMING OF MEN 1
Howard Tillman Kuist, ph.d.
M
my
CHAIRMAN, Gentlemen of the
R.
Board of Trustees, Mr. President,
Colleagues, Fellow-students, and
istry
now
you have decided that this Chair
to be devoted to the teaching of the
English Bible. But in a theological curricu-
is
Friends lum committed to teaching the Bible in the

No one could come up to this solemn original languages, what place is there for \
moment of installation without feeling teaching the English Bible? Observation
deeply inadequate. The classrooms of of current practice in American theological
Princeton Seminary long have been distin- education reveals the widest possible di-
guished by a succession of great teachers vergence in this matter. There are those
whose achievements speak for themselves. institutions where it has no place at all. In
I find myself saying, '‘Who is sufficient others the English text alone holds sway.
for these things?” Mr. Chairman, I am How then shall we determine the true
deeply sensible of the honor and responsi- place of the English Bible in a theological
bility which is mine today as I assume the curriculum? The answer to this question
duties of the Charles T. Haley Chair. At is grounded in a fundamental principle of
the same time I frankly confess to be al- learning. We make use of the English
lured by the enticements of teaching. In Versions in our western culture because
the Charter and Plan of Princeton Sem- they present Holy Scripture to us in our
inary our founding fathers set a high ideal own mother tongue. By mother tongue we
for the labors of this faculty: “It is to mean the vernacular. Language, and par-
form men for the Gospel ministry .” 2 What ticularly the vernacular, is one of the most
loftier design for teaching could possibly potent intellectual and spiritual influences
be framed? Teaching is forming men! in the life of man. How aptly Samuel
Thus defined teaching is the highest of the Lover acclaims it
arts, for the teacher deals primarily with

“We name our blessings whence they’ve
the most potential medium: living per- sprung,
sonality. I therefore engage to keep the We call our country Father-/and,
pledges I have made in your presence to- We call our language Mother -tongue .” 5
day, encouraged by the privilege of hav-

1 Inaugural address as The Charles T. Haley
ing a part in this great enterprise of form-
Professor of Biblical Theology, for the teaching
ing men for the Gospel ministry: men of the English Bible, at mid-year Commence-
whose indispensable passion, in the words ment, January 24, 1944.
2 Charter and
of our Charter and Plan, has become “true Plan of the Theological Semi-
nary of the Presbyterian Church in the United
evangelical piety . . . united with solid
States of America Princeton, New Jersey. Ed.
,
learning .” 3
1931. p. 24.
The Charles T. Haley Chair long de- 3 Ibid.,
p. 25.
4 Deed
voted to the teaching of Biblical Theology of Trust of the Charles T. Haley Pro-
fessorship of Biblical Theology, Dec. 23, 1903.
is now charged with a special task .
4
For 5 The Works Samuel Lover. Athanaeum
of
the forming of men for the Gospel min- Society, N.Y. Vol. 6. pp. 114, 115.
;
What we propose to consider today is the from the one perennial fountain-head,
instrumental worth of the vernacular Bible through valleys and jungles, and
trickling
as a teaching medium. And the argument across the continents of our human world
for the place of the English Version in our until they have penetrated to its uttermost
11
education of future ministers proceeds bounds .
from four directions: From history, from The true genius of our Holy Scriptures
criticism, from method, and from use. isseen most clearly in terms of the instru-
mental character of the Version. The
The Voice of History Church of Jesus Christ has become formi-
First of us listen to the voice of
all, let dable in encountering the pall of pagan
history. On the day of Pentecost “every darkness in our world only as she has sent
man heard the disciples speak in his own forth her heralds with the light of Holy
tongue the wonderful works of God .” 6 Scripture in the vernacular. The “middle
The amazing adaptability of Christianity ages” were shrouded in darkness while the
as a universal religion now became evi- flickering light of Scripture was barely
dent. Every man was to hear the Gospel in kept alive by pious monks who copied
his own tongue. But this process had al- Greek and Latin manuscripts in monas-
ready begun. The Septuagint, that master teries 12
But Reformed Christendom was
.
stroke of Pre-Christian Judaism, had made born, when the Book of the people was
the Hebrew Old Testament available to given back to the people. The Protestant
the Greek-speaking world. “Without the Reformers made good their cardinal em-
Septuagint,” declares Adolf Deissmann, phasis upon the right of private judgment
“the dissemination of the knowledge of by translating the Bible into the mother
God from Mount Zion to Alexandria, tongue of their people 13 John Wyclif, the
.
Ephesus, Athens, and Rome would be un-

thinkable .” 7 The Roman world was leav- 6
Acts 2 :ii.
i ened by the Old Testament oracles in ver- Adolf Deissmann
7 Die Hellenisierung des
:
Semitischen Monotheismus, Leipzig, 1903. p. 16.

nacular Greek, and thus prepared for the 8
C. H. Turner, The Study of the New Testa-
gospel message of the Redeemer in the ment, 1883-1920. An Inaugural Address. Oxford,
|
New Testament. 1920. 3rd Ed. 1926. pp. 63-65.
9 C. H. Turner, The Oldest Manuscript
This principle, “Every man in his own of the
Vulgate Gospels. Oxford, 1931. p. xi-xiv.
tongue,” is by the way in
also illustrated
10 Schaff, History
j
of the Christian Church,

|
which twenty-seven documents in the guise N.Y. 1920. Vol. 6. p. 340, refers to Luther’s
of non-classical common
Greek, the lingua Translation of the New Testament as the most
j
\
franca of the Mediterranean world, won important and useful work of Luther’s life. “He
their way by sheer intrinsic merit to soli- made the Bible the people’s book in church,
school, and house.”
|
tary pre-eminence in the mind of the early 11 American Bible Society Report
1943, p. 35.
Church, and thus became its New Testa- “The number of languages in which some part of
i ment canon 8 Again, this is illustrated in
.
the Bible has been published is a total of 1058.”
Jerome and the Latin Vulgate 9 the Ven- ,
See also, The Bible in Our Day, a Symposium,
erable Bede and the Saxon, Wyclif and the Oxford Press, 1935, esp. pp. 132-162, Across the
Barriers of Language.
English, Luther and the German 10 to say , 12 A
good description is found in Cubberley
nothing of the other numerous Versions The History of Education, N.Y. 1920. pp. 140,
into which our Holy Scriptures have been 141. Illustration, Plate 2.
13 Erasmus, Opera Omnia (Leyden, 1703-06),
translated down to this present day These :
V. “I long that the husbandman

140, declared :
Versions all like so many myriad streams

should sing portions of them (the Scriptures) to
each drawing its own life-giving waters himself as he follows the plough, that the weaver
17
“Morning Star of the Reformation” was judicial criticism Each of these aspects
.
so successful in his own

attempts at trans- of criticism relates itself “to a correspond-
lating and distributing the Scriptures, that ing aspect of the work of art itself his- —
one of his clerical adversaries (Knighton) torical criticism, to the work’s historical
meaning to decry his work, in effect mag- character and orientation ;
re-creative criti-
nified it, when he
declared: “Master John cism, to its unique artistic individuality;
Wyclif has laid the Gospel more open to and judicial criticism, to its artistic value.”
the laity, and to women who can read, than These aspects of criticism are not mutu-
it was formerly to the most learned ally exclusive,but rather “are mutually
clergy .” 14 conditioning factors of a single organic
The symbol of our Protestant heritage process.”
is the open Bible. And makes
the Version These categories are exceedingly helpful
this open Bible accessible to every man. If in defining the precise function of the
we are “to restore to the people an intel- original languages and of the mother
” 15
ligent and affectionate use of the Bible tongue in the study of the Bible. They
we must have a ministry not only versed suggest how two necessary and desirable
in the original languages, but one pre- ends may be achieved.
eminently at home in the use of the Ver-
sion. Thus the logic of history unfolds a
A More Adequate Balance for
Biblical Studies
principle ofprofound worth in determin-
ing how men
are to be formed for the First of all they suggest how a more
Gospel ministry. That the instinct of the adequate balance may be restored in our
Early Church and of Reformed Christen- day to Biblical studies. For purposes of
dom was sound in this respect becomes historical orientation and interpretation
still clearer when to the testimony of his- a knowledge of the original languages is
tory is added the intent of criticism. indispensable. How else shall our way
back to the historic origins of Christianity
The Intent of Criticism be kept open ? 18 But the Scriptures are
In the minds of many Christian lay- much more than a body of evidence. They
men the term criticism as applied to the are as well a vehicle of communication,
Bible has unhappy associations. This is and it is in the Versions that the lofty
greatly to be deplored, for in theological Holy Scripture is most di-
spirituality of
education criticism has a precise meaning. rectlycommunicated to everyman. This is

It refers to Old Testament and to New what is meant by their instrumental func-
Testament Introduction: The process of
determining the historical origin, preserva- should hum them to the tune of his shuttle, that
the traveller should beguile with their stories the
tion, integrity, and transmission of the
tedium of his journey.” See Lindsay, History A
several books of the Bible. This is not only N.Y.
of the Reformation, 1906, Vol. I. p. 174.
a legitimate but a very necessary means of 14
Knighton, Chronicle, II. 151 f. See Schaff,
affording an adequate understanding of History of the Christian Church, Vol. 5. Part
16 2. p. 343-
Biblical revelation in its historic setting .
15 P. T. Forsyth, Positive Preaching and the
In the study of the Humanities, the
Modern Mind. N.Y. 1907, p. 36.
term criticism has a much broader scope 16 Terry, Biblical Hermeneutics, N.Y. 1911,
of reference. In his definitive work en- p. 19.
titled, The Arts andArt of Criticism,

the
17 Theodore Meyer Greene, The Arts and The
Art of Criticism, Princeton, 1940, pp. 369, 370.
Professor Theodore Meyer Greene distin- 18 M. G. Evans, Bulletin of Crozer Theological
guishes between historical, re-creative, and Semhiary, Oct. 1911. Vol. 3. No. 4. pp. 161, 162.
tion. It is amazing how far the Version A Permanent Homing-Center for

will carry one if he has a genuine passion Re-creative Study
for that which it translates. “We think of The use of the Version not only supplies
Shakespeare/’ declares John Jay Chap- a proper balance for Biblical studies within
man, “as of a lightly-lettered person; but the framework of the theological curricu-
he was ransacking books all day to find lum. provides a permanent homing-
It also
plots and language for his plays. He reeks
center for re-creative study.One of the
with mythology, he swims in classical foremost teachers of the Greek New Tes-
metaphor and if he knew the Latin poets
;
tament used to deplore the fact that so
only in translation, he knew them with many Protestant ministers allow their
that famished intensity of interest which
knowledge of the original languages to
can draw the meaning through the walls of lapse into “innocuous desuetude .” 24 For
a bad text. Deprive Shakespeare of his it is notorious that once he has satisfied
sources and he could not have been Shake-
his ecclesiastical examiners the candidate’s
speare .” 19
interest in Hebrew and Greek almost in-
Where may the future minister more
variably begins to wane. How are we to
readily capture this enkindling passion for
account for this strange miscarriage of
the Bible than in the Version? Under the
theological education ? Certainly not by
competent guidance of a genuinely re-
discounting the genius of the original lan-
creative method, mere academic interest
guages, or their importance as interpreta-
lights upinto spiritual glow. “The letter
tive tools. The real answer to this problem
killeth, but the spirit giveth life .” 20 Spe-
unfolds as we consider it in the light of
cialized research must be completed by in-
this fundamental principle of learning:
terpretation in large relations 21 The syn- .
The mind normally acquires knowledge in
thetic process of re-creative criticism
terms of thought patterns provided by the
provides an adequate balance against the
mother tongue. Even the scholar versed in
analytic propensities of historical criticism.
foreign languages depends more than he
And for this purpose the Version as an in-
may realize upon these native thought pat-
strument of learning is supremely quali-
terns to organize the field of his special
fied. Let the future minister drink from
25
the same fountain of Scripture in the Ver-
knowledge . The study of the Bible in the
sion from which his people drink. Then his

original languages, and its study in the
historical orientation is personalized into mother tongue are therefore not mutually
contemporary experience. He finds there exclusive disciplines. Each is the handmaid
the same refreshment which slakes the of the other.
thirst of the lonely widow among her William Rainey Harper was unques-
22
fuchsias and geraniums . Or he becomes 19
John Jay Chapman, Learning and Other
animated by the same courage which sus-
Essays N.Y. 1910. pp. 6, 7.
,
tained Johnnie Bartek and his companions 20 II Corinthians 3 :6.
on the wave-tossed Pacific 23 Once let this .

21 Lynn Harold Hough, Life and History,
balance between the historical and the re- N.Y. 1922, pp. 40-58.
22 Adolf Deissmann, Light From the Ancient
creative functions of criticism be achieved
East, London, 1927, 4th Ed. p. 143.
and men are formed for the Gospel min- 23 John F. Bartek, and Austin Pardue Life :
istrywho not only know about the Bible, Out There A Story of faith and courage. N.Y.
;
but who speak with the authority of those 1943.

24The late A. T. Robertson.
who dwell within the inner sanctuary of 25Louis Matthews Sweet, The Study of the
Scripture. English Bible, N.Y. 1914, pp. 60-67.
tionably one of the master teachers of He- him back upon the text in the original
brew in his day. In fact, he imbued hun- languages. And
furthermore every bit of
dreds of ministers with a passion for the knowledge gained from whatever source
study of this so-called dead language. But now takes own place in his enlarging
its
in doing so he made an important discov- view ;

and
everything he acquires by
ery. He found in teaching the Hebrew Old broader reading and experience “groups
Testament that the student’s range of ap- and arranges itself in an order which is
plication was strictly limited. However, lucid, because it is everywhere in intel-
when the inductive process was carried ligent relation to an object of constant and
on in the Version, the range of his applica- growing interest .” 27
tion and his power of appreciation were Men who are trained to keep the his-
immeasurably broadened. A creative sol- torical and the re-creative functions of
vent was found for the problems raised Bible study in true relationship inevitably
by the higher criticism. Through carefully have sound judicial convictions concerning
prepared questionnaires, which are still their incomparable worth. And the intent
available, Dr. Harper ascertained the rea- of criticism, as a single organic process
son .
26
The overwhelming majority of these is realized, in forming men for the Gospel
men indicated that they were unprepared ministry for whom the Bible is articulated
to keep apace with the intricacies of criti- into the great course of human history;
cism in Hebrew, because of an inadequate men who have been brought under the
perspective within the whole field in which spell of its transcendent claims men
;
they were at work. As a wise educator whose inner being is cleansed and illu-
Harper therefore modified his approach minated by an inherent power more con-
and turned from the teaching of passages vincing than argument, more direct than .
only in Hebrew, to the broader study of statement, more compelling than proof.
whole Bible books in English, thus demon-
strating the intimate kinship between these The Nature of Method
two disciplines.
What then is the nature of method?
Under methods the
re-creative teaching
What is this re-creative highroad to the
study of the Version supplies the main-
heart of Holy Scripture? The student of
spring and drive of Bible study; the use
the Bible finds himself beset by as many
of the original languages provides ade-
bypaths, and seductive com-
shortcuts,
quate interpretative control. Very few
panions as Bunyan’s Pilgrim found on his
Seminary students take up Hebrew or
Greek merely for mental relaxation! For 26 See The Old Testament Student, William
all of them it is the major subject here Rainey Harper, Editor, Vol. II. No. 8. April
1886. Editorial pp. 322-325; A Symposium on
in their Junior year. How shall they con-
Bible Study in the Theological Seminaries, pp.
serve and implement their dearly won 325-334. Also, Ibid., Vol. VI. No. 5. Jan. 1887,
knowledge of the original languages? A Bible Study in the Pastorate; Figures and Facts.
student whose learning processes are cul- Questions addressed to 1200 representative
Protestant Ministers, and an analysis of their
tivated and enriched by re-creative study
replies. Also typical studies offered by Harper
of the Version has found a permanent which illustrate the principle being discussed,
homing-center for his intellectual and spir- Ibid., Dec. 117-122; February 1887,
1886, pp.
itual life. He is now stirred by natural and pp. 164-166. March, 1887, pp. 203-208. similar A
poll today would be equally revealing.
compelling incentives to keep alive his 27 James Russell Lowell, “My Experience with
knowledge of Hebrew and Greek. His Dante’s Divina Commedia.” From the Original
study of the Version is forever throwing Ms.
narrow way between the two walls 28 . also be experimental. This implies that
There are many specious forms of Bible here, at least, the laboratory method rather
study, even among so-called Bible-loving than the lecture is the better medium of
Christians. The sects also, are notorious instruction. The teacher’s part is to out-
for their ability to quote Scripture. Even line procedures of study, the student’s part
29
the devils believe and tremble The sine ! to embody these procedures in practice.
qua non of all method is a passionate con- The assignment becomes the teacher’s im-
cern for reality. The final and genuine mediate contribution to the student, and
word about the Bible may be said only by the joy of firsthand discovery the sign
a person who like Pilgrim carries its secret that the student has come into actual grips
already in his heart. It is not what the with the Biblical material. Anxiety to
student does to the Bible that really mat- reach the sermon outline and the sermon
30
ters.It is what the Bible does to him ! must never be allowed to interfere with
Based upon this central concern, the hall- the education of the preacher 31 And this .
mark of method is clear to the single-eyed requires that primary attention be given
common sense of any soul truly bent upon to sharpening and refining the student’s
pilgrimage. And its requirements are two- powers of perception.
fold: It insists, first, that the learning The third feature of this method now
process be kept chiefly upon the inductive comes into view. It is the culture of the
level; and second, that its scale of values eye as a primary medium of discovery. In
be truly objective. Each of these require- his training of the twelve Jesus made em-
ments deserves far more adequate treat- phatic use of the eye and the ear. For
ment than we can possibly give today, but Jesus the teacher, “the lamp of the body
32
the main outline of each is clear. is the eye ,” and the ear is a symbol of
the teachable spirit. (“Take heed how ye
Four Essential Features of the
hear .”) 33 John Ruskin used to plead for
Inductive Quest
the recovery of what he called “the in-
Four essential features of the inductive nocence of the eye .” 34 What he lamented
quest come into play in a genuinely re- concerning secondary education in his day,
creative method.
is even more true concerning Seminary
First, it is direct. This means that the
education in our day: “The main thing
text-book, for the study of the English
which we ought to teach our youth is to
Bible for instance, be the English Bible!
see something,” he declared. “The sum of
No text-book or commentary however val-
what we do teach them some- is to say
uable as an accessory tool can ever take the
place of firsthand contact with the text
thing .” 35 Emerson distinguishes between
itself. What more direct avenue to the lit- 28 For a particularly lucid illustration see the
erary beauty, cultural power, and spiritual passage in Pilgrim’s Progress, just after Chris-
essence of the Bible can be found for us, tian has left the Interpreter’s House.
29
than in the incomparable, rugged, ele- James 2 19. :
mental Anglo-Saxon of the King James

30 Kuist, How to Enjoy the Bible, Richmond,
1939. P- 6.
Version? Or what more suitable arrange- 31A drawn from Ruskin, Elements of
parallel
ment of compositional units for inductive Drawing and Perspective (Everyman’s Library,
study can be found than in the paragraph Dutton), Preface, p. xvi.
32 Matthew 6 :22.
divisions of our more exact American
33 Mark 4 23 24 Luke 8 18.
: :
Standard Version? 34
, ;
Ruskin, Op. cit., pp. 3, 4.

Second, Direct contact with the text 35 Ruskin, Modern Painters, 2nd Ed. Vol.
4.
itself means that the inductive quest must p. 409, “Logical Education.”
the common eye which is “satisfied with deadly than an academic professionalism.
the surface on which it and the wise
rests,” How much of vital manhood does the
eye which recognizes the “interior harmo- student actually bring to his study of
nies which compose the image of higher the Bible? This is the bent which deter-
beauty .” 36 For students whose mental mines what shape his ministry ultimately
processes are disciplined by an alert habit is to take. For profound moral convictions
of veracious perception ap-
the direct and distinctively Christian convictions are
proach to the composition of the Bible is gained only by volitional daring in the
like breathing their native air 37 But a . name of the highest life of the soul 40 .
student unaccustomed to firsthand obser- Re-creative method, then, insists that

vation, or accustomed to read his Bible the inductive quest be kept upon a level
chiefly for something to say experiences
,
which is direct, experimental, perceptive,
profound difficulty. For some students this and personal.
requires a practical revolution in their
mental and spiritual life. For others it Four Objective Safeguards to
means for the first time an emancipation Re-creative Method

from slovenly thinking. It is one thing to These primary features of the inductive
read a textbook about the Bible, and this quest correspond to four objective safe-
is necessary for breadth of knowledge, but guards to re-creative method. First of all,
it is not re-creative study! It requires a this process prescribes the study of the
distinctly different attitude to hold oneself Bible by books. The Bible as a whole is a
to steadfast scrutiny of relationships with- collection of books, the grand unity of
in the composition of the Bible itself. This which is comprehended within an equally
concentration and cultivation of the senses grand variety of presentation. Each book
corresponds to harrowing the earth in the has its own historic orientation.Each is
springtide for the reception of the life- also a distinct literary entity. Adequate
giving seed. To restore this springtime to recognition of both factors in the learning
the intellectual life of some students is in- process is necessary to assure sound ob-
deed a harrowing experience, but in the jective convictions. It is at this point that
end it is a very wholesome one, for it in- a fundamental kinship exists between Bib-
evitably leads to the garnering of those
lical Introduction and re-creative method.
fruits which are the crown and end of a
In view of this kinship valuable curricular
genuinely re-creative method 38
economies are now in process of formation
.
Fourth. The most comprehensive fea-

in our department of Biblical Literature
ture of thismethod is its distinctively per-
which aim to further the work of one
sonal character. Deep speaks to deep only discipline by taking advantage of the by-
in terms of response. Eye culture must be
products of another.
attended and completed by heart culture.
Second. Re-creative method is centered
For what God has spoken in Christian
revelation is no mere abstraction. God 36 Emerson, Conduct of Life Michelangelo.
;
speaks in His acts. And His word, living Tudor, N.Y. p. 441.
37 Van Dyke, Essays in Application, 1905, pp.
and active in Scripture, becomes concrete
233, 234.
and articulate in experience, only when 38 Kuist, The Training of Men in 'the Christian
the mind, heart, and will of the interpreter Tradition, Richmond. 1941. pp. 22, 23.
are fused into a glowing and active em-

39 John A. Mackay, A
Preface to Christian
Theology, N.Y. 1941. pp. 7 l ~79-
bodiment in personal relations .
39
No peril 40 O. A. Curtis, Personal Submission to Jesus
to those who handle holy things is more Christ, p. 21.
: ,
THE PRINCETON SEMINARY BULLETIN ii
in the study of compositional units of it is none the These rela-

less observable.
Scripture. It sometimes overlooked that
is tions between a part and the whole, or of
while the Bible differs from all other books a given whole and its parts, are always a
in origin, and in subject
in inspiration, primary clue to objective awareness. And
matter, books in form.
it is like all other these clues are heightened or illuminated
By form we mean composition. And com- by the law of texture. This second stipula-
position simply means, “putting things to- tion of Biblical composition insists that
gether/’ This art of putting several things words must always be treated as an author
together to what makes
make one thing, is has actually employed them. When this
intelligible communication between per- occurs communication really takes place 45 .
sons possible 41 This is what makes all the

. “What is Emerson
best in any book” as
arts one, and this is what places the Bible has well said, “is translatable .” 46 Take
among the arts 42 This in no way detracts . careful note of that word “translatable.”
from its own unique intrinsic worth as This does not mean that the elemental
revelation. But it does provide for an im- smack and tang of any original can ever
pact of revelation upon the learning mind be apprehended fully in translation. But it
that is at once objective, incisive, and con- does magnify the instrumental worth of
vincing. More than any other conductor, the Version. It does mean that the Version
Toscanini, so we are told, carries over enough of the intent of the
original in actual structural relationships
“insists on a fanatical adherence to the
composer’s wishes as expressed in the and in recognizable meaning of terms to
score. Toscanini is counted as

. . . the enable the thoughtful reader to realize it
literal re-creator of the composer’s in- as literature; enough at least, to indicate
tentions.Beethoven or Schumann or the main stream of Biblical thought. This

Brahms fills almost every bar with mi- very enkindling of interest now becomes
nute playing directions, all the way a primary incentive to carry the student
from simple dynamics ... to compli- to the originaland to sharpen up initial
cated mathematical variations of tempo. awareness wherever a more exact and
Wherefore the ‘ideal of the great inter- complete illumination is desirable or nec-
preter,’ as Lawrence Gilman calls Tos-
41 A. E. Bailey, Art and Character, N.Y. 1938.
canini, is the one who finds within these
pp. 18. Ruskin’s Essay on Composition, in
17,
stipulations the secret inspiration of the
Elements (See note 31), pp. 141-194, is a classic
composer himself. Revealing that, he on this subject.
43
gives his listeners the utmost .” 42 The thesis that there is a fundamental kin-
ship between all the arts (including literature)

What are these stipulations in
Third.
and that the “same laws and principles govern
Biblical composition corresponding t# all of them” is treated definitively by Theodore
those in musical composition which pro- Meyer Greene, The Arts and The Art of Criti-
vide for objectivity in the inductive quest? cism, Princeton Univ. Press, 1940. A more popu-
lar treatment of the same thesis is Dudley and
Two primary stipulations may be men-
Faricy, The Humanities, McGraw-Hill, N.Y.
tioned : structural relations and the law of
1940. Both books are lavishly illustrated.
44
texture . The first is sometimes referred 43 Fortune January
1938, p. 119.
to as the architectonic character of Bibli- 44 For an apposite illustration see, Stauffer,
cal composition, or the law of context The Intent of the Critic, Princeton Univ. Press,
namely, that every word, sentence, or 1941. pp. IIO-III.
paragraph stands in some observable rela-

45 Adler, How to Read a Book, N.Y. 1940, p.
186.
tion to something else. This relation may 46 Emerson, Essay
on Books. The Works of
not be precise, as it frequently is not, but Emerson, Tudor, N.Y. Vol. 3, p. 319.
essary. It is here that the lexicon, gram- cision, strong incentives to wide reading,
mar, and commentary become like boon and urgent stimulation to prayer. True to
companions who offer that added objectiv- himself he cannot then be false to God or
ity which competent authority is designed man.
to provide. Once let a strict adherence to Re-creative method therefore avoids the
the composer’s intentions, “as expressed pitfalls which commonly beset the pilgrim
in the score” become the animating pulse- way. It insists that the inductive quest of
beat of the future minister’s study habits, Biblical revelation be kept within range of
and consequent illuminations of Scripture those clues which assure not only immedi-
follow, as day follows night. acy and warmth of appreciation, but also
There is a fourth clue to objective that objectivity which leads to sound judi-
awareness in the inductive quest. It resides cialapprehension. Structure and texture
within the personality of the learner him- in composition; fidelity and sympathetic
self and it may be called the law of awareness in personality are the time-hon-
growth 47 Viewed in terms of the learning
. ored clues which mark this re-creative
process, growth can never be measured highroad to the heart of Holy Scripture,
accurately when one person compares him- with its inexhaustible riches for mind and
self, or is compared, with another. Actual spirit.
growth is indicated only when I compare
The Requirements of Use
myself today with what I was yesterday,
or last year. After this manner a seminary Our argumentalready well drawn out,
student discovers a true and reliable clue isnot complete without a final word con-
to himself. He thus becomes fortified cerning the requirements of public use.
against over-evaluating his powers, and so The most successful person in any pro-
of falling victim to an overweening pride, fession should be the one who most com-
or a consequent lowering of his level of pletely carries out in actual practice the
achievement. On the other hand he avoids training he has spent years in acquiring.
underestimating his powers, and so of It cannot be said with confidence that the
experiencing the accompanying discour- rank and file of seminary trained men are
agements, which in some cases leave per- equipped to satisfy the requirements of
manent and deteriorating effects upon his their ministry in the use of the Bible with
whole ministry. Every man is responsible their people. Some of them acquire this
finally to himself. The illuminations of skill only after prolonged years of prac-
Holy Scripture found within the stipula- tical experience; many unhappily never
tions of objective awareness we have been acquire it at all.

considering today, provide him with au- There is a far closer relationship be-
thentic clues to self-appraisal. The law of tween the fine arts and the useful arts than
growth is satisfied only in that whole- is commonly recognized, and what we have
hearted fidelity which a man exercises in been saying today about the future min-
relation to himself. And this fidelity at the ister’s re-creative use of the Version in his
very center of the learning process and study habits applies with equal force to his
ministry in action, where preaching, and
the nervespring of his study habits makes
itself felt in the increase of his powers 47 See W. Cosby Bell, Sharing in Creation,
of observation and reflection, and so of Macmillan, N.Y. 1925. pp. 151-155.

48 H. H. Horne, Psychological Principles
straightforward intellectual processes 48 ,
of
Education, N.Y. 1925, pp. 168-171, emphasizes
honest examination of ethical motives and
the significance of these factors in the learning
standards, lofty ideals of personal de- process.
; :
the cure of souls are among his primary characteristic needs of the present-day
concerns. Here he urgently needs the Seminary student
physician’s trained sense of relationship First, an adequate grasp of Biblical con-
between the spiritual ills of his people and tent. It can no longer be assumed that a
the healing resources of Scripture ;
a deli- student brings to his Seminary training a
cate understanding of their heart hungers, general knowledge of the English Bible 50 .
and the corresponding satisfactions to be Disuse of the Bible in the home, and a
mediated through the Scriptures; a pro- wide-spread popular misuse of the Bible,
found and genuine response to their sor- are largely responsible for this Biblical
rows, transfigured by its ministrations of illiteracy among candidates for the Chris-
comfort; and an unerring diagnosis of tian ministry. This lack of adequate ac-
their sins made urgent and adequate by its quaintance with the actual content of Bib-
Gospel of the Redeemer. lical revelation now becomes a primary
The same re-creative use of the Version concern of the Charles T. Haley Chair.
developed during the minister’s Seminary Asecond characteristic need to which
days is now called into active play in his this Chair will address itself is the toning
public ministry. These basic skills are now up of the student’s perceptive powers. Due
tested and ripened into matured proce- to the dominance of deductive (textbook)
dures. Whether he ministers to people teaching methods in our colleges, far too
from the pulpit, or in the class-room, at many students who enter upon the rigors
home, in hospital or prison, it is with the of Seminary training confess, “I was
open Version in his hand. And the trained never taught how to study .” 51 Such stu-
interpreter finds himself in active com- dents, as President Lowell of Harvard
mand of an instrument which is supremely once declared, are far better at absorbing
qualified to satisfy the urgent spiritual than producing. They must perceive “that
needs of men. For him the Bible is no mere absorption from their instructors
mere sermon quarry, but a charter of counts for little; that to learn, ... is an
52
faith : The one page that glows with light active, not a passive verb .” Only such a
as all life grows dark .
49
Public use there- change in a student’s intellectual climate
fore dictates a training for the minister will induce initiative and self-direction in
which will bring his command of the Bible study, and so lift him from the absorbing
to the producing level.
as an instrument, up
same level as
to the
his knowledge of it as a body of historical
Athird characteristic need of the pres-
ent-day seminary student is discerned in
evidence. Princeton Seminary does not
his hunger for the pastoral touch. Charles
propose to lay less stress on the historical
T. Haley was the beloved pastor of the
disciplines, by giving fresh recognition to
Roseville Presbyterian Church in Newark,
the importance of the English Bible, but
rather is determined thereby, greatly to 49 P. T. Forsyth, Positive Preaching and the
enhance and to augment the minister’s Modern Mind, p. 38.
50 Catalogue of Princeton Theological Semi-
equipment as an effective agent in unfold-
nary, 1942-43, P- 17 -
ing the oracles of God. 51 Comment upon a Survey of Higher Educa-

tion, Editorial, New York Tribune, March 18,
The Special Task of The 1923. Part 2, p. 4.
Charles T. Haley Chair 52 Report of the President of Harvard College.
A. Lawrence Lowell, in Official Register of Har-
then to this special task that the
It is
vard University, Vol. xxix, Jan. 29, 1932, No. 2.
Charles T. Haley Chair is dedicated today
p. 11. See also Vol. xxviii, Feb. 24, 1931, No. 4.
a task made all the more urgent by three p. 11.
New Jersey, for over 42 years, and an Does the heart still make the theolo-
honored trustee of Princeton Seminary gian? 54 Let us then use the Book of Life
for 10 years. 53 It is fitting indeed that the as the appointed instrument to form men
Chair of Biblical Theology in Princeton for whom their calling has found its true
Theological Seminary should be linked expression in the consecration of life.
with the name of one so distinguished and
beloved as a pastor. The incumbent of
53 In Memory of Rev. Charles T. Haley, D.D.,
whose life work of forty-two and one-half years
this chair humbly aspires to lengthen the
as pastor contains nearly the whole history of
shadow of the great man for whom this
the Roseville Presbyterian Church, 1860-1903.
chair is named, by keeping alive the pas- A Memorial Volume, Newark, N.J. 1903.
toral touch in his teaching. 54 Blaise Pascal, Thoughts, Section 278.
;
THE INTERPRETER’S HOUSE 1
Raymond C. Walker
T has been said that in all the range of said the Interpreter, I have showed thee
I English literature, it would be difficult this picture first, because the man whose
to find twelve consecutive pages that con- picture this is, is the only man whom the
tain suchvolumes of meaning “in so pure Lord of the place whither thou art going
and sweet a style, and with so thrilling an hath authorized to be thy guide, in all diffi-
appeal to the best affections of the heart,” cult places thou mayst meet with in the
as the pages in which John Bunyan gives way wherefore
: take good heed to what I
us conception of
his the Interpreter’s have showed thee, and bear well in mind
House. This is indeed one of the great what thou hast seen.”
Christian classics. The form which is here * * *
used is more or lesscommon in earlier
As Professor of English Bible in this
literature. Just as in Shakespeare’s “Ham-
ancient and honorable School of Divinity,
we have a play within
let,” a play, so here
you in a very peculiar sense have “THE
we have a set of allegorical tableux within
BEST OF BOOKS” in your hand and to
the main allegory.
you is committed the very great responsi-
“Sir,” said Christian, as he stood at bility of serving as guide in the vast con-
the door, “I am
a man that am come tinent of Holy Scripture, and this duty
from the City of Destruction, and am will be yours, if God wills, to generation
going to Mount Zion and ;
I was told by after generation of young men who will
the man that stands at the gate at the come to you for instruction.
head of this way, that if I called here To achieve this purpose, your eyes must
you would show me excellent things, be lifted to heaven, the law of truth must
such as would help me on my journey.” be upon your lips, the world must be be-
Then said the Interpreter, “Come in I ;
hind your back, you must plead with men,
will show thee that which will be profit- realizing that in all you do, you are doing
able to thee.” So he commanded his man it for the love that you have for the Mas-
to light the candle, and bid Christian fol- ter’s service.
low him and so he had him into a pri-
; In order that you may
faithfully keep
vate room, and bid his man open a door the vows which day you take upon
this
the which when he had done, Christian yourself, I charge you, with the Best of
saw the picture of a very grave person Books in your hand,
hanging up against the wall and this ;
was the fashion of it it had eyes lifted

: (/) FEED UPON IT AS MANNA
up to heaven, the best of Books in his FROM HEAVEN
hand, the law of truth was written upon The importance of this is amply illus-
his lips, the world was behind its back trated in the lives of those who have
it stood as if it pleaded with men, and a
achieved mightily in varied fields of en-
crown of gold did hang over its head.
Now this “Brave Picture” is no doubt
1 A
charge to the Rev. Howard Tillman Kuist,
Ph.D., on the occasion of his inauguration as
familiar to all of us, but possibly that Professor of English Bible, Princeton Theologi-
which follows is not so well known “Now, : cal Seminary, January 24, 1944.
i6 THE PRINCETON SEMINARY BULLETIN
deavor. In the ancient Canons of Hip- embraced each other with tears in their
polytus this rule is laid down, “On each eyes.
day when there is no prayer in Church, “And your Bible, Francois, have you
take the Scripture and read on it. Let sun- forgotten it?” asked the Cure presently.
rise find the Scripture spread upon your “The Psalms you were so fond of —do
knees.” you ever read them now ?”
St. Louis of France is said to have “They are my breviary,” replied Millet.
caused candles to be made three feet in “It is there I find all I paint.”
length, and he continued to read the Bible Philip Spitta, the biographer of John
while the candle lasted. Christopher Wren, Sebastian Bach, says that the musician’s
the builder of St. Paul’s Cathedral, spent knowledge of the Bible was evidently as
his old age, as his grandson tells us, “in the extensive as his acquaintance with the
consolation of the Holy Scriptures cheer-
;
hymns. From the life of Bach, it is clearly
ful in solitude, and as well pleased to die evident that he did not regard his Bible
in the shade as in the light.” Stonewall merely as a source book of texts for lyric
Jackson, a noble hero of the Southland verses, or even for dogmatic argument, but
during the Civil War, was a constant stu- that he tried to make the Scriptures part of
dent of the Bible. His wife wrote concern- his very life. Here we have a ruler, a great
ing him, “The first book he took up daily architect, a noble soldier, an eminent
was his Bible, which he read with a Com- Churchman, a master artist, and an im-
mentary, and the many pencil marks upon mortal musician.
it showed with what care he bent over its The light of the example set by these
pages. From his Bible, he turned to his saints still shines across the pages of his-
text-books.” Dean Farrar, the great Eng- tory. To follow their example, however, it
lish clergyman, wrote of his mother for is necessary that those of us who interpret
whom he cherished the deepest love and God’s Word to the people, and especially
reverence, “My mother’s habit was, every for one who is responsible for the instruc-
tion of those who shall so teach, shall him-
day, immediately after breakfast, to with-
self realize “the preciousness of the Divine
draw for an hour to her own room, and to
Law.” You must be able to say, “I rejoice
spend that hour in reading the Bible, in
at Thy Word, as one that findeth great
meditation, and in prayer. From that hour,
spoil.” On December 9, 1888, Canon Lid-
as from a pure fountain, she drew the
don preached on this text in St. Paul’s
strength and sweetness which enabled her
Cathedral. He called attention to the fact
to fulfill all her duties, and to remain un-
that this text was written more than six
ruffled by all the worries and pettiness
centuries before Christ, that the burden of
which are so often the intolerable trial of the entire 119th Psalm is the preciousness
narrow neighborhoods.” of the Divine Law. The author, it is sup-
When the artist Millet returned in mid- posed, was an exile in Babylon. See this
dle life to his Norman village home, he lonely man walking about, his eyes resting
paused one evening at the door of the vil- on the vast walls of Babylon, with their
lage church. The Angelus was ringing, and circuit of fifty-six miles and their hand-
he went inside. Before the altar knelt an some gates of brass; and also the mighty
aged priest in whom he recognized his first river, the royal palace, the world-famed
kind teacher. hanging gardens, the temple of Belus with
“Ah, it is you, my dear child, little Fran- its square towers rising one above another
cois !” the good old man cried, and they to an enormous height. Now we see him
! 7
wandering outside the city gates and there walls of the Holy City unless he is sure
by the waters of Babylon; he sits down that “He that sounded the trumpet was by
and weeps among a band of fellow cap- me”? How could that mighty Christian
tives, whose hearts, like his, were full of Hercules, St. Paul, lift the Christian Re-
memories of their distant and desolated ligion out of its Palestinian cradle, tear
home. All about him in this vast Empire away its swaddling clothes, train it to
City were the trophies of victory which march along the highways of the Roman
these conquerors had gathered from near Empire, unless he spends his three years
and far. Everywhere he saw magnificence in the Arabian desert alone with his God ?
and splendor. Nevertheless, when sated How can any man guide Pilgrim feet un-
with gazing on this vast hoard of magnifi- less he himself knows what it is to be a
cence and wealth, he turned his steps to- pilgrim ? Unless he himself is enamored of
ward his own humble dwelling in some the vision of the Celestial City, the way to
out-of-the-way court or neglected alley of which is marked by a cross for every mile-
the great city, and on reaching it, took stone, he will not be able to guide others
from its wooden case the little, well- along the pathway.
thumbed roll of the Sacred Law, his In the next place, teach it enthusiastical-
thoughts flew back to the scenes upon ly. It is said of Thomas Chalmers
that he
which his eyes had so recently rested and preached with such passion that frequently
he frankly exclaimed: “I am as glad of in the midst of a sermon he would be com-
Thy Word as one that findeth great spoil.” pelled tosit down for a few moments to
So, you are to rejoice in the Best of recover from exhaustion, after which he
Books as one that findeth great spoil. This would proceed. However, he was a preach-
means that before you dare to approach a er and preachers are supposed to preach
class of young men to present the Best of with passion. Sydney Smith once said that
Books, you must, like the prophet of old, there is an unintelligent way of preaching
have fed upon it and found it sweeter than the Scriptures which is deadly dull, and to
honey to your lips. If a king could say, be uninteresting is the last vice of the
“Oh, how love I Thy law it is my medita-; pulpit.
tion all the day,” how much more impor- But if this is true of preachers, is it any
tant for the teacher of the Scriptures to the less true of theological professors, es-
say it pecially of one who handles the most thrill-
In the next place, I charge you, ingly interesting Book in all the realm of
literature? How can any man teach the
(II) AS THE VERY
TEACH IT first five Books of the Bible without being
WORD OF THE LIVING GOD captured by the spirit of Moses, this moun-
TO POOR SINNERS tain-minded man of God? How can any
Man is a pilgrim and he has lost his man teach the Historical Books without
way he needs
;
a Guide to help him find the thrilling to the stately steppings of the
city that hath the foundation Whose Majesty of God through the centuries?
Builder and Maker is God. How can any man teach the Psalms with-
In the first place, teach it experimentally. out feeling his heart beat wildly as his soul
How can a Moses serve as guide through responds to the cadences of Hebrew song?
the waste howling wilderness unless he has How can any man teach the prophets with-
seen God face to face, and talked with him out becoming excited by the exploits of
as friend with friend? How can a Nehe- these mighty men of valor? How can any
miah guide his people in rebuilding the man unfold the Gospel without exulting in
i8 THE PRINCETON SEMINARY BULLETIN
Him Who is the Gospel?
the presence of known preacher and professor, was dis-
How can any man teach the Epistles of St. cussing miracles. With a great show of
Paul without his own soul burning with learning, he held up the miracles to ridi-
the enthusiasm of this heroic missionary of cule while the members of the class roared
the cross? How can any teacher lead the in laughter.
way through the Revelation without fall- Over against this, I recall many an occa-
ing as one dead before the Author or sionwhen coming out of the class room, it
without his face shining as he sees before was with a hush upon my spirit. I knew
him the walls and minarets of the City of that I had been led into the presence not
God. only of the Written Word, but of the Liv-
Again, teach it understandingly. We ing Word.
have all heard the story that, once upon a Once more, I charge you, as you hold
time, a student of this Seminary made bold the Best of Books in your hand
to approach a professor with the sugges-
tion that the students would like to have (III) WIELD IT AS THE SWORD
him read a bit louder so they could hear. OF THE SPIRIT
The reply was, “You wouldn’t understand Recall the words of John Bunyan, “My
if you did hear,” and that may have been sword I give to him that shall succeed me
the truth, but it may well be that the fault in my pilgrimage, and my courage and
lay in the teacher rather than in the stu- skill to him that can get it.”
dent. Surely densityis not necessarily pro- If you would wield this sword of the
fundity and to be so abstract that only a spirit, then consider its timeliness. What
mere fraction of the class will be able to a marvellous time to teach the Word of
follow a lecture is no evidence of peda- God and to teach others to teach it. Vic-
gogic ability. tor Hugo once declared that a day would
Moreover, in the matter of method in come when a cannon ball would be dis-
the study of the Bible, a matter of very played in a museum just as an instrument
great importance, it is well to keep in mind of torture is now displayed. That day is
the method of the Master-Teacher. I re- not yet, and it seems so remote in a world
call that a judge, a Ruling elder of my where the ether waves vibrate with news
Church, was preparing to teach a Sunday of war on many fronts; it is difficult to
School lesson on one of the parables of believe that a time will come when war
Jesus. He happened to discuss the matter will be regarded as ancient barbarism. But
with his secretary who is an ardent Bible the Scriptures so declare, “They shall beat
student of a certain type, who finds all their swords into plowshares and their
sorts of mysterious hidden, and far-reach- spears into pruning-hooks nation shall
;
ing meanings in the parables. The secre- not lift up sword against nation, neither
tary told the judge he was very wrong in shall they learn war any more.”
his interpretation, and proceeded to ex- While we yearn for that blessed day, it
plain. He interrupted her by saying that he is useless to ignore the grim realities of the
felt Jesus used parables to make truth present; it is futile to whine about the
plain and not to mystify the student. global catastrophe that has visited the
Finally, teach the Word of God rever- earth. But we know that according to
ently. How dare any man trifle with the Jeremiah’s vision, there is not only a
Holy Scriptures? A friend related how he seething cauldron of war but an almond
had visited the class room of a certain theo- blossom of peace.
logical seminary. The professor, a well- Now it is the privilege of a teacher of
the Word of God in these days to deal with By translation is meant the conversion
both aspects of this picture. To make of the principle or principles illustrated in
real the meaning of the seething cauldron a given historical situation of long ago,
is not difficult, but to so set forth the into concrete terms of our actual here and
beauty of the almond blossom that peace now. In other words, the Word of God is
shall be as real as war is a different mat- a living thing and applicable to individuals,
ter. The difficulty arises from the fact that to communities, and to nations today just
the cauldron seethes while the almond the same as when Jesus walked and talked
blossom makes no sound. Jesus Christ is in Galilee.
mightier than any ruthless dictator. Mof- By resolution is meant the energizing of
fatt “almond tree” by “wake
translates the will so that the student of the Scrip-
tree” and brings out the play upon the tures not only translates Scriptural truth
words in the text, “Jeremiah, what seest into its significance for today and tomor-
thou?” “I see the shoot of a wake tree.” row, but fires the will to do something
The Eternal said to me, “Thou seest about it all.
right, for I am wakeful over My word to What an achievement it would be if bud-
carry it out.” ding preachers of the Gospel would leave
In the next place, to wield this sword the class room with their souls on fire, not
with effectiveness requires great skill. At- only with the knowledge of what the Bible
tention has already been called to the mat- contains but with a determination to so
ter of “method” and, as a practical way to wield the Sword of the Spirit that Christ’s
wield the sword, I am impressed with the enemies will be vanquished and His King-
suggestion of Dr. E. R. Micklem in his dom established in the earth.
volume, A Book on the Bible for Every * * *
Man. He says there are three mental acts
And now to you, to whom has come the
or processes which we will do well to make
high honor and sacred privilege of occu-
habitual. These are expressed in the words,
pying the Chair of English Bible in this
imagination, translation, and resolution. As
beloved Seminary, I extend my most
to the use of the imagination, we recall the
hearty congratulations. I have endeavored
words of John Ruskin in the third volume
to suggest that in your occupancy of this
of Modern “To call up the scenes
Painters,
Chair, you give the word of God a real
and facts in which we are commanded to
place in the development of your own spir-
believe,and be present, as if in the body at
itual life, that you teach it as the very
every recorded event in the history of the
Word of God to poor sinners who are on
Redeemer.” Thus, it will be the privilege
their way to proclaim its ministry ofRe-
of the teacher of the English Bible to lead
demption that you teach young men how
his students to Nazareth on that memo-
;
to wield the Sword of the Spirit.

rable day when Jesus steps out of the
As a final word, may I remind you that
carpenter shop, bids good-bye to his
the manuscript pages of medieval Bibles
mother, and goes forth to his Public Min-
were illuminated and blazoned into beauty
istry, to lead them into the pure atmosphere
by patient hands. “But,” says T. H. Dar-
of the Holy Mount of Transfiguration, to low, “if by some miracle, the saints’ expe-
help them to watch with Jesus in the rience of Scriptures could shine out be-
garden, to stand before his Cross and tween the lines, what an illumination of
exult in spirit as they gaze into the empty the text would be there!” May it, there-
tomb in Joseph’s lovely garden on Easter fore, be your sacred ambition, under God,
morning. to so instruct your students that each one
shall step forth from the class room as a and go up directly thereto, so shalt thou
“living Epistle,” glowingly and radiantly see the gate ;
at which when thou knockest
illuminated by the Spirit of God. And if it shall be told thee what thou shalt do.”
at any time you are in doubt as to the “O Light that followest all my way,
course you should take, hear Evangelist as my
—
he asks “Do you see yonder shining
I yield
My heart
flickering torch to
restores its borrowed
Thee
ray,
light?” He said, “I think I do.” Then said That in Thy sunshine’s blaze its day
Evangelist, “Keep that light in your eye, May brighter, fairer be.”
PRINCIPLES OF GRADUATE STUDY

IN THEOLOGY 1
Otto A. Piper
i. The Viewpoint ject, and depth of insight. Unfortunately

Graduate schools which prepare stu-
for American scholarship the Ph.D. de-
gree is regarded primarily as the entrance
dents for the Doctor’s degree are of rela-
requirement into the professions and thus
tively recent origin in this country. Some
relatively little attention has been paid to
sixty years ago a student who wanted to
the development of the principles of grad-
receive a higher degree felt that he should
uate study. Consequently some college ad-
go to a European university. Things have
ministrations have a tendency to measure
changed considerably in recent times. In
the value of a Ph.D. degree by the endow-
'
Engineering, Medicine, and many branches

ments and the number of professors of the
i of Science, the graduate schools of this
conferring institution, rather than by its
I
country match the most renowned places

of higher learning in the rest of the world.
intrinsic value. Work for the Th.D. degree
country was impaired by the fact
;
in this
In these subjects problems for research
that for the above mentioned reasons the
I
grew out of the practical work, and thus

j
primary concern had to be the recognition

methods were developed in a pragmatic
which other institutions would give to such
way.
a degree. Thus methods of the Liberal
Things were different in the Liberal
Arts Graduate Schools were regarded as
1
Arts. There the methods of teaching and

normative for training in theology. While
learning in the graduate schools were fre-
it should be kept in mind that graduates of
|
quently the same as those practiced in the

a theological institution must meet the gen-
undergraduate colleges. The purpose of
eral requirements for a Doctor’s degree
graduate study was held to be the quantita-
|
tive increase of factual knowledge, and the

when they wish to find employment in a
college or seminary, another consideration
dissertation was consequently an accumu-
should not be lost sight of in the study for
I lation of facts and statistical tables. Pro-
the Th.D. degree. Theology is not a na-
I gressive education has not essentially
tional matter. The Protestant churches no
changed the situation. The purpose and
less than the Roman Catholic Church are
nature of graduate study were conceived
after the pattern of undergraduate work.
aware of their international character.
Theological thinking and research espe-
By the progressive school of education the
cially have always been carried on on a
I
undergraduate is already treated as a crea-
tive personality, with the result that often
worldwide scale. Thus in training men for
|
, times factual knowledge and training in

the Th.D. degree we have to ask ourselves,
Will they be able to make original contri-
method are neglected. Correspondingly the
butions to the progress of Theology ? This
I
graduate work is evaluated according to

viewpoint gains special significance as a
its “originality,” i.e.,by the subjective
result of the change in international life
,
! criterion of its departurefrom acknowl-

that this war will bring about.
edged views rather than by such objective
: criteria as the application of methods that 1 A paper read at the annual Faculty Con-
have grown out of the nature of the sub- ference.
When the fighting comes to a -close Eu- the whole field of theology, with special
rope and Asia will realize how completely emphasis laid on his field of specialization.
they are impoverished. In their distress the In the latter field familiarity with the
churches of these continents will look to- sources and the most important books is
ward their brethren in the United States, essential. He also needs knowledge of the
not merely for assistance in reconstruction adjacent fields, which have a special bear-
work, and the accomplishment of the great ing upon his subject, for instance, Philos-
evangelistic and missionary work of the ophy for Theology, History of the West-
future, but also for theological and spirit- ern World for Church History, History of
ual leadership. We shall be offered a won- Hellenism and the Roman Empire for the
derful opportunity. But we may miss the New Testament. Finally he has to know
chance to train the future leaders of World the basic bibliography of his field, and the
Protestantism if the standards and meth- bibliographical helps for theological stud-
ods of our graduate study are not up to ies.
those of Oxford and Cambridge, Paris and But more important than this extensive
Tubingen, Basel and Lund. knowledge is the development of his schol-
arly abilities. His critical faculty has to be
2. The Purpose of Graduate Study sharpened by familiarity with the various
In speaking of graduate study I am working methods of his field. In addition
thinking in the first place of work for the he has to cultivate an aptitude for research
Doctor’s degree. Study for the Master’s work, i.e., the ability to visualize problems
degree occupies an intermediate stage be- left by other scholars and questions raised
tween undergraduate and higher graduate by the discovery of new evidence and the
work. There is an essential difference of development of new methods. Finally, the
purpose between undergraduate and grad- goal of his study must be to develop crea-
uate study. The undergraduate has to active imagination, as distinct both from the
quire a comprehensive knowledge of the gift of merely rearranging other people’s
basic facts in the whole field of theology, ideas and results, and from the purely
and of the basic helps for study in that fanciful formation of hypotheses and as-
field.In such work the student is primarily sertions. Creative imagination is the talent
receptive. Under the guidance of his teach- to discover the implications of a given truth
ers he learns to handle the elementary and its application to new situations ;
the
tools for study, for instance, commentaries, ability to see facts in their entirety and
text books, encyclopedias, lexicons. At the thus the relation of their parts to one an-
end of his course his should
critical ability other and to the whole and the intuitive
;
be developed to the degree of his being able perception of connections between appar-
to distinguishbetween the essential and the ently disparate and unrelated facts and
non-essential, between a well-reasoned their distinctive integration into a biog-
argument and a mere assertion, and to raphy, an historical process or a system.
make a sound and intelligent choice be- There are probably very few men in
tween conflicting views. Finally he should whom the qualification for research work,
be in a position to present his own views which is primarily analytical, is coupled
on a theological subject in a coherent and with an equally strong creative imagination
intelligent way. which resorts to the faculty of intuition.
In addition to this basic knowledge and The training of candidates must, there-
these abilities the candidate for the Th.D. fore, be sufficiently flexible to do justice to
has to acquire an extensive knowledge of their respective gifts and to enable them to
reach the highest possible degree of devel- it can safely be surmised that he will con-
opment during their years in the Graduate tinue to read of the inexhaustible supply
School. of old and new books. He should not,
It will become obvious from the above therefore, be unduly burdened with read-
comparison that the purpose of graduate ing assignments. Similarly the lecture
study differs from that of undergraduate method should be limited to a minimum. In
study, not only in degree but in essence. most instances the factual information that
The undergraduate has to depend mainly new courses will provide can more profit-
on the teachings of others —even when he ably be acquired by reading. The only ex-
criticizes his own professors. The gradu- ception would be courses on languages and
ate student is to attain both to his own on methods. These courses, by the nature
personal basis of judgment and to the of their subject, will imply practice and
capability of making new and original con- will not be confined to mere lecturing,
tributions to his field of study. These dif- which keeps the student purely receptive.
ferences of purpose will affect the methods The idea of having special lecture courses
of teaching and learning. for graduate students misunderstands ut-
terly the purpose of graduate study.
3. Methods of Teaching Abundance of lecture courses tends to de-
In the teaching of graduate students the velop in the student the habit of depending
professor should above all keep two aims on his class notes rather than on his mas-
in mind, viz., to do his teaching in the most tery of the subject, and to learn for the
efficient manner, and also to make his final comprehensive examination rather
teaching efforts as helpful as possible for than for the development of his scholar-
the candidate. In Princeton Theological ship.
Seminary, as in most graduate schools, Teaching of graduate students should
there is a very limited amount of time consist mainly in guiding the candidate’s
which the professors can devote to the reading, and in holding seminars. The
training of candidates for the Th.D. The reading should cover a certain field at a
more important will it be therefore that time. The professor will select certain
j
the professors should confine themselves must-books, which represent the principal
to those phasesand aspects of instruction aspects of, and methods in, that field, in-
in which they are best able to make their cluding one or two survey works then he ;
own special contribution. Moreover, in should let the student follow the course of
view of the relatively short time that a his own interest. Conferences with the
candidate for a Th.D. degree spends in professor, in which certain books or prob-
residence in a graduate school, he should lems in this field of reading are discussed,
be given an opportunity to concentrate will enable the professor to state most ef-
during that period upon those aims of fectively his own approach and views and
graduate work for which there is no sub- to offer the student an opportunity of dis-
stitute outside the contact between teacher ciplining his own mind, of developing his
and pupil. own critical and of discovering
faculty,
Thus the increase of factual knowledge, problems Written
in his field. book reports
i indispensable as it is, nevertheless is to be are a waste of time and energy at this stage
|
treated as a secondary goal. A student who of study.
I is accepted as a candidate for a higher de- Of great help for the graduate student
(
gree should have learned how to read ;
and is work in a seminar. A seminar is a group
I when he has received his Doctor’s degree of students, who meet regularly under the
supervision of a professor to learn how to date will thus find
it easy to relate to them
master the methods of research in their the many and thus to remember
details
field of study. Study and critical evaluation them. Quite apart from its mnemotechni-
of original sources is to be combined with cal value, such an approach will transform
the critical retracing of the research work for the student bare facts into problems
of other competent scholars. This kind of of research. Furthermore he has to under-
work familiarizes the student with the stand the reason why there can be no one
helps for study in each field. He acquires patent method in the field of scholarly
critical standards and learns to evaluate research, but rather that various methods
the respective value of the various methods have to be developed for the solution of
applied to the subject under consideration. each problem, what the scope of these
The effectiveness of the seminar method methods is, and the degree of certainty
depends on the number of students. If that can be attained through them.
there aremore than six or seven “ordi- Thus his main work will consist in ex-
nary” members in a seminar a man does tensive, yet intelligently selected reading,
not get enough opportunity to actively and and in practical exercises in research proj-
regularly participate in its work. Under- ects.His reading should be concentrated
graduates may be admitted as extraordi- on three types of books
nary members without the privilege regu-
(1) Source material, as much as pos-
larly to take part in the discussions. Early
sible in the original languages
acquaintance with seminar methods will
(2) Great survey or comprehensive
prove to be for them an incentive to grad-
works, written by the outstanding
uate study. Assignments in the seminar
men in the field
should be graded according to the respec-
(3) Some monographs that contain
tive abilities and the progress of each
original research done by the lead-
member.
ing experts in the field, and some
4. Methods of Learning specimens of creative integration.
The average student thinks cramming is Participation in seminars will offer him
the fastest and surest way to an academic opportunities for the writing of theses and
degree. One of the first things to be essays, by means of which he will develop
learned in his graduate work abandon
is to both his mastery of the methods of re-
this outlook, and one of the most arduous search and his creative imagination. Em-
tasks of his instructors will be to show him phasis should be laid on the use of first-
the wrongness of his view. There is no hand source material.
hope for a man becoming a good scholar One of the mistakes in the training of
unless he has great industry and indefati- candidates for the Doctor’s degree is to re-
gable zeal. But his effort has to be directed quire the study of too many different sub-
in the right channel. jectsduring a given period. The candidate
His primary concern in his reading and willwork most efficiently when he has to
learning has to be an effort to group all concentrate on two or three study projects
knowledge around the pivotal facts. For at a time. The duration of the work he
that purpose it is necessary to know the does for a project should not necessarily
reason why they are so important, and to coincide with the academic semester. From
see them in their mutual relationship. With conferences with the student the professor
such a skeleton of primordial facts and will ascertain the moment when the stu-
their intelligent understanding, the candi- dent has reached a sufficient degree of
knowledge in his field and has acquired the dom. The student must be allowed to select
abilities expected of him. a great portion of his reading for himself
No student will be able to cover with and also to decide upon the speed of his
equal thoroughness all the sections of the reading. Too heavy assignments will have
field of theology in which he plans to an adverse they tend to create
effect:
specialize, nor is such a goal desirable. The superficiality on the part of the student.
professor will do well to divide the field Thus the progress of his work should
into a number of divisions. He should not be measured by the number of courses
demand of the candidate a general knowl- he has taken. It is contrary to the purpose
edge of important facts and problems in of graduate study to apply to it the mecha-
each division, to be acquired by means of nistic system of credits for course hours.
a few good survey works, plus a special- Rather the student should be judged by
ized study of the sources or principal the degree of completeness he has reached
works on one or two important problems in familiarizing himself with the principal
in that division. No attempt should be divisions of his field, by the efficiency with
made on the part of the student to cover which he handles its methods and by the
the whole field with equal intensity. While maturity of his judgment as applied to the
it is true that no real scholarship can de- problems of his field.
velop in the mind of a man whose interest
is concentrated on one tiny segment of the 5. External Conditions
whole field to the neglect of the rest, there The effectiveness of graduate study de-
is little danger, as a rule, that a graduate pends to a large extent on the external
student should suffer from over-specializa- conditions in which it is carried on. The
tion. He is far more in peril of scattering two factors which, apart from his personal
his work too thinly over the whole field, predicament, have the greatest effect upon
and of nowhere growing roots. In gradu- the candidate’s work are the time that his
ate study thoroughness is more important teachers are able to devote to the super-
than a shallow encyclopedic knowledge of vision of his work, and the quality of the
bare facts. The candidate has his whole life library at his disposal.
before him for the quantitative increase There is a very definite limit within
of his knowledge. But probably never which a professor in a graduate school is
again in his life will he get an opportunity able to train men so effectively that they
of learning the methods of scholarly re- demands which the church
will satisfy the
search and the difference between fanciful and the historical situation make upon
hypotheses and creative imagination when them. Their number will vary according to
he is not given that opportunity during the teaching load of the professor. When
his time of candidacy for the Doctor’s de- he has to teach undergraduates at the same
gree. It is the kind of work that can be time, particularly in large classes, rela-
learned only in the intercourse of profes- tively little time will be left for the super-
sor and students. Crede experto. vision of graduate work. Under the condi-
If this lofty goal is to be reached the tions prevailing in most seminaries it can
student’s work has to be planned well be said that two candidates per professor
ahead so that during his two years of resi- constitute a heavy load, and three are the
dence all the essential work will be com- extreme limit. Where this fact is not re-
pleted. Too heavy assignments are to be spected the effectiveness of the teaching
avoided. The development of creative fac- and the scholarly quality of the future
ulties demands both guidance and free- Doctor will suffer. Schools that are trou-
bled with numerous applications for can- titles in their field of instruction that are
didacy should therefore establish a numer- essential for graduate study.
ous teaching staff. Finally, a fact that must not be under-
A factor of no less importance than the rated in its significance for graduate study
teaching efficiency of the professors is the is the condition of the working facilities
quality of the library. Graduate work is in the library. Since a graduate student
the kind of study that has to be carried on must spend the larger portion of the day
in a research library. The student has to in the library, the architectural arrange-
familiarize himself with all the important ment of work rooms and book stacks must
books in his field ;
that is to say, a consid- take this fact into consideration. At pres-
erable part of his time will be spent in the ent the library of Princeton Theological
stacks of the seminary library, where he Seminary is all equipped for this
not at
walks along browsing from shelf to shelf. purpose. There no special room for
is
While he writes a thesis or his dissertation graduate study. Half a dozen tiny tables
he has to turn constantly to the reference are scattered around the corners of one of
books, and has to have the most important the buildings with not enough room to
sources on his desk. A complete collection keep two volumes open and to do some
of source material, all the reference works
writing at the same time. The book col-
lections are located in two separate build-
in his field,and all the important books on
ings, with a part of the reference works
his subject must be available in his library.
and sources in either, so that a man has
While it is possible at times to order a rare
constantly to run from one building to
source or a monograph on a distant aspect
another while he is writing a thesis. While
of his thesis from other libraries, the
the real genius may not be deterred by
normal supply must be permanently pres-
such conditions the average graduate stu-
ent in the home seminary library. It is
dent will feel considerably hindered in his
obvious that a graduate school is doomed work by such uncomfortable conditions.
to failure without generous allocations for The very purpose of graduate study de-
the purchase of books for graduate study; mands coordination of the methods of
and also that the ideal of completeness can- teaching and learning with the external
not be fulfilled unless the professors aid conditions, under which the study is to be
the librarian by suggesting those book carried on.
:
ST. PAUL AND THE MAGICIANS

Bruce M. Metzger
T HE
Apostle Paul’s ministry was far
from being commonplace and hum-
drum. Since it was his policy to begin mis-
Gospel of Jesus Christ and the forces of
superstition, black magic,
The
and the occult.
was the bold attempt on the
occasion
sionary work in the populous and cosmo- part of a group of wandering exorcists to
politan centers of the ancient world, his employ for their own purposes the mighty
preaching was directed to all kinds and name of Jesus. They had observed the
classes of people; to Jew and Gentile, to success which attended the Apostle’s
aristocrat and plebeian, to the serious preaching in this name, and, supposing
“God-fearer” as well as to the flippant that they could turn thissame power to a
sophisticate. His work was also not with- lucrative end, they dared to exorcize an
out danger to his life. In his correspond- by the name of “Jesus whom
evil spirit
ence with the Church at Corinth he enum- Paul preaches” (Acts 19:13). The narra-
erates directly and indirectly considerably tive indicates that the results were disas-
more than a score of perilous experiences trous. The profane
evil spirit treated their
which he had gladly endured for the sake use of the holy name with scorn, and the
of the Gospel (II Corinthians 11:24-27). man who was possessed sprang upon them
In addition to these the Acts of the Apos- with frantic violence so that “they fled out
tles recounts many other hazardous con- of the house naked and wounded.”
flicts of the doughty Apostle with the ene- The news of the exorcists’ discomfiture
mies of his Lord. One of these was a spread in Ephesus among Christians and
skirmish he had with the promoters and pagans alike. Many of the former had
patrons of black magic at Ephesus. evidently retained their attachment to the
practice of black magic, but now, their
Ephesus, Center of Magical Arts consciences being moved by what had re-
Of all ancient Graeco-Roman cities, cently occurred, they came and made full
Ephesus, the third largest city in the Em- confession to the Apostle, publicly ac-
pire, was by far the most hospitable to knowledging their deeds of darkness. The
magicians, sorcerers, and charlatans of all alarm and conviction, moreover, seem to
sorts. Indeed, so notorious was this aspect have extended beyond those who made
of Ephesian culture that Shakespeare, profession of Christianity. The record
wishing to provide his Comedy of Errors says that “not a few of them that practised
with verisimilitude, has Antipholus of magical arts” openly bore testimony to the
Syracuse describe Ephesus in the follow- superior claims of Him whom Paul pro-
ing terms claimed and, bringing together their books
They say this town is full of cozenage, containing the mystic formularies, burned
As, nimble jugglers that deceive the eye, them before all the people. Their earnest-
Dark-working sorcerers that change the mind, ness in this reform can be measured by
Soul-killing witches that deform the body,
the financial loss involved; these para-
Disguised cheaters, prating mountebanks,
And many such-like liberties of sin. 1 phernalia of enchantment were valued at
an amount equivalent to about $10,000.
In such an atmosphere there came to a
climax the inevitable conflict between the 1 Act I, scene ii, lines 97-102.
The Ephesian Letters now is in the library of Princeton Univer-
sity, written on cheap papyrus by an
is
As was mentioned above, Ephesus was
unlettered hand, and measures about two
the ancient center of magical technique. If
inches wide and about six inches long.
the townclerk could say, somewhat boast-
ingly, “What man is there who knoweth When discovered it was still folded in a
narrow compass presumably to be placed
not that the city of the Ephesians is tem-
into a small cylinder and worn on the
ple-keeper of the great Diana, and of the
body of the patient. From the style of the
image which fell down from Jupiter?”
(Acts 19:35 RV), it was also true that
Greek handwriting it can be dated in the
early Christian centuries. This amulet is
from one end of the Empire to the other
thus a firsthand specimen of the same sort
everyone knew of the famed Ephesian
of magical craft which Paul encountered
Letters. These were certain mysterious
at Ephesus. Perhaps it will therefore not
and rune-like characters engraved on the
be out of place to describe the amulet in
crown, the girdle, and the feet of the
greater detail. 3
image of Diana, the goddess of the Ephes-
ians. When pronounced these syllables
The first third of the papyrus contains
a meaningless string of mysterious-sound-
were regarded as a charm against evil, and
ing syllables. When transliterated the first
when written they served as a talisman
line reads, “zagourepagoure.” In each of
against the evil eye and misfortune in
the following six lines this formula is
general.
The magic typical of Ephesus made its
written in such a way that the first and
the ancient the last letter of the preceding line are
influence felt elsewhere in
dropped, thus forming a triangular pat-
world and was in turn modified by other
varieties indigenous to Babylonia, Syria,
tern of writing. The ancients attached a
A flourishing business in
good deal of significance to the shape of
and Egypt. all
this pattern, which they termed /3orpvoei8rjs,
parts of the Empire was the manufacture
meaning “shaped like a bunch of grapes.”
of charms and amulets designed to ward
off malevolent influences and to promote
The theory was that the successive short-
ening of the incantation in seven lines
the cure of diseases. Interestingly enough
would be effective in lessening the violence
many of these magical documents have
of the fever. Moreover, the barbaric sound
survived to the present. Among the myri-
of the formula, composed of outlandish
ads of Greek papyri of every description,
words which convey no meaning, would
preserved for about two millennia by the
produce a desirable psychological effect
dry climate of Egypt, are scores of amu-
lets,charms, spells, incantations, and even upon the patient. It happens that the first
whole textbooks of black magic. They
2 part of this Princeton charm, “zagoure,”
provide not a little information regarding was evidently very popular, for nearly a
the milieu of superstition in which Paul dozen other amulets have been found
preached the Gospel of Jesus Christ. which utilize it in some manner.
2 These have been
A Fever Amulet at Princeton collected by Karl Preisen-
danz in his two volumes of Papyri Graecae
In addition to the amulets and Ephesian Magicae, 1928-31.
3 A complete
Letters popularized by Adolf Deissmann and technical description can be
seen in volume III of Papyri in the Princeton
in his famous Light from the Ancient
University Collections, 1942, pp. 78f, where the
East, a most interesting magical talisman present writer has edited this amulet with a
designed to rid the wearer of fever has translation and notes which provide a linguistic
recently been found. This charm, which and historical commentary.
;
The rest of the papyrus contains an in- after death. She teaches that the Blessed
vocation to “the good angels who rule over Virgin will promptly deliver all such from
us” to allay the fever of the wearer, who purgatory on the first Saturday after their
is identified by his own and his mother’s arrival there. Indeed, the guarantee is
name, “this very day, this very hour, this given that “he who dies wearing this medal
very moment, at once, at once” such is— shall not suffer eternal fire.” 4
the importunate close, common to many What is the difference between the mag-
similar amulets. The invocation of “the ical fever amulet described above and these
good angels who rule over us” may indi- Roman Catholic medals? On the one hand
cate either Jewish or Christian influence. there is no difference. Both are products
So steeped in superstition was the ordi- of ignorance, superstition, and, ultimately,
nary Greek or Roman that even after the devil. On the other hand there is a
conversion to Christianity he frequently
very great difference between the two. The
would still cling to his former belief in the
harm incident to the wearer of the former
efficacy of magic. Not long after the prob-
involves the neglect of a bodily disease
able date of this particular papyrus the
the harm incident to the wearing of the
Christian Church at the Synod of Laodi-
latter involves the cultivation of a false
cea issued a separate decree proscribing
sense of security regarding the eternal
the manufacture and use of amulets, “. . .
and those who wear such we command to welfare of the soul.

be cast out of the Church.” But, to judge It is a melancholy fact that this single
from the repeated remonstrances by many comparison between the magical function
of the leading Church Fathers, it was far of the ancient fever amulet and of the
from easy to curb the deeply ingrained modern Romanist medals by no means
superstitious use of such amulets and exhausts the possibilities of other such
charms. comparisons. The veneration of relics, the
A Modern Counterpart belief in the efficacy of holy water, the
The encounter of the Apostle Paul with unhealthy reverence for the crucifix, the
the magicians, narrated in Acts not
19, is crossing of oneself to ward offharm, the
without significance today, and the amulet implicit faith in external ceremonies and
described above has more than a merely sacramentals — all these are akin to magic
antiquarian interest. Unfortunately magic and superstition. Indeed, it must be ac-
and superstition have not yet been van- knowledged that many Romanists look
quished. Not only in the more backward upon the priest when he celebrates the sac-
nations but here in “enlightened” Amer- rifice of the mass as though he were a ma-
ica people are bewitched and deceived by gician who, by a kind of sacerdotal hocus-
the same superstitious use of charms and
4 These promises are made in the Descriptive
amulets. And, alas, this flourishes with
Guide of the National Shrine of the Little
the connivance of part of the professed
Flower at Chicago, pp. i6f, printed with Ecclesi-
Church of Christ! To speak very plainly, astical Permission. The sale of the medals there
the Roman Catholic Church engages in described is the peculiar metier of the Order of
practices which are no whit different in Carmelite Monks. (For evidence that these
function from the ancient traffic in super- superstitions are not the peculiar aberration of
a small and insignificant order within the Roman
stition and magic. This Church, to take a
Catholic Church, reference may be made to the
concrete example, sells small medals with articles in vol. XIII of The Catholic Encyclo-
the promise that those who wear them con- pedia entitled “Sabbatine Privilege,” pp. 289f,
tinually will be shown special consideration and “Scapular,” pp. 51 if.)
pocus 5 transforms before their wondering
, Conclusion
gaze the bread and the wine into the veri- A great gulf is fixed between Roman
table Corpus Christi.
Catholicism and Protestantism. The for-
It is not strange that,human nature mer fosters many and ceremonies
practices
being such as it is, Romanism has found it which are fundamentally superstitious and
expedient to foster superstition and magic. magical. Nor are such practices and cere-
Dostoyevsky’s famous literary character, monies mere excrescences that do not touch
the Grand Inquisitor of Seville, shows a the center of the system. The basic philos-
keen and accurate insight into the causes ophy of Romanism involves an attitude
of the strength of Roman Catholicism. He of the heart which is directly opposed to
recognizes that nothing can so effectively the Christianity of the New Testament.
fascinate and conquer the conscience, hold-
Would that the Apostle Paul were here
ing it captive like a bird, as the cultivation
today to renew his fight against the mod-
of miracle and mystery. “For man,” writes
ern counterpart of the Ephesian magi-
the great Russian novelist, “seeks not so
cians In his stead it is the task of the
!
much God as the miraculous. And as man Protestant Church to maintain a clear and
cannot bear to be without the miraculous,
uncompromising protest against all ad-
he will create new miracles of his own for
mixture of superstition and magic with the
himself, and will worship deeds of sorcery
pure Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ.
and witchcraft .” 6
Now, although this is the natural tend- 5 Even the etymology
of the word “hocus-
ency of the human soul, Christ deliberately pocus” may be germane to the present argument.
refused to make capital of it. He refused Scholars are not agreed upon its origin, but the
conjecture first made by John Tillotson, Arch-
in His temptation to feed men by whole-
bishop of Canterbury (died 1694), possesses a
sale theurgy. He refused at His arrest to great deal of prima facie plausibility. In a ser-
summon the help of legions of holy angels. mon on Transubstantiation {Works, 1742, vol.
He refused in His death to come down II, p. 237) he points out its apparent derivation
from the cross in mighty power. Rather from a parody of the Latin phrase hoc est corpus
[meum\. If this is true, the fact that the word
than to over-awe men with a display of the
connotes deception and chicanery is a revealing
mysterious, enchanting and enslaving their commentary on the impression made upon our
wills, what He craved was the free and British forbears when they heard the Roman
spontaneous response of a loving heart in priests repeat this formula in the celebration of
the mass. In support of such a derivation two
answer to His call.
facts may be mentioned. (1) The word cannot be
But this is not the way of the Roman found prior to 1624; i.e., it is later than the
Church. The terrible fact is, as the Grand Reformation. (2) Only those western European
Inquisitor so candidly admits in his mono- peoples who are predominately Protestant have
logue directed to Christ, “We are not added the word to their vocabularies e.g., it is
;
in English, German, Dutch, Danish, Norwegian,

working with Thee for we preach a
. . .
and Swedish, but not in French, Italian, Spanish,

mystery, and teach men that it is not the or Portuguese.
free judgment of their hearts, not love that A quite similar derivation is the established
matters, but a mystery which they must etymology of the word “patter,” which arose
follow blindly, even against their con- from the mechanical and often meaningless repe-
tition of the Lord’s Prayer, beginning Pater
science.” In short, “We have corrected Thy
noster.
work and have founded it upon miracle, 6 The Brothers Karamazov, part I, book v,
mystery, and authority.” chapter 5.
THE PRINCETON SEMINARY BULLETIN 3i
THE FORWARD MOVEMENT

Henry Seymour Brown, d.d.
The Student Center : y^ar. Choir receipts surpass last year’s

Mrs. Whiteley’s gift of $50,000, in re-
entire totalby $1,000. The steady and sure
progress towards adequate “living endow-
sponse to the Choir program, having se-
cured the great Whiteley gymnasium, the
ment” is shown in the fact that this annual
total from all living sources has steadily
Student Center will be built as planned
except for the gymnasium portion. That
risen from $1,255 in 1936-37 to $33,533
space will probably provide a faculty
in the year just closed. To this amount
this year’s Choir cash collection of $4,771
lounge and ampler dining room accommo-
should be added.
dations with maximum emergency capacity
for four hundred. Recently, Mrs. Andrew The Choir:
Carnegie, through the Carnegie Corpora-
In twenty-five Sundays this academic
tion, has increased the Ross Stevenson
J.
year, the Choir has sung in seventy-six
Memorial fund to $10,000 which will pro-
different churches, a total in six years of
vide a beautiful circular lobby between the
three hundred and fifty different churches
Henry D. Moore Memorial Entrance lobby
all the way from Glens Falls, New York,
and the great dining room. A generous
to Washington, D.C., east to Bridgeport,
donor has recently added $10,000 to her
Connecticut, and west to Hornell, New
former gift of $25,000 towards the Me- York, and Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.
morial Social Lounge. Alumni classes In spite of ever-increasing difficulties of
might commemorate their fifth (or multi- war travel and weather all appointments
ples of the fifth) reunion by memorial have been met.
gifts towards the faculty lounge.
Present Objectives :
Additional Gifts to Capital :
With the Student Center assured, there

Since our last report, $1,000 was added remain three imperative needs which must
to the gift annuity account. With the be met by capital gifts.
helpful cooperation of one of our alumni 1. Conversion of the old “Gymnasi-
pastors a substantial sum towards scholar- um” building into a modern office build-
ship funds has been provided in a will in ing for administrative purposes.
memory and a great-
of a grandfather 2. Conversion of the North and South
grandfather who graduated from
the Sem- dormitories of the newly acquired prop-
inary. The wills of two former alumni erty on Stockton Street into living quar-
recently made the Seminary residuary ters for married students.
legatees. 3. The new library building.
Gifts to Maintenance : Alumni Cooperation :
Since January 1st, twenty-one new Some of the class secretaries have asked
“Friends of Princeton” cards have been for memorial objectives to which funds,
signed. Total receipts for maintenance this raised to mark special reunions, may be
fiscal year from churches, individuals and designated. $25,000 will be needed to re-
General Council are 10% ahead of last model the former “Gymnasium” into the
administrative building. This might be pro- Lehighton, Pa.
vided by these class gifts, being designated Llanerch, Pa.
Merchantville, N.J.
for different offices or rooms bearing the
Webb Horton Mem’l, Middletown, N.Y.
class name. Inquire of George Loos, As- Montgomery, N.Y.
sistant Treasurer, for such suggestions Peniel, Monticello, Iowa
and begin now to “stake a claim” for your Mt. Carmel, Pa.
next reunion. Central, Newark, N.J.
Memorial, Newark, N.J.
The Forward Movement Committee is Adams Memorial, New York, N.Y.
givingmuch thought to a statesmanlike, Palisades Park, N.J.
long-range plan for the material progress Christ, Passaic, N.J.
of the Seminary. The purchase of the Hun Cedar Park, Germantown, Pa.
Wakefield, Germantown, Pa.
School property and the initiation of the
Bethany Temple, Philadelphia, Pa.
new School of Christian Education for St. Paul, Philadelphia, Pa.
layworkers make necessary this revision W. Torresdale, Philadelphia, Pa.
of objectives and the best order of their Wilkey Mem’l, Philadelphia, Pa.
First, Phillipsburg, N.J.
attainment.
Port Jervis, N.Y.
We have just finished the second year
First,Portsmouth, Ohio
of the operation of the General Assembly Second, Providence, R.I.
plan to set apart two per cent of the un- Chestnut Level, Quarryville, Pa.
designated benevolences of the churches First, Randallstown, Md.
Olivet, Reading, Pa.
for the theological seminaries. The Cen-
First, Shippensburg, Pa.
tral Receiving Agency sent Princeton as
Ewing, Trenton, N.J.
its share of the two per cent of undesig- Pilgrim, Trenton, N.J.
nated gifts $10,869.90. It was agreed that Tribes Hill, N.Y.
where churches had been giving directly Townley, Union, N.J.
Calvary H. P., Upper Darby, Pa.
to some seminary that custom should not
Whitesboro, N.Y.
be disturbed. From April 1st, 1943, to Woodstown, N.J.
March 31st, 1944, (the church’s fiscal Yeadon, Pa.
year) the following churches sent in, des-
ignated to Princeton Under $50
Abington, Pa.
Under $25 Trinity, Berwyn, Pa.
Arlington, N.J. First Mem’l, Dover, N.J.
Chestnut Grove, Baldwin, Md. Drexel Hill, Pa.
Britton, S. Dak. Hope Mem’l, Elizabeth, N.J.
Brooklyn, Iowa North, Geneva, N.Y.
North, Cincinnati, Ohio Gettysburg, Pa.
Seventh, Cincinnati, Ohio Greenwich, N.J.
Cranbury, N.J. Hightstown, N.J.
Delanco, N.J. Ithaca, N.Y.
New Salem, Delmont, Pa. Jeffersonville, Pa.
Denison, Iowa Fourth St., Lebanon, Pa.
Eddington, Pa. Vermont Ave., Los Angeles, Calif.
Stone, Elm Grove, W.Va. Mason, Ohio
Freeland, Pa. Silver Spring, Mechanicsburg, Pa.
Freeport, Pa. Middletown, Pa.
Frenchtown, Pa. South, Montclair, N.J.
Galeton, Pa. Napoleon, Ohio
Elizabeth Ave., Newark, N.J. Ocean City, N.J.
Honeybrook, Pa. Roxborough, Philadelphia, Pa.
Memorial, Lancaster, Pa. Knoxville, Pittsburgh, Pa.
West Pittston, Pittston, Pa. $100 or Over

Second, Rahway, N.J.
Second, Amsterdam, N.Y.
Rye, N.Y.
Ardmore, Pa.
East, San Diego, Calif.
First, Aurora, 111.
Tyler Place, St. Louis, Mo.
Ogden Mem’l, Chatham, N.J.
Towanda, Pa.
Westminster, Dayton, Ohio
West, Wilmington, Del.
First, Gloversville, N.Y.
First, Haddonfield, N.J.
Under $100
Market Square, Harrisburg, Pa.
Fulton Ave., Baltimore, Md. Tabernacle, Indianapolis, Ind.
Bridgeport, Pa. Lake Forest, 111.
Bristol, Pa. Milton, Pa.
Brookville, Pa. Noroton, Conn.
First, East Orange, N.J. First, Passaic, N.J.
First, Geneva, N.Y. Frankford, Philadelphia, Pa.
Hagerstown, Md. M. E. Patterson Mem’l, Philadelphia, Pa.
Jeannette, Pa. Mt. Airy, Philadelphia, Pa.
First, Johnstown, N.Y. Ninth, Philadelphia, Pa.
Linwood Blvd., Kansas City, Mo. Olney First, Philadelphia, Pa.
Community, Laguna Beach, Calif. Second Wilkinsburg, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Lansdowne, Pa. First, Plainfield, N.J.
Latrobe, Pa. Brick, Rochester, N.Y.
Prospect, Maplewood, N.J. Westminster, Scranton, Pa.
Matawan, N.J. Springfield, Pa.
Narberth, Pa. Westminster, Steubenville, Ohio
Centre, New Park, Pa. Central, Summit, N.J.
Fourth, New York, N.Y. Upper Montclair, N.J.
Paoli, Pa. Wayne, Pa.
Fourth, Philadelphia, Pa. Covenant-First, Washington, D.C.
Glading Mem’l, Philadelphia, Pa. Washington, N.J.
Second, Philadelphia, Pa. Vance Mem’l, Wheeling, W.Va.
Wissinoming, Philadelphia, Pa.
Sixth, Pittsburgh, Pa. $ 200 or Over
Ridley Park, Pa.
Broadway, Rock Island, 111. Central, Buffalo, N.Y.
Bethany, Trenton, N.J. First, Lancaster, Pa.
Westminster, West Chester, Pa. Calvin, Philadelphia, Pa.
Covenant-Central, Williamsport, Pa. First, Pittsburgh, Pa.
First, Williamsport, Pa. First, Princeton, N.J.
First, York, Pa. First, Sewickley, Pa.
Central, Zanesville, Ohio New York Ave., Washington, D.C.
DEGREES, FELLOWSHIPS AND PRIZES
Bachelor of Theology William Atwood Dunlap

Charles Richard Eble
The degree ofBachelor of Theology
was conferred upon the following stu- David Noel Freedman
dents who hold the degree of Bachelor of
George Plumer Fulton, Jr.
Arts, or its academic equivalent, from an
Harry Lloyd Geissinger
approved institution, and who have com- Robert Harold Heinze
pleted the course of study prescribed there-
Ronald Dickerman Holcomb
for in this Seminary: John Mordecai Humphreys
Harold Willard Kaser
At the Commencement on January 24: Paul William Keppel
Victor Ivar Alfsen Robert James Lamont
Roland Walter Anderson Ralph Frederick Maschmeier
Joseph William Baus Edward Clarke McCance, Jr.
Alfred Herbert Davies Carl Loring Nelson

Ralph Irving Deihl, Jr. David Clemens Newquist
John Henry Galbreath Richard Burdge Norton
Floyd Eugene Grady Paul J. Raynor
Robert Samuel Graham Donald William Ruth
Walter Hyle Gray Charles Anderson Sayre
Richard Baldwin Hardy Julius Eugene Scheidel, Jr.
Harry Joseph Jaeger, Jr. Daniel CharlesThomas
Edwin Sih-Ung Kwoh Mark Robbins Thompson
Milton Nathan Leininger Howard Noboru Toriumi
Norman Arthur Robinson Gordon Stanley Trew
Stewart Payne Robinson Theodore Paul Valenti
StuartRaymond Schimpf James Robert Watt
Andrew M. Sebben Thomas Cleland Winn
John David Tate George True Wright
John Hooper Thompson, Jr.
James Horton Underwood Master of Theology
Fred Vermeulen The degree of Master of Theology was
Walter Edward Wiest conferred upon the following students
Oliver Kenneth Williams who hold the degree of Bachelor of Arts,
William Johnston Wiseman or its academic equivalent, and the degree
Wendell Guy Wollam of Bachelor of Theology, or its theological
from approved institutions,
equivalent,
At the Commencement on May 16:
and who have completed the course of
George Clayton Ames study prescribed therefor in this Sem-
Donald Wayne Amsler inary :
Victor Leon Baer

Samuel Robert Boston At the Commencement on January 24
Kenneth Vincent Brown Howard Robertson Peters
:
At the Commencement on May 16: The Fellowship in Systematic Theology to

Richard Baldwin Hardy
William Melvin Arnett
Irvin Willetts Emmons, Jr. The Fellowship in Church History to
Herbert George Grether Joseph Louis Hutton
Waldo Emerson Hancock, Jr. The Hugh Davies Prize in Homiletics to
Henry Theodore Hinn Mark Robbins Thompson
Vernon Howard Kooy
The First Robert L. Maitland Prize in
Joseph Kuehne, Jr.
Edwin Marion Luidens New Testament Exegesis to
Hugo Arthur Muller CharlesEdwin Finch
Charles Percival Robshaw The Archibald Alexander Hodge Prize in
Alexander Russell Stevenson Systematic Theology to
Clarence Bradley Watkins Frederick Bruce Speakman
Prizes on the Samuel Robinson Founda-

Doctor of Theology
tion to
The degree of Doctor of Theology was
Gleason Leonard Archer, Jr.
conferred in May upon the following
John David Burton
student who has completed the course of
Thomas Stratton Goslin, II
study prescribed therefor in this Sem-
Richard Baldwin Hardy
inary :
Joseph Louis Hutton

Donald McKay Davies Earl Wilfred Klein
William Daniel Livingstone
Fellowships and Prizes were awarded as Robert Jordan Marshburn, Jr.
follows Robert Laughlin McCachran
Malcolm Seth McCullough
The Fellowship in Old Testament to
George J. Moffat
David Noel Freedman
David Alexander Neely
The Fellowship in New Testament to James Said Rizek
Theodore Paul Valenti Stewart Payne Robinson
THE SEMINARY AND THE WAR

Edward H. Roberts
“TTOW has the War affected the Semi- hand, it would practically wipe out all
JTAnary?” a question oft repeated.
is Protestant young men preparing for the
What is uppermost in the mind of the ministry in the colleges.
questioner usually is the size of the enroll- While awaiting an answer to the protest
ment. The seminaries generally have been the seminaries, upon the advice of the
less affected in this particular than other American Association of Theological
educational institutions in the land. And Schools, took action and indicated to the
this because at the very beginning of the pretheological students in the colleges that
War the Selective Service Act contained a they would admit for matriculation all
clause which gave exemption from military those who would have completed three or
service to theological students. The Gov- more years of college by July 1, 1944, it
ernment early recognized the shortage of being understood that the B.D. degree
ministers and the need of keeping a con- would not be conferred until the student
stant flow of graduates from the semi- had procured his A.B. The latter degree
naries if chaplains were to be provided and was to be secured either by taking courses
the morale on the home front was to be in a nearby university or by returning to
sustained. one’s own college for summer sessions.
This intent on the part of the Govern- Many students entered the seminaries of
ment was jeopardized, however, when the the country in May or June 1944 on this
Selective Service Headquarters made a basis.
ruling in April 1944 which stipulated that About the middle of May, however, the
all pretheological students in the colleges Selective Service System, having consid-
of the country who were not matriculated ered the protest of the Federal Council of
and actually taking classes in a theological the Churches of Christ of America re-
seminary by July 1, 1944, would be drafted versed itself and issued a ruling which
for military service. A
vigorous protest stated
was made by the Federal Council of the “That in ClassIV-D shall be placed any
Churches of Christ in America against this registrant who
has been accepted for ad-
ruling on two grounds. Such a procedure mittance to a theological or divinity school
would nullify the provision in the Selective and who, on a full-time and accelerated basis
Service Act for the exemption of theologi- under the general direction of such theo-
cal students, for the stream of men entering logical or divinity school, is pursuing a
the seminaries would be practically dried up course of study required by the theological
and there would be no students to exempt. or divinity school in which he has been
Moreover, this ruling would result in re- accepted for admittance and who had been
ligious discrimination. It would not affect formally accepted as a candidate for the
the bulk of the pretheological students ministry by the highest authority govern-
training for the Roman Catholic Church, ing ordination of a recognized church, re-
as the majority of these are trained in ligious sect, or religious organization. . . .
junior seminaries which include four years The course of study may
be carried on in
of high school and two years of college, the the theological or divinity school or in an-
students receiving exemption. On the other other institution. Where carried on in an-
:
other institution, the student’s course of Inquiries have come from alumni regard-
study must be under the general direction ing the possibility of the Seminary enroll-
of the theological or divinity school in ing for future admission young men who
which he has been accepted.” are just finishing high school and will not
This means that all bona fide candidates begin their college work for some weeks or
for the ministry in the colleges of the coun- months. Ordinarily the seminaries do not
try can receive IV-D classification. Such enroll such students until they have matric-
a classification will be granted if the stu- ulated in college, but exceptions may be
dent provides his local board with the fol- made where the applicant shows unusual
lowing information. promise and maturity and stability. As a
“(a) Astatement of the registrant that matter of fact, all studies made of the
he is preparing for and intends to enter problem of recruiting for the ministry
into the ministry of a recognized church, indicate that the last year of high school
religious sect, or religious organization. ranks highest as to the time when young
“(b) A statement of the highest author- men make their decision to become minis-
ity governing ordination of a recognized
ters.
church, religious sect, or religious organi- An interesting feature of the Seminary
zation that it is in need of ministers of re- enrollment at this time is the presence of
ligionand that the registrant has been for- the V-12 men in Navy uniforms. These
mally accepted as a candidate for the min- students are accelerating and preparing for
istry.
the chaplaincy. Several of them have been
“(c) A statement of a recognized theo- in active service on board ship and were
logical or divinity school that the registrant
selected by the Navy for theological train-
has been accepted for admittance to such ing.
theological or divinity school and that he is “Any student already in college as a
pursuing under the general direction of civilian and whois deferred by virtue of
such theological or divinity school on a being a ministerial candidate is eligible to
full-time and accelerated basis a specific
apply for V-12 training as a pretheological
course of study required by the theological candidate provided he stands the screening
or divinity school. The statement shall test which is given throughout the country
show the course of study in detail.” from time to time and makes the score of
In view of this directive the seminaries eighty-five (85) or better. (In regard to
are advising those students who entered details the student should consult his col-
without fully completing their work for lege authorities.)
the B.A. degree to return to their colleges
“Also students on duty at present under
at an early date and secure this degree. The
the V-12 College Training Program are
immediate effect of all the conflicting rul- eligible to apply via Commanding Officer
ings has been to cause most of the semi- for transfer to V-12 pretheological train-
naries of the country to establish summer ing.Such applicants must have
schools. As a large number of students A recommendation from the Com-
( 1 )
who planned to enter in September, 1944, manding Officer.
have matriculated this summer, the num- (2) Must have a general classification
ber of entering students in the fall will be test with a grade of eighty-five (85) or
small, but the levelling off process would better.
indicate that the enrollment for the year (3) Application will show date and
1944-45 will probably not be much below place of birth of the applicant, transcripts
normal. of high school and/or college work, de-
nominational affiliation showing in full the (c) For failure to demonstrate satis-
name of the denomination and the name factory officer-like qualifications.
and address of the individual church of (d) If endorsement by denomination is
which the applicant is a member. Also a withdrawn.”
copy of birth certificate must be included. (Recently the Navy has reduced its
(4) Must be unmarried and agree to V-12 program by twenty-five percent,
remain unmarried until in attendance at a hence the total number of students that can
theological seminary unless sooner released be accepted is very small.)
by the Navy Department. We have emphasized numbers over-
Finally men on active duty in the Navy much. What of the spirit and attitude of
—
ashore or at sea whether they be officers the men in the Seminary ? Three words de-
or enlisted personnel of the Navy, Naval scribe this — acceleration, concentration,
Reserve, Marine Corps, Marine Corps Re- consecration.
serve, Coast Guard, and Coast Guard Re- Approximately one hundred and seven-
serve are also eligible to apply for V-12 sum-
ty-five students are accelerating this
pretheological and/or theological training mer in order that they may either enter the
provided they meet the requirements listed chaplaincy or take charge of churches at
above. the earliest possible date. An accelerated
The following applies to all above course does not mean that a student is
groups taking a short cut and doing less work. It
(1) Applications that are approved by simply means that he is attending the
the Bureau of Naval Personnel will be Seminary eleven months out of the year
referred to the applicant’s denomination rather than approximately seven and a
for approval for this training. No appli- half. In this way he completes his course
cant will be permitted to enter the pre- in two calendar years. There is a sense of
program
theological or theological training urgency among the students.
who has not been approved by his denom- This is reflected too in the attitude of
ination for this training. concentration which is noticeable. The
(2) If the application is approved by Trustees and Faculty have helped to con-
the Bureau of Naval Personnel and by the tribute to this by their adoption of the
applicant’s denomination, the applicant will three term plan. It is now possible for a
be ordered to an approved college if he has student to limit himself to three or four
not already completed his college work. courses and devote all of his energies over
(3) Applicants who are eligible for sem- an eleven-week period to concentrated
inary training will indicate their choice of areas.
theological seminary. Such applicants will In line with the spirit of the hour there
be assigned to the theological seminary of is evident deep consecration on the part of
their choice provided the seminary selected the students generally. This is observed in
is participating in this program. the preaching classes, in the daily chapel
(4) Pretheological and theological stu- service, in the classrooms and in the stu-
dents may be separated from this program dents field work.
and returned to their original status in the What of the future? If the war contin-
Navy, Marine Corps, or Coast Guard for ues over a long period of years there is
the following reasons certain to be a steady decline in enrollment
(a) For disciplinary reasons. in spite of the Selective Service ruling, for
(b) For failure to maintain satisfactory more and more men are feeling the pressure
scholarship records. of the call to military service. If, however,
the war is concluded in a year or so the a fine corps of young women pursuing the
enrollment will not be greatly affected and course of training offered in the School of
the years following the end of the struggle Christian Education.
will find Princeton Seminary thronged In the meantime let the pastors, the
with candidates for the ministry who had chaplains, the seminaries, the boards of our
their college or seminary course interrupt- Church, the young peoples conferences
ed by war, and with men who received and all Christians everywhere, present to
their call to the ministry while serving in our young people the claims for full time
the armed forces. In addition there will be Christian service in the many needed areas.
PRINCETON SEMINARY ALUMNI

IN THE ARMED FORCES
William S. Ackerman ’37 George J. DeWitt ’22
Frederic B. Ackely ’38 Charles L. Dickey ’29
Carlton Carl Allen ’36 Edward A. Dowey, Jr. ’43
Harry Warren Allen ’27 Roland D. Driscoll ’35
Robert A. Anderson ’26 George B. Edgar ’34
Fred E. Andrews ’96 Leland Edmunds ’29
Charles W. Arbuthnot, Jr. ’37 W. Morgan Edwards ’42
Andrew T. L. Armstrong ’39 Ernest E. Eells T7
Wilson Bennett ’34 Charles R. Ehrhardt '41
Hansen W. Bergen T5 Elmer C. Elsea ’30
Richard Billingsley ’31 C. Pardee Erdman ’21
Andrew W. Blackwood, Jr. ’40 Bruce W. Evans ’41
John E. Bouquet ’34 William E. Everheart ’40
Henry P. Bowen ’30 James L. Ewalt ’40
George A. Bowie ’38 Harry P. Farr ’40
Bernard H. Boyd ’35 Milton B. Faust ’37
Harold J. Braden ’30 Horace L. Benton, Jr. ’35
W. Roy Bradley T5 Robert R. Ferguson ’40
Scott Tarbell Brewer ’40 Howell M. Forgy ’37
Eben C.Brink ’30 David Freeman ’28
Frederick W. Brink ’36 John Galbreath ’44
Charles E. Brubaker ’41 Chester A. Galloway ’42
Lauren E. Brubaker ’38 Emil W. Geitner ’30
Allan H. Brown ’14 John H. Ginter ’27
Sargent Bush ’26 John Randolph Glassey ’24
Robert I. Campbell ’43 Francis E. Glazebrook, Jr. ’41
Robert H. Carley ’42 William David Glenn ’37

Dean W. Carlsen ’39 James E. Goff ’42
Richard P. Chambers ’33 Wayne W. Gray ’29
Charles O. Churchill ’34 Alvin N. Gregg ’31
Charles D. Close ’35 Augustus H. Griffing ’34
David L. Coddington ’36 Albertus Groendyk ’37
C. Ransom Comfort ’31 James H. Guy ’36
Lindley E. Cook ’35 John F. Hagen T3
Jack Cooper ’43 John B. Hamilton ’39
John C. Corbin ’32 Ralph W. Hand, Jr. ’40
Frederick M. Corum ’40 Stewart W. Hartfelter ’38
Michael R. Costanzo ’43 Plummer R. Harvey ’42
George E. Covington ’33 Charles V. Hassler ’22
Frederick B. Crane ’30 Harold D. Hayward ’33
Earle W. Crawford ’41 Franklin B. Helsman ’19
Frederick W. Cropp, Jr. ’29 Frederic W. Helwig ’27
Samuel D. Crothers ’42 Arthur L. Herries ’39
Oscar L. Daley ’26 Lloyd S. Hindman ’38
William W. Darsie ’31 Maurice R. Holt ’36
Thomas C. Davies ’40 Cornelius H. Hook ’20
Edward Otto DeCamp ’36 Albert H. Hopper ’40
Irving Deihl ’44 Joseph A. Howard ’26
Jacob A. Dejong ’26 Herbert H. Hunsberger ’36
Cecil H. DeKraker ’34 Earle W. Hutchison ’41
Elie Fritz deLattre ’41 Richard H. Hutchison ’40
THE PRINCETON SEMINARY BULLETIN 4i
Merle S. Irwin ’43 Gerritt E. Mouw ’30

Wallace N. Jamison ’43 John Earl Myers ’40
John E. Johnson ’24 Joseph J. Myerscough ’43
Edward Henry Jones ’27 John W. Myrose ’34
Kermit H. Jones ’35 Duncan N. Naylor ’41
Laurence H. Jongewaard ’29 Philip Nicholas ’30
Delbert P. Jorgensen ’37 Magnus Nodtvedt ’28
A. Gordon Karnell ’37 Harold L. Ogden ’43
Jay W. Kaufman ’36 John Oldman, Jr. ’40

William Marcus Kendall ’40 Arthur R. Osborne ’33
Renwick C. Kennedy ’24 David L. Ostergren ’34
Paul F. Ketchum ’40 E. Edwin Paulson ’28
J. Norman King ’09 Walter W. Pierce ’23
Lee V. Kliewer ’42 Wilber N. Pike ’28
J. W. Koning
’30 Eugene W. Pilgrim ’26
Henry B. Kuizenga ’38 Henry E. Pressley ’38
Bruce A. Kurrle ’43 Charles M. Prugh ’31
Abram G. Kurtz ’35 William O. Ragsdale ’40
W. Floyd Kuykendall ’28 Gerald Ramaker ’32
A. Paul Lam ’39 Harold D. Ramsburg ’25
Paul J. Leavens ’24 Orso W. Randall ’39
William S. LaSor ’34 David I. Rees ’39
Clarence L. Lecrone ’37 George Lewis Rentschler ’41
Roy L. Lewis ’16 Stephen M. Reynolds ’33

Walter J. Lindmann ’34 Edwin M. Rhoad ’25
Robert L. Logan ’19 Paul Elwood Rickabaugh ’30
William F. Logan ’39 Theodore E. Roberts, Jr. ’43
Joseph MacCarroll ’35 Charles B. Robinson ’40
John B. MacDonald ’33 Stewart P. Robinson ’44
Paul A. G. Machemer ’20 Reginald Rowland ’19
Gordon A. Maclnnis ’34 Harry J. Scheidemantle ’30
Donald B. Mackay ’38 Keith H. Sacket ’39
George L. Markle ’26 Harold A. Scott ’37
Charles S. Marsh ’32 Robert W. Scott ’38
Ivan G. Martin ’05 Glen C. Shaffer ’35
Edward N. Maxwell ’35 Charles N. Sharpe, Jr. ’25
W. P. Maxwell ’35 Edwin L. Schelling ’24
William O. Mayer, Jr. ’33 Edwin A. Shoemaker ’35
William A. McAdoo ’32 Evan H. Shoffstall ’23
Wallace T. McAfee ’24 Reuben W. Shrum ’18
J. R. McAlpine ’42 Henry P. Simpson ’24
Joseph E. McCabe ’43 Mark A. Smith ’40
James L. McBride ’07 Robert C. Smith ’32
Albert J. McCartney ’03 Lester I. Snyder ’36
John R. McClain ’39 Andrew G. Solla ’26
William F. McClain ’35 William R. Steinmeier ’35
Harvey H. McClellan ’24 Bart Stephens ’16
Frank L. McCormick ’35 Kenneth Campbell Stewart ’41
Roger B. McShane ’42 John Jacob Stoudt ’36
Joseph A. Mears ’25 Eugene C. Stone ’38
Hugh M. Miller ’42 Harold Strandness ’38
Philip S. Miller ’24 F. Lawson Suetterlein ’38
Theodore E. Miller ’24 Frank D. Svoboda ’34
Peter Halman Monsma ’33 Donald Y. Swain ’38
John N. Montgomery ’41 Samuel E. Templin ’35
James F. Moore ’42 Joseph P. Trout ’28
John W. Moore ’14 John A. Troxler ’37
Bruce Tucker ’42 Leigh O. Wright ’20
James A. Underwood ’44 David R. Wylie ’16
William G. Vincent ’37 Samuel J. Wylie, Jr. ’39
Harold Voelkel ’29 Merle N. Young ’39
Doyle D. Warner ’25 Russell E. Young ’41
Samuel G. Warr ’40 William A. Zoerner ’26

Oliver J. Warren ’30 DeWitt P. Zuse ’29
Charles H. Washburn ’41
Daniel E. Weeks ’35 Men in Combat and Other War Services

Evan D. Welsh ’30
W. Henry Westby ’29 Douglass J. Carvell ’28
John M. Whallon ’43 Dayton Castleman, Jr. ’39
Ralph K. Wheeler ’34 G. Douglas Davies ’37
Rowland H. White ’32 Earl H. Devanny ’20
Charles E. Wideman ’31 William H. Felmeth ’42
Walter E. Wiest ’44 John G. Elliott, Jr. ’43
W. Wyeth Willard ’31 Harold L. Hemphill ’36
Frank R. Williams ’36 Joseph L. Jensen ’43
Floyd Revell Williams ’27 G. Otto Lantz ’28
Oliver K. Williams ’44 Wesley E. Megaw ’43
Robert T. Williamson ’43 Kenneth W. Moore ’34
Allan R. Winn ’37 Charles L. Nord ’43
George H. Winn, Jr. ’40 Robert F. Ogden ’22
E. Talmage Witt ’14 William L. Patterson ’46
Elmer D. Wood ’27 Albert W. Peters ’37
Frank H. E. Wood ’42 Robert Porter ’42
Harry Wood, Jr. ’36 Thomas J. Smith ’36
Robert D. Workman ’15 Thomas W. Wilbanks ’37
Roll of Honor
Karl P. Buswell ’27, killed on board ship, George S. Rentz ’09, killed on U.S.S.
December 24, 1943. Houston, December 7, 1941.
Robert D. Downes ’39, reported missing Frank L. Tiffany ’32, reported missing on
in the Philippines, October 1942. Bataan.
Frank L. Miller ’17, killed in Iceland, Eunace A. Wallace ’26, killed in action in
May 3, 1943. Italy, February 16, 1944.
Keith B. Munro ’40, killed in New Guinea,
August 15, 1943.
PRINCETONIANA
Lefferts A. Loetscher
Midwinter Commencement, Faculty Dinner, February ii

January 23 and 24 A very delightful occasion in the social
The Midwinter Commencement in
first life of the Seminary is the Annual Faculty
the history of the Seminary was held in Dinner, at which all the members of the
the First Presbyterian Church of Prince- faculty and their wives are the guests of
ton on Monday afternoon, January 24. President and Mrs. Mackay. By invita-
Due to wartime acceleration twenty-five tion Dr. Erdman served as toastmaster.
seniors who had attended last summer’s The newly installed Professor of English
term were able to graduate a half a year Bible, Dr. Kuist, took a bow, as did also
early. One candidate received the Master Drs. Fritsch and Jurji in recognition of
of Theology degree. the promotion of these two men during the
A particularly interesting part of the present academic year to the rank of as-
service was the installation of the Rev. sistant professor.
Howard Tillman Kuist, Ph.D., as Charles
T. Haley Professor of Biblical Theology Stone Lectures, February 14-17
for the Teaching of English Bible. The The Rev. Hermann, Ph.D., pastor
Jesse
Charge to the Professor was delivered by of the Second Presbyterian Church of
the Rev. Raymond C. Walker, D.D., pas- Lexington, Kentucky, delivered the Stone
tor of the Market Square Presbyterian Lectures this year, choosing as his title for
Church of Harrisburg and a member of the series,“The Disordered Soul.” These
the Board of Trustees. Dr. Kuist’s In- annual lectures on the L. P. Stone Foun-
augural Address was entitled “The Use dation are always an important event in
of the Bible in the Forming of Men.” the Seminary’s life.
Day of Convocation, Theology Today

February 2
The first issue of Theology Today dated
,
The Rev. Dr. James W. Clarke, Pro- April, 1944, arrived a day ahead of sched-
fessor of Homiletics at McCormick Theo- ule. Attractive in format, varied in con-
logical Seminary, was the speaker at the tents, stimulating in treatment, it at once
annual Day of Convocation on February takes its place among the leading religious
2. He delivered three inspiring addresses journals of the country. It already num-
during the day, two of which were fol- bers some 2500 subscribers, of whom 600
lowed by open forums. There were also are Army and Navy Chaplains.
a number of small groups in the dormi- Each issue will contain an interpretation
tories in the morning for discussion and of selected contemporary events by Dr.
prayer. Mackay under the general title, “The
These days of prayer are held semi- Church in the World.” Each issue, too,
annually. At the autumn meeting the ad- will contain a very valuable section review-
dresses are delivered by members of the ing some of the most notable recent books.
faculty, while a guest speaker leads the It is planned to have as a regular feature
winter meetings. the digest of an epoch-making book or
“theological watershed.” For the July inary —received the degree of Doctor of
number, Professor Paul E. Lehmann, of Theology.
Wellesley College, will treat Professor
Reinhold Niebuhr’s The Nature and Des- Summer Term,
tiny of Man. May 23-AuGusT 11
The Editorial Council of twenty-six is There are one hundred and seventy-one
composed of distinguished clergymen and students enrolled in this year’s Seminary
laymen of the United States and Canada, Summer Term compared with ninety-
as
most of whom belong to the Reformed three last summer.The first period began
tradition. The Business Manager is the on May 23 and continues through June
Rev. L. J. Trinterud, Box 515, Philadel- 30, the second extending from July 3 to
phia 5, Pennsylvania, to whom the sub- August 11, which leaves more than a
scription price of three dollars a year may month’s vacation before Seminary opens
be sent. in the fall.
Acceleration is required of all V-12
Spring Commencement, May 16 candidates for the Naval Chaplaincy, of
Commencements are becoming rather whom there are eighteen, and is open on
frequent events these days, with gradua- a voluntary basis to all other Seminary
tions in winter, spring and summer due to
students. A
few of the Summer School
students are from other seminaries.
present wartime acceleration. But the
spring commencement remains a distinc-
tive occasion.
Princeton Institute of Theology
The baccalaureate service this spring Entirely separate from the Princeton
was held in Miller Chapel on Sunday School for undergraduates is the two-
afternoon, May 14. Monday morning the weeks Summer Institute of Theology, a
Board of Trustees met, and on Mon- growingly popular two weeks of inspira-
day afternoon President and Mrs. Mac- tion and instruction for ministers and
their Commencement Reception.
kay held Christian leaders.
Wartime service was the keynote at the An unusually stimulating program has
Alumni Banquet in the Whitely Gym- been prepared for this year’s Institute, ex-
nasium on Monday evening, with mes- tending from July 10 to 20. A
Bible Hour
sages from Chaplain Eben Cobb Brink from 8 to 9 a.m. will be led the first week
and Chaplain Hansen Bergen, and an ad- by Dr. Robert E. Speer, the second week
dress by Dr. William B. Pugh, based on by Dr. Harris E. Kirk. From 9 to 10 a.m.
his recent official mission to United States the following four courses will be offered,
Chaplains in behalf of the American Prot- two each week Professor Theodore M.
:
estant Churches. Greene, “The Arts at the Service of Re-

Graduation exercises were held Tues- ligion”; Professor Emile Cailliet, “French
day in the University Chapel with music Men of Letters”; Professor Howard F.
furnished by the Westminster Choir Col- Lowry, “English Men of Letters” Pro- ;
lege. Dr. John Foster Dulles, of New York fessor Joseph L. Hromadka, “Russian
City, distinguished lawyer and authority Men of Letters.” The general title of the
on international affairs, delivered the ad- three last-mentioned lectures will be “The-
dress. Thirty-three candidates received the ology and Literature.”
degree of Bachelor of Theology; twelve Following a half-hour interval of free
the degree of Master of Theology; while time, six seminary professors will offer
one —the first in the history of the Sem- elective courses, three a week, from 10:30
—
to 1 1 :30 a.m. The morning will close with has felt the current wave of juvenile de-
a Convocation hour, led the first week by linquency due partly to the employment of
Dr. Clarence E. Macartney, the second both parents in war work, but in areas
week by Dr. Adam Burnet, of Glasgow. of the town where this excellent social
The afternoons will be free for rest, work of the seminary students has been
recreation, and fellowship. The evening conducted, such delinquency has been very
meetings, consisting of addresses and for- noticeably reduced. It is encouraging to
um discussions, will deal with Race Rela- note, too, some of the tangible results of
tions,and Religious Liberty the first week, recent student pastorates. Within the last
and with the Church and the Ministry, the year, five student charges in Delaware,
Church and the Laity, the Church and the Pennsylvania, and New Jersey have been
Gospel the second week. The total cost for developed into full-time pastorates and the
the entire period, including registration, students responsible for this growth in-
has been kept down to the surprisingly stalled.
low figure of thirty dollars. In view of the Six of the students now in Seminary
growing popularity of these stimulating are graduate engineers who left remuner-
meetings, a large enrollment is anticipated ative positions and excellent professional
for the coming summer. prospects to prepare for the Gospel min-
istry. At the present moment, along with
Students’ Field Work their theological studies, they are render-

ing valuable war service teaching radar at
In recent years increasing stress has
the Naval Training School on the Univer-
been laid on students’ field work, of which
sity campus. It has been under the pastor-
Dr. J. Christy Wilson is supervisor. About
ate of the Rev. Dr. Herbert S. Mekeel,
nine-tenths of the students —more than
Church of Sche-
two hundred each week —engage in this
of the First Presbyterian
nectady, New
York, that all six of these
practical work. The largest single group
engineers have decided for ministerial
consists of student supplies in sole charge
service.
of their churches. Many others serve as
Koinonia
assistant pastors, directors of young peo-
ple’s work, and in other capacities. More During recent years the Seminary has
than twenty go out each week with the greatly developed its graduate work, with
Seminary Choir. Some twenty men serve a considerable number of advanced stu-
from time to time on Gospel teams of three dents now on the campus working for the
or four each, speaking in churches and to Th.D. degree in the various departments.
young people’s groups, and sometimes di- The Th.D. candidates, a little more than
recting week-end young people’s confer- a year ago, organized the “Koinonia” to
ences in churches. The varied forms of “provide a forum for the discussion of
field work are performed by students individual projects of research in the vari-
largely in New Jersey and in the metro- ous departments, and for the discussion of
politan areas of New York and Philadel- contemporary theological problems.” Dr.
phia, though a few travel somewhat far- Piper is the faculty sponsor. All the de-
ther. partments of theological instruction Bib- —
It is of interest to note the local Prince- lical, historical, systematic, and practical
ton work of some of the Seminary students have been represented in the papers at the
in Y.M.C.A. clubs, Boy Scout troops, and monthly meetings, and the fellowship and
in other clubs meeting in the seminary discussion have been proving very stimu-
gymnasium or on hikes. Even Princeton lating.
The Samuel Robinson Foundation The Rev. Henry Sloane Coffin, D.D.,
Moderator of the General Assembly of
Due to the generosity of Mr. Samuel
the Presbyterian Church, U.S.A., and
Robinson, the Seminary is able to offer a
President of Union Theological Seminary,
number of prizes and a fellowship for
studies related to the Westminster Shorter
New York.
The Rev. John Moment, D.D., pastor
Catechism. Ten prizes of one hundred dol- J.
lars each are offered to juniors, five prizes

of the Crescent Avenue Presbyterian
Church, Plainfield, N.J.
of two hundred dollars each to middlers,
The Rev. James W. Laurie, D.D., pas-
and a fellowship of one thousand dollars
tor of the Central Presbyterian Church,
to a senior. Competitors for all of these
Buffalo, N.Y.
awards must reveal an accurate knowledge
Addresses were delivered before the
of the Shorter Catechism and in addition
student body by
write a meritorious thesis on an assigned
Dr. Robert C. Mackie, Executive Sec-
topic relating to the Catechism. Two senior
retary of the World’s Student Christian
fellowships are offered on this foundation
Federation.
for the year 1944-45, the topics being
Professor Henry S. Gehman of the
“How to Preach Reformed Doctrine To-
Seminary Faculty on “The Living Past.”
day” and “The History of the Westmin-
Dr. Howard F. Lowry, Professor of
ster Standards in American Christianity
English, Princeton University, on “The
to 1789.”
Ministry and English Literature.”
The Passing of William Park Mr. Peter MacFarlane, Superintendent
of the Union City Rescue Mission, St.
Armstrong
Paul, Minnesota.
All members and friends of the Sem- Dr. Louis Finklestein, President of the
inary were deeply grieved to hear of the
Jewish Theological Seminary of America,
passing of Professor William Park Arm- New York.
strong, D.D., onMarch 25, 1944. His pro- The Hon. Justice Hubert T. Delaney,
fessorship was one of the longest in the Judge in the Domestic Relations Court of
history of the Seminary, and his friends New York City on “Juvenile Delinquen-
are numbered throughout the world. The cy.”
Faculty memorial minute is printed on The Rev. Harris E. Kirk, D.D., pastor
another page of this issue of the Bulletin. of the Franklin Street Presbyterian
Church, Baltimore, Md., on “William
The Christmas Carol Blake’s Interpretation of the Book of
On Tuesday evening, December the Job.”
14th, in Miller Chapel, Dr. Donald Dr. George T. Howard, an Argentine
Wheeler gave a reading of Dickens’ Christ- citizenand lecturer, on “Latin America’s
mas Carol to an unusually large and appre- Attitude toward Protestant Christianity.”
ciative audience. Music was provided by
the Seminary Choir and Orchestra under Payne Hall
the direction of Dr. David Hugh Jones. Payne Hall, in twenty-second year
its
of service, has provided a home during

Preachers and Lecturers furlough period for the following mission-
On invitation of the Faculty, the follow- aries and their families Mrs. John Badeau
:
ing preached in Miller Chapel on Tuesday of Egypt W. W. Cleland of Egypt Mrs.

; ;
evenings during 1943-44: H. W. Close of Syria; H. T. Hinn of

THE PRINCETON SEMINARY BULLETIN 4?
Brazil; Mrs. S. E. Kerr of Syria; Mrs. questions are three by Princeton Semi-
Syria Donald Roberts of nary alumni.
J. L. Moore of ;
China; Mrs. H. B. Smith of Egypt; Mrs.

... And God Was There, by Chaplain
W. A. Stoltzf us of Syria J. C. Thomson
;
Ebenezer Cobb Brink of the Class of
of China; Mrs. D. B. Van Dyck of China,
1930, is a significant document of the
Mrs. J. B. Weir of India. present American chaplaincy. Its hurried
Mission Lectures yet vivid descriptions, almost in the tempo

of “ack-ack,” compare favorably with
The Students Lectures on Missions
some of the best journalism of the pres-
were delivered in November by Dr. Frank ent war in their realistic flashes of the
C. Laubach on the general subject of “The “G.I.” and his thoughts on the deck of a
Necessity for a Literate World/’ Dr. troop ship, watching at night on the lonely
Laubach author of “The Silent Billion
is
African desert, waiting for “zero hour,”
Speak.” The audience was very much in- or wearily convalescing. The chief em-
terested in hearing of Dr. Laubach’s phasis throughout is religious. “In spite
method of teaching the illiterate to read of all the noise God heard me,” said one
in an amazingly short time. This work gunner. A
reader will find the brief book
promises to be of strategic importance re- hard to lay down.
ligiously and socially in many lands where
illiteracy has long prevailed. . . . And Pass the Ammunition, by
Chaplain Howell M. Forgy of the Class
The Poor Scholarship of 1937, starts with a description of the
The Poor Scholarship offered by the attack on Pearl Harbor, where the author
Board of Christian Education was award- coined the now-famous motto, “Praise the
ed to Thomas Stratton Goslin, II, of the Lord and pass the ammunition.” The
Senior Class. story deals with the author’s ministry on
the United States cruiser New Orleans
The Next Seminary Year not only at Pearl Harbor, but in its excit-
ing career thereafter, which included ac-
The one hundred and thirty-third year
tion in the Coral Sea, again at Midway,
of the Seminary will open on Monday,
and subsequently the blasting away of its
September 18. The opening address will
be given by Dr. Mackay in Miller Chapel
bow by the enemy at Lunga Point. The
rapidly-moving story is filled with action
at 9:30 a.m., and lectures and recitations
will begin the same day. New students will
and brief conversations, as the chaplain
goes about his varied duties.
matriculate in the parlor of Hodge Hall
on Friday, September the 15th, and the Quite different in purpose is the third
drawing for the choice of rooms by enter- volume, A Soldier’s Theology, by an ar-
ing students will be held in Stuart Hall tillery lieutenant, Thomas I. Smith, of the
at 3 :oo p.m. Class of 1936. Mr. Smith is a lawyer. He
The Greek test for entering students took the regular theological course at the
will be held at 10:00 a.m. on Saturday, Seminary in order that as a layman he
September 16. might be more intelligent about the truths
of the Christian religion. His book is a
The Gospel and the Service Man penetrating treatise on timeless Christian
What do the chaplains do? What are truth. One rejoices in the thought that
servicemen thinking about religion ? many in line service are thinking seriously
Among the many books dealing with such about the problems here discussed.
ALUMNI NOTES
[ 1898] [ 1917 ]
James Walter Cobb is supplying the church On December Charles F. Fraser entered
first
at Cherryville, N.C., for the duration. upon his duties as pastor of the First Church,
East Springfield, N.Y., arid the First Church,
[ 1901 ]
Richfield Springs, N.Y.
Harvey Lee Wyatt has resigned his pastorate
of the Westminster Church, Jersey City, N.J., [ 1919 ]
where he has served for thirty-two years.
On November firstGeorge Goris entered upon
his duties as minister of the Savanna Church, 111.
[ 1907]
The Presbytery of Sheridan has elected H.
George W. Dunlap
entered upon his duties as
Clare Welker as Stated Clerk.
minister of the First Church, Puyallup, Wash.,
on November first.
[ 1920 ]
[ 1908 ] Mortimer M. Stocker has become Synodical

James J. Glenn has resigned after being pastor Executive of the Synod of Washington.
of the Dickinson Church, Carlisle, Pa., for
thirty-six years. [ 1923 ]
Melvin R. Vender has accepted a call to the

[ 1909]
First Church of Cass City, Mich.
Robert S. Sidebotham has accepted the pas-
torate of Bethel Church, Union Mills, Ind.
[ 1924 ]
Commander Paul Leavens, former mis-

J.
[ 1910]
sionary to Mexico, has been put in charge of all
The pastor of the First Church of Pecos, Navy work with Latin America.
Texas, is Fred Z. Browne.
[ 1925 1
[ 1912]
On September 23rd, Edward Radcliff was in-
Olin McKendree Jones has accepted the call
stalled as pastor of the First United Presbyterian
to Throop Avenue Church, Brooklyn, N.Y. Church, San Diego, Calif.
The First Church of Harvard, 111., has called
Gustav A. Papperman to be its pastor. [ 1926 ]
W. Clarence Wright resigned Wilshire

[ 1913 1
Church, Los Angeles, Calif., to become a Chap-
On October first Robert L. Offield entered lain.
upon his duties as minister of the First Church
of Punta Gorda, Fla. [ 1927 ]
The Presbytery of Southeast Florida has H. Warren Allen, minister of the First Church,
elected William K. C. Thomson as Stated Clerk. Minneapolis, Minn., is now a Chaplain in the
U.S. Army.
[ 1915 1 [ 1929 ]
Michele Frasca was elected Moderator of the On October 15th Glenn O. Lantz entered the
Albany Presbytery in April. service of the National Council, Young Men’s
Christian Association, Petersburg, Va.
[ 1916] John V. Stephens has accepted a call to the
On October Louis V. Barber assumed the
first Mount Washington Church, New York City.
pastorate of the Potts Grove and Mooresburg Irving A. West is now minister of the House
churches, Pa. of Hope Church, St. Paul, Minn.
John R. Campbell has assumed the pastorate
of the Tupper Lake Church and Piercefield [ 1930 ]
Church, N.Y. Henry Clay Banks has been installed as pastor

Earl L. Stehman has accepted a call to the of the First Church, Endicott, New York.
Church at Wickliffe, Ohio. Harold J. Braden, minister of the Second
Church, Pottsville, Pa., is now a Chaplain in [ 1937 ]
the U.S. Army. Lawrence E. Fisher is now pastor of the First

The North Avenue Church of New Rochelle, Church,New Brighton, Pa.
N.Y., has granted Elmer C. Elsea leave of ab- On May first the First Church of Indianapolis,
sence to become a Navy Chaplain. Ind., called Russell W.
Galloway to be its pastor.
Russell W. Shepherd began his pastorate of William D. Glenn has resigned from the pas-
Central Church, Zanesville, Ohio. torate of the Bennett Church, Luzerne, Pa., in
order to enter the Army Chaplaincy.
[ 1931 ] Frank W. Lloyd has accepted a call to the
Edwin Boardman, Jr., has accepted a call to First Church of Burlington, N.J.
Macalester Memorial and West Torresdale The Kingston Church, Pa., has called William
Chapel, Philadelphia, Pa. A. Parsons to be its minister.
Calvin A. Duncan, Jr., is now pastor of Knox L. La Verne Ross is now pastor of Jermain
Church, Los Angeles, Calif. Memorial Church, Watervliet, N.Y.
[ 1932 ]
1938
[ ]
John C. Corbin resigned the First Church at Robert B. Boell is now assistant pastor of the
Jeannette, Pa., to become a Navy Chaplain. Central Church, Rochester, N.Y.
On September first Mervyn E. Moss became Byron Ross Cleeland has been elected Stated
assistant pastor of the First Church, Portland, Clerk of the Phoenix Presbytery.
Ore. Robert Fairley Howard has been called to
Buckley S. Rude has accepted a call to Har- Bethany Church, Council Bluffs, Iowa.
mony Church, Ark. Elwood Bruce Hunter has removed to the
Santa Paula Church in California.
[ 1933 ]
Russell E. Otto is minister of the First Pres-
George W. Jung is now pastor of the Third byterian Church of Kirksville, 111.
Church, Trenton, N.J. The Arch Street Church of Philadelphia, Pa.,
C. Vin White received the degree of Doctor has called Galbraith H. Todd.
of Divinity from Hastings College at their June
convocation. [ 1939 ]
[ 1934 ] Arthur Copeland is now serving the First

Sylvan S. Poet has accepted a call to the Presbyterian Church of Conshohocken, Pa.
Bethlehem Memorial Church of New York City. James McClung Crothers of Berkeley, Calif.,
William S. LaSor, of the Green Ridge Church, has become a Navy Chaplain.
Scranton, Pa., is now a Chaplain in the U.S. The call to the Woodland Church, Philadel-
Navy. phia, Pa., has been accepted by Stanley K.
Walter J. Lindemann, pastor of the Odell Gambell.
Avenue Church, Marshall, Va., is now a Navy Arthur L. Herries resigned the churches of
Chaplain. Ashland and Centralia, Pa., to become an Army
Chaplain.
[ 1935 ]
The congregation of the First Church of
Howard L. Frame has entered upon his duties Gustine, Calif., has called William P. Miles to its
as pastor of Calvary Highland Park Church, pastorate.
Upper Darby, Pa. On December 16th John B. Rowland became
On October first Lewis M. Harro opened his pastor of the Wallingford Church, Wallingford,
pastorate of the Pawhuska Church, Okla. Pa.
Keith Herrick Sackett resigned from the First
[ 1936 ] Church of Stapleton, Neb., to become an Army
Edward I. George has accepted the pastorate of Chaplain.
Home Street- Woodstock Church, New York On November 15th Kemper Y. Taylor as-
City. sumed the pastorate of the Marinsburg, Bruin,
On December first John A. Lampe became the and Petrolia churches, in Pennsylvania.
minister of the Rogers Park Church, Chicago, Kenneth E. Walter assumed his duties as
111 . minister of the church at Linden, N.J.
John G. Marvin is now pastor of the First The pastor of Trinity Church, Detroit, Mich.,
Church, Lewistown, Pa. is William M. Perdue.
[ 1940 ] Morton G. Glise has been called to the Paxton
Henry P. Farr has resigned from the pastorate Church in Harrisburg, Pa.
of the Honey Brook Church, Pa., in order to Henry D. Hartmann is now serving as as-
enter the Navy Chaplaincy. Church, Summit, N.J.
sistant in the Central
Robert R. Ferguson of First Church, Lompoc, Charles H. Washburn resigned the churches
Calif., is now a Navy Chaplain. of Roxburg and St. Anthony, Idaho, to become
George T. Peters has been called to be the an Army Chaplain.
pastor of the East Liberty Church, Neenah, Wis. Edward Cranford Williams is assistant pastor
Richard L. Schlafer has accepted a call to the to Christ’s First Presbyterian Church, Hemp-
Cedar Park Church, Philadelphia, Pa. stead, N.Y.

On October 16th Wayne Walker became as- [ 1942 ]
Church, Calif.
sistant pastor of the Glendale Chaplain Lee V. Kliewer is with the 56th Air
Samuel G. Warr of First Church, New Phila- Depot Group, Tinker Field, Oklahoma City,
delphia, Ohio, is now a Navy Chaplain. Okla.
John Willis Shearer is now serving at the
North Hollywood Church, Calif.
[ 1941 ] The Ebenezer Church of Greenfield, Mo., has
Eldon Anderson has accepted the pastorate
J. released Arthur B. Smith to become an Army
of First Presbyterian Church of Eureka, Calif. Chaplain.
On December first, Wilbur R. Closterhourse Olaf K. Storaasli, pastor of Trinity Norwe-
assumed the pastorate of the Boulevard Church, gian Lutheran Church, Philadelphia, was award-
Cleveland, Ohio. ed the degree of Doctor of Sacred Theology by
John P. Dany is serving as pastor in the First Temple University in May. He has been called
Church of Jacksboro, Texas. to the chair of Biblical Literature at Luther
On October first, Charles H. Davis entered Seminary, Saskatoon, Sask.
upon his duties as minister of the Mechanics-
burg Church, Pa. [ 1943 ]
Charles Raymond Ehrhardt is now serving as James L. Ligon, Jr., is a Chaplain of the Brig
a Navy Chaplain. in the Pacific area.
THE PRINCEtON SEMINARY BULLETIN 5i
BOOK REVIEWS
The Road Teheran, by Foster Rhea
to ground for the better understanding of what has
University Press, come to pass between the governments and peo-
Dulles. Princeton
ples of the Soviet Union and the United States.
Princeton, N.J., 1944. Pp- 279. $2.50.
J. Christy Wilson
The author of this book and Dr. John Foster
Dulles, Commencement speaker at the Princeton
Theological Seminary this year, are relatives
The Reformation Refugees as an Eco-
and members of the same illustrious family, and nomic Force, by Frederick A. Norwood.
both specialists in the foreign affairs of our gov- Chicago, The American Society of Church
ernment. The author has been a foreign corres- History, 1942. Pp. x, 206.
pondent, and lately was professor of American
History at Ohio State University, and according This volume, an abridgment and revision of a
to recent accounts in the press he has now joined dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Yale
the faculty at Colgate. University in candidacy for the degree of Doctor
The Road to Teheran traces the relations be- of Philosophy, is published by the American
tween Russia and the United States from the Society of Church History as the winning essay
time of the American Revolutionary War down in a recent competition for the biennial prize
to the present. Such a work is of vital interest established by the Frank S. Brewer Fund.
now when Americans are striving to learn more The work impresses one by its breadth and
of our great ally, and this book is not difficult thoroughness of treatment. The author has not,
reading, but carries one along with a rather free indeed, undertaken to tell the whole story of the
narrative style. sixteenth-century refugees, but has limited his
We wonder how many people would know off- investigations to the Protestants —more particu-
hand that the youthful John Quincy Adams was larly to the Calvinists —and further, as the title
secretary to the American representative at the indicates, to their economic life

and influence.
court of the fickle Catherine the Great in ,1781. Though these refugees came from nearly all
At a later date Mr. Adams became our minister corners of Europe, they established their com-
to Russia. From that time down to the Teheran munities chiefly in England, Germany, the Neth-
Conference between Stalin, Churchill, and erlands, and Switzerland, making them extend,
Roosevelt we have here a readable record of the in the form of a crescent, from Barnstable in
relations between two of the world’s greatest Devon to the Palatinate and Geneva. The settle-
powers. ments in England, the first to be considered, are
The United States of America and Russia discussed at greatest length and with exceptional
have been nations with vast territory to conquer fulness of detail. This is not because they are
and in many ways they have had similar prob- regarded as the most important but because they
lems. At times their relations have been very could conveniently be treated together and made
cordial and at other times they have been to serve as a standard for the purpose of com-
near a breaking point, yet the United States and paring and contrasting those on the Continent.
Russia remain the only two great powers which The tapestries here woven before our eyes lack
have never been at war with one another. the charm —the same patterns and col-
of variety
The reader will find many background facts ors recur again and again—but the series none is
on the purchase of Alaska and other great mat- the less interesting and instructive. Students of
ters of concern between Russia and the United sociology will find much of special value in this
States, but the more important fact lies in the scholarly account of the trades and the means of
whole picture of the relations between these gov- support of these refugees, the terms under which
ernments, which gives the idea that Russia and they could secure legal recognition, their taxes,
America have on the whole been very good their relations to the civil and the ecclesiastical
friends with common interests. The conclusion authorities, their work in teaching and other
from the facts is, of necessity, that a way can professions, their successes and their manifold
and must be found by these two great powers to trials and disappointments in their adopted lands,
unite for world peace and its preservation, as their devotion to relatives left behind,and their
necessity has forced them to unite in time of methods of helping one another in the hour of
war. This book offers the needed factual back- need. Such considerations will have an attractive-
ness of their own for many who today have com- by the present revised Yale doctoral disserta-
pelling reasons for pondering the still more tion,written under the direction of Professor
baffling problem that has been created by the Ralph H. Gabriel by the Associate Professor
refugees of a global war. of History at Williams College.
The concluding chapter, with its various sum- John Fiske and other historians have charac-
mary findings, is the most valuable. Among the terized the years following the Revolution as the
results of this inductive study the author men- “critical period” in American political history.
tions the establishment by these exiles of new These years were likewise critical in American
industries and the expansion and resuscitation religious life. The Great Awakening of the early
of old ones the importation of

;
new methods and eighteenth century, finally smothered in an at-
techniques in agriculture and especially in the mosphere of mutual recriminations and contro-
textile arts;and the transformation, in some of versy, was followed by two major wars with
the communities, of the whole economic system, their accompanying economic, political, and mil-
by reducing the power of the gilds and preparing itary distractions. The deism and rationalism
the way for the reorganization of society on a which belatedly reached America’s shores filled
capitalistic basis. Quite naturally in this connec- spiritual leaders with the gravest apprehensions.
tion Dr. Norwood refers to the ever-lengthening Federalist New England felt further alarmed
debate over the issues raised in Weber’s cele- over the political rise of the “infidel” Jefferson
brated essay on The Protestant Ethic and the and his much-maligned Republican party. When
Spirit of Capitalism. One would hardly expect President Timothy Dwight of Yale and others,
the brief discussion of this phase of the subject predominantly in the Edwardean theological tra-
to present anything new or decisive the nature ; dition, became vigorous and aggressive against
of the evidence justifies much difference of the widespread unbelief and indifference, the
opinion as to the relative influences of the diverse Second Awakening was under way.
factors involved. With all his admiration for the The leaders of the Second Great Awakening
Genevan Reformer, this reviewer feels that some in Connecticut, with only one notable exception,
of the commendations here bestowed to the dis- — were settled pastors who preached solid sermons
—
paragement of Luther upon Calvin and the Cal- with dignity and reverence in the customary
vinists ought to be toned down. But there will be ecclesiastical surroundings. Such men as Tim-
general agreement that in the treatment of the othy Dwight and Lyman Beecher were its most
religious aspects of his theme the author has notable figures. The movement’s freedom from
duly emphasized a double truth: the Protestant lay exhorters, itinerant ministers, and “ranting
ethic stemmed from the Protestant faith; and enthusiasts” in general goes far, in the author’s
those economic virtues and blessings that marked opinion, to explain its great influence on con-
the development of capitalism in the communities temporary social life and its continuance over a
in which these refugees became the dominating period of three decades from 1797 until 1826.
influence are to be connected with the Calvinistic The most important part of the book is that
doctrine of the Christian’s obligation to glorify dealing with the results of the Awakening the —
God in the work to which his Sovereign Lord beginning of home and foreign missionary ac-
calls him. tivity, including such epoch-making organiza-
It need hardly be added that this highly meri- tions as the American Board of Commissioners
torious dissertation has been adequately fur- for Foreign Missions and the American Home
nished with bibliographical aids. The copious Missionary Society; other religious organiza-
footnotes are a mine of critically sifted material tions, including the American Bible Society, the
and the sources and authorities listed at the end American Tract American Educa-
Society, the
of the volume fill some twenty-three pages. tional Society, and the American Sunday School
Union; work for moral reform such as opposi-
Frederick W. Loetscher tion to Sabbath-breaking, profanity, and intem-
perance; and notable humanitarian activities on
The Second Great Awakening in Con- behalf of the poor, the deaf and dumb, the insane,
convicts, slaves, and others. The focus is always
necticut,by Charles Roy Keller. New
on Connecticut, which is viewed, as some of the
Haven, Yale University Press, 1942. Pp. mentioned indicate, against
organizations just
x, 275. $3.00. the larger national background. Other effects of
The pietistic tradition has played an extremely the Awakening are noted in passing an in- —
important role in American religious and moral creased emotionalism in religion; the multiplica-
life. This fact is emphasized in a scholarly way tion of church activities; the more formal or-
ganization of charity; the appearance of the praisals along these lines. The problem with the
“philanthropist”; the active participation of author has been to condense an enormous amount
women in the affairs of society; the beginning of material to the space of seven volumes and
of religious periodicals; the ending of the lax still not omit really important facts concerning
“Half-way Covenant”; and the modification of this greatest movement the world has ever
theology, particularly in the direction of stressing known. His effort has been, as stated in this
to a greater degree man’s free will and responsi- volume (page 70) to “steer a wise middle course
,
bility. between unsatisfactory general statement on the

A reader wonders whether the ideology of the one hand and a confusing mass of detail on the
American Revolution and the closely related other.”
circle of ideas stemming from the Enlighten- In this volume the history is traced during
ment did not also contribute extensively to the the period 1800 to 1914 with some of the ante-
great outburst of reforming zeal in the early cedent background given and some gleams to
nineteenth century. One would like, too, to see show what developments might be expected
an analysis of the thought-pattern underlying after 1914. There is a question as to whether
this great manifestation of social concern, of the future historians will consider the world wars
sort which has been undertaken for Puritan as the beginning of another era in the expansion
thinking in the colonial period and for the social of the Christian Church, or the end of an era
gospel in the recent period. Perhaps analysis of with the new era to follow the present war, in
Christian social thought during these vigorous which case a future revision of this history
years in the first half of the nineteenth century might stretch “the Great Century” to a century
holds the key to a fuller understanding of social and a half. A good division might be from 1793,
Christianity in both the Puritan and post Civil when William Carey landed in India, to the end
War periods. of the present global war. However, this is a
The work excellently documented and sup-
is minor point in the division of the historic con-
plied with a valuable bibliographical essay of sideration of the Christian world enterprise, and
eighteen pages. The treatment is factual, in- in general students of missions are already fol-
forming, and suggestive. One cannot read this lowing Professor Latourette in his main divi-
scholarly and sympathetic study without realiz- sions of “The First Five Centuries,” “The Thou-
ing anew the importance of the pietistic tradition sand Years of Uncertainty,” “The Three Cen-
in American Christianity and without a wistful turies of Advance,” and the modern period of
wondering as to how great may prove to be the missions, whatever time limits may finally be set
ultimate loss if that tradition is allowed to de- on this most recent phase of Christian expansion.
cline too far. The present volume is divided into sections
Lefferts A. Loetscher which begin with North Africa and the Near
East or, as one might say, the Mohammedan
The Great Century in Northern Africa World, remembering the fact that India has
more Moslems than any other single country and
and in Asia, by Kenneth Scott Latourette.
that there are large Moslem populations in the
Harper and Brothers, N.Y., 1944. Pp. East Indies and even the Philippines. The dis-
502. $4.00. cussion of this whole section is very sketchy for
The volume of Professor Latourette’s

sixth
two reasons the Moslem World has been ne-
:
glected by the Christian Churches because it is

great history of the worldwide expansion of
so difficult a field, and there have been no great
Christianity is one of the most important, in
fact the climactic volume in point of view of the
numerical advances made by Christianity in
time covered and the field under consideration. these lands, but rather a gradual decline among
Here we have the great century of Protestant Christian minorities under Moslem governments.
missionary expansion recorded in the most im- The author then passes on to consider the Chris-
portant fields of the Moslem World, India, and tian movement during this great century in India
East Asia. The next, and final volume of this and then Southeastern Asia. Dr. Latourette then
epochal work will be a summary and interpreta- turns to China, which is his special field, and
tion of the whole great movement across the passes on to give separate chapters to Japan and
world and through the centuries since the Chris- Korea, as well as Russia in Asia.
tian Church had its inception. We have known of a number of persons who,
As to the scope and scholarship of this series having special interest in the missionary move-
of volumes little need be said here, as previous ment, have read these volumes through as they
volumes have been reviewed with critical ap- appeared from the press. For most people they
will be reference works,however, and the short er’sdry homiletical pump. It will also convince
general volume by the same author, Anno Do- him that a special occasion need not mean a tem-
mini, will continue to suffice for the general porary abandonment of the Gospel message.
reader.
Louisville, Ky. Frank H. Caldwell
The great project in seven volumes, “A His-
tory of the Expansion of Christianity,” is now
nearing completion. It will no doubt remain the Choose Ye This Day, by Elmer G. Hom-
authoritative work on the subject for the next righausen, Philadelphia, The Westminster
generation,or perhaps even a longer period.
Press, 1943. Pp. 152.
What a story it is, especially this
thrilling
worldwide Protestant missionary expansion dur- This is a book which will receive a wide read-
ing “The Great Century” ing as the spoken message of the author has been
J. Christy Wilson receiving a wide hearing. It is not merely an-
other book on evangelism. Two years ago the
Department of Evangelism of the Federal Coun-
This Year of Our Lord, by Andrew W.
cil of Churches appointed a special committee,
Blackwood. Published by Westminster with Dr. Homrighausen as chairman, to study
Press, 1943. 244 pages. $2.00. and prepare a document on “Decision and Com-
This latest volume from the fruitful pen of the mitment in Christianity.” The chairman was
challenged to be the author. Choose Ye This Day
Professor of Homiletics at Princeton is a collec-
is the result.
tion of twenty-five sermons for special occasions.
In his earlier book, Planning a Year’s Pulpit The book is a study of the whole matter of
Work, he told how special occasions might be personal Christian decision from an evangelical
used effectively in preaching. In this sequel he point of view. It does not deal with specific
demonstrates with actual sermons that special techniques. “Methods,” states the author, “mean
little unless motivated by a sound and living
occasions in the church year calendar afford
glorious opportunities to direct ready-made in- theology.” This truth receives a full presenta-
tion.
terests to the serious consideration of the many
which is the Gospel.
facets of that one jewel
Dr. Homrighausen has always and rightly
Beginning with sermons for Advent, Christ- magnified the Church. “The Church has been the
mas, and New Year, the author includes mes- custodian of the religious heritage out of which
sages appropriate to each day of Holy Week. our best civilization has come.” But the Church
Most of the generally observed days in the church today is not adequately reaching men with the
year calendar are included except the Saints Gospel of Christ. Half the population of the
Days, Communion Sundays, and Every-Member- United States is outside the pale of any organized
religion. The Church has an inadequate sense of
Canvass Sunday, but obviously an arbitrary lim-
itation must be made at some point.
mission, concern for souls, and recourse to the
To point out defects in these sermons would spiritual resources for human existence Christian
be simply to indulge oneself in hyper-criticism. loyalty and devotion are gripping all too few of
To enumerate their excellencies would require a the membersof the Churches.
rehearsal of the time-honored principles of sound On

the other hand, this “crisis-conscious age”
homiletics. Certain dominant impressions, how- has brought awakening. In this wartime every
ever, deserve mention. The sermons are distinc- one is challenged to be “expendable.” Christ and
tively textual, not in the sense that the structure His Kingdom should command priority from all
is always derived immediately from the text, but within the Church and in turn from all without.
in the more significant sense that the message of
With his grasp of theology and his experience
the text is the message of the sermon. The con- in the field of Christian Education the author
tent is Christian and evangelical. Special oc- searchlights the emphases and tendencies of cer-
casions are often wasted so far as preaching the tain present-day substitutes for pure evangelism.
Gospel is concerned. They are interesting ethical He convincingly sets forth deficiencies and in
essays, but nothing more. Dr. Blackwood never some remarkably fine paragraphs catalogues the
fails to ring a true Gospel note in these sermons.

correct content of the Gospel message and the
Also, he makes the structure of sermons evi- results of its acceptance in decision and commit-
dent without going to the extreme of making ment.
them “bony.” The style is notably simple and Due emphasis is given to the prime place of
clear. preaching in the urgency and loyalty
spirit of
This Year of Our Lord will prime the preach- to the message of God’s Word: “that when
Christ is sincerely presented He has a way of leading firm of the Stock Exchange. Answering
creating an entry into human hearts. The Holy the inquiry took me to several libraries with
Spirit must eventually create faith within if the fragmentary results. Dr. Kerr’s book would have
Gospel is to be understood unto salvation.” filled my need.
Ministers will find this timely and most stimu- This book should be an instrumentality not
lating book a spiritual yardstick wherewith to only for understanding Luther but also for es-
appraise their Gospel message. A revitalized pul- timating intelligently the Lutheran Churches in
pit presentation will undoubtedly in many cases the light of the ecumenical movement. Calls for
be the profit of the people. closer unity among Christians have brought a
Walter L. Whallon new assessment of denominational groups within

Newark, N.J.
the Church that formerly have been taken for
granted. As members of various branches of the
A Comp end of Luther's Theology, ed- Church look with new appraisal at the Lutheran
ited by Hugh Thomson Kerr, Jr., Ph.D., Churches, they will want to know more about
Associate Professor of Systematic The- Luther.
ology, Princeton Theological Seminary,

A Compend of Luther's Theology does not
pretend to be a book “for Luther research
Philadelphia. The Westminster Press. Pp. scholars and experts,” although the selections
xix, 253. have been made with scholarly discrimination.
This volume fills a long-felt need for a ready
The book will carry many a reader into a new
knowledge of Luther and will become a hand-
acquaintanceship with the words of Martin
book upon this subject for many who can never
Luther. It is a collection of excerpts of this
qualify as scholars and experts.
man’s works.
Luther has been ill-known by persons brought Lake Forest, 111. W. Oliver Brackett
up in the Reformed tradition. He
remembered
is
for a few dramatic episodes in his life, and for a

few hymns he is at best remembered as the
The Beginning of Christianity, by Clar-
;
opponent of Zwingli and the Roman Church. ence Tucker Craig, Professor of New
This Compend proves that he ought to be better Testament, Oberlin Graduate School of
known in his own right if he is to stand in his Theology. Abingdon-Cokesbury Press,
true historic perspective. Here are his positive
theological affirmations.
New York, 1943. Pp. 366. $2.75.
Dr. Kerr has faced a difficult problem in the One of the heartening signs of new life stir-
arrangement of the material. Luther by his own ring among the dry bones of higher criticism is
admission had no system of theology. These ex- the tendency observable among certain scholars
cerpts are arranged according to subject; they to take seriously the central message of the
are grouped so as to suggest relationship and Bible. Too long the Scriptures have been re-
sequence, beginning with the revelation of God, garded simply as a curious collection of mis-
continuing through the doctrine of man and the cellaneous pieces of near-literature to be analyzed
Christian life, and ending with a section on the one by one in a detached and presumably im-
Christian and the State. A final section deals partial manner. But the author of The Begin-
with eschatology. The editor obviously has no ning of Christianity happily unites an uncom-
thesis to prove concerning Luther. He has pre- promising scholarship with a forthright commit-
sented these parts of Luther’s works with an eye ment to the proposition that in the New Testa-
to brevity consistent with a full retention of the ment God confronts men with the ultimate rev-
essential context of each quotation. There is a elation of Himself. Without confusing the gen-
good index. eral reader (for whom the book is intended) by
The appearance of the book coincides with a an array of competing opinions, Professor Craig
currently awakened curiosity regarding Lutheran writes a book containing material beaten out on
Churches. There is general interest in the theol- scholarly anvils and presented in a winsome and
ogy that has produced Pastor Niemoeller and attractive form.
Bishop Berggrav on the one hand, and a large The problems which bulk large in usual in-
politically compliant group of churchmen on the
other hand. A few months ago a man brought
troductions the New Testament problems
to —
concerning date, authorship, destination, sources,
me inquiries about Luther and the Lutherans —
redactors, and so forth are briefly dealt with
1 arising out of comments on the subject which but only in so far as they are connected with
1 had appeared in the financial news sheet of a the larger aspect of the origin and growth of
the religion of the New Testament. The object Johns Hopkins, but by 1893 his duties at the
of the book is to tell the Gospel story, its ante- Smithsonian Institution were so heavy that he
cedents, rise, and development, in the form of gave up his position at the University. Although
a continuous narrative. The chapters include a he was a trained scholar in a technical field, his
close and clear analysis of the Palestinian en- greatest contributions were made in administra-
vironment and the traditions of Judaism; Jesus’ tive positions and in educational and religious
cultural inheritance, his career, teachings, and leadership among his own people.
work; the beginnings of the Church, its ex- Although the whole volume offers good read-
pansion, problems, and gradual organization. A ing, several items of special interest to Christian
selected bibliography and lists of Bible readings ministers should be pointed out. Moses Aaron
which appear at the close of each chapter ought Dropsie, who died in Philadelphia in 1905, be-
to be useful in directing the reader in further queathed his entire fortune of approximately one
study. million dollars “that there be established and
It is natural that, in dealing with the great maintained in the City of Philadelphia a college
variety of subjects which must be comprehended for the promotion of and instruction in the He-
in a book of this sort, no two investigators will brew and cognate languages and their respective
see eye to eye. There are parts of this book literatures and in the Rabbinical learning and
which the reviewer regrets; he regards, for in- literatures.” Dr. Adler was called to head this
stance, Professor Craig’s treatment concerning college of higher learning, which in the words of
the narratives of the Virgin Birth, certain mir- Dr. Neuman “he was free to design, create, and
acles, and demons as weak and unsatisfactory. fashion in the image of his own spirit.” This in-
But he believes that the author is headed in the stitution, chartered in 1907, is a distinguished
right direction and is thankful for this volume graduate school in Semitics, and a number of
embodying the fruits of mild liberalism vitalized professors of Old Testament in Christian theo-
by neo-orthodoxy. logical seminaries have studied or taken the
Bruce M. Metzger doctorate at Dropsie College.
Of further interest to Christians is Dr. Adler’s
Cyrus Adler, A Biographical Sketch, by connexion with the Jewish translation of the
The American Old Testament into English, which was pre-
Abraham A. Neuman.
pared by a committee with Dr. Max L. Mar-
Jewish Committee, New York, 1942. Pp. golis, professor of Bible at Dropsie College, as
233 -
editor in chief. This work covered a period of
seven years (1908-1915) sixteen meetings were
The minister can always find illustrative ma- ;
held, each lasting ten days or more, and Dr.

terialfrom the biographies of great men. In this
complex era, Jews have been undergoing a most Adler presided at all of these sessions. Ministers
of the gospel should become acquainted with
barbarous persecution on the continent of Eu-
this excellent translation of the Old Testament.
rope, and there is a silent or suppressed feeling
Dr. Adler was also president for a number of
of anti-Semitism in various quarters of this land.
years of the Jewish Theological Seminary in
Any one who is up Chris-
interested in building
tian- Jewish friendshipand cooperation will find New York. The Jewish Quarterly Review was
much inspiration in reading this biography of brought from England to Philadelphia and re-
vived under his editorship at Dropsie College.
Cyrus Adler by Dr. Abraham A. Neuman, his
Through his vision and powers of organization
worthy successor in the presidency of the Drop-
this country has become a great center of Jewish
sie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning.
learning. Withall his numerous activities, how-
Dr. Cyrus Adler, who was born in Van Bu-
ever, Dr. Adler never lost the personal touch.
ren, Arkansas, Sept. 13, 1863, and died in Phila-
In many cases it seems that Jews and Chris-
delphia, April 7, 1940, was not only a distin-
tians live parallel lives and do not touch each
guished Jew, but also a great American. He was
other in a metropolitan area. Yet Dr. Adler
well called by President Franklin D. Roosevelt
“scholar, patriot, humanitarian, religious leader
had time to take part in civic duties and in
who held fast to the ancient verities, earnest other interests in the city of his adoption. He
worker in the cause of peace and advocate of was not only a scholar and educator, but also a
good will among men.” When he received his leader in national and international Judaism. Dr.
Ph.D. at Johns Hopkins in 1887, he had the dis- Neuman says that it is as if he lived in two
tinction of being the first American to receive worlds —one of action and another of thought
the doctorate in Semitics in an American uni- and feeling. As we read this biography, the inter-
versity. He taught Semitics for some years at nationalism of the Jew is seen at its best, and
we feel the connexion between a distant past and he has written our only Ugaritic grammar,
and the living present. This book gives us a a book published at Rome in 1940. This trans-
deep insight into the permanent contributions lation is well done, and the author has shown
of Judaism to our land. Dr. Adler’s memoirs how scientific work can be put into a form that
published posthumously under the title I Have is both simple and interesting for those readers
Considered the Days were not available when who are not specialists in the field of Semitics.
Dr. Neuman prepared this biography; the reader Henry S. Gehman
is referred to that book for further information
about this distinguished Jewish leader. A num-

ber of illustrations add to the interest and value Mennonites in Europe, by John Horsch.
of the book. Mennonite Publishing House, Scottdale,
Henry S. Gehman Pa., 1942. Pp. 425. $2.00.
This book is Volume I of Mennonite History ;
The Loves and Wars of Baal and Anat the second volume, Mennonites in America, is
and Other Poems from Ugarit, translated being prepared by the author’s son-in-law, Dean
from the Ugaritic and edited with an In- Harold S. Bender of Goshen College, who is an
alumnus of Princeton Theological Seminary and
troduction by Cyrus H. Gordon. Prince-
the holder of the Old Testament Fellowship from
ton, Princeton University Press, 1943. Pp.
our institution during the academic year i923-’24.
xvii, 47. $1.50. Mr. Horsch, who died in 1941, was a devoted
In the year 1928 some Arab peasants came student of Mennonite history from his youth,
across an ancient burial place at Ras Shamra, and for fifty years he was a prolific writer in
ancient Ugarit, on the coast of Northern Syria, both German and English on subjects relating to
and the following year a French expedition be- Mennonite history and teachings. Accordingly he
gan to dig at the site. Various objects were was well qualified to undertake this history,
found, but of utmost importance are the so-called which is a fitting climax to his literary pro-
Ras Shamra tablets of the early fourteenth cen- ductivity.
tury B.C. they were written in an alphabet de-

;
An adequate history of the Mennonites has
rived from cuneiform, and after they were de- been necessary to set into relief the origin and
ciphered, it was found that the language is development of this denomination, whose contri-
Ugaritic, a member of the Canaanite group of butions deserve to be better known and under-
Semitic languages. For the student of religions stood in our country. Too often the Mennonites
it is noteworthy that most of the tablets contain
are ignorantly referred to as a cult, when in
poems about Canaanite gods and heroes. Various reality they should be recognized as a Church.
scholars have given their interpretation of these In a time of war, when a number of boys are in
poems, and an extensive scientific literature on Civilian Public Service camps, a knowledge of
this subject is now available. Mennonite history will give us a more sympa-
The Ugaritic literature
is interesting for its
thetic and enlightened attitude toward the point
own sake, but it of special significance when

is
of view of the historic “peace churches.” In many
considered in relation to the Old Testament. cases the Mennonites and the Amish are known
Thus the poetic forms in Ugaritic and the Old only for their German dialects or their customs
Testament are practically the same. good dealA to which they have clung tenaciously their con- ;
of information about the Canaanitish religion can tributions to culture, the economic welfare of the
be derived from the Old Testament, but in these nation, moral standards, and Christian living
poems we read about El, Baal, and Asherah in have often been ignored through lack of interest
documents older than the historical and pro- or of intelligent understanding.
phetical books of the Old Testament. Here is
Mr. Horsch has given us a comprehensive
source material the Biblical student cannot ne- treatment, beginning with the period before the
glect, and ministers and Bible teachers should Reformation. He discusses the growth of the
become acquainted, through this translation, Swiss Brethren, traces the spread of their doc-
with the literature of a religion against which trines to various parts of Germany, and shows
the prophets of Jehovah so long, but success- how a corresponding movement in Holland was
fully, contended. There is a Daniel in this lit- in agreement with that of the Swiss Brethren.
erature, and many scholars equate this ancient The outstanding figure of the period among
righteous man with the Daniel of Ezekiel 14:14. the Anabaptists in the Netherlands was Menno
Dr. Gordon is a distinguished Semitic scholar, Simons (1496-1561), after whom the whole
5» THE PRINCETON SEMINARY BULLETIN
movement was called Mennonite. Horsch also man theology calls it. This story tells of the
traces the Mennonites to Russia, where they consummation of God’s saving purpose for his
had many flourishing settlements. In the third people (Ecclesiology) through the sending of the
part of the volume there is a discussion of Men- Messiah (Christology), and of the means of
nonite theological tenets and customs; the book salvation (Soteriology). Accordingly the bulk of
is written from the point of view of one who the book is divided into three sections. In each
knows this Church from within. of them the author shows that despite the differ-
Horsch’s history is written in a popular style ences of their terminologies, Jesus and Paul, the
and can be read with ease by the layman; it Synoptists and John, i Peter and Hebrews agree
contains a valuable bibliography and index. Any in their leading ideas. The overlooking of this
one who is interested in the origin and back- fact was due to the methodological error of
ground of the Mennonites in this country and many scholars who regarded differences of j
Canada should read this interesting work. Forty phraseology as an ultimate fact, and thereby
illustrations and portraits add to the value of ignored the underlying unity of thought and
the volume. spiritual experience.
It may seem
a far cry from Old Testament and One notices in Dr. Hunter’s book with special
Semitics to Mennonite studies, but the reviewer satisfaction the large role that is assigned to the
has been dabbling in Mennonite Church history idea of the Messianic people, or the Church ;
also
for a number out of interest in his
of years the interesting discussion on sin and justification
forefathers, who came to Pennsylvania more by faith through grace. The book is written in
than two centuries ago from the canton of Bern. simple straightforward language. It concentrates
Henry S. Gehman on the and presents a challenge to both
essentials
liberaland conservative scholarship. It is not a
textbook of New Testament Biblical Theology,
The Unity of the New Testament by ,
but rather a guide for the modern student of the f
Archibald M. Hunter, Yates Professor of Bible, who is bewildered both by the negations
New Greek and Exegesis,
Testament of modern criticism and by the naive Biblicism ]:
Oxford. Student of the opposite camp. Much detailed work has

Mansfield College, |
still to be done to carry out the author’s pro-

Christian Movement Press, London, 1943.
;
gram; emphases also will vary. To the reviewer,

hi pp. e.g., the relatively insignificant place assigned to
j
New Testament scholarship in Great Britain eschatology as historical dynamic seems to be

in recent years shows a marked trend away from exegetically incorrect; also the neglect of the
j
exegesis and toward Biblical theology. More great New Testament antitheses, such as Christ
than any other C. H. Dodd’s book on the Apos- and Satan, the Kingdom of God and this world, i
tolic Preaching indicated the turn of the tide. In salvation and damnation, belief and unbelief. But
it the Cambridge professor pointed out that such criticism does not detract from the great
throughout the New Testament there runs one theological significance and the timeliness of this j
common message (the “kerygma”) notwith- fine small volume.

standing the fact that each writer develops its Otto A. Piper >
details in his own way. on this basis that

It is
Dr. Hunter has restudied the problem of New
How Do We Know God An Introduc-
Testament Biblical Theology.
tion to the Philosophy of Religion, by
Under the influence of nineteenth-century his-
torism the great textbooks on New Testament Richard Kroner, guest professor at Union j
Biblical Theology of the past period used to Theological Seminary, New York, N.Y.
divide their whole material historically Synop-:
Harper & Brothers, New York, 1943. Pp.
tists, John, Paul, and so on. Without denying
x, 124. $1.75.
the relative right and value of such a treatment
our author points out its insufficiency. It is only To the Christian reader this small volume,
on the basis of a common message that we are containing the Hewett Lectures for 1941-42, pre-
able to understand the diversity of approaches sents one of those rare contributions to Christian 1
found in the New Testament. Dr. Hunter insists epistemology, in which philosophical clarity and
furthermore on the fact that the message of the penetration are organically coupled with unre-
New Testament is not an abstract doctrine, but served belief in the Biblical truth. Most books
is rather concerned with an historical process, a on Christian philosophy or on the philosophy of
“Heilsgeschichte” (history of salvation) as Ger- —
religion even when written by professing Chris-
tians —are apt to distort or completely ignore reader, not the specialist, but may be accepted
the views of the Bible. This is not an apologetic by both as a delightful introduction to the sub-
treatise that falls into the opposite extreme ject.
either and ignores philosophy. It is written by The preacher and Bible student find here a
one of the leading philosophers of our day, and rewarding account of nomad Arab life, in many
in the reviewer’s view, the leading Protestant ways comparable to the estate of the primitive
philosopher of our day. Hebrew. The denizen of the desert, whose por-
Over against the widespread tendency in trait receives able treatment in the book, is the
American theology and philosophy of religion best representative of the Semites whose career
to regard the certainty of science as the only and annals permeate Christian thought. knowl- A
true certainty and thus to reject everything in edge of his passage from tribalism to nation-
religious belief which lacks that kind of certainty, hood, in its social, biological, psychological and
the author points out that the difference between literary ramifications, illumines the mind of any
science and religion affects their sources and one whose thought centers upon that part of
nature rather than the respective degree of cer- Western Asia where the three Monotheistic re-
tainty. Faith is not only based upon personal ligions arose. The comparative religionist notes
experience, but also implies a personal relation- the creative impulse in Islamic civilization and
ship between God and the believer. Since God the considerable part played by the Arab in weld-
absolutely transcends this world there can be no ing together heterogeneous cultures and in the
faith without revelation and mystery. One of the transmission of civilization. Particularly in-
most interesting points in Dr. Kroner’s book is structive to the student of Christian missions is
his distinction between the intellect, i.e. the organ the scene of secular progress which was thus
of analysis and classification, on the one hand, brought about and the underlying causes that
and “imagination,” i.e. the creative faculty of produced it. Between the lines, in the unwritten
the spirit, on the other. It is by means of the passages of this arresting narrative, one captures
latter that man becomes aware of the revelation the image of missing spiritual links in the fabric
of God. of Arab thought; in vain does one look for that
The book is written in clear and simple lan- spiritual endowment in the great figures of
guage. It avoids technical discussions and talks Islam’s heyday that light up the unexplored
all the time of the subject itself. It should be areas of man’s experience with God. The light
read and studied not merely by ministers, but of God’s love as revealed in that Man of Galilee
also by laymen, who are perplexed by the claims is eitherdimmed out or entirely shut off.
of science and pseudo-scientific philosophy, while Whatever else this work may be, it is neither
instinctively they believe in the revealed truth an apologia nor the endeavor of an impassioned
of the Bible. nationalist. To a cold-blooded mastery of his
Dr. Kroner was for more than twenty-five colors, the author brings the warmth of fair
years editor of the famous philosophical maga- judgment. More significant the attempt
still is
zine Logos, which became a victim of Nazi not to lionize the Arab but to set him in true
hatred. He is the author of a great number of perspective and to project his culture against
philosophical books, the best known of which is its real background. There is besides an indig-
his History of German Idealism ( Von Kant zu nant dissatisfaction with that type of characteri-
Hegel ) in two volumes. In 1938/39 he was Gif- zation that is apt to be silent about the assets
ford Lecturer at the University of St. Andrews, and contributions of a non- Christian culture.
Scotland. Nothing appears in these pages which does not
Otto A. Piper enrich the creative Christian statesman in his
desire to draw his own conclusions as regards
The Arabs: A Short History, by Philip the dreadful needs of Islam and the Arabic-
K. speaking peoples.
Hitti. Princeton
University Press,
It is nonetheless obvious that the book makes
Princeton, 1943. $2.00. Pp. 224 plus xi.
no pretense to exhaustiveness or contempora-
Professor Hitti of Princeton University, rec- neity. Its primary burden relates to events clos-
ognized as the world’s foremost historian of ing in A.D. 1517, when the Ottoman conquest of
medieval Arab civilization, published a monu- Egypt and Syria brought Arab vitality to a
mental history of the Arabs in 1937 (Macmillan, standstill. In Spain, Sicily, and North Africa;
London), revised in the second edition, 1940. The in Egypt, Iraq, and Syria; in Arabia, Persia,
work under review gives an epitome of the larger and the Far East, the adjuncts of a vast human
volume. It is intended for the general American upheaval are traced and displayed with the brush
6o THE PRINCETON SEMINARY BULLETIN
of an artist. But the old medieval picture is ism (p. 45). There are only broad distinctions
basically related to the present day transforma- of emphasis. Where the salt of the established
tion. Dwelling midway between the Orient and church, that is, Brahmanism, has lost its savor,
the Occident, the Arab has a claim upon our it is rather from without —
in Buddhism than —
attention as a potential ally and friend, whose from within that its life will be renewed.
heritage entitles him not only to academic interest Dr. Coomaraswamy goes a step further. By
but also to the careful consideration of Christian the logic of his own reasoning he is driven to
strategists. conceive of reality as one. But his road to reality
Edward J. Jurji is not the Christian, Hindu, Buddhist, or any
other. It is the way of the philosopher and mystic.
Hinduism and Buddhism by Ananda “We are forced by the logic of the scriptures
,
themselves to say that Agnendrau, Buddha,
K. Coomaraswamy. Philosophical Library, Krishna, Moses and Christ are names of one
New York, n.d. Pp. 86. and the same ‘descent’ whose birth is eter-
The pages of this book breathe the remarkable

nal .
(pp. 73-4). The path leading to this
. .”
conclusion takes the author through the Myth,

erudition and scholarship of the author, Dr.
Doctrines, and essential Meaning of each of the
Coomaraswamy, keeper of Indian art, Museum
two religions to which he has addressed himself,
of Fine Arts, Boston. An expert in Indie philol- j
ogy, he has a profound insight into Indo-Euro-

One need not subscribe to the author’s thesis in
order to learn much from the book regarding the I
pean civilization, its diverse cultural aspects and
inner workings and makings of Hinduism and
philosophies. He is at home in German, French,
Buddhism.
Latin, Greek, and other tongues. He exhibits a
comprehensive mastery and appreciation of art,
Edward J. Jurji
theology, and history in their combined operation
through the harmony of the mystical approach. Out of the Silent Planet by C. S. Lewis.
,
Several disclosures in the course of the book New York, Macmillan, 1943. Pp. 174.
reveal the inner principles which dictate the
$2.00.
manner by which the author seeks to present
Hinduism, and its offspring, Buddhism. Al- P erelandra, by C. S. Lewis. New York, 1
though the ancient and modern scriptures of

Macmillan, 1944. Pp. 238. $2.00.
Hinduism have been examined by European
scholars for more than a century, it would be The author of The Screwtape Letters offers I
hardly an exaggeration to say, in the author’s in these so-called novels further evidence of his
judgment, that a faithful account of Hinduism imaginative powers in the service of apologetic
might well be given in the form of a categorical for the Christian faith. These two books must be
denial of most of the statements that have been read together for they form a unity, and they
made about it, alike by European scholars and should be read in the order in which they are
by Indians trained in our modern sceptical and listed above. From one point of view they are
evolutionary modes of thought (p. 3). sheer fantasy, and any one who has been en-
Furthermore, the author asserts that the Vedic thralled with the stories of H. G. Wells, Edgar
doctrine is neither pantheistic nor polytheistic, Rice Burroughs, Jules Verne, et al., will find
nor a worship of the powers of nature except in these interplanetary adventures highly exciting,
the sense that all nature powers are but names at times eerie and foreboding, but always en-
of God’s acts. Karma is not “fate” except in the trancing and expertly recounted. The story has
orthodox sense of the character and destiny that to do with a remarkable voyage of a Cambridge
inhere in created things themselves. Maya is not philologist, Ransom by name, from Earth to
“illusion,” but rather the maternal measure and Mars. There he comes into rational and social
means essential to the manifestation of material contact with three types of being, the Hross, the
world appearances. The notion of a “reincarna- Sorn, and the Eldil. The last appears to be
tion” is not to be explained within the doctrines neither creature nor pure spirit but something
of heredity, transmigration, and regeneration. in between. The supreme Martian Eldil, Oyarsa,
Buddhism receives equally definitive treatment. tells Ransom that the Earth is the Silent Planet
Thus we learn that the more superficially one so far as other heavenly bodies are concerned
studies this religion, the more it seems to differ because it is at present the scene of a struggle |
from the Brahmanism in which it originated the ;
to the death between the supreme interplanetary
more profound the study, the more difficult it Eldil, Maleldil, and his arch opponent who is
becomes to distinguish Buddhism from Brahman- simply known as “the bent one,” since there is
no word in the Solar vocabulary for bad or evil. but laymen need some guidance in plain language
In the second volume, Ransom is transported to as to the historic Christian tradition and its
Venus which is known better to the Eldila as meaning for the contemporary world. With the
Perelandra. Here he finds, apart from a repulsive layman in mind, therefore, the author undertakes
but inoffensive reptile, a beautiful woman who to set forth the cardinal emphases of the Chris-
is human and yet somehow, and quite logically, tian faith. This he does in intelligible language
out of this world. It would be unfair to the but without talking down to his readers. There
prospective reader (and it is hoped that his tribe are no footnotes and the references to other
may be numerous) to reveal the plot of the story men’s views are reduced to a minimum all of —
any further, but it can be said that the Genesis which is suited to the aim of the book. Intro-
account of the temptation is re-enacted with pro- ductory chapters deal with the need for belief
vocative innovations. The two volumes can be and the way to believe. Then follow chapters and
read, as was suggested, from the point of view sections according to the articles of the Apos-
of pure imaginative literature; but they are also tles’ Creed, from God the Father Almighty to
allegorical. Mr. Lewis has made himself a the Life Everlasting. The treatment throughout
staunch but subtle apologist for Christianity, is clear, forthright, Biblical, and evangelical. The
and one can well believe that he means his books author takes pains in several instances to show
to be taken seriously as theology. Screwtape and that there can be no final or absolute statement
his nephew Wormwood introduced us to the of “the faith,” and on some questions he argues
“demonic” view of life; these books try to make for a reverent agnosticism. The book may be
us see life from the point of view of the Eldila, regarded as a search for a tenable conservatism,
that is to say, the angels. But the theology for while Dr. Smart insists upon the faith once
(temptation, sin, Incarnation, social relation- delivered, he also demands that we in our own
ships, immortality, cosmic consummation) is so day make this faith ours not only by receiving
|
much a part of the fantasy that the reader is not it but by witnessing to it.
aware that the author is preaching. This, of As a minister of the continuing Presbyterian
course, is the great weakness and also the great Church in Canada, it is interesting to note the
strength of Mr. Lewis’ writings, and it brings author’s attitude toward Church union. He rec-
to mind the words of our Lord, “He that hath ognizes two ecumenical impulses at work today,
ears to hear, let him hear.” one that would unite wherever possible in order
to heal breaches in the visible structure of the
Hugh Thomson Kerr, Jr.
Church, and the other that considers the Church
as essentially one in Christ, regardless of divi-
What a Man Can Believe by James D.
, sions in structure, and seeks not corporate union
Smart. Philadelphia, The Westminster but a unity of understanding and faith. Dr.
Press, 1944'. Pp. 252. $2.00. Smart, however, does not develop this distinction
further, and one would like to have his clear
Scarcely a year goes by without the appear- views regarding the ecumenical experiment in
ance of at least one book such as this; that, his own country which has been so variously
however, is not to say that this particular work interpreted. Does he, for example, regard the
is unworthy or superfluous. The fact that popu- United Church of Canada as an illustration of
lar commentaries on the Christian faith appear artificialor ill-conceived union? And if so, how
with quiet regularity indicates that there is some does he square the plea for a broadminded
demand for this sort of writing, and this is surely theology with a restricted view of ecumenicity?
something to be desired and welcomed. In many But this review ought not to close on a critical
respects this treatment does not differ from many note; Dr. Smart’s book is well worth reading,
others that could be mentioned, but it has certain and it is just the thing for ministers to put into
peculiar characteristics worth noting. It is writ- the hands of those who are asking difficult ques-
ten by a young Canadian minister, the pastor of tions about the Christian faith.
St. Paul’s Presbyterian Church, Peterborough,
Hugh Thomson Kerr, Jr.
Ontario, who has had excellent theological train-
ing and who writes with a firm conviction of the The Romance of the Ministry , by Ray-
relevancy and significance of the Christian faith
for our day. The book’s point of departure is the
mond Calkins, Pastor Emeritus, The First
j
obvious confusion in our midst regarding Chris- Church (Congregational), Cambridge,

|
tianity.The expert in theological trends can Mass. The Pilgrim Press, Boston, 1943.
perhaps find his way without too much difficulty, Pp. 253. $2.00.
|
This book ought to meet a need today. Often pulpit star after another, the current book has I
one is asked to recommend a single volume about to do with the humdrum duties of the parish
the work of the pastor. This work ought to minister. If any young man enters our calling
strengthen any young clergyman, help to revive with the expectation of daily adventures, he will
any weary pastor, and do much to enlighten any soon see his hopes turn to ashes. Were it not for
interested layman. After having read practically love to God and to men, the work to which Dr.
everything in the field, one thinks of this book as Calkins summons would be termed drudgery.
the most interesting and suggestive treatise on But why find fault with the label when the con-
things pastoral since the days of Charles E. tents prove rewarding?
Jefferson. Strange to tell, that other fascinating May this book help to promote the current
work, Highland Shepherds, or the rural pastor, rediscovery of pastoral work. Surely that ought
by Arthur W. Hewitt, also comes from New to be second to nothing else in the life of the man
England. set apart to the Gospel ministry. Because of this
The discussion by Dr. Calkins covers a wide volume many a young man should form the habit
range. If there were an index, as there ought to of ringing doorbells. He should likewise resolve
be, it would show that nothing human can be to excel as a friend and guide of needy souls.
foreign to the pastor. The writer moves at ease
Andrew W. Blackwood
among books but he makes no display of wide
and varied reading. He stresses things practical
and yet he holds up lofty ideals for intellectual The Creative Delivery of Sermons. By j
pursuits. In he evolves a philosophy of

fact, Robert W. Kirkpatrick, Th.D. Foreword j
pastoral work. While not at all autobiographi- by Dr. Ralph W. Sockman. The Macmil-
cal, the book has grown out of long, rich expe-
rience in pastorates of different kinds.
lan Co., 1944. Pp. xxii +
235. $2.50.
With the large majority of the ideas one feels This book differs from anything in print. It
in hearty accord. Occasionally a proposal causes devotes two hundred pages to theory and twenty-
one to stop and think. For instance, the writer one pages to methods. This last part is the least
warns against the custom of secluding oneself valuable. The basic theory is that in the study
from interruptions during morning hours of the minister should create the sermon for him-
study. He protests against the current practice self, imaginatively. Then in the pulpit he should
of announcing sermon topics in advance through recreate the message for his people, imagina-
the newspapers. He suggests that people should tively. All the while the emotional and the intel-
1
feel free to come into church late, or else to lectual modes should strengthen and support
leave early, without seeming irreverent or dis- each other.
courteous. On the whole, however, the treatment The Foreword is the clearest part of the vol-
concerns the things that matter most, both for ume. In it Dr. Sockman leads the reviewer to
pastor and people, as well as the wider interests wish that he had mastered some such work years
of the Kingdom. ago, and that he had toiled under a coach worthy
Dr. Calkins has long since established himself to apply such principles. For years the reviewer
as a master of the King’s English. Each of his has done teamwork with such a master coach.
books tends to have a tone color all its own. The When he is urged to write a book he replies
style of this one accords with the subject. The “No one can show on paper how a thing ought
discussion is concrete and factual, without seem- to sound.” After one has tried to master the
ing petty. Unlike other men of parts the author present volume, one understands the difficulty of
does not hesitate to deal practically with prac- writing about such a fine art.
tical theology. Perhaps he feels that “three- The book suggests three practical lines of
fourths of writing well consists in giving definite, thought. First,the popular effectiveness of a
well-chosen facts, and plenty of them. The other sermon depends largely on the delivery. Second,
fourth doesn’t matter !” Really this sort of work in the study the minister should devote much
calls for more ability and labor than one needs time and care to his preparation for creative
for conventional theorizing. delivery of the message as a whole, and in every
The chief question about the book relates to part. Third, every student of this fine art needs
the title. It leads us to expect a volume like the a coach. How else could one hope to avoid
one by C. Silvester Horne, The Romance of faults which the writer scarcely mentions? They
Preaching. That earlier work deserves all the include what Dr. Donald Wheeler terms “mo-
praise it has received. But where it soars into notonous speed,” “ministerial cadence,” “high
the heavenlies and makes us thank God for one pitch,” and “indistinct articulation.” Evidently,
there is need of still another book on the practice The method usually is inductive. The approach
of public speaking in the pulpit. to the main idea is deliberate. If one reads on
for a page or two, what might seem heavy is
Andrew W. Blackwood
relieved by a flash of insight. For example, take
the sermon, “He Knows,” based on the text, “He
Rebuilding Our World, Wartime Ser- knew what was in man.” “As we turn the pages
mons in Harvard College Chapel. By Wil- of the Gospels we have the strange feeling that
lard L. Sperry, Dean of the Divinity we are in the presence of someone who under-
School. Harper and Brothers, 1943. Pp. stands us. The hold of such a person over us is
strange and strong. To be known is in some ways
137- $i-75-
a deeper experience than to know.”
These eighteen sermons have nearly all been The sermons appeal to the intellect. The treat-
delivered since Pearl Harbor. They deal with ment is not pastoral. The Dean does not over-
current needs, but somewhat indirectly. Unlike simplify religion. He is no Pollyanna optimist.
other university pulpit masters, Dr. Sperry pre- He makes out a case for his type of evangelical
sents religious sermons. He is not afraid of pro- liberalism. To the reviewer the most memorable
fessors or students. During his service of twenty- sermon is the one about “The Unplanned Life.”
two years as Dean of the Chapel, he has learned Jesus “probably never had a program or a plan.
not to “treat students as a class by themselves.” . . . The religious man leaves planning to God.”
They are human. This is vital, if true.
As a rule the texts are short. Half of them The book will repay careful reading. The
would be counted unfamiliar. The topics show progress may not at times seem rapid or easy.
skill and care in phrasing. For instance, “The As in his other books, notably Reality in Wor-
Open Sea of Life,” “The Testing Ground of Dean Sperry has the knack of suggesting
ship,
Prayer,” “The Grace of Christ,” and “A Buoy-
much more than he says. He says more than
ant Faith.” Without closing his eyes to the
most book preachers of late.
social order, Dean Sperry gives much heed to the
individual. Andrew W. Blackwood
JOHN T. MANSON
1861-1944
The Board of Trustees adopted the fol- interest in Christian Education led to his
lowing Memorial Minute concerning the acceptancy of Trusteeship, and his giving
life and work of the late Mr. John T. generously of his means to Lafayette Col-
Manson. lege. Moreover, his interest in preparing
Mr. John T. Manson was born in the men for the Gospel ministry led him to
city of New Haven, Connecticut, August accept election to the Board of Directors
30, 1861. This city continued to be his of our Seminary in 1918, in which office he
home until the time of his death, February continued until the consolidation of the
21, 1944. During his life he was actively Seminary’s two Boards in 1929, when he
identified with many civic, financial, and was elected a Trustee, which office he held
religious movements, both in the city of until the time of his death. His interest in,
New Haven and in the larger world with and approval of the work of the Seminary
which he was associated. were further evidenced by his generous
Mr. Manson was a man of deep religious endowment of the Chair of New Testa-
convictions, and was most zealous in his
ment Literature and Exegesis.
efforts to have the Gospel proclaimed and
Mr. Manson was a man of noble bear-
the Kingdom of our Lord extended. With
ing, pleasing personality, a genial courtly
this in mind, he gave many years of service
Christian gentleman highly esteemed,
as a member of the Board of Home Mis-
;
sions of the Presbyterian Church in the

greatly respected by those who knew him
and were privileged to serve with him.
United States of America. He was a Di-
rector, and latterly the President of the
We, therefore, record our gratitude to
American Bible Society. For a number of God for this good servant, our apprecia-
years, he was prominent in the work of the tion of his deep interest in theSeminary
General Assembly, serving as a member of which he served so well, and also express
many important committees, and one year our sorrow that we shall no longer have
was the Assembly’s Vice Moderator. His his goodly fellowship.
WILLIAM PARK ARMSTRONG

1874-1944
The Faculty of Princeton Theological Dr. Armstrong, a son of the late Wil-
Seminary records with sorrow the death liam Park and Alice Isbell Armstrong, was
of the Rev. William Park Armstrong, born in Selma, Alabama, on January 10,
D.D., who died in Princeton on March 1874, and died in the Princeton Hospital
25, 1944. on March 25, 1944.
Like his father before him, he attended contributed to The Princeton Theological
the College of New Jersey, now Princeton Review reveal his special interest in the
University. On his graduation in 1894 problems pertaining to the narrative of the
with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, he Resurrection. These discussions disclose
entered Princeton Theological Seminary, breadth of conception, keen understand-
where he took the regular three years’ ing of the issues involved, thorough mas-
course and also fulfilled the requirements tery of the relevant literature, adequate
for the degree of Master of Arts granted bibliographical information, scrupulous
him by Princeton University. He then de- fairness toward opponents, and admirable
voted two years to graduate study at the lucidity and precision of statement. He
Universities of Marburg, Berlin, and Er- was a contributor to T he Presbyterian and
langen. In 1899 he became Instructor in Reformed Review , The Bible Student,
New Testament Literature in the Sem- Hastings’ Dictionary of Christ and the
inary and in 1900 he was ordained to the Gospels and Orr’s International Standard
,
gospel ministry. That same year, the New Bible Encyclopedia he was one of the
;
Testament professorship having become editors of Dr. Benjamin B. Warfield’s

I vacant upon the resignation of Dr. George works and from 1909 to 1917 he bore the
;
T. Purves to accept a call to the Fifth main editorial responsibility for The
Avenue Presbyterian Church, New York, Princeton Theological Review. By way of
Dr. Armstrong was entrusted with the commemorating his professorial ideals
entire work belonging to this chair. He and achievements, the Faculty heartily
discharged these enlarged responsibilities
endorses the noble tribute paid him by his
with such competence, fidelity, and success
successor on the occasion of his inaugura-
that in 1903, when he was only twenty-
tion :
nine years of age, he was elected to suc-

ceed Dr. Purves in what is now known as “In long years of a richly blessed min-
the Helen H. P. Manson Professorship istry he has built up the frame and the
of New Testament Literature and Exe- traditions of New Testament studies
gesis. This position he occupied till 1940, here in the Seminary. The high level
. . .
when, his health becoming impaired, he of his scholarship, his fearless recogni-
sought relief from the strain of teaching tion of critical problems in the presence
the large undergraduate classes and de- of obscurantism and dead traditional-
voted himself, as Graduate Professor of ism, the clarity of his judgment, the rich
New Testament Exegesis, to the special spirituality of his outlook, his profound
needs of candidates for the higher degrees. knowledge of the human heart, and his
He thus fulfilled a ministry of instruction undaunted presentation of the truth of
in this institution extending through an the Gospel in an age that hates com-
unbroken period of nearly forty-five years. mitment and definiteness, have made
In the history of the Seminary only two him one of the outstanding figures of
—
professors Dr. Charles Hodge and Dr. this Seminary and of the Church.”
—
William Henry Green exceeded him in In 1915 Professor Armstrong received
length of service. the degree of Doctor of Divinity from
Dr. Armstrong’s inaugural address on Temple University. Among other honors
“The Witness of the Gospels” was marked that were bestowed upon him were many
by the apologetic aim that was destined that gave public recognition to his excep-
to characterize his Biblical scholarship as tional ability in the realms of finance and
a whole. Most of the articles which he business administration. The son of a
banker, he became well versed in the prin- ton and for a like period as a trustee of the
ciples of banking, and for thirty-seven Princeton Hospital. ^
The Princeton
years he was a director of The Faculty records its sense of the
Bank and Trust Company and Vice Presi- great loss it has sustained in the death of
dent for twelve years. In 1921-22, at the this honored member. It bears witness to
request of the Trustees of the Seminary, the purity and vigor of his evangelical
he performed the duties of the office of faith, his courage in expressing his con-
Assistant Treasurer and Superintendent victions, his and fairness, his
justice
of Grounds and Buildings. In this capacity friendly disposition and genial humor, the
he introduced an improved system of ac- sincerity and depth of his piety, and the
counting which, with minor alterations, has strength and dignity of his Christian char-
been used ever since. From 1929 to 1937 acter. It holds him in affectionate remem-
he was a member of the Board of Pensions brance and gives God thanks for his long
of the Church. He served for three years and faithful service in the ministry of the
as a trustee of the First Church of Prince- gospel.

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Vol. XXXVIII JUNE 1944 Number 1

BENJAMIN F. FARBER, D.D New York,N.Y.

Term to Expire May, 1946:

The Princeton Seminary Bulletin

Vol. XXXVIII PRINCETON, N .J., JUNE 1944 No. 1

A NEW STATUS FOR THEOLOGICAL

To awaken a sense of ministerial vocation among the youth of the Presbyterian

THE PRINCETON SEMINARY BULLETIN 3

as a body of knowledge useful only to prove one’s orthodoxy on official occasions, or in

Theology must be made missionary again. The Council on Theological Education, in

THE USE OF THE BIBLE IN THE

Howard Tillman Kuist, ph.d.

Friends lum committed to teaching the Bible in the

arts, for the teacher deals primarily with

day, encouraged by the privilege of hav-

THE PRINCETON SEMINARY BULLETIN 5

Ephesus, Athens, and Rome would be un-

Semitischen Monotheismus, Leipzig, 1903. p. 16.

of the Christian Church,

V. “I long that the husbandman

Versions all like so many myriad streams

so successful in his own

education criticism has a precise meaning. rectlycommunicated to everyman. This is

titled, The Arts andArt of Criticism,

tion. It is amazing how far the Version A Permanent Homing-Center for

sion from which his people drink. Then his

tained Johnnie Bartek and his companions 20 II Corinthians 3 :6.

on the wave-tossed Pacific 23 Once let this .

but who speak with the authority of those 1943.

in doing so he made an important discov- view ;

mental Anglo-Saxon of the King James

Ruskin, Op. cit., pp. 3, 4.

student unaccustomed to firsthand obser- Re-creative method, then, insists that

means for the first time an emancipation Re-creative Method

Fourth. The most comprehensive fea-

are fused into a glowing and active em-

THE PRINCETON SEMINARY BULLETIN ii

in the study of compositional units of it is none the These rela-

sons possible 41 This is what makes all the

score. Toscanini is counted as

literal re-creator of the composer’s in- as literature; enough at least, to indicate

tentions.Beethoven or Schumann or the main stream of Biblical thought. This

ship between all the arts (including literature)

paragraph stands in some observable rela-

tions of objective awareness we have been acquire it at all.

of observation and reflection, and so of Macmillan, N.Y. 1925. pp. 151-155.

THE PRINCETON SEMINARY BULLETIN 13

ing the oracles of God. 51 Comment upon a Survey of Higher Educa-

THE PRINCETON SEMINARY BULLETIN 15

THE INTERPRETER’S HOUSE 1

was the fashion of it it had eyes lifted

to wield the Sword of the Spirit.

PRINCIPLES OF GRADUATE STUDY

i. The Viewpoint ject, and depth of insight. Unfortunately

Engineering, Medicine, and many branches

country match the most renowned places

grew out of the practical work, and thus

primary concern had to be the recognition

Arts. There the methods of teaching and

quently the same as those practiced in the