Technical and Vocational Training, institute

GENERAL WINGATE POLY TECHNIC COLLAGE

Dept:-Survey technology

History of Ethiopia and the

HornAssignment

Prepared by
No Name Of Student Id of Number
1 Fekadu Nuguse Hunde

.
Submitted To: - Course Ins.
Submitted on: - 10/4/2023
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 INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT
Engage in your work and make sure your hand writing is clear and readable.Any
attempt of copy from other is strictly for bidden
1. List and describe the Writers of the history of Ethiopia and the
Horn?

 Horn of Africa, region of eastern Africa. It is the easternmost extension of

African land and for the purposes of this article is defined as the region that is
home to the countries of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia, whose
cultures have been linked throughout their long history.
 Ethiopian historiography includes the ancient, medieval, early modern, and
modern disciplines of recording the history of Ethiopia, including both native
and foreign sources. The roots of Ethiopian historical writing can be traced
back to the ancient Kingdom of Aksum (c. AD 100 – c. 940).
 The English name for the region derives from the horn-shaped land formation
of the easternmost point of the African continent. The peninsula stretches
hundreds of kilometers into the Gulf of Aden, Somali Sea, and Guardafui
Channel near the Red Sea's southern limit.
 The Horn of Africa Region consists of the internationally recognized
countries of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia, Geographically the
protruding shape that resembles a "Horn" consists of the "Somali peninsula"
and eastern part of Ethiopia.

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2. List and describe them sot known pre-Axumite state in Ethiopia
Pre-Aksum. As early as 4500 BCE, wheat and barley could have entered
northern Ethiopia from the northern Sudan/southern Egypt region.
In northern Ethiopia Yeha, Hawalti-Malazo, Addi Saglama, Tokonda and
Cehayto were pre-Axumite cities which played the leading role in the
development of ancient civilization in northern Ethiopia. Yeha was the
oldest pre-Axumite center, which had a well developed culture and
technology. It emerged around 1000BC.
3. Enumerate the major architectural and technological
advancements in the Zagwe period
The new Zagwe dynasty established its capital at Roha (also called Lalibela),

where they built a series of monolithic churches. The architecture of the

Zagwe shows a continuation of earlier Aksumite traditions. The Zagwe
dynasty controlled a smaller area than the Aksumites, with its core in the Lasta
region.
The most famous example of Ethiopian rock-hewn architecture are the 11
monolithic churches of Lalibela, carved out of the red volcanic tuff found
around the town.
Zagwe dynasty, also spelled Zague, line of 12th- and 13th-century Ethiopian
kings who combined a nomadic military life with an impassioned desire to
build monuments to their Christian religion.

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4. Discuss the major sources conflict between the Christian kingdom
and the Muslim principalities in the sixteenth century.
Fromthethirteenthtothe sixteenthcentury,prolonged conflicts

between the Christian kingdom and the Muslim principalities

of southern.
The weakening of the Christian Kingdom and the Sultanate of Adal was
also partially attributed to the outcome of the Oromo population movement
and expansion. - As far as the Oromo people were concerned, following
their expansion, the Oromo started to run sedentary way of life and became
agriculturalists.
Christians believe that Jesus was the incarnated Son of God, divine, and
sinless. Islam teaches that Jesus was one of the most important prophets of
God, but not the Son of God, not divine, and not part of the Trinity. Rather,
Muslims believe the creation of Jesus was similar to the creation of Adam
(Adem).
5. Discuss the major categories of language families in Ethiopia and
the Horn?
Amharic is the official national language of Ethiopia. English, Arabic, Italian
and French are widely spoken by many Ethiopians. The Ethiopian languages
are divided into four major language groups. These are Semitic, Cushitic,
Omotic, and Nilo-Saharan.
Ethiopia consists of 86 different languages with over 200 dialects spoken. The
Largest ethnic and linguistic groups are the Oromos, Amhara's and Tigrayans.
Ge'ez; The original, ancient language of Ethiopia. Introduced as the official
written language during the first Aksumite kingdom. The unique script is
derived from the Sabean alphabet and is still used today by the Ethiopian
Orthodox Tewahedo Church.
Amharic; Derived from Ge'ez, Amharic or Amharigna is the official language
of Ethiopia today spoken by many of the Amhara tribe.
Tigrigna; Also derived from Ge'ez, Tigrigna is one of the most popular and
widely used language especially in northern Ethiopia and the global diaspora.

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 English, Arabic, Italian, and French are also widely spoken by many
Ethiopians.
The Ethiopian languages are divided into four major language groups. These
are Semitic, Cushitic, Omotic, and Nilo-Saharan.

6. Discuss Emperor Tewodros’ administrative policies, military

reforms, and their outcomes.
He began a number of reforms the included abolishing slavery…. reducing

polygamy, and centralizing the administration.

he attempted to undermine the feudal system, centralized taxation, and
created a professional army.
Emperor Tewodros II: His Reform Policies. An Essay in Nineteenth
Century Ethiopian History.
What was the foreign policy of Ethiopia during Emperor Tewodros?
Tewodros II (1855–68).
In 1861 he conceived a bold foreign policy to bolster his kingdom and
promote his reforms. In 1862 Tewodros offered Britain's Queen Victoria an
alliance to destroy Islam. The British ignored the scheme, and, when no
response came, Tewodros imprisoned the British envoy and other Europeans.
7. Briefly describe the similarities and differences between chronicles and
hagiographies and their contributions to write Ethiopian history.
Chronicles may also incorporate legends and facts about the genealogy,

upbringing, military success, piety and statesmanship of their protagonist.

Chronicles are often one of the few sources of written information about
the history of a country or people. Ethiopia has a long history of chronicle
production.
Ethiopian historiography includes the ancient, medieval, early modern, and modern
disciplines of recording the history of Ethiopia Modern Ethiopian historiography was
developed locally by native Ethiopians as well as by foreign historians, most notably Hiob
Ludolf (1624–1704), the German orientalist who British historian Edward Ullendorff
(1920–2011) considered the founder of Ethiopian Studies.