1.

Explain the internal and external challenges and the measures taken by Ethiopian leaders from 1855
to1991

𝐎𝐅:

From 1855 to 1991, Ethiopian leaders faced both internal and external challenges.

Internal challenges included issues such as feudalism, regionalism, and ethnic conflicts. The Ethiopian
Empire was characterized by a feudal system, with power concentrated in the hands of a few aristocrats.
This led to tensions between different regions and ethnic groups, which were exacerbated by
competition for resources and power. Ethiopian leaders attempted to address these challenges by
implementing various reforms, including land reforms and the establishment of a centralized
government.

External challenges included colonialism, foreign invasions, and territorial disputes with neighboring
countries. Ethiopia managed to resist colonization by European powers, but faced invasions from
neighboring countries such as Italy and Somalia. Ethiopian leaders responded by building up their
military and strengthening diplomatic ties with other nations.

Overall, Ethiopian leaders faced a complex set of challenges throughout this period, and responded with
a variety of measures aimed at modernizing the country, expanding its influence, and maintaining its
independence.

2. Elaborate nature and significance of domestic and international trade interactions of Ethiopia and the
horn from the ancient to modern periods

𝐎𝐅: Ethiopia, located in the Horn of Africa, has a long history of domestic and international trade
interactions, dating back to ancient times. In the ancient period, Ethiopia traded with Egypt, Arabia, and
the Roman Empire. The main commodities traded were gold, ivory, frankincense, and myrrh. Later,
during the medieval period, Ethiopia traded with India, Persia, and China, primarily through the port
cities of the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean.

In modern times, Ethiopia's domestic trade has been centered around agriculture, with coffee, livestock,
and cereals being the primary commodities. Ethiopia's international trade interactions have been
influenced by political and economic factors. For example, during the Cold War, Ethiopia was aligned
with the Soviet Union and traded mainly with Eastern bloc countries. After the collapse of the Soviet
Union, Ethiopia shifted its focus to the West and opened up its economy to foreign investment.

Today, Ethiopia is one of the fastest-growing economies in Africa, and its international trade interactions
have diversified, with the country trading with a variety of countries around the world. However,
Ethiopia's trade relations with its neighbors in the Horn of Africa are of particular significance. The
country is a member of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), which aims to
promote regional economic integration and trade. Ethiopia has also been a key player in the
construction of infrastructure projects, such as the Djibouti-Ethiopia railway and the Lamu Port-South
Sudan-Ethiopia Transport Corridor, which aim to improve trade and connectivity in the region.

In conclusion, Ethiopia's domestic and international trade interactions have been shaped by historical,
political, and economic factors, and its relations with its neighbors in the Horn of Africa have particular
significance for the country's continued economic development.

3.Discuss change and continuities of religious rivalrism in Ethiopia from early periods to the present

𝐎𝐅: Ethiopia has a long history of religious diversity and rivalry, with various religions and sects
coexisting and sometimes competing for influence and followers. In the early periods, Ethiopia was
predominantly animist, but in the 4th century, Christianity was introduced, and it became the dominant
religion. Since then, various Christian sects, such as Orthodox, Protestant, and Catholic, have coexisted
and sometimes competed for influence and power.

One significant continuity in Ethiopian religious rivalry is the competition between the Ethiopian
Orthodox Church and other Christian sects. This competition has often led to tensions and conflicts,
particularly during the medieval period and the 20th century.

Another continuity is the rivalry between Christianity and Islam, which was introduced to Ethiopia in the
7th century. This rivalry has led to various conflicts, including the Ethiopian-Adal War in the 16th
century.

However, there have also been significant changes in Ethiopian religious rivalry over time. For example,
during the 19th century, there was a growing interest in Protestantism, which challenged the dominance
of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. This led to tensions and conflicts, but it also helped to diversify
Ethiopia's religious landscape.
In recent years, there has been a growing movement of religious tolerance and cooperation in Ethiopia,
with various religious leaders and organizations working together to promote peace and understanding
between different faiths. This is a significant change from the historical trend of religious rivalry and
conflict in Ethiopia.

In conclusion, religious rivalry in Ethiopia has been a significant aspect of the country's history, with
various religions and sects competing for influence and followers. While there have been some
continuities in this rivalry, such as the competition between the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and other
Christian sects, there have also been significant changes, such as the growing movement of religious
tolerance and cooperation in recent years.

4.briefly describe the major socio-economic, cultural and political achievement of Ethiopia during the
axumite, zagwe and gonderine periods.

𝐎𝐅: During the Axumite period, Ethiopia achieved a strong and prosperous economy by utilizing a trade
network to exchange goods and resources for both domestic consumption and export. Ethiopia’s culture
also flourished through religious beliefs, music and craftsmanship. Through military strategy, the
Axumite period saw the expansion of their kingdom and the emergence of powerful rulers. During the
Zagwe period, Ethiopia saw an increase in artistic and architectural creativity. They also developed an
administrative system of taxation and developed improved fiscal policies.

5.imagine a give population movement from one area to another part of Ethiopia and the horn.what do
you think are the likely effect of the movement on the host community and vice versa?

𝐈𝐁: The likely effects of population movement from one area to another in Ethiopia and the Horn would
depend on various factors such as the size of the population, the reason for the movement, the cultural
and linguistic differences between the host and migrant communities, and the level of social and
economic development in both areas.

Some potential effects of the movement on the host community could include:

- Strains on existing infrastructure and services, such as housing, healthcare, education, and
transportation.

- Competition for jobs and resources, potentially leading to tensions and conflicts.

- Changes in the social and cultural fabric of the community, as new traditions and beliefs are
introduced.
- Increased diversity, which could lead to a more vibrant and dynamic community.

Likewise, some potential effects of the movement on the migrant community could include:

- Difficulty in accessing social and economic opportunities, due to cultural and linguistic differences or
discrimination.

- A sense of displacement and loss of connection to their cultural heritage.

- The possibility of isolation or marginalization, if they are not integrated into the host community.

- The potential for cultural exchange and learning, as well as the opportunity to form new communities
and networks.

Overall, the effects of population movement can be complex and varied, and would depend on many
factors specific to the situation at hand