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    Heat Transfer

    Uploaded by

    Faizan Hassan

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    EG605ME_ Ileat Transfer \ ' Lab Manual Prepared by Prajwal Dhital May 1999 Lab-t Lab2 Labs Lab-4 Lab-s Lab-6 ‘Table of Contents Heat conduction Lab 1-1 Conduction of heat along a simple bar Lab 1.2 Conduction of heat in radial ditection Lab 1-3 effect of area change in heat conduction Lab 1-4 Conduction along composite bar Lab 1- Effect of heat insulation on heat conductio Heat convection Lab 2-1 Effect of surface temperature on heat transfer in free convection Lab 2-2 Effect of extended surfaces on heat transfer Lab 2-3 Investigation of temperature distribution along the extended surfaces Heat radiation Lab 3-1 Investigation of Stcphan-Boltzman relationship Lab 3-2 Determining emissivity of different surfaces Lab 3-3 Investigation of effect of view factor on radiation heat transfer Concentric tube heat exchanger Cross-flow heat exchanger Steam to water heat exchanger Lab 6-1 Demonstration of increase in heat transfer due to increase in ‘number of tube passes at constant Mow rate Lab 6-2 Effect of increasing coolant flow velocity and aumber of tube passes on the overall heat transfer cocTicient Lab 6-3 Investigation of effect of coolant Now velocity and number of tube passes on pressure drop Lab 6-4 Investigation of saturation pressure-temperature relationship for water B 15 16 v 20 21 2 B 26 2 38 2 4 46 48 | \ | | i i Heat Transfer EGOOSME Lab 1 Title: Heat Conduction Objective 1) To investigate Fourier's Law of linear conduction 2) To investigate the temperature profile and heat transfer in radial direction of a cylinder 3) To investigate the effect of change in cross-sectional area on the temperature profile 4) To investigate conduction along a composite bar and evaluate the overall heat transfer coefficient 5) To investigate the effect of insulation upon conduction of heat between adjacent metals. Introduction: Conduction is a mode of heat transfer in which energy transfer takes place from high temperature region to low temperature region when a temperature gradient exists in a body. The basic law of conduction was established by Fourier. According to Fourier’s law, heat flow by conduction in a certain direction is proportional to the area normal to that direction and to the temperature gradient in that direction. Q Mae Where Q ie ransferred heat k = thermal conductivity A= area dT/dx = temperature gradient The minus sign in the equation above shows that heat flows in the direction of decreasing temperature ‘Thermal conductivity is the property of materials which shows heat conduction per unit length of material per degree of temperature difference Heat is conducted in solids in two ways: transport of energy by fiee electrons and lattice vibration. In good conductors, a large number of free electrons move about in the lattice structure of the material which transport heat from high temperature region to the low temperature region. The portion of energy transported by free electrons is larger than that by lattice vibration. An increase in temperature causes increase in both the lattice vibration and speed of free electrons, but increased vibration of lattice disturbs the movement of free electrons causing reduction in transport of energy by free electrons which means the overall conduction is reduced. In insulators and alloys, the transport of energy is mainly due to lattice vibration and an increase in temperature increases conduction ‘Conduction of Heat Along a Simple Bar Let us consider Fourier’s law of conduction for the case of a simple bar with lateral surface insulated as shown in Fig. 1-1 Fig 1-1 Fig 1-2 This is an approximation of one-dimensional conduction for a plane wall as shown in Fig.1-2. For steady state condition, it is assumed that the power generated by an electrical heater enters at one end and leaves from the other end uniformly. Then the thermal conductivity of the specimen can be determined as Sg Ey cae A(T) = KT) AT mK qd) Where, Q is heater power, k(t) mean value of thermal conductivity between Tl and T2 T = mean value of T! and T2 Conduction of Heat in radial direction If the ends of the cylinder are insulated and its inner and outer surfaces are at uniform temperatures, then the heat flows in radial direction only UN ee clean ate distribution Racism dl yy x Z 4 rows A Figure 1-3 ee For this case, the heat transfer area is A = 2nrL. Then, dT y= -2 ark v 2 rlk Solvingth eaboveeq —uationfor T(r), rery= i -(n - 1) 2 Q) ae idan a 2akL 7 4 Effect of Area-Change in Heat Conduction Let us consider step change in cross-sectional area as shown in Fig. 1-4. According to Fourier’s Law, 2 l=) Al Aa Figure 1-4 We know that heat flow rate for each section is the same. If conductivity constant, then, (l=), fe) de. is assumed Mae: dc), (aide), (aia), i.e. the temperature gradient is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area @) r Conduct Along Composite Bar Let us consider heat conduction along a composite bar. For a composite bar, (4) (5) (6) : _ Figure 1-5 b ; ' Kifect of Insulation on Heat Conduction Tho study of effect of insulation on heat conduction between adjacent metals is very Important, The analysis is done in the similar fashion as in case of composite bar. Laboratory Setup Kquipment: ‘The equipment used in the above experiments is the Armfield Thermal Conduction Apparatus (Fig. 1-6) which consists of two electrically heated modules mounted on a bench support frame. One module contains multiple cylindrical metal bar arrangement for a variety of linear conduction experiments and the other module consists of a disk for radial profile studies. all test sections are equipped with an array of temperature wensors. Cooling water from laboratory tap is fed to one side of the test pieces in order to maintain a steady temperature gradient An electrical console provides electrical power for heaters in the specimen and digital readout of the temperature at selected points along the heat conduction path. The temperature probes have a resolution of 0.1 degree Celsius. The power control circuit provides a continuously variable electrical output of 0-80 watts with direct digital feadout with a resolution of 0.1 watt. Safety Considerations 1) Do not exceed 100°C on the linear conduction apparatus 2) Afer finishing the experiment, the specimen removed from the linear conduction apparatus may be hot, be careful and handle with care 3) A continuous flow of cooling water is necessary for the experiment, otherwise the apparatus may get damaged. '" ‘ aboratory Proced: Gab 1-1 Conduct a of Heat Along a Si ple Bar 1 ‘The equipment should be setup as shown in figure 1-7. Ask for your instructor's help, 2. Apply conducting compound at the metal interface in order to reduce thermal contact resistance and install the specimen. When assembling the specimen between the heater and the cooler, take care to match the shallow shoulders in the nylon housing J, Ensure that the temperature measurement points are aligned along the longitudinal {xis of the unit, Make sure that the temperature sensor wires are connected correctly 4. Turn the heater power control knob fully counter-clockwise then turn ON the heater power. Make sure that the reading from the watt meter is zero 5. Check the temperature readings from all the temperature probes. They should be ‘qual to room temperature. If they are not contact your instructor. 6. Gradually increase the heater power by turning the knob clockwise. Set the heater power to 20W. Allow enough time to reach steady-state condition 7. Note the temperatures from all the probes by turning the selector switch. 8. Repeat the processes 6 and 7 for 1SW and 10W. 9, Afler completing the experiment, reduce the heating power to zero, turn OFF the heater power but let the cooling water run for some five more minutes to ensure that the specimen is cooled down Observation Sheet: Specimen material: Brass ‘Thermal conductivity of the specimen from tables Diameter of specimen; 25mm Length of specimen: 30mm Distance between temperature probes: 10mm Test Results: Test | Wattmeter 72, 173, 76, No. _| watts, Q aes °c fi 20 I oem |iis 1 : ee Sines [0 os jena] Plot the temperature profile along the length of the core, Determine the thermal conductivity of the test specimen, Comment on the effect of increasing heater powert fon the thermal conductivity of the specimen. Compare the calculated thermal conductivity with the published data and comment on the difference if any. Apply proper conversion factor wherever necessary Lab 1-2 Conduction of Heat in Radial Direction Connect the temperature probes to radial apparatus as shown in Fig, 1-8 and follow the instructions below. 1 Apply conducting compound at the metal inte,face in order to reduce thermal contact resistance and install the specimen. When assembling the specimen between the heater and the cooler, take care to match the shallow shoulders in the nylon housing, 2. Ensure that the temperature measurement points are aligned along the longitudinal axis of the unit. Make sure that the temperature sensor wires are connected correctly 3, Turn the heater power control knob fully counter-clockwise then turn ON the heater power. Make sure that the reading from the watt meter is zero, 4, Check the temperature readings from all the temperature probes. They should be equal to room temperature, If they are not contact your instructor 5. Gradually increase the heater power by turning the knob clockwise. Set the heater power to 20W. Allow enough time to reach steady-state condition 6. Note the temperatures from all the probes by turning the selector switch 7. Repeat the processes 6 and 7 for 15W and 10W. 8. After completing the experiment, reduce the heating power to zero, turn OFF the heater power but let the cooling water run for some five more minutes to ensure that the specimen is cooled down. Observation Sheet Specimen material: Brass ‘Thermal conductivity of the specimen from tables Outer diameter of specimen’ 110mm. Inner diameter of specimen: 8mm Length of specimen: 3mm Distance between temperature probes: 10mm Test Resull Test No | Wattmeter) Ti," 73°C [T7°C [78°C | 19°C watts Q | i 20 as 2 15 = 3 10 ale Plot the temperature profile along the radius of the specimen and determine the temperature at the outer radius from the plot. Use these data to determine the radial heat conduction from equation (2) and compare with the measured heat input. Comment on the difference if any. Apply proper conversion factor if necessary Comment on the difference between temperature distribution in the simple bar and the disk 6 Heat Conduction Unb 1-3. Effect of Area Change i Change the test specimen of linear conduction apparatus by a of smaller diameter (13mm diameter). Ask your instructor for set up and follow the instructions below 1 ‘The equipment should be setup as shown in figure 1-7. Ask for your instructor's hholp 2. Apply conducting compound at the metal interface in order to reduce thermal contact resistance and install the specimen. When assembling the specimen between the heater and the cooler, take care to match the shallow shoulders in the nylon housing 3. Ensure that the temperature measurement points are aligned along the longitudinal Axis of the unit. Make sure that the temperature sensor wires are connected correctly. 4. Turn the heater power control knob fully counter-clockwise then turn ON the heater power. Make sure that the reading from the watt meter is zero, $. Check the temperature readings fiom all the temperature probes. They should be ‘equal to room temperature. If they are not contact your instructor 6. Gradually increase the heater power by turning the knob clockwise. Set the heater power to 20W. Allow enough time to reach steady-state condition 7. Note the temperatures from all the probes by turning the selector switch 8. Repeat the processes 6 and 7 for 1SW and 10W. 9. After completing the experiment, reduce the heating power to zero, tum OFF the heater power but let the cooling water run for some five more minutes to ensure that the specimen is cooled down Observation Sheet Specimen material: Brass Thermal conductivity of the specimen from tables Diameter of specimen: 13mm Length of specimen:30mm (temperature sensors not fitted) Distance between temperature probes: 10mm. ‘Test Results: ‘Test No | Wattmeter watts Q 20 5 3 10 Plot the temperature profile in the heater and cooler and extrapolate to the interface in order to determine the temperature gradient across the reduced area of specimen. Using this graph, determine the ratio of temperature gradient in heater/cooler to lwradient within the reduced area. Comment on the result and on any differences hetween measured and calculated results ; Lab 1-4 Conduction Along Composite Bar Change the test specimen of linear conduction apparatus by a specimen-made of a different material (steel in this case). Ask your instructor for set up and follow the instructions below. 1 ‘The equipment should be setup as shown in figure 1-7. Ask for instructor's help 2 Apply conducting compound at the metal interface in order to reduce thermal contact resistance and install the specimen. When assembling the specimen between, the heater and the cooler, take care to match the shallow shoulders in the nylon housing. 3. Ensure that the temperature measurement points are aligned along the longitudinal inxis of the unit. Make sure that the temperature sensor wires are connected correctly. 4, Turn the heater power control knob fully counter-clockwise then turn ON the heater power. Make sure that the reading from the watt meter is zero $. Check the temperature readings from all the temperature probes. They should be equal to room temperature, If they are not contact your instructor 6. Gradually increase the heater power by turning the knob clockwise. Set the heater power to 20W. Allow enough time to reach steady-state condition 7. Note the temperatures from all the probes by turning the selector switch 8. Repeat the processes 6 and 7 for 1SW and 10W. 9. After completing the experiment, reduce the heating power to zero, tum OFF the heater power but let the cooling water run for some five more minutes to ensure that the specimen is cooled down Observation sheet Specimen mateial: Steel ‘Thermal conductivity of the specimen from tables: Diameter of specimen: 25mm Length of specimen:30mm (temperature sensors not fitted) Distance between temperature probes. 10mm Test Results: >] Wattmeter T8,°C_]19,°C_ watts Q i 20 2 15 | a ee ee ee es Plot the temperature profile in the heater and cooler and extrapolate the curve to determine the respective outer surface temperature and interface temperature. Use these temperatures to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient using equation (5) Compare this value with the value obtained using equation (6). Use published data to determine thermal conductivity of heater and cooler material. Thermal conductivity of specimen can be determined using the temperature gradient within the specimen and equation (1). What is the practical significance of overall heat transfer coefficient 7 What was the effect of varying input power on overall heat transfer coefficient ? Lab 1-5 Effect of Heat Insulation on Heat Conduction Hamove the test specimen from the linear conduction apparatus and put insulation ecinien (paper oF cork) between the heater and the cooler. Do not smear conducting, ‘dumpound on the interfaces. Then, follow the instructions below. 1 ‘The equipment should be setup as shown in figure 1-7. Ask for your instructor's help 2 Apply conducting compound at the metal interface in order to reduce thermal oninct resistance and install the specimen. When assembling the specimen between the enter and the cooler, take care to match the shallow shoulders in the nylon housing. 3, Ensure that the temperature measurement points are aligned along the longitudinal xis of the unit. Make sure that the temperature sensor wires are connected correctly 4. ‘Turn the heater power control knob fully counter-clockwise then turn ON the heater power. Make sure that the reading from the watt meter is zero, 5. Check the temperature readings from all the temperature probes. They should be equal to room temperature. If they are not contact your instructor. 6. Gradually increase the heater power by turning the knob clockwise, Set the heater power to 20W. Allow enough time to reach steady-state condition 7. Note the temperatures from all the probes by turning the selector switch 8. Repeat the processes 6 and 7 for 1SW and 10W. 9. After completing the experiment, reduce the heating power to zero, turn OFF the hheater power but let the cooling water run for some five more minutes to ensure that the specimen is cooled down. Note: Using micrometer measure the thickness of the paper disc or cork disc before clamping it between heater and covler. Do not smear conducting compound between mating faces of heater/cooler and insulation. set the heater power to 15 watts and allow time to reach steady-state conditions, In the mean time, make sure that the temperature of heater does not exceed 100 degrecs Celsius. Then follow instructions 5,7, and 9 from above Observation Sheet Specimen material: Paper or Cork Thermal conductivity of the specimen from tables, Diameter of specimen: 25mm. Length of specimen Distance between temperature probes: 10mm Test Results: 72°C Ty°C | Ts,°C Watimeter Ti, wattsQ | 4s Plot the temperature profile in heater and cooler and extrapolate it to interfaces in order to determine the temperature gradient across the insulating disc. Determine thermal conductivity, compare with the published data and comment on the difference What is the effect of insulation on conduction of heat between the heater and cooler ? Now does a insulator inhibit conduction ? Suggest practical uses for insulating materials Fig 4-7 =~ Mains supply lead @lGe rs . oe power \ Temperature selector switch Mains on J oft Heat Conduction Apparatus Interconnection EG 605 ME Heat Transfer 2 1 Heat Convection tives: To learn the effect of surface temperature on heat transfer in free convection from Vertical plate To demonstrate the effect of extended surfaces in heat transfer To investigate the temperature distribution along the extended surface troduction Wection is a mode of heat transfer in which energy exchange occurs between a surface adjacent fluid when the temperatures of the surface and the fluid are different. If the id motion is artificially induced, the heat transfer is called forced convection and if it is luced because of buoyancy effects caused by temperature difference in the fluid, the heat fer is called free-convection. In the process of convection, the motion of fluid ‘dafluences the temperature field and determination of temperature distribution and of heat Afansfer becomes complicated. To simplify heat transfer calculations in such situations, Newton's law of cooling is used: qh (le-T) Where T.. and Ty are surface and fluid temperatures his heat transfer coefficient and iis heat ux. Depending on whether the heat transfer is free or forced convection, the calculation of heat transfer coefficient depends on dimension less parameters such as Reynolds’ Number, Nusselt Number, Prandtl Number, Grashof Number, etc., For free convection, h is a function of Grashof and Prandtl numbers and for forced convection, h is a function of Reynolds’ and Prandt! numbers. These parameters are listed below Che b= 0.4m Ue) a 2013 Uo Vv We). ertial fe viscous force pr — felt __wlp__ Vv _ molecular diffusivity of momentum k kipe, molecular diffusivit y of heat 13 heat transfer by convection Nu eee & — KATTL ~ conguction across fluid layer of thickness L 4 je - BILE, =.) _ buoyancy force ve viscous force Average Nusselt number for free convection from a vertical plate at uniform surface ature can be correlated by the relation: Nu=e(GrPry" a) B= (pop - I(T o- T) Pe bulk fluid density p= fluid density at temperature T c= 0,59,n= "4 if 10° mycy then, At, > Ate, Le, the fluid with mn value of (me) has to undergo a larger temperature change At otherwise energy will be violated, This means the maximum possible heat transfer is always given by fuct of minimum (mc) and maximum temperature difference in the heat exchanger. ffectiveness of heat exchanger is given by transfer maximum possible heat transfer Parallel flow arrangement Counter flow arrangement W wiles to simplify heat transfer analysis for heat exchangers, log mean, temperature iff ence 1s introduced which is also denoted by LMTD. It is given by, y G) Waunfer in the heat exchanger can then be given by AUUIMID) (a) , A = heat transfer area U = Overail heat transfer coefficient of the four quantities in equation (4) are known, the other one can be easily setup: 1 used for this lab is the ‘concentric tube heat exchanger made by P.A. Hilton pment is shown in figure 4-1 hot water at a temperature up to 80 °C is maintained in a storage tank (1) at the apparatus by two heating elements (2). The temperature of the water is by & sensor (4) adjacent to the tank outlet. The controlier is mounted on the (8), Water is continuously recirculated through the tank by a pump (6) and Within the tank assist in mixing to promote a consistent temperature at the tank for the exchanger is taken fiom the pump discharge and passes through the of the concentric tube arrangement (13) before returning to the tank for . Flow through this circuit is regulated by a control valve (18) and indicated on a (19), Thermometers (15) and (17) installed at the inlet and outlet of the hot water circuit indicate respective water temperatures, A thermometer (10) In the top branch of the exchanger indicates the temperature of the water in the Circuit at the mid-point of the circuit ter for the exchanger is supplied from an external source to the outer annulus of Weontric tube arrangement via an inlet (21) and valve arrangement (16). Flow this circuit is regulated by a control valve (20) and indicated on a flowmeter (23). heating in the exchanger the cold water leaves via an outlet (22). Temperatures h the cold water circuit are indicated on three thermometers (12 and 14) , parallel (¢euinter flow configurations may be obtained by appropriate setting of the valeves (16) Iven (11) at the top of the exchanger permit air to be bled from the system and facilitate Wainaye There is a drain valve (24) which permits the storage tank to be drained, Safety considerations: 1), Make sure that the water at the outlet is properly drained to avoid spillage of water on the floor 2) Make sure that the valves are openediclosed properly to set the required path of water 3) Do not touch the hot water tank on the back of the equipment to avoid burns. Laboratory Procedure: 1) Remove the cover of the water storage tank on the back of the equipment and fill the tank with clean water to within 75 mm of the top (the vent hole in the right hand return pipe should remain exposed). 2) Connect the cold water inlet to source of cold water using flexible tubing 3) Connect the cold water outlet to a suitable drain using flexible pipe 4). Set the selector valves for parallel or counter flow arrangemnets. 5) Connect the electrical mains lead to fused mains supply and switch ON. 6) Close the vent valve at the top of heat exchanger after venting it 7) Press the setpoint membrane key of the temperature controller to view the setpoint. While pressing the setpoint key press the ‘lower’ or ‘raise’ key to set the temperature at 65°C. 8) Allow time for the water to reach the setpoint. 9). Set the required flow rate by turning the valves before cold/hot water flow meters. 10) Take readings of temperatures at inlet, mid point and outlet of cold and hot water: 11) Turn the mains switch OFF 12) Shut down the cold water supply 13) Let the cold water drain completely. Observation Sheet: Useful data: Tube outer diameter = 15 x 0.7 mm Shell outer diameter = 22 x 0.9 mm Insulation thickness ~ 20 mm Heat transfer area = 0.067 m? | L_ Paraltet and Counter flow heat exchanger characteristics: [ Gtk I (Lem) | (LPM) Parallel [1 2 [Counte }7 2 eae : Draw temperature vs. Length graph for both arrangements Calculate Coin, Cmax, effectiveness, and U factor. Comment on the results. » eee 2. Water temperature variatior Counter flow heat exchanger Qh Draw temperature vs. Length graph Calculate Cmin, Cmax, effectiveness, and U factor for the cases of lowest and highest temperatures of hot water. Comment on the results, 3. Water flow rate variation in Counter flow heat exchanger Qe Qh (LPM) _| (LPM) ae 2 2 2 3 aema|a Draw temperature vs. Length graph, Calculate Cmiin, Cmax, effectiveness, and U factor for the cases of lowest and highest flow rates of hot water Comment on the results 0 It is very difficult to analytically solve convective heat transfer problems and almost all problems are solved using experimentally establishea empirical correlations Some of commonly used empirical correlations for flow across cylinders are as follows. 1. Raithby and Eckert correlation Nu=C, Re? @ For air and 5000

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