In interval notation it can be described as (− ,
−4]. This notation can be read as all values
1-1 Functions
Write each set of numbers in set-builder and
interval notation, if possible.
1. x > 50
SOLUTION:   less than 99.
The set includes all real numbers greater than 50. 
 
In set-builder notation this set can be described as
{x | x > 50, x }. This notation can be read as x
such that x is greater than 50, with x as an
element of the real numbers.
In interval notation it can be described as (50, ).
This notation can be read as all values between
50 and infinity. The parentheses indicate that the
50 is not included.
3. x ≤ −4
SOLUTION:   greater than 21.
The set includes all real numbers less than or equal
to –4.
 
In set-builder notation this set can be described as
{x | x ≤ −4, x   }. This notation can be read as x
such that x is less than or equal to -4, with x as
an element of the real numbers.
 
In interval notation it can be described as (− ,
−4]. This notation can be read as all values
between negative infinity and negative 4
inclusive. The bracket indicates that the -4 is
included.
5. 8 < x < 99
SOLUTION:  
The set includes all real numbers greater than 8 and
less than 99. 
 
In set-builder notation this set can be described as
{x | 8 < x < 99, x   }. This notation can be read
as x such that x is greater than 8 and x is less
than 99, with x as an element of the real
numbers.
 
In interval notation it can be described as (8, 99).
This notation can be read as all values between 8
and 99. The parentheses indicate that the 8 and 99
are not included.
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7. x < −19 or x > 21
SOLUTION:  
between negative infinity and negative 4
inclusive. The bracket indicates that the -4 is
included.
5. 8 < x < 99
SOLUTION:  
The set includes all real numbers greater than 8 and
 
 
In set-builder notation this set can be described as
{x | 8 < x < 99, x   }. This notation can be read
as x such that x is greater than 8 and x is less
than 99, with x as an element of the real
numbers.
In interval notation it can be described as (8, 99).
This notation can be read as all values between 8
and 99. The parentheses indicate that the 8 and 99
are not included.
7. x < −19 or x > 21
SOLUTION:  
The set includes all real numbers less than –19 or
 
 
In set-builder notation this set can be described as
{x | x < −19 or x > 21, x   }. This notation can
be read as x such that x is less than or −19 or x
is greater than 21, with x as an element of the
real numbers.
 
In interval notation it can be described as (− ,
−19) ∪ (21, ). This notation can be read as all
values between negative infinity and −19 OR
between 21 and infinity. The parentheses indicate
that the −19 and 21 are not included.
9. {− 0.25, 0, 0.25, 0.50, …}
SOLUTION:  
The set includes multiples of 0.25, starting with 0.25
(–1) or –0.25..
 
In set-builder notation the set can be described as
{ x | 0.25n = x, n ≥ −1, n   }. This notation can
be read as x such that x is 0.25 times n for all n
greater than or equal to −1, with n as an
element of the integers.
 
The set cannot be described using one or more
inequalities, and therefore cannot be written in
interval notation.
11. x ≤ −45 or x > 86
Page 1
SOLUTION:  
This set includes all real numbers that are less than
 element of the integers.
Each value of x cannot be assigned to more than
 
one y-value because a bank account can only have
The set cannot be described using one or more one balance at a given time. Therefore, the
1-1 inequalities, and therefore cannot be written in
Functions sentence describes y as a function of x.
interval notation.

11. x ≤ −45 or x > 86

SOLUTION:  
This set includes all real numbers that are less than
or equal to –45 and greater than 86. 
 
In set-builder notation the set can be described as
{x | x ≤ –45 or x > 86, x ∈ }. This notation can 17. 
be read as x such that x is less than or equal to
−45 or x is greater than 86, with x as an SOLUTION:  
element of the real numbers. Each x-value is assigned to exactly one y-value.
  Therefore, the table represents y as a function of x.
In interval notation it can be described as (− , –
45] ∪ (86, ). This notation can be read as all
19.  =y
values between negative infinity and −45
inclusive OR between 86 and infinity. The
bracket indicates that the –45 is included, while the SOLUTION:  
parenthesis indicates that the 86 is not included. The graph of this function passes the vertical line
test. Therefore, this equation represents y as a
13. all multiples of 5 function of x, because for every x-value there is
exactly one corresponding y-value.
SOLUTION:    
This set includes all integers that are multiples of 5.
 
In set-builder notation the set can be described as
{x | x = 5n, n   }. This notation can be read as x
such that x is 5 times n, with n as an element of
the integers.
 
The set cannot be described using one or more
inequalities, and therefore cannot be written in
interval notation.

Determine whether each relation represents y 21. 3y + 4x = 11

as a function of x.
15. The input value x is a bank account number and the
output value y is the account balance.
SOLUTION:  
Each value of x cannot be assigned to more than
one y-value because a bank account can only have
one balance at a given time. Therefore, the
sentence describes y as a function of x.
SOLUTION:  
To determine whether this equation represents y as
a function of x, solve the equation for y.
All linear functions that can be written in slope-
intercept form are non-vertical lines when graphed.
Thus, they will pass the vertical line test and are
functions. This equation represents y as a function
of x, because for every x-value there is exactly one
corresponding y-value.

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SOLUTION:  
1-1 Functions

21. 3y + 4x = 11 23.  =x
SOLUTION:   SOLUTION:  
To determine whether this equation represents y as
To determine whether this equation represents y as
a function of x, solve the equation for y.
a function of x, solve the equation for y.

All linear functions that can be written in slope-
intercept form are non-vertical lines when graphed.
Thus, they will pass the vertical line test and are
functions. This equation represents y as a function
of x, because for every x-value there is exactly one
corresponding y-value.
 
The graph of this equation is quadratic. All
quadratic equations in which x is the squared term
will open up or open down and will pass the vertical
line test. All quadratic equations in which y is the
squared term will open left or open right and will
not pass the vertical line test. This graph passes the
vertical line test, so this equation represents y as a
function of x, because for every x-value there is
exactly one corresponding y-value.

23.  =x

SOLUTION:  
To determine whether this equation represents y as
a function of x, solve the equation for y.

25. 
The graph of this equation is quadratic. All SOLUTION:  
quadratic equations in which x is the squared term
will open up or open down and will pass the vertical
line test. All quadratic equations in which y is the
squared term will open left or open right and will
not pass the vertical line test. This graph passes the
vertical line test, so this equation represents y as a
function of x, because for every x-value there is
exactly one corresponding y-value.
 
The graph passes the vertical line test. Therefore,
the graph represents y as a function of x.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 3


The graph passes the vertical line test. Therefore,
1-1 Functions
the graph represents y as a function of x.
estimated low temperature is also function of the
day of the week because there is exactly one
estimated low temperature each day. When there is
exactly one output for every input, the relation is a
function.

Find each function value.

31. h(y) = –3y 3 – 6y + 9
a. h(4)
b. h(−2y)
c. h(5b + 3)

27.  SOLUTION:  
3
To find each value, replace y in h(y) = –3y – 6y +
SOLUTION:   9.
 
a. 

 
A vertical line at x = –2 intersects the graph at b. 
more than one point. Therefore, the graph does not
represent y as a function of x.

29. METEOROLOGY The five-day forecast for a

city is shown.  
c. 

a. Represent the relation between the day of the

week and the estimated high temperature as a set
of ordered pairs.
b. Is the estimated high temperature a function of
the day of the week? the low temperature? Explain
your reasoning. 33. 
SOLUTION:  
a. g(−2)
a. Let set A represent the days of the week and set b. g(5x)
B represent the high temperatures. Therefore, set A
c. g(8 – 4b)
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and set B = {70, 75, 70, 62, 65},
and the set of ordered pairs that represents the SOLUTION:  
relation from set A to set B is {(1, 70), (2, 75), (3, To find each value, replace x in
70), (4, 62), (5, 65)}.
  .
b. The estimated high temperature is a function of
the day of the week because there is exactly one  
estimated high temperature each day. The
estimated low temperature is also function of the
day of the week because there is exactly one
estimated low temperature each day. When there is
exactly one output for every input, the relation is a
function.

Find each function value.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 4
31. h(y) = –3y 3 – 6y + 9
a. h(4)
 SOLUTION:  
To find each value, replace x in

1-1 Functions .
 
35. f (x) = −7 +
a. f (5)
b. f (−8x)
c. f (6y + 4)
SOLUTION:  
To find each value, replace x in f (x) = −7 +
.

   

35. f (x) = −7 +
a. f (5)
b. f (−8x)
c. f (6y + 4)
SOLUTION:  
To find each value, replace x in f (x) = −7 +
.
37. 
a. t(−4)
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 5
b. t(2x)
c. t(7 + n)
1-1 Functions

37.  State the domain of each function.

a. t(−4) 39.  
b. t(2x)
c. t(7 + n) SOLUTION:  
SOLUTION:   When the denominator of
 is zero, the expression is 
To find each value, replace x in .
undefined.

 
Therefore, the domain of this function is all real
numbers except x = –4 and x = –1, which can be
written as (− , −4)  (−4, −1)  (−1, ).
 
41. 
SOLUTION:  
There is no value of a that will make the expression
 undefined. Any value that is squared will 
be nonnegative. Any nonnegative number plus one
will also always be nonnegative. Therefore, the
  domain of g(a) includes all real numbers or (–
, ).

43. f (a) =  

SOLUTION:  
This function is defined only when 4a – 1 > 0.
 
State the domain of each function.
39.  

SOLUTION:   The domain of f (a) is (0.25, ∞).

When the denominator of
 is zero, the expression is  45. f (x) =
undefined.
 
Therefore, the domain of this function is all real
numbers except x = –4 and x = –1, which can be
written as (− , −4)  (−4, −1)  (−1, ).
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero
 + 
SOLUTION:  
This function is defined only when x ≠ 0 and x + 1
≠ 0. Therefore, the function is defined for all real 
numbers except x = 0 and x = –1. The domain of f
(x) is (– , –1) (–1, 0)  (0,  ).
47. PHYSICS The period T of a pendulum is the time
for one cycle and can be calculated using the
Page 6

formula T = 2π , where is the length of the

41. 
 SOLUTION:  
This function is defined only when x ≠ 0 and x + 1
≠ 0. Therefore, the function is defined for all real 
1-1 numbers except x = 0 and x = –1. The domain of f
Functions
(x) is (– , –1) (–1, 0)  (0,  ).

47. PHYSICS The period T of a pendulum is the time

for one cycle and can be calculated using the
51. 
formula T = 2π , where is the length of the
pendulum and 9.8 is the acceleration due to gravity
in meters per second squared. Is this formula a
function of ? If so, determine the domain. If not, SOLUTION:  
explain why not. To find f (–5), use f (x) = .

 
To find f (12), use f (x) = .

SOLUTION:  

Yes; sample answer: The formula T = 2π is

a function of because the length of the pendulum

must be positive. With this restriction, every value
of is now assigned to exactly one value of T, and
the domain of the function is (0, ).
Find f (−5) and f (12) for each piecewise
function.
49. 
53. PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION The nationwide
use of public transportation can be modeled using
the following function. The year 2012 is
represented by t = 0, and P(t) represents passenger
trips in millions.

a. Approximately how many passenger trips will

SOLUTION:  
there be in 2016? in 2020?
2
To find f (–5), use f (x) = x + x + 1. b. State the domain of the function.
SOLUTION:  
a. The year 2012 is represented by t = 0, so 2016 is
represented by t = 4 and 2020 is represented by t =
  8.
2 Because 4 is between 0 and 5, use P(t) = 0.35t +
To find f (12), use f (x) = x + x + 1. 7.6 to find t(4).

 
2
Because 8 is between 6 and 10, use P(t) = 0.04t –
eSolutions
51.  Manual - Powered by Cognero 0.6t + 11.6 to find t(8). Page 7
1-1 Functions

67. f (x) = x2 − 6x + 8 69. f (x) = −x5

SOLUTION:   SOLUTION:  
2 5
To find f (a), replace x with a in f (x) = x − 6x + 8. To find f (a), replace x with a in f (x) = −x .

   
To find f (a + h), replace x with the expression a + To find f (a + h), replace x with the expression a +
2 5
h in f (x) = x − 6x + 8. h in f (x) = −x .
 

 
Use the expressions that you found for f (a) and f (a
+ h) to find .
 
  Use the expressions that you found for f (a) and f (a
+ h) to find .
 

69. f (x) = −x5

SOLUTION:   71. f (x) = 7x − 3
5
To find f (a), replace x with a in f (x) = −x .
SOLUTION:  
To find f (a), replace x with a in f (x) = 7x − 3.
 
To find f (a + h), replace x with the expression a +
5  
h in f (x) = −x . To find f (a + h), replace x with the expression a +
  h in f (x) = 7x − 3.

 
Use the expressions that you found for f (a) and f (a
  + h) to find .
Use the expressions that you found for f (a) and f (a
+ h) to find .
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1-1 Functions
75. MAIL The U.S. Postal Service requires that
71. f (x) = 7x − 3 envelopes have an aspect ratio (length divided by
height) of 1.3 to 2.5, inclusive. The minimum
SOLUTION:   allowable length is 5 inches and the maximum
To find f (a), replace x with a in f (x) = 7x − 3.
allowable length is 11 inches.

 
To find f (a + h), replace x with the expression a +
h in f (x) = 7x − 3.

a. Write the area of the envelope A as a function of

length if the aspect ratio is 1.8. State the domain
  of the function.
Use the expressions that you found for f (a) and f (a b. Write the area of the envelope A as a function of
height h if the aspect ratio is 2.1. State the domain
+ h) to find . of the function.
c. Find the area of an envelope with the maximum
height at the maximum aspect ratio.
SOLUTION:  
a. The aspect ratio of the envelope is equal to 1.8.

73. f (x) = x3  
SOLUTION:   The area of the envelope is A = l×h. Substitute
3
To find f (a), replace x with a in f (x) = x .  into the area equation for h.

 
To find f (a + h), replace x with the expression a +
3
h in f (x) = x .
 
The domain of the function includes all real
numbers that are greater than or equal to the
minimum allowable length of 5 inches and less than
  or equal to the maximum allowable length of 11.5
Use the expressions that you found for f (a) and f (a inches. In interval notation, the domain is [5, 11.5].
+ h) to find .  
b. The aspect ratio of the envelope is equal to 2.1.

 
The area of the envelope is A = ×h. Substitute
2.1h into the area equation for  .
75. MAIL The U.S. Postal Service requires that
envelopes have an aspect ratio (length divided by
eSolutions Manual
height) of- 1.3
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to 2.5, inclusive. The minimum Page 11

allowable length is 5 inches and the maximum  

Use the equation for the aspect ratio to find the
  
1-1 Functions  
The area of the envelope is A = ×h. Substitute
2.1h into the area equation for  . Therefore, the area of an envelope with the
maximum height at the maximum aspect ratio is
2
52.9 in .

  Determine whether each equation is a function

of x. Explain.
Use the equation for the aspect ratio to find the
minimum and maximum allowable heights for the 77. x = |y|
envelope. SOLUTION:  
minimum height:
If x = 4, y = 4 or –4.
If x = 6, y = 6 or –6.
 
Each range value is paired with two possible
domain values because it is necessary to take both
the positive and negative values of the absolute
value of x when solving the equation for y.
  Therefore, the equation does not represent a
maximum height: function.

79. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS In this

problem, you will investigate the range of a
function.
a. GRAPHICAL Use a graphing calculator to
n
graph f (x) = x for whole-number values of n from
  1 to 6, inclusive.
The domain of the function includes all real
numbers that are greater than or equal to the
minimum allowable height of 2.4 inches and less
than or equal to the maximum allowable height of
5.5 inches. In interval notation, the domain is [2.4,
5.5].
 
c. It is given that the maximum aspect ratio is 2.5. b. TABULAR Predict the range of each function
It is also given that the maximum allowable length based on the graph, and tabulate each value of n
is 11.5 inches. and the corresponding range.
Find the value of h when the aspect ratio is 2.5 and c. VERBAL Make a conjecture about the range of
the length is 11.5 f (x) when n is even.
d. VERBAL Make a conjecture about the range
of f (x) when n is odd.
SOLUTION:  
n
a. Graph f(x) = x for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. 
First graph f(x) = x. 
  2
Second graph f(x) = x . 
Substitute the values that you found for l and h into 3
Third graph f(x) = x . 
the area formula. 4
Fourth graph f(x) = x . 
5
Fifth graph f(x) = x . 
6
Sixth graph f(x) = x .
   
Therefore, the area of an envelope with the
maximum height at the maximum aspect ratio is
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2
52.9 in .

Determine whether each equation is a function