Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Abdominal Crunches
Are/Are Not a Safe and
Effective Exercise
Brad J. Schoenfeld, PhD, CSCS*D, NSCA-CPT*D, CSPS*D, FNSCA1 and Morey J. Kolber, PT, PhD, CSCS*D2,3
1
Department of Health Sciences, Lehman College, Bronx, New York; and 2Department of Physical
Therapy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida; and 3Boca Raton Orthopaedic Group, Boca Raton, Florida
Copyright ª National Strength and Conditioning Association. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Point/Counterpoint
exercise. It is also important to note speculated to occur through a pumping degeneration of intervertebral discs?
that spinal tissue in living humans action that heightens transport and dif- Lancet 350: 734–735, 1997.
adapts to the stress of progressive fusion of molecules into discs. Impor- 2. Adams MA and Hutton WC. The effect of
exercise by getting stronger and, thus, tantly, age-related reductions in spinal posture on diffusion into lumbar intervertebral
is able to withstand greater applied nutritional status have been linked to discs. J Anat 147: 121–134, 1986.
stressors over time (5,16,18). In addi- compromised cellular function, which 3. Alini M, Eisenstein SM, Ito K, Little C, Kettler
tion, the number of continuous load- can lead to disc degeneration and pos- AA, Masuda K, Melrose J, Ralphs J, Stokes I,
and Wilke HJ. Are animal models useful for
ing cycles used in the body of research sibly even apoptosis (6,14,21).
studying human disc disorders/degeneration?
far exceeds those employed in traditional Dynamic spinal flexion strength/power Eur Spine J 17: 2–19, 2008.
programming for the crunch exercise. In is also relevant to many athletic endeav- 4. Axler CT and McGill SM. Low back loads over
contrast to many thousands of repeated ors including wrestling, baseball, tennis, a variety of abdominal exercises: Searching for
flexion and extension cycles, typical gymnastics, soccer, swimming, and the safest abdominal challenge. Med Sci
abdominal strengthening protocols track and field. The principle of speci- Sports Exerc 29: 804–811, 1997.
involve a fraction of these repetitions. ficity dictates that optimizing perfor- 5. Brickley-Parsons D and Glimcher MJ. Is the
Moreover, many hours of recovery are mance should include exercises that chemistry of collagen in intervertebral discs
afforded after an exercise bout, allowing directly work the muscles in the man- an expression of Wolff’s Law? A study of
sufficient time for spinal tissues to recu- ner that they are used in a given activ- the human lumbar spine. Spine (Phila Pa
perate and remodel. Finally, the research ity. The crunch seemingly would be 1976) 9: 148–163, 1984.
in question took the spinal segments to a viable exercise in this regard. 6. Buckwalter JA. Aging and degeneration of
the end range of flexion. It has been the human intervertebral disc. Spine (Phila
Finally, performance of the crunch may Pa 1976) 20: 1307–1314, 1995.
shown that reducing the range of flexion
promote greater abdominal muscle
from 13 degrees to 11 degrees causes 7. Callaghan JP and McGill SM. Intervertebral
hypertrophy compared with static core
a ;50% decrease in bending stress to disc herniation: Studies on a porcine model
exercises. Dynamic concentric and exposed to highly repetitive flexion/extension
the posterior annulus (2). Importantly,
eccentric actions have been shown to motion with compressive force. Clin Biomech
the crunch is a limited range movement
elicit distinct morphological adaptations (Bristol, Avon) 16: 28–37, 2001.
that works the spine nowhere close to its
at the fiber/fascicle level, including dif- 8. Drake JD, Aultman CD, McGill SM, and
end range flexion capacity and, thus, re-
ferences in regional specific muscle Callaghan JP. The influence of static axial
sults in much less stress on the
growth (10). Eccentric actions seem to torque in combined loading on
discs (11,19). intervertebral joint failure mechanics using
be particularly important to the hyper-
To the author’s knowledge, no studies a porcine model. Clin Biomech (Bristol,
trophic response (17), possibly related to
to date have been performed to deter- Avon) 20: 1038–1045, 2005.
exercise-induced muscle damage.
mine whether a cause-effect relation- 9. Drake JD and Callaghan JP.
As a rule, there are no “bad” exercises, Intervertebral neural foramina
ship exists between performance of
just improper prescription and applica- deformation due to two types of
the crunch and spinal injury. Damage
tion for a given individual. Based on repetitive combined loading. Clin
to the vertebral discs from exercise
logical rationale, it seems prudent that Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 24: 1–6, 2009.
occurs when fatigue failure outpaces
those with existing spinal conditions 10. Franchi MV, Atherton PJ, Reeves ND, Fluck
the ability of the tissue to effectively
including disc herniation, disc prolapse, M, Williams J, Mitchell WK, Selby A,
remodel, which is predicated on factors
and/or flexion intolerance avoid perfor- Beltran Valls RM, and Narici MV.
that include genetics, the interaction Architectural, functional and molecular
mance of dynamic spinal flexion exer-
between load and posture, how rapidly responses to concentric and eccentric
cises. However, for those with healthy
the load is increased, and the age and loading in human skeletal muscle. Acta
spines, the crunch would seem to be
health of the individual (1). Given the Physiol (Oxf) 210: 642–654, 2014.
a safe and effective exercise when load-
adaptive nature of the discs, a case can 11. Halpern AA and Bleck EE. Sit-up exercises:
ing and volume are prescribed within
be made that performance of the crunch An electromyographic study. Clin Orthop
the scope of individual abilities. Relat Res 145: 172–178, 1979.
actually has a positive effect on tissue
remodeling provided that the exercise 12. Holm S and Nachemson A. Nutritional
is performed in a fashion that does Brad J. Schoenfeld is an Assistant Pro- changes in the canine intervertebral disc
not exceed disc loading capacity. fessor in the Exercise Science Program at after spinal fusion. Clin Orthop Relat Res
CUNY Lehman College and Director of 169: 243–258, 1982.
Although some claim that static
their Human Performance Laboratory. 13. Holm S and Nachemson A. Variations in
abdominal exercise provides all the ben- the nutrition of the canine intervertebral
efits of dynamic spinal flexion, this may disc induced by motion. Spine (Phila Pa
not necessarily hold true in practice. It 1976) 8: 866–874, 1983.
has been shown that spinal flexion pro- REFERENCES 14. Horner HA and Urban JP. 2001 Volvo
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Copyright ª National Strength and Conditioning Association. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
Point/Counterpoint
pain (11). Moreover, individuals with Conflicts of Interest and Source of Funding: 11. Gill K, Videman T, Shimizu T, and Mooney
low back pain often have existing im- The authors report no conflicts of interest V. The effect of repeated extensions on the
discographic dye patterns in cadaveric
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In addition, evidence has suggested Morey J. Kolber is a Professor in the
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