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Learning and Analytics in Intelligent Systems 13

Vishal Jain
Jyotir Moy Chatterjee   Editors

Machine
Learning
with Health Care
Perspective
Machine Learning and Healthcare
Learning and Analytics in Intelligent Systems

Volume 13

Series Editors
George A. Tsihrintzis, University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece
Maria Virvou, University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece
Lakhmi C. Jain, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology,
Centre for Artificial Intelligence, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW,
Australia;
University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia;
KES International, Shoreham-by-Sea, UK;
Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK
The main aim of the series is to make available a publication of books in hard copy
form and soft copy form on all aspects of learning, analytics and advanced
intelligent systems and related technologies. The mentioned disciplines are strongly
related and complement one another significantly. Thus, the series encourages
cross-fertilization highlighting research and knowledge of common interest. The
series allows a unified/integrated approach to themes and topics in these scientific
disciplines which will result in significant cross-fertilization and research dissem-
ination. To maximize dissemination of research results and knowledge in these
disciplines, the series publishes edited books, monographs, handbooks, textbooks
and conference proceedings.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/16172

Vishal Jain Jyotir Moy Chatterjee
•

Editors

Machine Learning
with Health Care Perspective
Machine Learning and Healthcare

123
Editors
Vishal Jain Jyotir Moy Chatterjee
Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Lord Buddha Education Foundation
Applications and Management Kathmandu, Nepal
New Delhi, Delhi, India

ISSN 2662-3447 ISSN 2662-3455 (electronic)

Learning and Analytics in Intelligent Systems
ISBN 978-3-030-40849-7 ISBN 978-3-030-40850-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40850-3
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard
to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

Health care is an important industry which offers value-based care to millions of

people, while at the same time becoming top revenue earners for many countries.
Today, the healthcare industry in the USA alone earns a revenue of $1.668 trillion.
The USA also spends more on health care per capita as compared to most other
developed or developing nations. Quality, value, and outcome are three buzzwords
that always accompany health care and promise a lot, and today, healthcare spe-
cialists and stakeholders around the globe are looking for innovative ways to deliver
on this promise. Technology-enabled smart health care is no longer a flight of fancy,
as Internet-connected medical devices are holding the health system as we know it
together from falling apart under the population burden. Machine learning in health
care is one such area which is seeing gradual acceptance in the healthcare industry.
Google recently developed a machine learning algorithm to identify cancerous
tumors in mammograms, and researchers in Stanford University are using deep
learning to identify skin cancer. Machine learning is already lending a hand in
diverse situations in health care. Machine learning in health care helps to analyze
thousands of different data points, suggest outcomes, and provide timely risk scores
and precise resource allocation, and has many other applications. It is the era where
we need to advance more information to clinicians, so they can make better deci-
sions about patient diagnoses and treatment options, while understanding the
possible outcomes and cost for each one. The value of machine learning in health
care is its ability to process huge datasets beyond the scope of human capability and
then reliably convert analysis of that data into clinical insights that aid physicians in
planning and providing care, ultimately leading to better outcomes, lower costs of
care, and increased patient satisfaction. Machine learning in medicine has recently
made headlines. Machine learning lends itself to some processes better than others.
Algorithms can provide immediate benefit to disciplines with processes that are
reproducible or standardized. Also, those with large-image datasets, such as radi-
ology, cardiology, and pathology, are strong candidates. Machine learning can be
trained to look at images, identify abnormalities, and point to areas that need
attention, thus improving the accuracy of all these processes. Long-term machine

v
vi Preface

learning will benefit the family practitioner or internist at the bedside. Machine
learning can offer an objective opinion to improve efficiency, reliability, and
accuracy.
This book is a unique effort to represent a variety of techniques designed to
represent, enhance, and empower multi-disciplinary and multi-institutional machine
learning research in healthcare informatics. This book provides a unique com-
pendium of current and emerging machine learning paradigms for healthcare
informatics and reflects the diversity, complexity, and the depth and breadth of this
multi-disciplinary area. The integrated, panoramic view of data and machine
learning techniques can provide an opportunity for novel clinical insights and
discoveries. Explore the theory and practical applications of machine learning in
health care. This book will offer a guided tour of machine learning algorithms,
architecture design, and applications of learning in healthcare challenges. One can
discover the ethical implications of healthcare data analytics and the future of
machine learning in population and patient health optimization. One can also create
a machine learning model, evaluate performance, and operationalize its outcomes
within a organization. This book will provide techniques on how to apply machine
learning within your organization and evaluate the efficacy, suitability, and effi-
ciency of machine learning applications. These are illustrated through leading case
studies, including how chronic disease is being redefined through patient-led data
learning. This book tried to investigate how healthcare organizations can leverage
this tapestry of machine learning to discover new business value, use cases, and
knowledge as well as how machine learning can be woven into pre-existing busi-
ness intelligence and analytics efforts.
Healthcare transformation requires us to continually look at new and better ways
to manage insights—both within and outside the organization today. Increasingly,
the ability to glean and operationalize new insights efficiently as a by-product of an
organization’s day-to-day operations is becoming vital to hospitals and health care
sector’s ability to survive and prosper. One of the long-standing challenges in
healthcare informatics has been the ability to deal with the sheer variety and volume
of disparate healthcare data and the increasing need to derive veracity and value out
of it.
Machine Learning with Health Care Perspective provides techniques on how to
apply machine learning within your organization and evaluate the efficacy, suit-
ability, and efficiency of machine learning applications. These are illustrated
through how chronic disease is being redefined through patient-led data learning
and the Internet of things. Explore the theory and practical applications of machine
learning in health care. This book offers a guided tour of machine learning algo-
rithms, architecture design, and applications of learning in health care. One will
discover the ethical implications of machine learning in health care and the future of
machine learning in population and patient health optimization. One can also create
a machine learning model, evaluate performance, and operationalize its outcomes
within organizations.
Preface vii

What You Will Learn?

• Gain a deeper understanding of various machine learning uses and implemen-

tation within wider health care.
• Implement machine learning systems, such as cancer detection and enhanced
deep learning.
• Select learning methods and tuning for use in health care.
• Recognize and prepare for the future of machine learning in health care through
best practices, feedback loops, and intelligent agents.

Who This Book Is For?

Healthcare professionals interested in how machine learning can be used to develop

health intelligence—with the aim of improving patient health and population health
and facilitating significant patient cost savings.
This book is a unique effort to represent a variety of techniques designed to
represent, enhance, and empower multi-disciplinary and multi-institutional machine
learning research in healthcare informatics. This book provides a unique com-
pendium of current and emerging machine learning paradigms for healthcare
informatics and reflects the diversity, complexity, and the depth and breadth of this
multi-disciplinary area. The integrated, panoramic view of data and machine
learning techniques can provide an opportunity for novel clinical insights and
discoveries.

New Delhi, India Vishal Jain

Kathmandu, Nepal Jyotir Moy Chatterjee
Contents

Machine Learning for Healthcare: Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Shiwani Gupta and R. R. Sedamkar
Artificial Intelligence in Medical Diagnosis: Methods,
Algorithms and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
J. H. Kamdar, J. Jeba Praba and John J. Georrge
Intelligent Learning Analytics in Healthcare Sector
Using Machine Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Pratiyush Guleria and Manu Sood
Unsupervised Learning on Healthcare Survey Data
with Particle Swarm Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Hina Firdaus and Syed Imtiyaz Hassan
Machine Learning for Healthcare Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
K. Kalaiselvi and M. Deepika
Disease Detection System (DDS) Using Machine
Learning Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Sumana De and Baisakhi Chakraborty
Knowledge Discovery (Feature Identification) from Teeth, Wrist
and Femur Images to Determine Human Age and Gender . . . . . . . . . . 133
K. C. Santosh and N. Pradeep
Deep Learning Solutions for Skin Cancer Detection and Diagnosis . . . . 159
Hardik Nahata and Satya P. Singh
Security of Healthcare Systems with Smart Health Records Using
Cloud Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Priyanka Dadhich and Kavita

ix
 x Contents

Intelligent Heart Disease Prediction on Physical and Mental

Parameters: A ML Based IoT and Big Data Application
and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Rohit Rastogi, D. K. Chaturvedi, Santosh Satya and Navneet Arora
Medical Text and Image Processing: Applications, Issues
and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Shweta Agrawal and Sanjiv Kumar Jain
Machine Learning Methods for Managing Parkinson’s Disease . . . . . . . 263
Kunjan Vyas, Shubhendu Vyas and Nikunj Rajyaguru
An Efficient Method for Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Cardiac
Arrhythmias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Sandeep Raj
Clinical Decision Support Systems and Predictive Analytics . . . . . . . . . 317
Ravi Lourdusamy and Xavierlal J. Mattam
Yajna and Mantra Science Bringing Health and Comfort
to Indo-Asian Public: A Healthcare 4.0 Approach
and Computational Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Rohit Rastogi, Mamta Saxena, Muskan Maheshwari, Priyanshi Garg,
Muskan Gupta, Rajat Shrivastava, Mukund Rastogi and Harshit Gupta
Identifying Diseases and Diagnosis Using Machine Learning . . . . . . . . . 391
K. Kalaiselvi and D. Karthika

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