2014 I st International Conference on Inform ation Technology, Computer and Electrical Engineering (ICITACEE)

Maximum Power Point Tracking Control for

Stand-Alone Photovoltaic System using
Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control
Antonius Rajagukguk¥ 1,2, Mochamad Ashari', Dedet Candra Riawan I.
l
DepLofElect, Eng" illstitut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya, illdonesia
2
DepL of Elect, Eng" Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru, illdonesia

Abstract-Photovoltaic (PV) technology,
renewable energy resource with green
characteristic, has a great chance to develop in Indonesia
since this country has tropical climate. This paper proposed
the other method to control of maximum power point
tracker for stand-alone photovoltaic system using fuzzy
sliding mode control.
A DC-DC Cuk converter was chosen to regulate the DC
voltage from the PV module. To obtain optimum PV power,
duty cycle of Cuk converter was controlled
'MPPT_Fuzzy Sliding Mode (MPPT_FSM) controller. PV
voltage and current values at the Maximum Power Point
(MPP) point, as controller references, were obtained using
Perturb and Observe algorithm.
It can be concluded from the simulation results that by
using MPPT_FSM controller, Cuk converter was able to
optimize the PV power, in accordance with its MPP point at
V vs. P characteristic curve. In constant load tests, with the
input radiation and temperature constant and varied, it was
seen that the MPPT_FSM controller was
eliminate overshot and reduce oscillations (harmonics) due to
the ripple factor of 60%.
Keywords: Photovoltaic, Cuk Converter,
Maximum Power Point Tracking, Fuzzy Sliding Mode.
I. INTRODUCTION
Utilization of solar energy using photovoltaic module
is become a promising alternative energy: pollutant-tree
and no need any fossil fuels, But it still needs many
development works to improve photovoltaic effectiveness
since its low power-output and its dependency to climate
change [1],
Previous researches related to photo voltaic technology
generally include these development topics:
a, Solar Panel Materials [1 - 4], and
b, Controlling and Optimization using Maximum Power
Point Tracking (MPPT) [5 - 19][20-21],
Related to solar panel material development, in
previous research [1] proofed that there were some
electricity current improvement in CuPc material layer
when measured in bright situation rather than dark
situation,
ill [2], by using an assumption that internal resistances
in solar module were ideal, solar module panel testing
performed by linear metal oxided field effect transistors
(MOSFETs) to yield correlation characteristic between
Current vs. Voltage and Power vs. Voltage.
Another research [3] yield a conclusion that if solar
module panel arranged in parallel structure, then the
voltage output totally same with the voltage output of one
as one of solar module panel and the current output totally will be
technology summing of the current output of all solar module panel
and vice versa when arranged in serial structure.
Many researchers have been developed the second
topics previously. Controlling and Optimization using
Maximum Power Point Tracking aimed to get optimal
point intersection between P -V (Power vs. Voltage)
characteristic curve and V-I (Voltage vs. Current)
by the characteristic curve in solar module panel [3][4],
At [5], standalone photovoltaic performed to provide
electric pump power energy where power consumption
and motor impedance being this research focus. ill [6 - 8],
buck-boost converter performed as DC-DC voltage
converter in a solar module panel to produce desired
voltage output from solar module voltage output. This
converter type, as reviewed in another research [8], is the
most realistic and suitable converter in solar panel
capable to application since its high performance and efficiency and
low-cost implementation.
Artificial intelligent applications have been applied in
controlling design of solar panel optimization in some
Duty cycle,
research. Application of Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference
System (ANFIS) to build MPPT system by detecting non­
linear characteristics of photovoltaic current and voltage at
Total Cross Tied (TCT) point [9 - 14], related to power
absorption and its controlling [15], and others.
Based on [3] and [4], this research aimed to design
and simulate an artificial intelligent controller (i.e. fuzzy
inference system as sliding mode controller) for maximum
power point tracking control of stand-alone PV model.
The novelty of this research was applying AI controller to
modifY Cuk converter duty cycle value by sliding mode
value to perform overall PV power output stability.
II. METHODOLOGY
A. Mathematical Modeling ofPhotovoltaic Module
A photovoltaic module is a group of several
photovoltaic cells which are electrically connected in
series and parallel circuits to generate the required current
and voltage. The equivalent circuit for the solar module
arranged in NP parallel and NS series cells is shown in
Fig. 1 [3], If the cells are connected in parallel, then the
total voltage of all cells is the same as that of one cell but
the total current is the sum of the current values of the
single cells. Since the current of a single cell can amount
to more than 3 A and the voltage is less than 0.7 V, the
parallel connection is rarely applied.

978-1-4799-6432-1114/$31.00 m014 IEEE 377

 NaRs1R1l
Ns
(i). When the power switch Q is turned on, the diode is
cutoff due to reverse-biased voltage. The equivalent
circuit of the converter is shown in Fig. 3. Current value at
C I for close condition is:

(I ) -- -IL2
c1 close
(S)

Fig. l. Equivalent model of photovoltaic module

1(1+ RRpsTT)I Nplsc- NPJ1exp[q(fAKT+1cRsTJtj (R;psTJ

The terminal equation for the current and voltage of
the array as follows:

Vs R
(1)
=

with total shunt resistance is:

Np Fig. 3. The equivalent circuit of the DC-DC Cuk converter
RpT= Rp
Ns when the power switch is closed
and total series resistance is:
(ii). When the power switch Q is turned off, the diode is
RsT= Ns Rs conducted due to forward-biased voltage. The equivalent
p
N
circuit of the converter is shown in Fig. 4.
Newton Raphson method [ IS] is used for finding the
root of a non linear function to find its maximu m point.

f(IJ +
In+l -
- In _
f'(IJ (2) Vs R va

j(1)=l(l+ J-NP]SC+NP]'
{ [ ( + ): :
Then function of current can be expressed as

q
V
-
+� fRsT
V
--"- (3) Fig. 4. The equivalent circuit of the DC-DC Cuk converter

Open -
RsT Ns when the power switch is opened
exp r -1
RshT AKTc Rsht
Current value at Cj for open condition is:

(I ) --I
cl L2 (6)
The derivative off(l) is equal to
The power absorbed by the load IS equal to the power

( -N AKTc
l [( �
supplied by the source:

J
q -+TRsT (4)
RsT qRsT ----'-A_Ts__----'-
J
f'(T)= I+ To e (7)
RshtT P xP AKTc
V For periodic operation, the average capacitor current is
zero. With the switch on for time DTand off for ( l D)T
_

B. Modeling ofthe Cuk Converter

(8)
The Cuk switching topology is shown in Fig. 2. Output
voltage magnitude can be either larger or smaller than that
of the input, and there is a polarity reversal on the output. Substituting using Eqs. (S) and (6),
The inductor on the input acts as a filter for the dc supply I DT + ILI (I - D)T = O , or
- L2
to prevent large harmonic content. Unlike the previous
converter topologies where energy transfer is associated
1/.1 D
with the inductor, energy transfer for the Cuk converter -
IL2 (I-D)
(9)
depends on the capacitor Cj• The circuit diagram of the
Cuk converter is shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. S [22].
Next, the average power supplied by the source must
be the same as the average power absorbed by the
load,p' = �

v,
(10)

Fig. 2. The circuit of the DC-DC Cuk converter

378
Combining Eqs. (9) and (10), the relationship between the . (1- D)' R E
output and input voltages is Llmm = (13)
2Df
. (l D)R
�) =-V
D (11) L2mlll = - (14)
� (I-D) 2/

The negative sign indicates a polarity reversal between
output and input. Note that the components on the output
(L2, C2, and R) are in the same configuration as the buck
converter and that the inductor current has the same form
as for the buck converter. Therefore, the ripple, or
variation in output voltage, is the same as for the buck
converter:
"'�) (I-D)
8L2CJ2
(12)
Va
For continuous current in the inductors, the average
current must be greater than one-half the change in
current. Minimum inductor sizes for continuous current
are:
C. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
In order to work at optimum conditions, it is observed
that there some power loss due to this perturbation also
the fails to track the power under fast varying atmospheric
conditions. But still this algorithm is very popular and
simple [7]. This algorithm is shown as in Fig. 5.
As in Fig. 6, such conditions can be achieved if the
load is not connected directly to the solar panels, but
through a power conditioner that is often known as the
maximum power point tracking (MPPT). An MPPT will
regulate the voltage / current to the load that would be
equal to the maximum power of a solar panel. The circuit
in Fig. 7 provides an overview of PV system with MPPT
work

Fig 5. Perturb and observe algorithm [7]

� ,---,---.----.---c--,---,---.-,
one input. The block diagram of a FSMC system [24] for
PV drive is depicted in Fig. 8, in which Be �) is as a
reference to the tracking command. The control problem
is to find a suitable control law so the PV output voltage
and current position can track specific maximum power
point trom V vs. P characteristic curve of the
e: 110< 1:2 , ..
YIIIIogo IYl
photovoltaic (reference) trajectories. Defme a tracking
Fig. 6. Power (P) vs. Voltage (V) curve for perturb and error as
observe algorithm [7]
V,l
CUK
(15)
CODverter
The frrst step of sliding-mode control design is to
D select a sliding surface that models the desired closed­
MPPT loop performance in state variable space. Then design the
control such that the system state trajectories are forced
'-------1 system
toward the sliding surface and stay on it. Now, suppose
Fig. 7. Block Diagram of Direct Duty Cycle by MPPT that an integral operation sliding surface is given as

D. MPPT using Fuzzy Logic Sliding Mode Controller (16)

where k/ and k2 are non-zero positive constants. then the

Fuzzy logic controller is one of the controllers based
on if-then rules that can be used for decision making as equivalent dynamics of system Cuk converter is
the human mind [19]. This research used Takagi-Sugeno �(t)+kl ��)-k2e�)=O (17)
fuzzy inference mechanism [20] with two inputs, were
It is obvious that the tracking error e(t) will converge
current and voltage outputs of phot0 voltaic module based
to zero exponentially if the gains, k/ and k2, are selected
on temperature and radiation of the sun (solar) light, and properly.

379
 r---------------------------------------

fuzzy rule base

:- --- ----- -------- ------- -----i

fuzzy u : Model : (J
I
OutputV,I sliding fuzzy control I���.�
surface
(uJJ : ,Cut CODvert, er I
• OutputV, I
P &0 Algorithm (J I
-----------------------------_.
Cuk converter

fuzzy sIiding-modetontro\

Fig. 8. Control system architecture with M PPT -FSM

The complete rule base of a conventional fuzzy Some technical data are as shown in Table I [3], and
system with n input variables has p x n rules, where p is also we used converter data as C I = 3,O/-lF,
the number of linguistic terms per input variable [25]. As C2=2,965 /-IF, LI =[2 =20 mH, f=5000Hz.
the dimension and complexity of a system increase, the
TABLE 1. SOLAR CELL TECHNICAL DATA
size of the rule base increases exponentially [26]. By
defining the sliding surface as the input variable of fuzzy Variable/Constant Value
rules, the number of fuzzy rules for FSMC is smaller Array short circuit current (iscn) 7.82 [A]
Array open circuit voltage (Vocn) 42.6 [V]
than that for FC, which usually uses the error and the Maximum po_r current (imp) 7.27 [A]
change-of-error as the input variables. The fuzzy rules Maximwn po_r voltage (Vmp) 34.4 [V]
are given in the following form [24][25]: Maximum po_r (Pm ax) Pmax_e=Vmp*lmp [W]
Temperature Voltage Coefficient (Kv) -8e-2 [VIC]
Temperature Current Coefficient (Ki) 0.0017 [A/C]
Rule i : IF s is F,; then fl is a
,
(18) ST C radiation at 250 C (G) N =72
Normal operation temperature ( Tn) 1000 [W/m"]
Boltzmann constant (k) 1.38e-23
where a; i = 1, 2, ... , m are the singleton control actions
, Electron charge (q) 1.60217646e-19 [C]
and F,; is the label of the fuzzy set. The triangular- a constant 1.6
Eg constant 1.12
typed functions and singletons are used to defme the nv constant 1000
membership functions of IF-part and THEN-part. The A 1.6
B 1.6
defuzzification of the control output is accomplished by
Jscr 5.1255
the method of center-of-gravity [24][26]. Ego l.l
Np 9
Ns 8

(19)

III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

where Wi is the weight of the ith rule
A. PV Model Characteristics
Fig. 9 shows the surface view of relationship between
inputs and output of fuzzy logic controller in this design. A simulation performed to yield PV characteristic
curve as shown in Figs. 10 that described relationship
between V (voltage) vs. P (power) of PV, respectively ,
3.5 with it is can to use the Maximum power traking of PV
in the stasionari conditions.
P-v Cu.-....e

-----t----+--I--
-s
>- 300

Q 2.5

2
30
� 150 --4---�-�-+---�--4_-

Arus Tegangan
50 .

Fig. 9. Surface view of relationship between inputs and

output of MPPT-FSM controller
Fig. 10. V vs. P characteristic curve of PV model
E. Simulation Design

380
B. PV Model Test without MPPT_FSM Controller,
with Constant Inputs Radiation and temperature, ,

l�current(A)·
load variation 400 . • 'Voltage M·
-Powerry./l
350-
Table 2 shows the simulation results when the load
changed with constant input without any controller. As 300-

shown, the current decreases and the voltage increases 250-

when the load increased.
200-
TABLE 2, PV OUTP UTS FOR SIMULATION WITH CONST ANT
INPUTS, LOAD VARlATION, AND UNCONTROLLED
150· l
100·
Load (0) Current (A) Voltage (V) Power (W) II
I 5.028 5.028 25.281
50·
3 4.871 14.610 71.165
5 4.723 23.620 111.557
7 4.585 32.090 147.133
9 4.454 40.080 178.516 ·50 -·----�----------�--------�----�
o 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
12 4.271 51.250 218.889 3
lime (x 10 s)
15 4.103 61.540 252.499
18 3.947 71.050 280.434 Fig. 12. Current [A] - Voltage M - Power [W] of
21 3.803 79.860 303.708 Output MPPT_FSM Controller.
24 3.669 88.050 323.055
27 3.544 95.690 339.125
30 3.427 102.800 352.296
D. PV Model Test with constant inputs and load
variation using MPPT_FSM Controller
c. PV Model Test with constant input and load using Table 3 shows the variation of the current, voltage
MPPT FSM Controller. and power generated by PV model providing load
varying between I n 30 n when tested using MPPT­
-
By simulation test using the MPPT_FSM controller
FSM controller with constant inputs. In this test, it
with constant inputs and load, it was observed the
appears that the greater the load resistance, the smaller
changes of duty cycle, control signal (fed to the mosfet
the current but the voltage rises. This shows that the dc­
transistor in Cuk converter), and input and output signals
dc Cuk converter can work as expected well.
to the controller. Fig. 11 shows controller inputs (dc-dc
Cuk converter inputs). TABLE 3, OUTPUTS FOR SIMULATION MPPT_FSM
CONTROLLER W ITH CONST ANT INPUTS, LOAD VARlATION,

·Current (A)
Input MPPT FSM Output MPPT FSM
Load Curren Voltage Power Curren Voltage Power Duty
•

(0) (A) (V) (W) (A) (V) (W) Cycle

I 3.58 9.36 33.5u 17.43 17.14 298.8u 2
3 3.lJU 73.85 288.u9 lJ.18 27.54 253 2.4u1
5 3.61 91.7u 33u.95 7.51 37.95 285 2.747
7 3.26 96.80 315.18 6.56 45.10 301 3.000
9 3.24 114.10 370.03 6.04 54.36 328 3.000
12 3.41 104.00 354.43 5.10 61.22 312 3.232
15 3.15 119.80 377.25 4.73 70.87 335 3.326
18 2.93 133.50 390.49 4.40 79.22 349 3.407
21 2.73 145.40 397.09 4.12 86.81 358 3.478
24 2.56 155.80 398.85 3.87 92.92 360 3.500
27 2.41 166.00 399.89 3.65 98.60 360 3.500
50·
30 2.28 173.20 394.03 3.46 103.70 358 3.500

o
o 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
3
Time (x 10 s)
E. PV Model Test with inputs and load variation using
Fig.ll. Current [A] - Voltage M - Power [W] of input MPPT FSM Controller
MPPT FSM Controller.
The PV power optimizing generated differently,
according to the radiation and temperature changes. Fig.
13 shows the output of dc-dc Cuk converter after using
Fig. 12 is the output signal of the Cuk converter MPPT FSM controller. It can be seen that the controller
circuit that has been controlled. It is seen that the signal was able to reduce the overshot and oscillation caused by
is improved by the absence of overshoot, as well as ripple factor. Increasing input radiation and temperature
improved oscillation and ripple factor are about 60% will generate oscillations at the output greater.
less.

381
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