General Studies Summary by OMUGHELE FABULOUS

GST 111 KEY POINTS, PAST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ---- NIGERIAN PEOPLE AND CULTURE
DISTINTIVE ERUDITE SCHOLARS (DE - SCHOLARS)

CHAPTER ONE: EUROCENTRIC VIEW AND THE SOURCE OF AFRICAN HISTORY
 History means the “study of past events”. It is the inquiry into the activities of a man in relation to his environment.
 Africa before the conquest by the European powers had no written records.
 European writers probably oblivious of the fact referred to African continent before colonial period as “barbaric and
primitive” therefore have no history.
EUROCENTRIC VIEWS ABOUT AFRICAN PAST
 French writers, even till day saw their country’s occupation of West Africa a mission achieved at the expense of many
lives lost, as an unqualified blessing for the continent while the British saw the continent has been fortunate about
been fortunate to be placed under their rule.
 This idea of African continent been dark and barbaric is an assertion that it was a “deliberate effort to legitimize
European activities in Africa” such as the scramble and partition, missionary activities and later colonial administration.
 Writers argued that the African continent was characterized by human sacrifice, cannibalism, inter and intra tribal or
ethnic wars, disasters etc.
 The efforts of Sundata, Mansa Musa, Askia the Great, Oba Ewuare the Great, Usman Dan Fodio, Idris Aloma, Ali Ghaji,
Shiaka the Zulu, Muhammed Ali etc. at developing powerful kingdoms and empires were ignored.
 Rather, the efforts of these great leaders were credited to foreigners whom the European described as “light-skinned
Berbers of Arab extraction”. This is what is known as the “hermitic hypothesis”.
 The hermitic hypothesis is a theory put forward to explain away any Negro achievement.
 The hermitic theory argued that it was these light-skinned Berbers who after ruling over the Negro states that thought
the leaders the rudiments of government.
 So strong was the argument that the popular Ife Bronze was credited to a wandering Roman sculpture.
 Professor Hugh Trevor-Roper, an eminent historian in 1962 said “Perhaps in the future, there will be some African
History to teach but at the present, there is none; there is only the history of Europeans in Africa. The rest is
darkness and darkness is not the object of history”.
 Margery Perham, a scholar of African History subscribed to Roper’s view as early as 1951 when she wrote “Until the
recent perpetration of Europe, the greater part of the continent was without the wheel, the plough or the transport
animal; without stone houses or clothes except skins without writing or so without history”.
 Margery Perham authored a book titled “Native Administration in Nigeria”.
 The Habe system was developed by Usman Dan Fodio caliphate
 The European writers were ignorant. To them, the existence of history depends on the presence of the wheel, plough,
chariots, stone houses, clothes and writings.
 Records showed that king palaces in Mali and Songhai empires were built with stone. The Egyptian pyramids till date
remained one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
 Written records are the only source of history.
SOURCES OF AFRICAN HISTORY
 History is the activities of man in all ramifications.
 It can be written or unwritten.
 In Africa, three sources of history are easily discernible. They are oral tradition, written records and archeology.
 ORAL TRADITION is otherwise known as “unwritten history”.
 Oral traditions are the words of mouth passed from one generation to another.
 African communities forbids the killing of certain animals or cutting of trees. They are called totems.
SHORT COMINGS OF ORAL TRADITIONS
 Problems of retention of events
 Chroniclers/professional palace historians tend to remember only the good sides of their masters.
 Falsification of facts.
 Problem of mythological presentation.
 ARCHEOLOGY is the system developed from the realization that both written and oral records cannot adequately
provide enough information especially of events with time span.
 Archeology is the study of the history and of ancient periods of history using advanced laboratory techniques called
radio carbon dating.
LIMITATIONS OF ARCHEOLOGY
 Objects can easily be destroyed if proper care or handling is not adopted.
 Only physical and durable objects can be found such as stones, bones etc.
 It is difficult to know the kind of language the people spoke.
 The process is laborious and instruments expensive and difficult to acquire.
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 WRITTEN RECORDS: The history of written records in Africa dates back to the presence of the Arab writers. The
presence of the renowned travelers such as Ibn Khadum, Ibn Batuta, Al Baler.
 Although, European writers, wrote with high degree of bias, it must be stressed that their writings are today
dependable source of historical reconstruction of the African past especially during the colonial period. Despite this,
these writings must be treated with caution because they are often exaggerated, falsified and prejudiced.
DISADVANTAGES OF WRITTEN RECORDS
 They are highly subjective. This is because as human beings, we are inclined to favor our own judgment.
 Unless an account is written down the moment an event occurred, there may be problem of memory recall.
 Documents may be easily destroyed by termites or fire.
 Writers may rely on informant write about events they do not observe themselves.
 In conclusion, J.E Casely Hayford said “Even before the British had its relation with our people, we were a developed
people, having our own institution, having our own ideas of government”.
CHAPTER TWO: NIGERIAN PEOPLE AND CULTURE

 The name Nigeria was derived from the River Niger.
 In 1898, Flora Shaw suggested that the several British protectorates in the Niger be known collectively as Nigeria.
 In 1914, her suggestion was taken when Sir Frederick Lugard amalgamated the Northern and Southern protectorates.
 The Berlin conference of 1884-1885 sowed the seed of the partition of Nigeria.
 Scholars often argue that Nigeria was the creation of European ambitions and rivalries in West Africa.
 France, Britain and Germany negotiated its final boundaries.
 Majorities of the inhabitants in Nigeria speak one of the large groups of languages which Joseph.H.Greenberg described
as the Niger-Congo family.
 One of such is the Kwa Sub family which is spoken by the majority of Nigeria especially the Nupes, Yorubas and Edos.
 On October 1st 1960, Nigeria attained independence after series of constitutional experimentation by the British
colonial power.
 In 1966-1970, Nigeria experienced a bitter and disastrous civil war between the Republic of Nigeria and the then
Republic of Biafra, a former Eastern region of the component part of the federal.
 Today, Nigeria population stood over 170 million.
 The country is divided into 36 states with federal capital territory at Abuja. It has about 774 local government councils.
 The country is blessed with natural resources such as petroleum which accounts for more than 90% of her foreign
exchange. Cocoa, cotton, palm-oil, groundnuts etc. are her chief exports.
 Nigeria is a multi-ethnic state. There are three dominant and three major groups. They are the Ibos, the Yoruba and the
Hausa/Fulani ethnic group.
 Living side by side with these groups are other minor but important ethnic groups. They include Ijaw, Nupe, Edo,
Itsekiri, Urhobo, Tivs, Idoma, Esan, Etsako etc.
 Oyo Empire is one of the most centralized and developed in the whole of Yoruba before the era of colonialism. The
tradition of origin spoke of Ile-Ife as the traditional home of the Yoruba people.
 Samuel Johnson developed the second myth or tradition of the origin of the Yoruba land.
 By 1st century, Oyo appeared to have developed into full-fledged empire that controlled most of the Yoruba land.
 Oyo Empire extended control to the present Oyo state, Ogun, Osun, Ekiti, Ondo, Lagos, Kwara, Kogi state and beyond.
 The government of the Oyo Empire was centered on the Alafin who is considered as the Ekeji Orisa that is the
companion of the gods as well as the owner of the land and lord of life.
 Palace officials such as the Oyomesi and the Ogboni assisted him.
 Oyomesi served as check on the power of the Alafin by preventing him from been tyrannical.
 If Oyomesi felt that the Alafin had exceeded his powers, he will be presented either an empty calabash or parrot’s eggs
or he will be informed directly. In this case, the Alafin must commit suicide.
 To prevent the Oyomesi from using their power arbitrarily, one of the members must also die with the Alafin.
 Oyo Empire also had heads of vassal states called Ajele. They represented the king or Alafin in their respective areas
and therefore serve as the king’s eyes.
 They supervise the administration of the vassal states and made sure that regular tributes are paid to the Alafin.
 The composition of the army was one of the factors responsible for the success story of the Oyo Empire. The head of
the army called Aare-ona-kakanfo must die should he suffer any defeat in the battle.
 The Yorubas were religious people. They worshipped different gods such as Olorun the Sky-God, shango the god of
thunder etc.
 The early history of the Bini kingdom is shrouded in mythical exploration.
 According to Chief Joseph Egharevba, there are many traditions or sayings associated with the early Bini history.
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 According to him, Bini was first ruled by a group of people called the Ogiso who were said to have descended from
heaven.
 Evian was the first ruler to be appointed. He quickly nominated his son as his successor. Vexed by his action, the council
of kingmakers sent to Oduduwa to send one of his sons to rule them.
 Thus began the Oduduwa dynasty in Bini. Oduduwa was said to have sent his son Oranmiyan to Benin but he found the
people too hostile to foreign ruler hence, he decided to leave behind his son born by one of the daughters of a Bini
chief called Eweka.
 Eweka was succeeded by one of his sons Ewedo who was denied entrance when he got to the city of Benin by the
Onogie.
 He was succeded by Oguola who was associated with brass casting.
 Nevertheless, between Oguola up to 1440 AD when Uwafioken usurped the throne from his brother Ogun who later
killed him.
 The reign of Ogun who was later identified and known as Ewuare the Great was eventful.
 Under Ewuare the Great, iron carvings were encouraged. He was the last king before the arrival of the Europeans.
 The administration of the Benin was centered on the Oba and his chiefs.
 The Oba was both the political head as well as the spiritual head.
 He was assisted by two sets of chiefs. The hereditary kingmakers called Uzama and the town chiefs.
 The Uzama decided on the next Oba.
 Bini kingdom is very important center of trade and artifacts.
 However, Benin was sacked in 1897 in what is known as the Bini massacre by the British.
 Strictly speaking, the Igbo people occupy the Eastern part of Nigeria.
 The Igbo people are highly a cephalous people hence their societal have often been described as stateless societies.
 The origin of the Igbo is shrouded in mystery.
 Some writers claimed that the people of this race migrated from either Egypt or from the core Middle East.
 Professor D.D Hartle stated that test from excavation at the university Nigeria (Nsukka) agricultural farm showed
evidence of human occupation as far back as 2,555 BC. These artifacts have close resemblance with the material
artifacts of the people of Nsukka today.
 Unlike in Bini, authority was never concentrated in the hands of one person rather the village group was ruled by the
council of elders chosen from the representatives of each family.
 It was because of this that some scholars argue that the political organization of the Igbo before the colonial structure
was democratic in nature.
 The age grade males were organized into age groups with responsibilities ranging from environmental activities to
protection of the village and decision making responsibilities.
 The Igbo people were religious people. They worshipped different gods, formed supra-communal religion political
organization called the Aro-Chukwu oracle.
 The inhabitants of Aro-chukwu were immune to molestation throughout the Igbo race hence they became important
agents in trade especially the slave trade.
 The British broke the Aro-chukwu monopoly in the 20 th century.
 The word “Hausa” is a linguistic identification of a group of people who speak the same language.
 Hausa refers to the people who occupy the entire former or the present Northern part of Nigeria comprising of Kano,
Katsina, Sokoto, Jigawa, Bornu, Adamawa, Kebbi, Plateau states.
 The origin of the hausa people is traceable to Babayidda, the son of Abdullahi, the king of Baghdad who was reputed to
be so brave as to have killed a dangerous snake which prevented the people of Daura from fetching water from their
only well.
 As a result of this rare quality displayed by Babbayidda, the Queen of Daura was said to have fallen in love with him and
therefore married him. The couple was blessed with only one son Bawo who in turn had seven children that later
founded and became kings of Daura, Kano, Zaria, Gobir, Katsina, Rano and Garun-Gaba near Hadeija.
 There are other seven states simply called Banza Bakwai states or illegitimate states. They are Zamfara, Kebbi, Nupe,
Gwari, Yauri, Yoruba and Kwara.
 Cities known as Birane (one is called Birni) were ruled by a king called Sarki who was assisted by ministers such as
minister in charge of the market, the city, defense etc.
 During the reign of Muhammed Rumfa of Kano, Islam became the official state religion to the extent that a renowned
Islamic scholar, Al-Maghili became his political adviser, and even wrote a book for him on how to govern a state called
the “Obligation of Princes”.
 Hausa land never had a single powerful empire like the cases of Bini and Oyo that could subjugate the whole of Hausa
land into one.
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 The independence and individuality made the jihadist to easily overrun the little resistance in the 19 th century.
CHAPTER THREE: SOME HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA DURING THE 19 TH CENTURY

ISLAMIC REVOLUTION- THE SOKOTO JIHAD OF 1804
 Usman Dan Fodio in Sokoto launched the first Islamic revolution in Nigeria in 1804. This was an attempt to reform the
Hausa Habe society that was abandoning their orthodox Islamic practices mixing it with their traditional system.
 The revolution called “Jihad” was thus directed to get rid of the Hausa rulers who imposed various kinds of oppressive
Zaka’at or tax on the people that were un-Islamic in nature.
 The Fulani merchants wanting to seize control of power and protect their properties introduced a very strong system
governed by Islamic principles.
 Islam came to Hausa in the 14th century; a learned and popular Islamic scholar Usman Dan Fodio began to attack the
way Islam was practiced.
 His unrelenting criticism brought about clashes between him and the Hausa authority in 1804.
 In Gobir, he declared a religious war or jihad for the purpose of fighting against the un-Islamic practices of the rulers
and introduced war or jihad for the purpose of fighting against the un-Islamic practices of the rulers and introduced a
pure Islamic principle to govern the people.
 Usman Dan Fodio jihad left consequence such as;
i. Introduction of the caliphate system of government in the entire Northern Nigeria
ii. Stimulated Arabic writing in the country.
iii. It prepared a smooth take off for the British indirect rule system.
iv. The jihadist disrupted political as well as socio economic life of the people.
v. Led to loss of lives as raids were organized on regular basis.
vi. Led to the introduction of Islam to other areas outside Northern Nigeria. For example; Yoruba and parts of Edo state.
 Slave trade; Human beings were now commodities for sales.
 Slave trade introduced a kind of human trade between the African as sellers, the British on the coast as traders, and
the Americans on the plantation as the buyers.
 By the middle of the 18th century, over 10 million able bodied Nigerians mostly under the working force category was
exported to Europe and America as slaves.
 The slave trade which predated the 19th century was abolished during the period under review.
 About 22,000 slaves were shipped annually from the parts in Nigeria.
 Slave trade was abolished in the first half of the 19 th century.
 This was due to the agitations of men of good will such as Willian Wilberforce, Thomas Clarkson and Granville Sharp.
 Britain abolished slave trade in 1807.
 USA abolished slave trade in 1808.
 Sweden abolished slave trade in 1813.
 Netherlands abolished slave trade in 1814.
 With the abolition, emphasis now shifted to the production of farm produce that would serve as raw materials for the
industries in Europe and thus emerged legitimate trade.
 The abolition of slave trade in Nigeria was accompanied in increase in exploration and the introduction of missionaries.
 Explorers such as Mungo Park, Clapperton, the Lander brothers etc. explored the interior of the country and presented
the British with the idea that the area was economically viable.
 Church missionary society (CMS) in England established a settlement for freed slaves in Sierra Leone where freed
slaves like Samuel Ajayi Crowther were trained.
 The early missionaries in Nigeria had a dual purpose; to promote legitimate trade between African and European and
to convert Africans to their own religion. Consequently, the early missionaries pursued the “bible and plough” policy.
 The church of Scotland Missionary Society established missions in the Niger Delta and up to the Niger; the Methodist,
the Church Missionary Society, and the Baptist advanced into Yoruba land.
 The Christian religion discouraged the practice of human sacrifice and in some areas like Calabar, the activities of Mary
Slessor led to the stoppage of the killing of twins.
 Christian missionaries also established schools where Western education was introduced.
 Hospitals were also established and this resulted in improved standard of living of the people.
CHAPTER FOUR: NATIONAL ECONOMY, ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND NATIONAL INCOME

 The word “economy” implies the administration of concerns and resources of any group of people or individual
communities or establishment in order to conduct the process of production, distribution and consumption of goods
and services.
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 In order to qualify the type of economic administration, special adjectives are used in conjunction with “economy” such
as rural economy, domestic economy and national economy to mention but these three examples.
 National economy implies the administration or concerns and resources of a given country like Nigeria with the
cooperation of the individuals, households, businessmen and government.
 However, in economies, the main concern generally is the aspect of man’s social life i.e. how people, business men and
government employ resources to produce, distribute and exchange goods and services for consumption.
TYPES OF NATIONAL ECONOMIES
 Capitalist or free enterprise economy: Decisions are made in this type of economy by individuals either as consumers
or as producers, and the general feature rests on;
i. System of private company.
ii. Income distribution is based on individual productivity.
iii. Prices and profits are the driving force in the market system.
 Socialist or collective/planned economy: Decisions are made in this type of economy completely by the state or
government.
i. Productive resources are owned by the state apart from the labor resources.
ii. There is a strong income redistribution bias with pure socialism.
 Communism: It is an economic system in which state has disappeared and individuals constitute to the economy
according to their productivity and are given income according to their needs.
i. All productive resources including labor are owned by the people in common.
ii. Goods and services are produced majorly for consumption and this makes money and price system necessary.
 Mixed economy: Is an economic system whereby decisions are made by both the government and the individuals.
i. This system secures the advantages of both the capitalist and the socialist system.
ii. Nigeria right from independence have been classified under mixed economy probably because the colonial master
(Britain) operates this form of economy.
iii. Ayetoro community in the western part of Nigeria practiced communism which collapsed after some time.
 Public sector: This part of the economy is run by the government and enterprises in the public sector.
 Private sector: This part of the economy is owned and controlled by an individual or groups of individuals.
 Private sector takes several forms. This includes;
i. Sole proprietorship: An individual owns and controls the enterprise, takes the risks and enjoys the profits desirable.
ii. Partnership: This involves between 2-20 individuals own and control the enterprise.
iii. Joint stock company/limited Liability Company: The feature of this form of private enterprise is that they have a
separate legal existence from those that contribute their capital.
iv. Public joint stock Company: Is a very important form of private enterprise or organization.
v. Cooperative-Producer’s retail and wholesale cooperative societies: The workers establish their own productive units,
raise their own capital, elect management committees from their own ranks and share the profits.
 They outlined the structure of an economy as follows;
i. Production: This includes agriculture, manufacturing, mining and quarrying, real estate and construction.
ii. General commerce: This includes bills discounted, domestic trade, export and imports.
iii. Services: This includes public utilities, transport, and communications.
iv. Others: This includes credit and financial institutions, governments and miscellaneous.
 Olanlokun (1979) represented the structure of Nigerian economy as follows;
i. Agriculture, forestry and fishing
ii. Manufacturing
iii. Mining and quarrying
iv. Social and economic infrastructure
v. Development planning
vi. Capital formation
DETERMINANTS OF NATIONAL ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE
 Domestic product and National product/National income:
i. National product refers to the total output by all the citizens of a country in the given period of time, normally a year.
ii. Domestic product refers to the total output of all the residents of a country whether they are national or not.
iii. Gross domestic product (GDP) is a major economic indicator in Nigerian economy.
 Level of technology
 Income per capita
 Level of labor development
 Population and its composition
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 Balance of trade payment
 Savings and investment
 Political and internal stability
MEASUREMENT OF NATIONAL INCOME AND PRODUCT
 National income: This is the aggregate money value of all the goods and services produced in a country in a given
period of time usually a year.
 Gross National Product (GDP): Is the total number of output of goods and services attributed to Nationals of a given
country like Nigeria or region whether they reside in the home country or outside the country.
 Net National Product (NNP): Is the output of the Nationals of a country but it is ‘net’ because allowances have been
made for depreciation. GNP is greater than NNP.
 Net Domestic Product (NDP): Is the total output within country less depreciation.
 GDP is greater than NDP except depreciation is zero.
 National Income and circular flow: This action of the industrial producers and consumers in the market determines the
type of goods and services that are produced in addition to the distribution.
CHAPTER FIVE: TRADE, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, PUBLIC FINANCE AND SELF RELIANCE
 Internal trade is the trade among residents in a national geographical boundary.
 The Southern part possesses rich equatorial vegetation with a sizeable amount of rainfall every year, while the
Northern part is drier with mainly grassland (or savannah) vegetation.
 Internal trade produces the link between consumers and producers and complements the external trade within a
National geographical sovereignty.
 It helps in the distribution of goods and services between rural and urban areas, seaports and the hinterlands, one
culture and another, and also helps to circulate imported goods and services.
 Two (2) major obstacles face internal trade in Nigeria, namely, transportation problems and storage facilities and
payments
i. Nigerian external trade and balance of payments
 There exist two types of economy namely the closed economy and the open economy.
 In closed economy, traders are limited to National geographic boundaries of a given country, it is represented as
Y=C+I+G
 Y is aggregate National income, C is aggregate consumption, I is aggregate investment and G is government
expenditure.
 An open economy is characterized by mutual trade relations between two nations (bilateral) or among nations
(multilateral) in the world economy.
 The term “balance of trade” is implied when the total export value equals the total import value.
 If there is trade surplus in a country, export value exceeds export value.
 There exists a trade deficit if import value exceeds export value. The open economy is represented as Y=C+I+G+X-M
 Where X rep export value, M rep import value, (X-M) is known as net export value and if equal to zero, there is a
balance of trade i.e. export value equals import value. There exists a surplus when the value of X is greater than M or is
greater than zero, while it is a trade deficit if the value of X is less than M or is less than zero (or negative).
 The benefits in external trades are;
i. It brings about increase in the range of goods from which the consumer can satisfy their wants.
ii. It enhances efficiency in production as a result of specialization.
 Free trade refers to external trading system where no obstacles are placed in the way of trade.
 Free trade implies that no barriers are created to reduce the in-flow of imports or the outflow of exports.
 Protection implies the imposition of certain restrictions (barriers) on the inflow and outflow of goods to and from the
country.
 Barriers imposed include tariffs and quotas which are the major trade barriers in any economy.
 A tariff brings loss of economies. It raises the price of imported goods since fewer units of the goods are allowed into
the importing country.
 Terms of trade connotes a country’s measure of the relation between the prices it gets for the exports compared to the
price it pays for the imports.
 Nigeria has been faced with worsening terms of trade since the 1980’s especially due to the oscillating crude oil prices.
 The items for exports in Nigeria are; Cocoa bean, cocoa butter, coffee, palm kernel, palm oil etc.
 The items for imports in Nigeria are; Milk and cream, stock fish, wheat and spelt, textile yarn thread, iron etc.
 Balance of payments is the difference between a country’s foreign earnings and its foreign expenditures.
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 The study of public finance of a country deals with government expenditures and how it obtains the corresponding
revenues to meet the former.
 Task imposition takes account of the elasticity of demand of goods and services provided by government and the
public.
 There are two types of taxes; Direct and Indirect taxes
 Direct taxes includes;
i. Personal income tax
ii. Poll taxes
iii. Company profit tax
 Indirect taxes includes;
i. Export and import tax
ii. Sales tax
iii. Purchase taxes
iv. Wealth taxes or property tax.
 Current expenditures are made on wages and salaries, transfer payments like pension benefits on goods and service,
while expenditures are made on projects that are geared towards the acceleration of the rates of economic growth and
development.
 Items in federal government finance includes;
i. Total federal collective revenues: Oil revenues and non-oil revenues
ii. Federal account: Transfer to stabilization fund and statutory allocation
iii. Federal government retained revenue: Independent revenue and share of statutory allocation
iv. Total expenditure: Non-debt expenditure and debt service payment (Domestic and external debts)
v. Balance of revenue and expenditure: Current surplus (+, -) deficit, overall deficit and depiction GDP (%)
vi. Financing: External borrowing, Domestic borrowing and non-bank public
vii. Other funds: Holders of Nigeria’s external debts are multinational Paris club, London club, Promissory notes and others.
Holders of domestic debts are located in Nigerian banking system (Commercial and merchant) banks and non-bank
sectors. The composition of Nigeria’s domestic debts is made up of treasury bills, treasury bonds, treasury certificates,
development stocks and others.
 The objectives of economic development includes;
i. To increase the rapid rate of growth per capita income
ii. To move the economy from heavy dependence on primary production to industrial development.
 Factors influencing the rate of economic development includes;
i. Political factors
ii. Economic factors
iii. Socio-cultural factors
DEVELOPMENT PLANS OR ROLLING PLANS
 The colonial era (1946-1962)
i. 1946-1955
ii. 1955-1962
 The fixed medium term plan (1962-1985)
i. 1962-1968
ii. 1968-1970 January (civil war-no plan)
iii. 1970-1974
iv. 1975-1980
v. 1981-1985
 Structural adjustment program (SAP) 1986-1989
 Rolling plan era 1990-1998: There were about 12 of them
 The democratic medium term era 1999-date
i. NEEDS I (Medium term policy plan) 2004-2007
ii. NEEDS II (DRAFT) 2008-2011
iii. Seven points agenda of Yar’adua 2008-2011
iv. Perspective plan: Nigeria’s vision 20:2020, 2010-2013
v. Transformation agenda covering first plan in vision 20:2020
 The main characteristics of modern economy are; High rate of structural transformation, urbanization, outward
expansion and international flow of men, goods and capital.
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 According to Jhingan (1985), a major requirement for economic development is that the growth process must have a
domestic base within the underdevelopment economy.
 The overall national self-reliance depends on the sustainable indigenous industrial technology in a given economy.
 Economic activities which produce services are also classified as industries when they make use of considerable
machinery, plants and equipment in the production of such services.
CHAPTER SIX: EVOLUTION OF NIGERIA AS A POLITICAL ENTITY

 Nigeria is a country located in West Africa. It’s Africa’s largest and most complex country.
 Nigeria lies roughly between latitude 4N and 14N and longitude 3E and 15E.
 Nigeria is Africa’s most populous country.
 It has a great diversity with a total area of 923,773 sq km and a current population estimate of 167 million people with
over 80 million hectares of arable land.
 Hausa is the most widely spoken language in the 250 African languages in Nigeria, followed by the Yorubas and the
Igbos.
 Nigeria has 33 solid minerals in commercial quantity in 450 locations across the country.
 Nigeria is one of the 10 most important wetlands and coast marine ecosystem in the world.
 Nigeria is the 8th largest producer of gas oil and 6th largest exporter of crude oil.
 The oil and gas sector represents 97% of Nigeria’s foreign exchange revenues and contributes to 79.5% of
Government revenues.
 Nigeria is the region’s largest economy representing 55% of Africa’s gross domestic product.
 From 1990-1997, Nigerian troops made up 12,000 of ECOMOG’s organization white helmets.
 Nigeria’s president Olusegun Obasanjo served as the AU chairman from May 2014 to September 2005.
 Nigeria commits 2,462 soldiers to UN missions across the globe.
 Nigeria is the only country to set up a trust fund in the African Development Bank for poorer countries to borrow
money.
 What is known as Nigeria today was formally a conglomeration of scattered states with a different historical
background, different religion and different levels of development.
 Nigeria became a unified political entity in the year 1914.
 Nigeria today was a British creation aimed at creating administrative convenience.
 The Scramble for West Africa started in 1879 when king Leopard of Belgium sent envoys Stanley and De Brazza to
conclude treatise with the rulers of Congo areas which at that time belonged to Portugal.
 Britain sent Hewett to declare a protectorate over the present Southern Nigeria.
 Germany annexed places like Togo and Cameroon.
 Beside political reasons, the Scramble for West Africa was also for economic reasons.
 An international conference under the auspices of Otto Von Bismarck, the then Prime Minister of Germany was
convened at Berlin.
 The Berlin Conference took place between 15 November 1884 and 30 January 1885
 In all, 15 countries attended the conference with no African country in attendance.
 One major feature of the partition of Africa is that territories were acquired through conquest, treatise and peaceful
occupation.
 The Royal Niger Company was founded in 1877 by George Taubman Goldie.
 The Royal Niger Company was founded in 1877, two years before the Scramble of Africa began.
 Some historians regard George Taubman Goldie as the founding father of Modern Nigeria.
 In 1886, Britain granted the Royal Niger Company a trading monopoly in the North, the company in return promised to
advance British interest both economic and political.
 It operated in these areas until December 31, 1899 when its activities terminated following the 1890 Brussel
Conference which authorized Britain to occupy its territories.
 In 1898, the scattered states were lumped together and christened “Nigeria” by the wife of Lord Lugard, Flora Shaw.
 By 1900, British government took over the control of the Northern region from Royal Niger Company and proclaimed
the part of the protectorate of Northern Nigeria.
 The British Colonial government administered Nigeria as a protectorate and Nigeria was divided into the Northern
protectorate, Southern protectorate and the Lagos colony.
 Lagos became a crown colony on August 6, 1861 and it was annexed by the British government.
 Britain in the 1860s forced King Dosunmu to cede to her the territory of Lagos for a paltry sum of 1,000 Pounds a year.
 The ceding of Lagos to Britain actually marked the beginning of the British conquest of the area of geographical
expression called Nigeria.
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 Lagos was later incorporated into the Southern protectorate in May 1906.
 Nigeria witnessed the second amalgamation on January 1, 1914.
 Lord Lugard amalgamated the Northern and Southern protectorates of Nigeria.
 The amalgamation of 1914 failed to unite the people of Nigeria. Instead, it brought forcefully together the diverse
people of Nigeria in an unholy union hence the frequency of ethnic and religious crisis in Nigeria.
 Tafawa Balewa observed that “since amalgamation of Southern and Northern provinces in 1914,Nigeria has existed
as one country on paper…..it is far from being united. Nigeria unity is only British intention for the country”.
 The Central Administration had the governor-General as the head, which is assisted by the Legislative and the Executive
Council.
 Lord Lugard was the first Governor General of Nigeria.
 The constitutions prior to 1922 (Clifford constitution) excluded Nigeria from the legislative council.
 The executive council was responsible for formulation and implementation of colonial laws.
 The executive council of British officials until 1943 when the first Nigeria was appointed member of the council.
 By the time of adoption of 1951 macpherson constitution, the executive council became the council of ministers.
 A protectorate covers a territory, under the governance of lieutenant General charged with direct administration of the
area.
 The Northern and Southern Nigeria both became protectorate of Nigeria.
 Each protectorate was divided into provinces. The provinces were under the authority of a resident.
 It is the district officers that deal directly with the traditional rulers.
 Britain governed Nigeria via indirect rule.
 Lord Lugard became the first Governor General of Nigeria, after he assured office in 1912.
 In 1922, he established the Legislative council which was dominated by the whites. This council had only six Nigerians
who were advisers.
CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA BETWEEN 1922-1963
 The Clifford Constitution of 1922: Lord Lugard left office in 1919 and was succeeded by Sir Hugh Clifford.
 The 1922 constitution established a legislative council and executive council which increased political agitation and
awakened the spirit of nationalism in Nigeria.
 The new legislative council composed of 46 members of whom 27 of them were British members, including the
Governor were official members and 19 of them were non-official members, 15 of the non-official members were
nominated by the governor to represent commercial and mining interest.
 Of the 19 non-official members, 10 were Nigerians, 4 of which were elected of whom 3 represented Lagos and non-
represented Calabar.
 Only male adults who had resided in their area for 12 months and earned gross income of 100 Euro per annum
constituted the electorate.
 The Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP) founded by a Nigerian engineer, Herbert Macaulay in 1923 became
the first political party in Nigeria.
 In spite of its short coming, 1922 was a high water mark in the constitutional development of Nigeria.
 The aftermath of the situation was the formation of Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM) by the youths of the country.
 Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe joined the nationalist vanguard in 1937 and used his two newspapers; the comet and the West
African pilot to criticize British administration in West Africa.
 Two years later, Governor Bourdillon split the country into three regions; North, West and East.
 In 1943, Governor Bourdillon was succeeded by Sir Author Richard (later Lord Milveton).
 In 1945, a nation-wide strike was organized and state-managed by the nationalists.
 Sir Richard drafted a constitution which was presented to the legislative council of Nigeria on March 6, 1946 and
became a constitution on August 2, 1946 and came into force in January 1, 1947.
 Nigerians were not fully constituted when the Richards Constitution was designed, so it was greated with hostility,
especially in the South.
 Richard constitution was expected to last for nine years.
 Sir. John Macpherson became the governor of Nigeria in 1948, he took immediate steps to review the 1946
constitution and fashioned a new constitution which came into being in 1951.
 The major provisions of the constitution were as follows; the establishment of a 145 member house of representatives,
136 of them elected to replace the legislative council; a bicameral legislature for both the North and West, one been
the house of chiefs while the East retained unicameral house of assembly.
 Macpherson constitution, according to Awolowo (1966) “proved unbearably restrictive and obstructive in operation.
The document contained some provisions that were patently contradictory to the principles and norms of
federalism”.
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 The Macpherson constitution led to intra party crisis, mutual suspicion of major ethnic groups, the Kano riots of May
1953 and the issue of self-government in 1956 moved by Chief Anthony Enahoro precipitated the close down of the
Macpherson constitution in 1953.
 The Nigerian political leaders after some political bickering visited London from 30 th July to 22nd August, 1953 for the
constitutional conference reaching agreement on some major issues.
 In all, a team of 19 delegates comprising of six (6) representatives from each regions and one (1) from the Cameroons.
 It was agreed that the conference should meet in Lagos in January 1954 to deal with other issues like proposals for
revenue allocation to the regions.
 The decision of the 1953 London conference and the 1954 Lagos constitutional conference constituted the provision of
the Lytleton constitution of 1954.
 As a result of the London constitutional conference in May and June, 1957 under the chairmanship of the then
secretary of the state, Mr. Lennox Boyd, both eastern and western regions became self-governing on 8th August, 1957
and in march 1959,the Northern Region became self-governing.
 The London constitutional conferences of 1957 scheduled independence of the Northern region of 1959.
 It created the office of the prime minister.
 It decides that the membership of the house of representative be enlarged to 320 on the expiration of the old house in
1959.
 It decided that the Eastern and Western regions be self- governing on August 8, 1957.
 The willinks commission enquiry was named after its chairman Sir Henry Willinks.
 The commission was set up to look into the fears of the minority in Nigeria and make recommendation in the next
conference that will be in Lagos in 1958.
 The London constitutional conference of 1958 was actually the last constitutional conference before Nigeria gained
independence in 1960.
 It main agenda was to discuss the issues of creating more states and granting Nigeria independence.
 Nigeria was presented the choice of either creation of states and postponement of independence in 1960.
 On October 1, 1960, Nigeria was given independence and registered as the 99 th member of the United Nations.
 Plebiscite was held in February 11 and 12, 1961,at the request of the United Nations in both the Northern and southern
Cameroon whether to join Nigeria or the republic of Cameroon.
 Southern Cameroon voted to join the Republic of Cameroon while Northern Cameroon, voted to remain in Nigeria.
 Northern Cameroon became a part of Northern Nigeria on June 1, 1961.
 The independence Constitution of 1960 came into force on 1st October, 1960.
 It made Nigeria a full pledge sovereign state within the common wealth.
 The 1960 independence constitution retained the federal system of government.
 In the constitutional conference held in Lagos on 25th and 26th July, 1963 it was agreed upon that Nigeria should
become a federal Republic within the common wealth on 1st October, 1963.
 It was also decided that the first president should be Nnamdi Azikiwe, who was previously the Governor General of the
federation.
 Among the decisions made include the election of the subsequent presidents to a 5-year term by the members of the
senate and the House of Representative sitting together.
 The Republican constitution was passed into law by the federal Parliament of September 19, 1963 and came into
operation on October 1, 1963.
 Section 157 of the 1963 constitution named Nnamdi Azikiwe as the President of the Republic.
 The major features of the republican constitution are that it was federal, republican, written and rigid.
 It made the Supreme Court the highest in the land.
POST INDEPENDENCE NIGERIA POLITICS
 The military coup of January 15, 1966 by major Kaduna Nzeogwu ousted the first republic.
 The January 1966 coup was later hijacked by major General J.T.U Aguiyi Ironsi who installed himself as the military
head of state.
 On July 29, 1966 Lt. Colonel Yakubu Gowon became Nigeria head of state ousting Major General Aguiyi Ironsi from
power.
 An animosity between Lt. Col. Odumegwu Ojukwu and Lt. Col Yakubu Gowon began because Ojukwu had expected
Brigadier Ogundife, the next in command to Ironsi to assume office as the Nigeria Head of state.
 Ojukwu saw this as a light and was not ready to take order from Lt. Col Yakubu Gowon since they were military mates.
 When Gowon announced the creation of twelve states on May 27, 1967 Ojukwu did not waste time to declare of the
then Eastern region as the republic of Biafra on May 30, 1967.
 This led to the Nigeria civil war, a 30- month bloody civil war between July, 1967 and January 1970.
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 On July 29, 1975, General Yakubu Gowon was removed from power while attending on O.A.U meeting in Uganda, after
spending nine (9) years in office.
 Brigadier Ramat Murtala Mohammed became the head of state.
 Murtala Mohammed was assassinated after spending 200 days in office in an abortive coup staged by Lt. Col. Buka
Sakar Dimka on February 13, 1976.
 General Olusegun obasanjo, Mohammed’s deputy and chief of staff of the armed forces assumed office on February 1,
1976.
 General Obasanjo handed over to an elected civilian ruler in 1979.
 In the 1979 presidential election, Shagari obtained 25% mandatory vote in 12 rather than in 13 of the 19 states as
stipulated by the constitution.
 Following the legal debate, the Supreme Court upheld his election and he became the president of Nigeria.
 Shagari was deposed in a bloodless military coup, led by Maj. Gen. Muhammed Buhari on December 31, 1983.
 In August 1985, Buhari’s regime was deposed in a peaceful military coup led by Maj. Gen Ibrahim Babangida.
 Babangida ruled Nigeria for eight (8) years from 1985-1993.
 Babangida moved the capital of Nigeria to Abuja on December 12, 1991.
 He annulled the June 12 elections of M.K.O Abiola. This led to protests.
 Babangida enthroned Ernest Shonekan as chairman of an Interim National Government (I.N.G)
 Defense minister, Sani Abacha assumed power through a military coup and forced Shonekan’s resignation on
November 17, 1993.
 On October 1, 1995, Abacha announced the time table for a 3-year transition to a civilian rule. Only five political parties
were approved by the regime and voter’s turnout for local government elections in December 1997 was under 10%.
 On December 21, 1997, the government arrested General Oladipo Diya, ten officers and eight civilians on the charge of
coup plotting. The accused were tried by a military tribunal and sentenced to death.
 On 8th of June, 1998, General Sani Abacha died mysteriously at Aso rock, Abuja.
 On Tuesday, 9th of June, 1998, General Abdulsalam Abubakar was appointed the military head of state and
Commander In Chief of the Armed Forces by the provision of the ruling council.
 In August 1998, Abubakar appointed the Independent National Electoral Commission to conduct elections nationwide.
 INEC successfully conducted elections on December 5, 1998, January 9, 1999, February 20 and February 27, 1999
respectively for local government councils, state legislators and governors, the National Assembly and the President.
 The parties which were granted the right of contesting elections were the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), the All
People’s Party (APP) and Alliance for Democracy (AD).
 Former military Head of State, Olusegun Obasanjo freed from prison by Abubakar ran as a civilian candidate and won
the presidential election.
 On May 29, 1999, General Abdulsalami Abubakar now retired handed over power to the elected civilian President
Olusegun Obasanjo.
 The emergence of democracy in Nigeria in May 1999 ended 16 years of consecutive military rule.
 Obasanjo mounted the saddle again after his re-election in 2003 for a second term of 4 years.
 In the presidential election held on 21 April, 2007, Umaru Musa Yar’adua (two time governor of Katsina State, 1999-
2007) won with 70% of the vote. (24.6 million Votes) according to the official results released on 23 April, 2007.
 The election was highly controversial and strongly criticized by both local and international observers.
 Yar’adua proposed a government of National unity, which the All Nigerian People’s Party (ANPP) and the Progressive
People’s Alliance (PPA) agreed to join.
 Yar’adua’s seven (7) points agenda includes;
i. Adequate supply of power and energy
ii. Improved transportation system
iii. Food security
iv. Land reforms
v. Wealth creation
vi. Adequate security
vii. Educational reform
 Dr. Goodluck Ebele Jonathan was made acting president on February 2010 and confirmed as substantive president
when Yar’adua died on May 5th, 2010.
 After a successful primary election of his party, the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), Jonathan won in a landslide
victory on April 16, 2011 and was sworn in as president of Nigeria on May 29, 2011.
 In 2015, General Muhammadu Buhari won the presidential election on the platform of All Progressive Party (APC)
defeating an incumbent president for the first time in Nigerian history.
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 He was sworn in as President of Nigeria on May 29, 2015.
CHAPTER SEVEN: POLITICAL AND MORAL OBLIGATIONS OF CITIZENS

 Politics is the organization of a body of people for the purpose of government.
 Both the government and the governed are found in an entity called the state.
 Those things a citizen is expected to do for the smooth running of the government and to enable the state perpetuate
its functions to the citizens are called ‘legal duties’.
 Citizen’s moral and ethical consideration in the discharge of their civil actions is called ‘moral duties’ of citizens.
 The moral and political obligations of citizens can be summarized as follows;
i. Law abiding
ii. Payment of taxes
iii. Loyalty
iv. Defense of the country
v. Service to the nation
vi. Civic responsibilities
vii. Honesty
viii. Avoidance of Destructive Acts.
 Moral Duties or obligations can arise from these three sources;
i. Law based Moral Obligation: These are moral that are fundamental to healthy social relations that they have been
confided into laws.
ii. Agreement Based Moral Obligations: This kind of duty is the product of the principle requiring us to keep our promises.
iii. Moral principle as the basis of moral obligation: Moral principle is a standard of conduct that comes to be
notwithstanding the existence of other laws or agreements.
 Citizens obey the laws of their country because it is the rules and regulations that guide the conduct of human
activities and also stipulate the punishment for violating such rules.
 Rules are representatives of God on earth.
 Rules are divinely appointed and derive their right to rule directly from God.
 Paul reminds us to not disobey state laws in the book of Romans chapter 13 verse 1 to 2.
 The king serves as intermediary between the people and God.
 Humans were living without any common power set over them, a condition known as ‘Warre’.
 Warre means ‘every man against every man’
 Thomas Hobbs described man’s life in the state of nature as “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short”
 The state is supreme, but its supreme power is dormant.
 Law begins from the principle of double universality; law must come from all citizens and apply to all citizens.
 The Social contract theory states that “a government holds power on condition and that condition is the government’s
ability to give serious attention to peoples’ wishes”.
 The Nigerian state has failed to live up to expectation, i.e. fulfilling its own part of the contract.
 Achebe (2009) quoted in Ogoloma (2011) to posit that since independence in 1960 till now, Nigeria has not gotten the
right leadership it ought to have that has propelled other nations to greatness.
 Absolute poverty is a situation whereby a population or a section of the people is unable to meet its bare subsistence
essentials of food, water, housing, clothing, Medicare etc.
 Onwumelu (2002) argued that 65% of Nigerians live below poverty line.
 Civil liberty is an aggregate of the rights recognized by the state.
 Civil liberty consists of the rights and privileges which the state creates and protects for its citizens.
 In political rights, every citizen is entitled to vote or be voted for in any election unless and until he or she is disqualified
by competent authority of the state.
 In civil rights, they are inherent in the individual, and they must, ipso facto be protected by the basic law or the
constitution.
 This includes right to life, dignity of human person, personal liberty, fair hearing, freedom of thought, private and family
life.
 People disobey laws because of the inability of the state to provide the basic necessities of its citizens.
 For a better Nigeria, the leadership of this country should wake up to its responsibilities of providing for its citizens.
CHAPTER EIGHT: THE INDIVIDUAL AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

 The resources of the country are constantly channeled into projects that will help achieve this objective.
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 National means relating to, belonging to, or affecting a nation especially a nation as a whole rather than part of it or
section of its territory.
 According to Rodney (1972), “Development at the level of the individual implies increased skills and capacity, greater
freedom, creativity, self-discipline, responsibility and material well-being”.
 Sen Amartya (1999) described development as a process of expanding the real freedoms that people enjoy.
 Todaro described development as a multi-dimensional process involving the reorganization and reorientation of the
entire economic and social system.
 We can define national development as the manifestation of qualitative and quantitative improvement in the
conditions of people living in a nation, caused by changes in the character and features of the nation.
 An individual is a specific person distinct from others in a group, but can be complete only in the midst of social
relationships.
 Beach (1980) states that motivation is concerned with “why” people do or refrain from doing things.
 Motive is a need or driving force within an individual.
 Motivation can be defined as a factor that encourages the citizens of a country to perform their obligations efficiently.
 D-needs signifies deficit
 B-needs signifies being.
 In other to eradicate the hindrances to national development, the citizens must be empowered through the following
means;
i. Poverty eradication
ii. Investment in the agricultural sector
iii. Investment in human resources
iv. Improving health care services
v. Creating affordable houses
vi. Jobs creation
CHAPTER NINE: SOCIETY, CULTURE AND THE INDIVIDUAL

 August Comte (1830-1884) was the founder of sociology.
 Sociology is the scientific study of human relation in relation to one another.
 According to Mitchel (1980), sociology is “a medium of education and research, it continues to mean the
dispassionate attempt to elaborate an explanatory science of society in all its variety and detail”.
 Sociologist seeks explanations for behavioral aggregates and not individual behavior.
 Human behaviors are tentative.
 The social perspective can simply be referred to as the belief in the fact that human actions or behaviors are socio-
culturally derived and not innate.
 Sociology can add to man’s understanding of himself, his fellow being and the society in general.
 It can lead to the understanding of the problems confronting man in his society.
 Chinoy (1967) describes society as “basic fact of human association”
 Rummey and Maier (1953) described society as “every kind and degree of relationship entered into by men, whether
these relations are organized or unorganized, direct or indirect, conscious or unconscious, cooperative or
antagonistic”.
 George Simmel (1930) describes society as “a number of individuals connected by interaction”.
 Linton refers to society as “any group of people who have lived and worked together long enough to think of
themselves as a social unit with well-defined limits”.
 Societies have been classified by different socialists as two main types;
i. Militant and industrial- Herbert Spenser
ii. Status and contract- Sir Henry Maine
iii. Community and society- Gamcischaft and Gessellshaft
iv. Sacred and secular- Howard Becker
v. Folk and urban- Robert Redfield
vi. Mechanical and organic solidarity- Emile Durkheim
 Culture refers to the supposed higher things of life such as painting, music, sculpture etc.
 Culture is a natural consequence of social interaction and relationship and which subsequently determines their
behavior.
 Chinoy (1967) refers to culture as “the totality of what is learned by individuals as members of the society”
 Adjective culture means a refined behavior.
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 Cooley (1909) and Davis (1948) described institutions as “vast complexes of norms established by society to deal in a
regularized way with what are seen to be its fundamental needs”.
 Norms are rules which pervade all areas of social life.
 Norms are both prescriptive and proscriptive. Prescriptive in the sense that it defines acceptable human actions and
behaviors in a given society. Proscriptive because it also defines human actions and behaviors that are not acceptable
in that same society.
 Norms can be classified as; Law, statuses, rules, regulations, folkways, taboos, fashion, rites, rituals, ceremonies,
convention and etiquette.
 Folkways are merely conventional practices accepted as appropriate but not insisted upon.
 Mores are norms which have strong moral implications.
 According to Chinoy (1967), “values are standards and ideas by which a group defines their goals, select a course of
action, and judge themselves and others”.
 Values also serves as norms in judging what is good or bad, giving approval or disapproval, determining what is
desirable or not towards specific individuals, things, situations and events.
 Values are classified on three bases; On the basis of compulsiveness, on the basis of associative functions they perform
and on the basis of institutional functions it performs.
 Three types of values include; Ultimate value, intermediate and specific values.
CHAPTER TEN: THE CONCEPT OF FUNCTIONAL EDUCATION

 Education could be seen as one aspect of the total process of socialization which individuals undergo.
 Kalu (1978) defined education as “all of man’s activities which enable him to realize himself and to live fully as human
beings”.
 Education can also be defined as the process of relating the individuals to society, so as to secure the development of
personality and social welfare.
 The school in modern society is not only expected to transmit skills and practical knowledge, but the important cultural
values as well.
 In the 1900s, the practical utility of education was less stressed and hence, only slaves and hated children were sent to
school by Africans.
 Like France and Germany, the control of the schools in Nigeria, as is the cast with most African countries, rests on a
centralized bureaucracy that is responsible for the formulation of school curricula, appoints instructors, sets school
standard and the rules governing such schools.
 The introduction of the 6-3-3-4 system of education in Nigeria was an attempt at orientating the school systems to the
needs of present day experience.
 Durkheim (1956) noted that education is “the means by which society perpetually recreates the condition of its very
existence”.
 Ethic means a system of morals, or rules of behavior.
 Ethical relates to morals, professional standard of conducts etc.
 Ethical norm means moral norms or rules or standards that govern the human conduct or behavior.
 Ethnicity has been the guiding principle of political relation for most African countries, leading to lack of National unity
and community feeling.
 Attempts has been made by various past governments to develop respect for ethical norms and to mobilize the people
towards achieving national development such as;
i. War Against Corruption- Murtala/Obasanjo regime (1957-79)
ii. War Against Indiscipline (WAI)- Buhari/Idiagbon regime (1983-85)
iii. Mass Mobilization and Economic Recovery (MAMSER) and Structural Adjustment Program (SAP)-Babangida regime
(1985-93)
iv. War Against Indiscipline and Corruption (WAIC)- Abacha regime (1993-1998)
 For a nation to develop, it has to have a citizenry that respects ethical norms and that is sufficiently mobilized towards
the developmental goals.
CHAPTER ELEVEN: AFRICAN WORLD VIEW

 A world view as defined by Beals et al (1971) “consists of understanding the views that people have about why things
are the way they are”.
 African’s pre-history is dominated by many myths that attempt to explain the creation of the universe, the first man,
the origin of the tribe, the relationship between man and God etc.
 The Jewish people trace their origin to a founding ancestor named Abraham.
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 The Yoruba people of Nigeria trace their origin to an enterprising god named Obalanta
 As held by some scholars like John Mbiti and Miroa Eliade, we believe that the African’s conception of time is in cyclical
fashions which are tied to events.
 Mbiti classified African’s time frame into two; the Sasa and Zamani.
 Sasa represents the present or immediate future while Zamani represents the past.
 Death in the perception of Africans is a passage process which does not terminate the existence of the individual.
 The belief in reincarnation accounts for the elaborate burial rites for purification of the soul and physical body of the
dead.
 God is both transcendent and immanent in the eyes of Africans.
 Mitchell (1980) defined kinship as the social relationship based on real, putative and fictive consanguinal relations.
 Kin can be defined as people who are related to each other through some combination of principle of descent and
marriage. Relationship in kinship system could be traced through the mother or father line, maternal (matrilineal) or
paternal (patrilineal). These are usually referred to as matrilineal and patrilineal descents.
 Mitchell (1980) defined marriage as that socially sanctioned sex relationship involving two or more people of the
opposite sex, whose relationship is expected to endure beyond the time required for gestation and the birth of
children.
 Monogamy refers to marriage between one man and one woman.
 Polygamy as a form of marriage has two types; polygyny and polyandry
 Polygyny refers to the marriage of one man to several wives.
 Polyandry refers to the marriage of one woman to several husbands.
 The most widely practiced type of marriage in Africa is the polygamous type of marriage.
 According to the levirate marriage rules, a man is expected to marry the wife or wives of the deceased brother.
 Sororate requires the widower accept an unmarried sister as successor to his deceased wife.
 Ghost marriage is a form of marriage rules whereby a brother marries the wife of his deceased brother and the
children from such marriage belongs to the deceased brother.
 Widow inheritance is when a brother lays claim to the children now produced by the wife of the deceased who is now
his wife.
 Functions of a family includes;
i. The sexual regulation functions
ii. The reproductive function
iii. The socialization function
iv. The effectual function
v. The protective function
vi. The protective function.
GST 111 PART 1 PAST QUESTIONS

1. The pioneers of western education in Nigeria were _______ (A) Arabs (B) Creoles (C) the Mutalos (D) All of the above
2. Mary Slessor was noted for _____ (A) introduction of monogamy (B) education (C) stoppage of killing of twins (D)
introduction to Christianity
3. _________ was not an abolitionist (A) William Wilberforce (B) Gravin Sharp (C) Thomas Clarkson (D) George
Washington
4. The first European country to abolish slave trade was ______ (A) Britain (B) France (C) Italy (D) Portugal
5. Trans-Atlantic slave trade is otherwise known as _______ (A) The triangular trade (B) The great passage (C) European
trade (D) All of the above
6. Jihad was a reformation of all but _______ (A) Za’ak (B) Pudah (C) Caliphate (D) Indirect rule
7. The most remarkable mark left by the Jihad in Nigeria is _______ (A) Islamization of the country (B) Political advantage
of the north (C) Sharia system (D) Hausa language
8. The main pre-occupation of Usman Dan Fodio was ________ (A) levying of Za’ak (B) introducing Pudah (C) Purification
of the north (D) introduction of Islamic society
9. Bawo is the founder of _______ (A) Kano (B) Hausa (C) Fulani (D) B and C are correct
10. ________ was the only Hausa state not conquered by the jihadists (A) Bauchi (B) Gombe (C) Bornu (D) Kano
11. The political structure of the Ibo society is based on _______ (A) elder council (B) age grade (C) village council (D) Obi
council
12. In pre-colonial period, Aro-Chukwu was noted for ________ (A) slave trade (B) arbitration (C) spiritualism (D) All of the
above
13. Oyo empire was noted for ________ (A) checks and balances (B) democracy (C) theocracy (D) autocracy
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14. White calabash is a symbol of ________ (A) A vote of confidence on the Oba (B) a vote of no confidence on the Oba (C)
A and B are correct (D) None is correct
15. The Aare-ona-kakanfo who rebelled against the Alafin was _______ (A) Bashorun (B) Akintola (C) Afonja (D) Lakoja
16. In ancient Benin empire, the Oba was regarded as (A) A representative of God (B) Representative of the spirit (C) A
divine being (D) All of the above
17. At its apogee, the empire of Benin expanded to _______ (A) Lagos (B) Onitsha (C) Delta (D) All of the above
18. Nigeria got her name from ________ (A) Lord Lugard (B) Flora Shaw (C) Sir Richard (D) Sir Clifford
19. ________ is not an example of oral sources (A) Books (B) Story (C) Song (D) Name
20. Totem means _______ (A) Sacred animals (B) Sacred houses (C) A and B are correct (D) Only A is correct
21. According to ancient European writers, Africa had no history because there was _________ (A) No chariot (B) No
building (C) No motor (D) No ship
22. Written method is first introduced into Africa by ______ (A) Europeans (B) Asians (C) Arabs (D) Americans
23. Oral tradition is best in _______ period (A) colonial (B) post-colonial (C) pre-colonial (D) All of the above
24. ________ was the Nigerian who first moved a motion for independence (A) Tafawa Balewa (B) Anthony Enahoro (C)
Obafemi Awolowo (D) Nnamdi Azikiwe
25. The terrorist attack on World Trade Centre in the U.S.A took place on _______ (A) September 11 th, 2001 (B) September
13th, 2000 (C) September 14th, 2002 (D) September 12th, 2003
26. National self-reliance as an objective demands a strong consciousness of ________ identity (A) international (B)
nation’s (C) country’s (D) ethnic
27. The Second Rolling Plan in Nigeria was ________ (A) 1986-1989 (B) 1990-1992 (C) 1991-1993 (D) 1993-1995
28. The holders of the domestic debt in Nigeria are located in the _______ system/sector (A) Banking (B) Private (C)Public
(D) Financial
29. Nigeria earns more revenue from ______ taxes than other taxes (A) indirect (B) direct (C) Other (D) Export/Import
30. The Nigeria’s balance of payment account is divided into _______ categories (A) 6 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) 3
31. Nigeria imports most of her imports from _______ as a single country (A) Britain (B) South Africa (C) U.S.A (D) China
32. The price of exports and price of imports compared results in _______ trade (A) Terms of (B) Balance of (C) Surplus (D)
Deficit
33. Tariffs and quotas are trade _______ in Nigeria (A) Difficulties (B) Restrictions (C) Handicap (D) Barriers
34. In an international trade, surplus results when the _______ (A) Imports>Exports (B) Exports>Imports (C)
Imports=Exports (D) Investment=saving
35. Internal trade produces the link between ________ (A) Trading groups in a country (B) Traders inside and outside (C)
Consumers and producers (D) Producers and distributors
36. The Nigeria’s GDP is made up of ________ activity sectors (A) 14 (B) 15 (C) 16 (D) 17
37. A national economy means the administration of concerns and _______ of a country (A) Problems (B) Production (C)
Benefits (D) Resources
38. What makes savings to be greater than investment in Nigeria economy? (A)Bank’s refusal to give out loans (B)
Corruption and embezzlement (C) Leakage in the economy (D) Payment of outstanding debts
39. In economics, the main concern is the aspect of man’s ______ life (A) Business (B) Productive (C) Political (D) Social
40. The problem of resource allocation leads any country to adopt any form of ________ system (A) Social-economic (B)
Economic (C) Political (D) Government
41. An economy system where income distribution is determined by the state is known as _____ economy (A) Free
enterprise (B) Collective (C) Communist (D) Market
42. The national economy of Nigeria can be divided into ________ sectors (A) Private and public (B) Household and
government (C) Agriculture and manufacturing (D) Production and distribution
43. The classification of the Nigerian economy does NOT include ________ (A) Professional private sector (B) Fiscal system
and policy (C) External and internal borrowing (D) Development planning
44. The difference between GDP and NDP in national income accounting is the ________ (A) Expenditure made on each (B)
Price level of the products (C) Depreciation (D) Volume of output
45. Public joint stock company is an example of _______ (A) Public enterprise (B) Private enterprise (C) Cooperative society
(D) Limited liability company
46. Domestic trade can be classified under _______ in the structure of the Nigerian economy (A) Production (B) Others (C)
general commerce (D) Services
47. Political and internal stability can be said to have promoted economic development in Nigeria (A) it is partially true (B)
it is not exactly true (C) it is not true (D) it is true
48. The difference between internal trade and external trade is the _______ (A) Net export (B) Net profit (C) Net income
(D) Net import
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49. Given the Nigerian level of development, which method is most feasible for national income accounting? (A) NNP (B)
NDP (C) GDP (C) GNP
50. What makes savings greater than investment in Nigeria? (A) Corruption (B) Debts (C) Leakages (D) Fraud
51. _________ was a military style president in Nigeria (A) General Ibrahim Babangida (B) General Yakubu Gowon (C)
General Sani Abacha (D) None of the above
52. General Olusegun Obasanjo was the military head of state from _______ (A) Feb 15 th, 1976-Oct 1st,1979 (B) Feb 13th,
1976-Oct 1st 1979 (C) Feb 14th, 1976-Oct 1st, 1979 (D) Feb 14th, 1975-Oct 1st 1979
53. _______ was the president of the Federal Republic of Nigeria from 1963-1966 (A) Dr. Ikoli (B) Dr. Nnadi Azekiwe (C) Dr.
Nnamdi Azikiwe (D) None of the above
54. _______ was the governor-general and the queen’s representative after Nigeria was granted political autonomy (A)
Herbert Macaulay (B) Sir Tafawa Balewa (C) Ernest Okoli (D) Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe
55. Among these, who announced the take-over of government from the civilian political elites on the 31 st of December,
1983? (A) Brigadier Sowemimo (B) Brigadier Sani Abacha (C) Brigadier Gideon Orkar (D) None of the above
56. _______ overthrew the government of Muhammadu Buhari (A) Sani Abacha (B) General Babangida (C) Marma Vasta
(D) Col. Afodile
57. Alhaji Umar Musa Yar’Adua was president of the Federal Republic of Nigeria from _________ (A) 27 th May, 2007-5th
May 2010 (B) 27th May 2007-6th May 2010 (C) 27th May 2007-8th May 2010 (D) 27th May 2007-May 9th 2010
58. _______ was the chairman of National Electoral Comission from1989-1993 (A) Prof. L. Sagay (B) Prof. Humphrey Nwosu
(C) Chief S. Dagogo Jack (D) Dr. Abel Guobadia
59. Justice Ephraim Akpata was chairman of National Electoral commission from _______ (A) 1997-2000 (B)1998-2005 (C)
1998-1999 (D) 1998-2001
60. In ______ a man is allowed to marry the younger sister of his dead wife (A) Levirate (B) Ghost marriage (C) Sororate (D)
Widow inheritance
61. ________ was the Military Head Of State who conducted elections into federal and state houses of parliaments, and
elected governors while still in office (A) General Gowon (B) General Abacha (C) General. I.B.B (D) General Abdulsalami
62. National Electoral Commission was changed to independent National Electoral Commission in ________ (A) 1997 (B)
1998 (C) 1995 (D) 1996
63. Who was the INEC chairman that introduced option A4? (A) Dagogo Jack (B) Ovie Whiskey (C) Prof. Henry Nwosu (D)
Abel Guobadia
64. The Nigerian state of today is a ______ (A) French colony (B) British creation (C) Petroleum products (D) None of the
above
65. The economic relations between the Europeans and Africans were dominated by ________ (A) Textile and metal trade
(B) slave trade (C) Petroleum products (D) None of the above
66. _________ motivated the Berlin Conference resolution of 1984/1985 where African societies were shared among the
European colonizers (A) The search for raw materials (B) Industrial revolution which took place in Europe (C) Second
World War (D) Humanitarian purpose
67. When was the Royal Niger Company granted charter to administer Nigerian territory by Britain? (A) 1900 (B) 1806 (C)
1886 (D) 1906
68. The name Nigeria first appeared in the _______ parliament for debates (A) Berlin conference (B) The 1906 London
conference (C) British House of Commons (D) None of the above
69. Who proposed the bill “Nigeria” for debate? (A) Flora Shaw (B) Royal Niger Company (C) Lord Lugard (D) None of the
above
70. The British massacred the Benins in order to gain control over them in _______ (A) 1894 (B) 1897 (C) 1900 (D) 1886
71. When was the territory known as Nigeria divided into three distinctive entities? (A) 1906 (B) 1900 (C) 1910 (D) 1894
72. The electoral principle was introduced into Nigeria through the ________ (A) Clifford constitution of 1922 (B) Lord
Lugard Constitution of 1922 (C) McPherson constitution of 1951 (D) Constitutional conference of 1922
73. The federal structure became triable through the _______ constitution (A) McPherson (B) Littleton (C) Richardson (D)
Keen Crick
74. The famous Aba women riot was as a result of which of the following (A) Killing of twins (B) Sexual harassment by
colonial army (C) direct taxation (D) Indirect
75. _______ norms provides the unacceptable ways of doing things (A) Prescriptive (B) Proscriptive (C) Adoptive (D)
Unacceptable
76. The understanding and views of people about why things are the way they are in society is known as ________ (A)
National view (B) People’s view (C) Society view (D) World view
77. ________ are individuals within the same kinship group (A) Kings (B) Kits (C) Kiths (D) Kins
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78. ________ defined human actions and behaviors that are not acceptable in a given society (A) Proscriptive norms (B)
Unacceptable norms (C) Prescriptive norms (D) Specific norms
79. ________ refers to the practice of marrying outside a defined group (A) Outsidegamy (B) Endogamy (C) Polygamy (D)
Exogamy
80. These are functions of family except _______ (A) Sexual regulation (B) Job creation (C) Protection (D) Procreation
81. ________ requires that the widower accepts an unmarried sister as a successor to his deceased wife (A) Sister
inheritance (B) Widow inheritance (C) Levirate (D) Sororate
82. Internalization is acceptable through regular repetition of an action is referred to as ________ (A) Motivation (B)
Repetition (C) Indoctrination (D) Habituation
83. The territorial designation of communities on the basis of their culture is called ________ (A) Territorial area (B)
Environment (C) Community area (D) Culture area
84. ________ norms defines acceptable human actions and behaviors in a society (A) Acceptable (B) Prescriptive (C)
Specific (D) Proscriptive
85. ________ are merely conventional practices accepted as appropriate but not insisted upon (A) Folklore (B) Folkways (C)
Folk practices (D) Folk mentality
86. Human behaviors are evaluated and classified as conformist or deviant by references to _________ (A) values (B)
Institution (C) Norms (D) Standards
87. _________ are things whether real or abstract which a group of people hold as extremely important in the conduct of
their social life (A) Folkways (B) Sanctions (C) Norms (D) Values
88. _________ is the process of creating a collective will and commitment among a given group of people towards
realization of set goals (A) Mass movement (B) Socialization (C) Mass mobilization (D) Education
89. _________ marriage is encouraged but not enforced (A) Proscribed (B) Prescribed (C) Preferential (D) None
90. _________ is the founding father of sociology (A) Elh Chinoy (B) Emile Durkheim (C) Max Weber (D) August Comte
91. The aspect of culture that we cannot see and touch constitute the ________ culture (A) Ideas (B) Material (C) Non-
material (D) Institutions
92. The gradual process of internalization of culture is known as ________ (A) Institution (B) Acculturation (C) Schooling (D)
Socialization
93. _______ defines appropriate, approved or required modes or behavior, thinking and feeling (A) Culture (B) Language
(C) Communication (D) Society
94. The understanding and views that people have about how things are the way they are is referred to as _______ (A)
National view (B) Society view (C) World view (D) Cultural view
95. The delay in the response of non-material culture to change in the material culture is referred to as _______ (A)
Material lag (B) Culture lag (C) Response (D) Non-material lag
96. _______ refers to a marriage of a man to the wife of his dead brother and having children for himself (A) Levirate (B)
Sororate (C) Ghost marriage (D) Widow inheritance
97. Kinship system is based on _______ (A) Descent only (B) Descent and marriage (C) Marriage only (D) None of the above
98. The mechanical and organic solidarity is associated with ________ (A) Ferdinand Tonnies (B) Herbert Spencer (C)
Auguste Comte (D) Emile Durkheim
99. Kinship relationship traced through the mother’s line is called ______ (A) Mother’s people (B) Patrilineal descent (C)
Mother’s descent (D) Matrilineal descent
100. Sanctions are _______ (A) Positive only (B) Both positive and negative (C) Negative only (D) None of the above
ANSWERS TO GST 111 PART 1 QUESTIONS

1.A 2.C 3.D 4.A 5.A 6.B 7.A 8.C 9.A 10.B 11.B 12.B 13.A 14.B 15.C
16.D 17.A 18.B 19.A 20.A 21.A 22.C 23.C 24.B 25.A 26.B 27.C 28.A 29.B
30.D 31.C 32.A 33.D 34.B 35.C 36.A 37.D 38.A 39.D 40.D 41.C 42.A 43.C
44.D 45.B 46.C 47.D 48.A 49.B 50.A 51.A 52.C 53.C 54.D 55.D 56.B 57.A
58.B 59.C 60.C 61.C 62.B 63.C 64.B 65.B 66.A 67.C 68.C 69.B 70.B 71.B
72.A 73.B 74.C 75.B 76.D 77.D 78.A 79.D 80.B 81.D 82.D 83.D 84.B 85.B
86.C 87.D 88.C 89.C 90.D 91.C 92.D 93.A 94.C 95.B 96.A 97.B 98.B 99.D
100.B

1. History is the study of _______ (A) Written past events (B) Unwritten past events (C) Oral traditions (D) A and B are
correct
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2. To the early European writers, history is only about ______ (A) documented events (B) stories and facts (C)
archeological findings (D) none of the above
3. The early European writer who wrote about National Administrative system in Nigeria is _____ (A) Lord Lugard (B)
Perham (C) Trevor Roper (D) Mary Slessor
4. According to early European writers, Africa was in a state of darkness before European adventurism because _____ (A)
There was absence of chariot and wheel (B) There was absence of burnt bricks building (C) Africa has many caves and
monkeys (D) A and B are correct
5. Oral traditions include all the following BUT one (A) festival (B) songs (C) names (D) readings
6. The most reliable source of pre-colonial research is ______(A) oral tradition (B) written documentation (C) archeological
method (D) All of the above
7. In traditional African society, the best form of education was through (A) dancing (B) singing (C) story telling (D) None of
the above
8. The following is one of the problems of oral tradition (A) retention (B) accurate account (C) memory lapse (D) None of
the above
9. The best information available to a researcher writing about colonial period is (A) oral method (B) archeological method
(C) internet method (D) written method
10. Carbon dating method is associated with (A) written method (B) archeological method (C) oral method (D) None of the
above
11. The first foreign method of writing available to Africa was ______ (A) Arabic (B) Swahilibie (C) Portuguese (D) English
12. The most popular Oba of Benin whose tenure witnessed massive infraction of his people from the empire was ______
(A) Oba Ewedo (B) Oba Ewuare (C) Oba Oguola (D) Oba Eweka
13. The traditional ancestral home of the Benin is (A) Ife (B) Ogbe (C) Ibadan (D) Uwonton
14. The Oba of Benin represents ______ (A) ancestors (B) foreign merchants (C) A and B are correct (D) None of the above
15. Oba Ovoranmwen was deported to _____ (A) Ghana (B) Sierra Leone (C) Kano (D) Calabar
16. Presentation of white parrot egg signified that ______ (A) Oyomesi were happy with the Alafin (B) The Alafin must
commit suicide (C) One of the Oyomesi must die (D) All of the above
17. Aare-Onakakanfo is the head of ______ (A) The Alaafin’s guards (B) Chief Security Officer (C) Commander-in-chief of the
army (D) The next Alaafin
18. _______ empire was associated with pseudo democratic practice (A) Benin (B) Kanem-Bornu (C) Oyo (D) All of the
above
19. _______ group of people in Nigeria are referred to as stateless people (A) Itsekiri (B) Yoruba (C) Benin (D) All of the
above
20. Aro-Chukwu played ______ role(s) in pre-colonial period (A) arbiters (B) missionaries (C) merchants (D) All of the above
21. The Hausa society was referred to as ______ before colonialism (A) stateless (B) Habe (C) Caliphate (D) A and C are
correct
22. Hausa Banza refers to ______ (A) 14 illegitimate children (B) 14 legitimate children (C) 7 illegitimate children (D) 7
legitimate children
23. The system of administration introduced by Usman Dan Fodio is called _____ (A) Emirate system (B) Caliphate system
(C) Indirect rule (D) All of the above
24. _______ is one of the advantages of slave trade (A) legitimate trade (B) Colonial rule (C) death of missionaries (D) All of
the above
25. The system of trade indigenous to Africa before colonial period is known as ______ (A) legitimate trade (B) commodity
trade (C) Barter trade (d) African trade
Personal wealth acquisition rather than ____(i)____ interest became more paramount in Nigeria:
26. (i) means _____ (A) Country’s (B) State’s (C) community’s (D) National
27. Right from the ____(ii)___ (A) 1960s (B) 1970s (C) 1980s (D) 1990s
28. In Nigeria, all hope is _____ with respect to the drive to attain self-reliance economically (A) gained (B) realized (C) lost
(D) not lost
29. Industrial self-reliance can be classified into _____ objectives (A) 8 (B) 7 (C) 6 (D) 5
30. Economic self-reliance in Nigeria requires ______ technology (A) western technology (B) indigenous (C) local (D)
Nation’s
The role of industry is to produce ___(i)___
31. (i) means _____ (A) goods (B) services (C) machines (D) tangibles
32. Out of the ____(ii)____ raw materials in the country (A) required (B) present (C) imported (D) available
33. The overall national self-reliance depends on the ______ indigenous industrial technology in Nigeria (A) sustained (B)
available (C) sustainable (D) local
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34. A major requirement for economic development in Nigeria is _____ base (A) domestic (B) local (C) indigenous (D)
political
35. The 5th rolling plan was in ______ in Nigeria (A) 1996-1998 (B) 1997-1999 (C) 1994-1996 (D) 1993-1995
36. Medium term plan is ______ than (to) the Rolling plan in Nigeria (A) Equal (B) Greater (C) Bigger (D) Less
37. The purpose of economic development plan is to ______ the use of available resources in Nigeria (A) maximize (B)
minimize (C) limit (D) optimize
38. Nigeria National Budget was based on the price of ______ (A) imports (B) exports (C) crude oil (D) manufactured goods
39. Low investment in Nigeria results to ______ (A) Poor income (B) Poor business (C) Poor entrepreneurship (D) slow
growth
40. Shortage of entrepreneurs in ______ hinders development (A) poor countries (B) underdeveloped countries (C)
developed countries (D) developing countries
41. Any socio-economic and cultural practices that hinder economic development in Nigeria should be ______ (A)
enhanced (B) discarded (C) encouraged (D) treated
42. In economic development of Nigeria, external debt is _____ (A) not necessary (B) not required (C) paramount (D)
problematic
The holders of Nigeria’s debt are found in the ___(i)___
43. (i) means ____ (A) Country’s (B) Britain (C) America (D) Italy
44. And ___(ii)___ of any group of people (A) local (B) outside (C) Brazil (D) USSR
The word ‘economy’ implies the administration of the ___(i)___
45. (i) means ____ (A) concerns (B) resources (C) men (D) materials
46. And __(ii)__ of any group of people (A) concerns (B) materials (C) men (D) resources
47. The capitalist economy can also be called _____ economy (A) capital (B) enterprise (C) free enterprise (D) controlled
enterprise
48. Nigeria practices _______ (A) enterprise economy (B) collective economy (C) mixed economy (D) mix economy
49. In national economic accounting, X-M represents the ____ (A) net difference (B) net export (C) net import (D) net
balance
50. Nigeria inherited her present economic system from _____ (A) US (B) USSR (C) Britain (D) British
51. Who led the Mid-West delegation to Lagos National conference in 1966? (A) Chief E.K Clark (B) Chief Tony Enaholo (C)
Chief T.A Salubi (D) None of the above
52. The elective principle was introduced in Nigeria through ______ (A) Richardson constitution (B) McPherson constitution
(C) Clifford constitution (D) Independent constitution
53. Regions were created in Nigeria under the ______ constitution (A) Littleton (B) McPherson (C) Clifford (D) Richards
54. Who led the first military coup in Nigeria? (A) Major Awuforo (B) Major Afolabi (C) Major Ozeogwu (D) Major Kaduna
Nzeogwu
55. Kinship system is based on ______ (A) Descent only (B) Descent and marriage (C) Marriage only (D) None of the above
56. Who appointed the Sole Administrator of Western region when a state of emergency was declared there in 1963? (A)
Dr. Majekodunmi (B) Chief Ladoke Akintola (C) Dr. Festus Okotieboh (D) Chief Dennis Osadebey
57. The Aburi accord was signed by Ojukwu and Gowon in _______ (A) Cameroon (B) Industrialization (C) Nepotism (D)
Modernization
58. Which of these can development not be associated with? (A) growth (B) industrialization (C) nepotism (d)
modernization
59. One has a duty to obey law because of the following except (A) moral irrelevance (B) moral obligation (C) fear of
sanctions (D) personal interest and benefits
60. According to Seers, the universal aim of development is the politicization of the potentials of ____ (A) socio-cultural
growth (B) communal objectives (C) human personality (D) state objective
61. The second military coup in Nigeria took place on (A) 15 th July 1966 (B) 29th July 1966 (C) 15th January 1966 (D) 11th
November 1966
62. Which of these groups have always protested against the government’s failure to meet up with their own part of a
social contract with the people? (A) political parties (B) the Nigerian armed forces (C) committee for the defense of
human right (D) The police
63. To guard against religious unrest in Nigeria _______ (A) Traditional religion should be entrenched in the constitution (B)
Only Christianity should be practiced (C) Islam and Christianity should be recognized (D) The secularity on Nigeria must
be recognized
64. Which of these electoral commissions conducted the June 12 elections of 1993? (A) INEC (B) NECON (C) NEC (D)
FEDECO
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65. The first parliamentary head of government of Nigeria was ______ (A) Tafawa Balewa (B) Late Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe (C)
Chief Obafemi Awolowo (D) Chief Olusegun Obasanjo
66. How many entities was Nigeria divided into in 1960? (A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 1
67. Which delegation to Lagos conference of 1966 was against the right of secession? (A) Lagos axis (B) Northern delegates
(C) Mid-Western delegates (D) Eastern delegates
68. How many states had Nigeria in 1975? (A) 12 (B) 13 (C) 4 (D) 1
69. Nigeria ceased to be answerable to the Queen of England on ______ (A) 1 st October 1960 (B) 1st January 1966 (C) 1st
October 1963 (D) 15th July 1966
70. The Nationalist who emerged to oppose colonialism except (A) Chief Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe (B) Chief Ernest Shonekan (C)
Chief Obafemi Awolowo (D) Chief Olusegun Obasanjo
71. Lagos became a crown colony in (A) 1962 (B) 1865 (C) 1861 (D) 1885
72. With independence in 1960, Nigeria became a member of ______ (A) G34 (B) AU (C) UNO (D) G8
73. The final takeover of Bakassi peninsula by Cameroon took place on (A) June 12 1963 (B) August 1 2006 (C) July 6 2006
(D) August 14 2008
74. The first Nigerian citizen to be annexed was (A) Lokoja (B) Calabar (C) Lagos (D) Oil Rivers protectorate
75. The former British Oil River protectorate was renamed the “Niger Coast Protectorate” in ____ (A) 1893 (B) 1900 (C)
1906 (D) 1885
76. The standard for judging good and bad in the society is known as _____ (A) behavior (B) norms (C) value (D) none of the
above
77. The gradual process of learning the culture of society is known as _____ (A) learning (B) education (C) socialization (D)
None of the above
78. ______ is the founding father of sociology (A) Emile Dankness (B) Herbert Spencer (C) Karl Marx (D) Auguste Comte
79. Reward is an example of ______ (A) negative sanction (B) positive sanction (C) values (D) behavior
80. ______ marriage is encouraged but not enforced (A) proscriptive (B) preferential (C) prescriptive (D) none of the above
81. Tracing of the descent through mother’s line is referred to as ______ (A) mother lineal (B) father lineal (C) patrilineal
(D) matrilineal
82. ______ is the scientific study of human behavior in the society (A) psychology (B) sociology (C) physiology (D)
philosophy
83. A norm which provided is an acceptable way of behavior is described as _____ norm (A) acceptable (B) values (C)
prescriptive (D) proscriptive
84. The inability of one aspect of culture to catch up with the other is referred to as ______ (A) material culture (B) non-
material culture (C) culture lag (D) culture area
85. Sanctions are _____ only (A) positive (B) negative (C) positive and negative (D) unacceptable
86. The marriage system where people are not allowed to marry within their society is known as ____ (A) outsidegamy (B)
endogamy (C) exogamy (D) none of the above
87. Tracing of descent through the father’s line is called _______ descent (A) matrilineal (B) father lineal (C) patrilineal (D)
mother lineal
88. Kinship is a relationship based on _____ (A) blood alone (B) blood and marriage (C) marriage alone (D) none of them
89. _______ are things desirable in a society (A) culture (B) sanctions (C) norms (D) values
90. _______ is the sum total of how a people view social phenomenon (A) society view (B) world view (C) village view (D)
elder view
91. _______ is the acquisition of knowledge and skills in a formal setting (A) culture (B) socialization (C) education (D)
leaving
92. _______ is the geographical boundaries where a particular has its influence (A) culture boundary (B) culture geography
(C) culture area (D) culture lag
93. Houses, cars, cooking utensils are part of the _______ culture (A) non-material (B) culture area (C) material (D) culture
lag
94. The author of a book entitled “the obligation of princess” ------------ (A) al-maghili (B) ibn batuta (C) al-bakr (D) ibn-
yaqub
95. ‘kiths’ and kins’ refer to people related by _______ (A) blood alone (B) marriage alone (C) descent and neighbours (D) A
and B
96. In _______ a man is allowed to marry the younger sister of his dead wife (A) levirate (B) ghost marriage (B) sororate (D)
widow inheritance
97. These are types of values except (A) specific values (B) intermediate values (C) ultimate value (D) defined values
98. The marriage of one man to many wives is known as ______ (A) polygamy (B) polyandry (C) polygyny (D) monogamy
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99. In traditional African societies, all institutional activities are organized around the _______ institution (A) educational
(B) culture (C) economic (D) family
100. These are norms except (A) folkways (B) laws (C) movie (D) values
ANSWERS TO GST 111 PART 2 PAST QUESTIONS

1.D 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.D 6.B 7.C 8.C 9.C 10.B 11.A 12.B 13.B 14.A 15.D
16.D 17.C 18.C 19.D 20.A 21.B 22.C 23.D 24.A 25.C 26.D 27.C 28.D 29.C
30.B 31.A 32.D 33.C 34.C 35.B 36.B 37.A 38.C 39.D 40.D 41.B 42.B 43.A
44.B 45.A 46.D 47.D 48.C 49.B 50.C 51.C 52.C 53.D 54.D 55.B 56.A 57.D
58.C 59.A 60.C 61.B 62.C 63.D 64.C 65.A 66.B 67.C 68.D 69.C 70.D 71.C
72.C 73.D 74.C 75.A 76.B 77.C 78.D 79.B 80.B 81.D 82.B 83.C 84.C 85.C
86.C 87.C 88.B 89.D 90.C 91.C 92.C 93.C 94.A 95.D 96.C 97.D 98.A 99.D
100.D

1. History means the study of _______ events (A) written (B) unwritten (C) oral (D) A,B,C are correct
2. The European writers saw African continent as _______ (A) primitive (B) barbaric (C) A and B are correct (D) A and B are
not correct
3. Hermitic hypothesis claims that African system of government was derived from ____ (A) Berbers (B) Europeans (C)
Asians (D) Americans
4. “…the continent was without the wheel, the plough or transport animal…” was credited to ____ (A) Margery Perham
(B) Trevor Roper (C) Michael Crowther (D) Ade Ajayi
5. Sources of African history include all EXCEPT _____ (A) oral (B) written (C) archeology (D) internet
6. The best method of studying pre-colonial history of Africa today remains ____ (A) written (B) archeology (C) stories
7. _____ is NOT a problem of oral sources. (A) memory lapse (B) retention of events (C) over exaggeration (D) writing
8. The major problem of archeological research is _____ (A) sites are too many (B) tools needed are too many and not
affordable (C) perishable products can easily be damaged (D) it requires scientific interruptions
9. Nok culture is studied in _____ (A) Katsina (B) Kaduna (C) Kano (D) Plateau
10. The first written documentation in Africa was ______ (A) British (B) Portuguese (C) Arab (d) Chinese
11. _______ was not an Islamic scholar in Africa (A) Al-Maghilli (B) Ibn Yaqub (C) Al-Bakr (D) El-Masul
12. _______ group of people did not evolve a centralized system of government (A) Hausa (B) Benin (C) Yoruba (D) Igbo
13. Samuel John is famous in the origin of _____ people (A) Yoruba (B) Benin (C) Hausa (D) Igbo
14. When an Alafin is presented with an empty calabash or parrot eggs, he is to _____ (A) commit suicide (B) resign (C) be
expelled (D) be banished
15. ______ is known to possess a system of checks and balances (A) Benin Empire (B) Oyo Empire (C) Hausa Kingdom (D)
Igbo Society
16. Joseph Egharevba is famous in his work on _____ history (A) Nupe (B) Afemai (C) Idigbo (D) Bini
17. The reign of ______ is known as Ewuare (A) Uwafiokun (B) Ogiame (C) Ogun (D) Ewedo
18. Uzama means ______ (A) village chiefs (B) ceremonial chiefs (C) hereditary chiefs next to the oba (D) heir apparent
19. _______ is NOT one of the functions of Aro-Chukwu oracle (A) Arbiter (B) Agent of trade (C) missionary
20. ________ is NOT a member of the original Hausa sons (A) Kano (B) Zaria (C) Rano (D) Zamfara
21. The Sarki refers to ______ (A) king (B) chief (C) imam (D) mallam
22. Usman Dan Fodio declared his jihad in Nigeria in ____ (A)Kebbi (B) Sokoto (C) Gobir (D) Zazzau
23. ______ was NOT the effect of jihad in Nigeria in 1804 (A) caliphate was born (B) Arabic writing was promoted (C) Mai
dynasty collapsed (D) colonialism was introduced
24. Slave trade was abolished in the ______ century (A) 18 th (B) 19th (C) 17th (D) 16th
25. Missionary promoted all the following EXCEPT _______ (A) legitimate trade (B) colonialism (C) education (D) killing of
twins
26. Population strength in Nigeria _____ determine(s) the economic growth and development (A)does (B) exactly (C) does
not (D) always
27. Public utilities can be classified under ______ in the Nigerian economy (A) production (B) government (C) services (D)
other
28. In National Economic model “X-M” equals ______ (A) net income (B) net profit (C) net export (D) net import
29. The difference between GDP and NDP is the ______ (A) depreciation (B) depression (C) deviation (D) volume of input
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30. An example of Nigerian economic system is (known as) _____ (A) market system (B) mixed economy (C) collective
economy (D) communist system
31. Political and internal stability in Nigeria have had ______ on the socio-economic system (A) real impact (B) significant
impact (C) inverse impact (D) equal impact
32. Saving is supposed to _______ investment for meaningful economic development in Nigeria (A) be equal to (B) be
greater than (C) be equivalent to (D) be less than
33. The social life of ______ is the most significant in economics (A) women (B) youths (C) elders (D) man
34. Privatization of government parastatals in Nigeria _____ the type of economic system she practices (A) promoted (B)
negates (C) enhances (D) profits
35. Nigeria Gross Domestic Product can be classified into _____ categories (A) 10 (B) 12 (C) 14 (D) 16
36. Internal trade provides the links between the ______ and producers (A) consumers (B) wholesalers (C) retail sellers (D)
masses
37. In Nigeria’s National income model, “Yd” represents ______ (A) real income (B) nominal income (C) personal income
(D) disposable income
38. The major trade barrier that reduces the amount of goods allowed to be imported into Nigeria is _____ system (A)
export tax (B) import tax (C) tariff (D) quotas
39. As at the 3rd quarter of 2014, ______ is no longer the highest consumer of Nigeria’s crude oil (A) China (B) Britain (C)
USA (D) EU
40. Nigeria ______ be self-sufficient and reliant in food production (A) can (B) cannot (C) partially (D) can marginally
41. The holders of Nigeria’s domestic debt are located in the ______ (A) private sector (B) public sector (C) financial sector
(D) banking sector
42. The classification of Nigerian economy according at Anyanwu et al. (1997) does NOT include ______ (A) agriculture (B)
domestic trade (C) transport (D) population
43. ______ was NOT a military style president in Nigeria (A) General Ibrahim Babangida (B) General Yakubu Gowon (C)
General Sani Abacha (D) None of the above
44. Nigeria inherited the so-called mixed economy from _____ (A) Britain (B) USA (C) British (D) EU
45. The successful prosecution of industry requires the following inputs in Nigeria except_____ (A) technology (B) skills (C)
management (D) population
46. One of the following factors does not help economic growth and development in Nigeria (A) expansion in food
production (B) increasing population (C) decreasing population (D) security
47. It is NOT necessary for Nigeria to borrow, give her enormous resources especially crude oil (A) that is true (B) it is a fact
(C) that is obvious (D) it is not true
48. It is NOT unlikely that what you are producing in a country is found in your import items (A) not true (B) true (C) not
sure (D) false
49. An example of a partial trade protection in Nigeria is _____ (A) quotas (B) banning importation (C) banning exports (D)
tariffs
50. In a competitive market, the actions of the producers and consumers determines the ________ (A) level of output (B)
volume of sales (C) total profit of business (D) types of goods produced
51. By ______ we mean those things a citizen is expected to do for the smooth running of government (A) law formulation
(B) political obligation (C) constitution (D) moral
52. The law expects every Nigerian citizen to respect the national flag, so any person who choose to violate this order begs
to be _______ (A) forgiven (B) wounded (C) killed (D) punished
53. Citizens obeys the laws of the state NOT only because it is morally right for them to do so, but because it is equally
_____ for them to obey (A) compulsory (B) Wrong (C) Good (D) a must
54. Civil disobedience means ______ (A) refusal to obey (B) occupying power (C) active opposition (D) force
55. According to ______ theory, at first men have no government and laws to direct their behavior as they co-exist (A)
divine (B) metaphysical (C) social contract (D) inheritance
56. The ____ and ____ centuries are often regarded as the “days of the social contract theory” (A) 17 th and 18th (B) 16th and
17th (C) 19th and 20th (D) 15th and 16th
57. The evolution of Nigeria as a political entity mean _______ (A) culture of Nigeria (B) construction of Nigeria (C)
constitution of Nigeria (D) forces of Nigeria
58. _______ is the most widely spoken of the 250 African languages in Nigeria (A) Yoruba (B) Ibo (C) Hausa (D) Ijaw
59. As a matter of fact, there was a time Nigeria never existed (A) True (B) False (C) undecided
60. The _____ however brought all these ethnic groups together under one umbrella and gave them the name Nigeria (A)
Europeans (B) French (C) British (D) Asians
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61. Other social contract theories are ______ (A) John Locke and Rousseau (B) Max Weber and Emile Durkheim (C) Peter
and Paul (D) David Easton and John Paul
62. Most citizens are no longer interested in rendering their obligation to the government simply because the Nigerian
state ______ (A) has failed (B) is unable to fulfill its own part of the contract (C) is unrepentant (D) is disloyal
63. In 1900, the territory known as Nigeria was divided into ______ distinct entities (A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 3 (D) 5
64. In 1906, the colony of Lagos was merged with the protectorate of ______ Nigeria (A) Southern (B) Northern (C) South
Northern (D) North-Central
65. ______ was said to have derived the name Nigeria from the ‘Niger River’ (A) Sean Paul (B) Lord Lugard (C) Shaw Cynthia
(D) Flora Shaw
66. Lagos was annexed by the British in what year? (A) 1861 (B) 1860 (C) 1865 (D) 1862
67. Nigeria celebrated her centenary in the year 2014. This means that by 2014, Nigeria became ____ years old (A) 150 (B)
100 (C) 120 (D) 110
68. Lord Lugard left office in 1919 and was succeeded by ______ (A) Sir Hugh Clifford (B) Sir Macpherson (C) Sir Richard (D)
Sir Littleton
69. At first when there was no government, men lived in the state of _____ where law and justice were absent (A) nation
(B) nature (C) Abuja (D) jungle
70. We can define _____ as the manifestation of qualitative improvement in the conditions of people living in a nation (A)
individual development (B) national development (C) regional development (D) sub-regional development
71. The emergence of Nigeria as a political unit was influenced by the ______ in Europe (A) jobless people (B) Scramble for
West Africa (C) Partition of Africa (D) industrial revolutions
72. The Scramble for West Africa started in what year? (A) 1879 (B) 1900 (C) 1878 (D) 1789
73. Beside political reason, the scramble for West Africa was also for _____ reason (A) cultural (B) economic (C) social (D)
language
74. One major feature of the partition of Africa is that territories were acquired through ________ (A) conquest (B) treaties
(C) peaceful occupation (D) all of the above
75. The Royal Niger Company was founded in what year? (A) 1888 (B) 1877 (C) 1777 (D) 1896
76. ______ is the way of life of a people (A) socialization (B) religion (C) culture (D) sociology
77. ______ marriage is encouraged but NOT enforced (A) proscriptive (B) prescriptive (C) arranged (D) preferential
78. In traditional African societies, all institutional activities are organized around the ________ institution (A) educational
(B) cultural (C) family (D) economic
79. Culture is learned through ______ (A) schooling (B) sub-culture (C) socialization (D) cultivation
80. The word ‘folkways’ was first used by _____ (A) Durkheim (B) Sumner (C) Comte (D) Weber
81. The views people leave about why things are the way they are is known as ________ (A) people views (B) society view
(C) world view (D) national view
82. Kinship is traceable through ______ (A) descent alone (B) marriage alone (C) nine of them (D) both marriage and
descent
83. ______ refers to a marriage of a man to a wife of his dead brother and producing children in his late brother’s name (A)
widow inheritance (B) sororate (C) levirate (D) ghost marriage
84. ______ is the founding father of sociology (A) Weber (B) Marx (C) Durkheim (D) Comte
85. Human behavior is determined by _____ (A) nurture only (B) nature only (C) nature and nurture (D) socialization only
86. The theory of culture lag is traceable to _____ (A) Marx (B) Weber (C) Comte (D) Ogburm
87. _______ norm defines unacceptable human behavior (A) prescriptive (B) descriptive (C) proscriptive (D) prosperous
88. The marriage of one woman to many men is referred to as ______ (A) polyandry (B) polygyny (C) polygamy (D)
monogamy
89. When behavior deviates from the ____ one is regarded as a deviant (A) values (B) laws (C) culture (D) norms
90. The particular area where a particular culture has its influences is known as _______ (A) culture village (B) culture area
(C) culture town (D) culture city
91. The _______ are standard behavior expected of members of a given society (A) culture (B) laws (C) values (D) norms
92. _______ compared society with the human organism (A) Tonnies (B) Spencer (C) Durkheim (D) Comte
93. Houses, cooking utensils and cars are part of ______ culture (A) physical (B) sub-material (C) material (D) non-material
94. ______ norms defines acceptable human behavior (A) descriptive (B) prescriptive (C) proscriptive (D) prosperous
95. The delay in the relationship between the two components of culture is known as ________ (A) culture slow (B)
culture area (C) culture lag (D) culture geography
96. Descent traced through the mother’s line is known as ______ descent (A) father lineal (B) matrilineal (C) patrilineal (D)
mother lineal
97. _______ refers to marriage within a defined group (A) endogamy (B) outsidegamy (C) exogamy (D) withingamy
Page 24 of 51
98. These are types of values except ________ (A) specific values (B) defined values (C) ultimate values (D) intermediate
values
99. _______ values are things valued by individual alone (A) ultimate (B) specific (C) intermediate (D) unknown
100. Those components of culture that are not tangible are regarded as _______ (A) material (B) non-material (C)
physical (D) sub-material

1.D 2.C 3.A 4.A 5.D 6.B 7.D 8.C 9.B 10.C 11.D 12.B 13.A 14.A 15.B
16.D 17.C 18.C 19.C 20.D 21.A 22.C 23.D 24.B 25.D 26.C 27.D 28.C 29.D
30.B 31.B 32.D 33.D 34.A 35.C 36.A 37.D 38.D 39.D 40.A 41.D 42.D 43.A
44.B 45.D 46.B 47.A 48.D 49.D 50.A 51.B 52.D 53.C 54.A 55.C 56.A 57.C
58.C 59.A 60.C 61.A 62.B 63.C 64.A 65.D 66.A 67.B 68.A 69.B 70.B 71.B
72.A 73.B 74.D 75.B 76.C 77.D 78.C 79.C 80.B 81.C 82.D 83.D 84.D 85.C
86.D 87.C 88.A 89.D 90.B 91.D 92.C 93.C 94.B 95.C 96.B 97.A 98.B 99.B
100.D

1. Hamitic hypothesis means ________ (A) Africa copied civilization from the Arabs (B) Africa copied their civilization from
Asia (C) Africa copied their civilization from Europe (D) All of the above
2. According to the European ancient writers, African continent was dark because of ________ (A) No written
documentation (B) No chariot for transportation (C) No burn bricks for building (D) All of the above
3. Ancient period refers to __________ (A) Pre-colonial time (B) Post-colonial period (C) Colonial period (D) Post
independent
4. Nigeria is _____ country (A) mono-cultural (B) heterogenous (C) Islamic (D) Christianity
5. History is the study of the _______ (A) Past events (B) Present events (C) Past ceremonies (D) Past political events
6. Oral tradition includes all the following but ______ (A) Names (B) Totems (C) Festivals (D) Books
7. Festivals are symbolic expression/celebration of great important _________ (A) Events (B) Names (C) Rulers (D) All of
the above
8. Songs are remembrance of _________ (A) Stories (B) historical events (C) Adventures (D) Oral study
9. Stories are based on _______ (A) ceremonies (B) Past activities (C) past events (D) All of the above
10. The first official foreign documentation in Africa is traceable to ________ (A) Arabs (B) Europe (C) Asia (D) Americans
11. Oral tradition is best used/applied during ________ period (A) colonial (B) pre-colonial (C) post-colonial (D) All of the
above
12. Western system of writing became relevant during the ________ (A) colonial (B) pre-colonial (C) ancient (D) Post-Arabic
13. Archeology means _______ (A) Finding of historical events (B) careful excavation of historical remains (C) digging of the
ground (D) All of the above
14. Nok culture is located in ______ part of Nigeria (A) South (B) North (C) West (D) East
15. Slave trade was centered on _______ category of people in Nigeria (A) dependents (B) infants (C) working force (D)
men
16. _________ was not one of the abolitionist (A) Gravlin Sharp (B) Thomas Clarkson (C) Lord Lugard (D) William
Wilberforce
17. _________ was not a consequence of the slave trade (A) colonialism (B) legitimate trade (C) independence (D) collapse
of indigenes
18. Uthman Dan Fodio jihad was not carried out because of _______ (A)multi-taxation (B) Un-Islamic practices (C)
Collection of spoils of war (D) Unveil women
19. _________ was noted for the abolition of the killing of twins (A) Margery Perham (B) Mary Slessor (C) Mongo Park (D)
Richard Lander
20. _________ is not one of the Hausa Bankwai state (A) Kano (B) Gobir (C) Sokoto (D) Kebbi
21. Oranmiyan was reputed to have founded both Benin kingdom and ________ (A) Kano (B) Ogbomoso (C)Ife (D) Oyo
22. _________ Nigerian society is referred to as stateless (A) Yoruba (B) Hausa (C) Ibo (D) Fulani
23. Egbe Omo Oduduwa was the political spring of ______ In Nigeria (A) Action group (B) NNPC (C) APC (D)AC
24. Degree No.34 refers to _______ (A) unification decree (B) Nonfederal decree (C) Federal decree (D)None of the above
25. The youngest Nigerian Head of State/president was ________ (A) General Babangida (B) Alh. Balewa (C)Gen. Yakubu
(D) Goodluck
26. Unlike the sole proprietorship, partnership is owned, controlled and administered by ________ persons (A) one or two
(B) two or three (C) three or more (D) two or more
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27. Joint stock companies are owned by ______ people (A) few (B) less than 10 (C) several (D) many
28. Nigeria’s population growth is about ______ percent every year (A) 5 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 2
29. The classical economist feared that there was tendency of population growth to outstrip ________ production (A) food
(B) fuel (C) machine (D) service
30. Prof. Olalokun classified the structure of Nigerian economy into ____ categories (A) 7 (B) 8 (C) 9 (D) 10
31. International trade is necessary in Nigeria because of difference in the availability of ________ in each country (A)
workers (B) resources (C) people (D) goods
32. Bilateral trade is trade between two countries while a multilateral trade is among _______ countries (A)2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D)
many
33. The gain from international trade leads to increased efficiency in production as a result of __________ (A) specialization
(B) output increases (C) input increases (D) higher export
34. The terms of trade measures the relationship between the price a country received for its export and _____ paid for its
import (A) money (B) expenses (C) prices (D) prizes
35. ______ as a country sell most to Nigeria (A) USA (B) Britain (C) China (D) Russia
36. Free trade refers to a situation when no _______ are created to reduce the inflow of imports or the outflow of exports
(A) Control (B) Tariffs (C) Quota (D) Barriers
37. The balance of payment provides the information on whether a country is ______ less from abroad than it is spending
(A) gaining (B) benefitting (C) receiving (D) losing
38. The foreign exchange rate indicates the rate at which ________ currency is exchanged for foreign currencies (A)
domestic (B) foreign (C) central bank (D) commercial bank
39. In Nigeria’s exchange external trade, when “X” is greater than “M” in the macroeconomics model, it implies _______
(A) deficit (B) surplus (C) balance (D) at almost equilibrium
40. The incidence of direct taxes in Nigeria is on the ________ (A) government (B) public (C) people (D) taxpayers
41. Excise taxes are levied on _______ in Nigerian economy (A) sales (B) consumption (C) supply (D) demand
42. National income consumption is most commonly done using ________ (A) net income (B) net earning (C) net output (D)
net expenditure
43. In the circular flow of income (Business cycle) _________ own the resources (A) firms (B) households (C) producers (D)
consumers
44. If Y=C+S+G+X-M ______ can be replaced with I (A) consumption (B) savings (C) government (D) export
45. Less taxes leads to more ________ spending (A) public (B) households (C) individual (D) private
46. The first Nigeria’s development plan spanned between the period of _______ (A) 1962-1968 (B) 1960-1968 (C) 1961-
1968 (D) 1960-1965
47. The Nigeria’s system of economy allows both the ______ and ______ participation in any business activities (A)
household/public (B) individual/government (C) private/public (D) firms/government
48. Increase reliance on foreign finance leads to _________ (A) economic benefits (B) economies of scale (C)economic
boost (D) debt burden
49. Self-reliance in any sector(s) in Nigeria’s economy can only be rooted in _______ base (A) political (B)indigenous (C)
socio-economic (D) foreign
50. A national economy implies the management of the resources and the concerns of a given _________ (A) sector (B)
country (C) people (D) ethnicity
51. Lagos was annexed by the British in what year? (A) 1861 (B) 1860 (C) 1865 (D) 1862
52. ________ was said to have derived the name “Nigeria” from the Niger River (A) Shaw Cynthia (B)Florence Ignatius (C)
John Paul (D) Flora Shaw
53. In 1900, the territory known as Nigeria was divided into ______ distinct entities (A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 3 (D) 5
54. In 1906, the colony of Lagos was merged with the protectorate of _______ Nigeria (A) Southern (B)Northern (C) South-
Western (D) North-Eastern
55. In the year ________ the first recognition of the name Nigeria appeared in the British House of Commons debate on
the Royal Niger Company bill (A) 1888 (B) 1889 (C) 1786 (D) 1887
56. The evolution of Nigeria as a political entity mean _________ (A) culture of Nigeria (B) Construction of Nigeria (C)
Constitution of Nigeria (D) Forces of Nigeria
57. _______ is the most widely spoken of all the 250 African language in Nigeria (A) Yoruba (B) Ibo (C) Hausa (D) Ishan
58. As a matter of fact, there was a time Nigeria never existed (A) true (B) False (C) Undecided (D) I don’t know
59. The emergence of Nigeria as a political unit was influenced by the _________ in Europe (A) Jobless people (B) Scramble
for West Africa (C) Partition of Africa (D) Industrial revolution
60. The scramble for West Africa started in what year? (A) 1879 (B) 1900 (C) 1878 (D) 1789
Page 26 of 51
61. Beside political reason, the Scramble for West Africa was also for _______ reason (A) Cultural (B) Economic (C) Social
(D) socio-cultural
62. One major feature of the partition of Africa is that territories were acquired through _________ (A)conquest (B)
treaties (C) peaceful occupation (D) All of the above
63. The Royal Niger Company was founded in what year? (A) 1888 (B) 1877 (C) 1777 (D) 1896
64. Lord Lugard left office in 1919 and was succeeded by _________ (A) Sir Hugh Clifford (B) Sir MacPherson (C) Sir Richards
(D) Sir Lyttleton
65. __________ averred that “Nigeria exists only on paper” (A) Alh. Tafawa Balewa (B) Ahmadu Bello (C)Dennis Osadebey
(D) Dr. Samuel Ogbemudia
66. __________ is the organization of a body of people for the purpose of government (A) political economy (B) Sociology
(C) Politics (D) Political sociology
67. By ________ we mean those things a citizen is expected to do for the smooth running of government (A)Law
formulated (B) Political obligation (C) Constitution (D) Moral
68. The law expects every Nigerian citizen to respect the National Anthem. So any person who chooses to violate this order
begs to be ________ (A) Forgiven (B) Wounded (C) Killed (D) Punished
69. According to ________ theory, at first men have no government and laws to direct their behavior as they co-exist (A)
Divine (B) Metaphysical (C) Social contract (D) Inheritance
70. Citizens obey the laws of the state not only because it is morally right for them to do so, because it is equally ________
for them to obey (A) Illegal (B) Right (C) Legal (D) Civil
71. Civil disobedience means _______ (A) refusal to obey (B) occupying power (C) active opposition (D)Force
72. The ______ and _______ centuries are often regarded as the days of the social contract theory (A) 17 th and 18th (B) 16th
and 17th (C) 19th and 20th (D) 15th and 16th
73. Other social contract theorists are _______ (A) John Locke and Rousseau (B) Max Weber and Emile Durkheim (C) Peter
and Paul (D) David Easton and Sigmund Freud
74. Most Nigerians are no longer interested in rendering their obligations to government simply because the Nigerian state
has _______ (A) failed (B) been unable to fulfill its own part of the contract (C) been unrepentant (D) been disloyal
75. “When the foundation is broken, what can the righteous do?” This bible verse is found in the book of _______ (A)
Jeremiah 29 vs. 11 (B) Psalm 11 vs. 3 (C) Matthew 10 vs. 10 (D) Ecclesiastes 7 vs. 8
76. The view that people have about why things are the way they are is known as _______ (A) people’s view (B) world view
(C) national view (D) society view
77. The marriage of one man to many wives is known as ________ (A) polygamy (B) polyandry (C) polygyny (D) monogamy
78. ________ refers to a marriage in which a man marries and produces children for his dead brother (A) Levirate (B)
sororate (C) ghost marriage (D) widow inheritance
79. ________ guides people conduct, actions and behaviors (A) marriage (B) values (C) education (D) norms
80. Human behavior is a product of ________ (A) biological make-up only (B) culture alone (C) A and B (D) none of the
above
81. Norms are ______ (A) proscriptive only (B) prescriptive only (C) prescriptive and proscriptive (D)none of the above
82. ________ refers to the delay of the responses of non-material culture to change is the material culture (A) culture area
(B) culture delay (C) culture lag (D) adjustment
83. The territorial designation of communities on the basis of their culture is referred to as ________ (A)culture delay (B)
culture lag (C) culture area (D) adjustment
84. The marriage of one woman to several husbands is known as ________ (A) polygamy (B) polygyny (C)monogamy (D)
polyandry
85. These are norms except ________ (A) mores (B) values (C) laws (D) folkways
86. ________ is a process of positive change in the social economic, political and culture life of a people (A)mobilization (B)
evaluation (C) development (D) none of the above
87. _______ refers to the totality of what is learned by individuals as members of the society (A) society (B) norms (C)
values (D) culture
88. _______ compared society with the human organism (A) Tonnies (B) Comte (C) Spencer (D) Durkheim
89. These are family functions except ________ (A) reproduction (B) socialization (C) sexual regulations (D) job placement
90. Kinship system is based on _________ (A) marriage and descent (B) marriage alone (C) descent alone (D)none of the
above
91. The word ‘folkways’ was used by (A) Weber (B) Comte (C) Durkheim (D) Summer
92. The insistence of marriage outside a defined group is known as _________ (A) endogamy (B) exogamy (C) outsidegamy
(D) none of the above
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93. Human behaviors are evaluated and classified as conformist or deviant by reference to __________ (A)laws (B) values
(C) norms (D) none of the above
94. The gradual process of internalization of culture is known as _______ (A) schooling (B) institutionalization (C)
culturation (D) socialization
95. ________ refers to a marriage of a man to the wife of his dead brother and producing children for himself (A) levirate
(B) widow inheritance (C) sororate (D) ghost marriage
96. In Traditional African societies, all institutional activities are organized around the ______ institution (A)economic (B)
cultural (C) educational (D) family
97. ________ marriage is encouraged but not enforced (A) preferential (B) prescriptive (C) proscriptive (D)none of the
above
98. The ________ of an individual is an embodiment of culturally defined behavior pattern (A) behavior (B) socialization (C)
personality (D) none of the above
99. These are parts of material culture except _______ (A) chairs (B) cars (C) ideas (D) cooking utensils
100. These are types of values except ________ (A) ultimate values (B) intermediate values (C) defined values (D)
Concrete values

1.A 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.A 6.D 7.A 8.B 9.D 10.A 11.A 12.A 13.B 14.B 15.C
16.B 17.C 18.D 19.B 20.C 21.D 22.C 23.A 24.A 25.C 26.D 27.D 28.C 29.A
30.D 31.B 32.D 33.A 34.A 35.A 36.D 37.C 38.A 39.B 40.B 41.A 42.A 43.C
44.B 45.C 46.A 47.C 48.D 49.C 50.B 51.A 52.D 53.C 54.A 55.B 56.C 57.C
58.A 59.D 60.A 61.B 62.A 63.B 64.A 65.A 66.C 67.B 68.D 69.C 70.A 71.A
72.A 73.A 74.A 75.B 76.B 77.C 78.C 79.D 80.C 81.C 82.C 83.C 84.D 85.B
86.C 87.D 88.D 89.D 90.A 91.D 92.B 93.C 94.D 95.A 96.D 97.B 98.C 99.C
100.D
GST 112 KEY POINTS, PAST

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
CHAPTER TWELVE: HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE AND EVOLUTIONARY CONCEPT OF MAN
 The concept of biology as a single coherent field arose in the 19th century
 The biological sciences emerged from traditions of medicine and natural history reaching back to Ayurveda, ancient
Egyptian medicine and the works of Aristotle and Galen in the ancient Greco-Roman world.
 The invention of microscope revealed the previously unknown world of microorganisms, laying the groundwork for cell
theory.
 Some early Greek scientists/philosophers were the first in recorded human history to propose natural explanations for
the origin of life.
 Jean Baptiste De Lamack (1744 – 1829) was a pioneering French naturalist who developed the first complete theory of
origin of species by evolution (he coined the term “biology”)
 The word biology is formed by combining the Greek words (bios), meaning “life”, and the suffix ‘-logy’, meaning
“science of’, knowledge of’, or “study of’.
 Natural philosophy and natural theology encompassed the conceptual and metaphysical basis of plant and animal life,
dealing with problems of why organisms exist and behave the way they do
 Anaximander was the first known mind to contemplate the origins of humanity and largely separate it from divine
creation stories.
 The philosopher Aristotle was the most influential scholar of the living world from classical antiquity.
 Aristotle and nearly all western scholars after him until the 18 th century, believed that creatures were arranged in a
graded scale of perfection rising from plants on up to humans.
 Aristotle’s successor, Theophrastus, wrote a series of books on botany – the History of plants
 Many of Theophrastus names survived into modern times, such as carpos for fruit.
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 If Aristotle goes down in the history of biology as the Father of biology and zoology, Theophrastus (371- 287 BC)
certainly earns the title of ‘Father of botany
 In zoology, for example, The Afro-Arab Scholar Al-Jahiz (781 – 869) described early evolutionary ideas such as the
struggle for existence.
 The Persian biologist Al-dinawari (828 – 896) authored the book of plants, in which he described at least 637 species
and discussed plant development, plant growth and the production of flowers and fruits.
 Persian polymath Abu Rayhan Biruni described the idea of artificial selection and argued that nature works in much the
same way, an idea that has been compared to natural selection.
SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES
 Carolus Linnaeus published a basic taxonomy for the natural world in 1735 (variations of which have been in use ever
since), and in the 1750s introduced scientific names for all his species
 In the 1670s Leeuwenhoek made a dramatic improvement in lens making, producing up to 200 fold magnification with
a single lens.
 Robert Hooke was the first to use the word cell for his piece of cork, but in the 19 th century scientist considered cell as
the basis of life.
 The most significant evolutionary theory before Darwin’s was that of Jean Baptiste Lamarck; based on the inheritance
of acquired characteristics (an inheritance mechanism that was widely accepted until the 20 th century). He
hypothesized that species changed over time through the inheritance of acquired characteristics and that change was
inevitably in the direction of increased perfection or complexity.
 The 1859 publication of Darwin’s theory in a book titled on the origin of species by means of Natural selection, or the
preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life is often considered the central event in the history of modern
biology.
 Natural selection is the gradual, non-random process by which biological traits become either more or less common in
a population as a function of differential reproduction of their bearers.
 The origin of genetics is usually traced to the 1866 work of the monk Gregor Mendel, who was later credited with the
laws of inheritance.
 Pangenesis – based on inheritance of tiny heredity particles that could be transmitted from parent to offspring while
Orthogenesis is progressive evolution
 Embryology is the study of how living things develop from eggs or seed
 Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environments
 Most of the 19th century work on heredity, however, was not in the realm of natural history, but that of experimental
physiology.
 Physiology is the scientific study of normal mechanisms, and their interactions, which work within a living system.
 Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895) was a frenchchemist and microbiologist. He is remembered for his remarkable
breakthroughs in the causes and preventions of diseases.
 Louis Pasteur’s discoveries reduced mortality from puerperal fever, and he created the first vaccines for rabies and
anthrax. His experiment supported the germ theory of disease. He was best known to the general public for inventing a
method to stop milk and wine from causing sickness, a process that came to be called pasteurization. He is regarded as
one of the three main founders of microbiology, together with Ferdinand cohn and Robert Koch.
 In 1838 and 1839, Schleiden and Schwarm began promoting the ideas that (1) the basic unit of organisms is the cell
and (2) that individual cells have all the characteristics of life, though they opposed the idea that all cells come from the
division of other cells.
 Robert brown had described the nucleus in 1831, and by the end of the 19th century cytologists identified many of the
key cell components: chromosomes, centrosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other structures made visible
through staining.
 Somatic cells are the body cells while germ cells are gamete producing cells
 In 1924, Oparin officially put forward his influential theory that life of earth developed through gradual chemical
evolution of carbon based molecules in a “primordial soup”.
TWENTIETH CENTURY
 In the 20th century experimental work replaced natural history as the dominant mode of research
 Ecology had emerged as a combination of biogeography with the biogeochemical cycle concept pioneered by chemists.
 Between the 1930s and 1950s, fritz Lipmann and others established the role of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) as the
universal carrier of energy in the cell, and mitochondria as the powerhouse of the cell.
 Biotechnology (sometimes shorten to “biotech”) is a field of applied biology that involves the use of living organisms
and bioprocesses in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring bio – products.
TWENTY FIRST CENTURY
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 Bioinformatics is the application of computer science and information technology to the field of biology and medicine.
 Astrobiology is the study of the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe.
 Evolution is the any change across successive generations in the heritable characteristics of biological populations.
 Life on earth originated and then evolved from a universal common ancestor approximately 3.7 billion years ago.
 Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of animals and plants, and other organisms from the remote past.
 Thales (624-548 BC) believed that all living things came from water and that the earth was a mass floating in water.
 Anaximenes (588-524 BC) conceived air as the possible cause of all things.
 Xenophanes (576-480 BC) was the first to recongise fossils as the remains of extinct animals and to postulate the view
that the entire surface of the earth was once covered by the sea
 Corolus Linnaeus (1707-1778 BC), a Swedish botanist was the first to classify organisms using Latin terminologies.
 Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1742-1829 BC) theory of evolution was based on two cardinal principles namely the use and
disuse of organs and the inheritance of acquired characters.
 George curvier (1769-1832 BC) is credited with the theory of catastrophism or cataclysms.
 Charles Darwin (1809-1882 BC) presented to the world a most convincing explanation regarding the origin of species.
In 1859 he published his famous treatise on evolution titled ‘On the origin of species by means of natural selection or
the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life’.
 Thomas henry Huxley (1825-1895 BC) was the foremost of the champions of Darwinism and fought so many battles
that earned him the nick name ‘Darwin’s bulldog’.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: THEORIES OF EVOLUTION

 According to the early philosophers, life originated from non-living matter by spontaneous generation.
 Needham, believed in the theory of Abiogenesis (spontaneous generation)
 According to the theory of BIOGENESIS life comes from pre-existing life.
 The theory of eternity states that the world was made in six days by the almighty creator.
HUMAN EVOLUTION
 Human evolution is the lengthy process of change by which homo sapiens originated from apelike ancestors.
 One of the earliest defining human traits, bipedalism – the ability to walk on two legs, evolved over a million years ago.
Other important human characteristics such as a large and complex brain, the ability to make and use tools, and the
capacity for language developed more recently.
 The oldest hominids belong to the genus Australopithecus.
 Fossils of the Human Lineage include Pithecanthropus (java man), Sinanthropus pekinensis (peking man), Homo
neanderthalellsis (Neanderthal man), Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens (Cro – magnon man).
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: MAN AND HIS COSMIC ENVIRONMENT

 The environment of man as defined here means the forces of nature and of plants and animals around him.
 Man learnt to use fire and other tools to modify his environment
 SAP means - Autorial Adjustment Programme
 Wild animals are killed for both food and sport. Only towards the close of the last century did people realize the
importance of wildlife.
 In recent years, the term wildlife is used with reference to games and fur bearing animals (vertebrates), plants and
lesser animals which interact directly with the game species,
 People are also interested in preserving the fauna and flora aesthetic beauty for the sake of tourism and this can be
done by conserving the totality of the wildlife ecosystem.
 Apart from preserving native wildlife, one has also to be careful while introducing species from outside.
 In wildlife conservation we have to keep four major points in our mind.
 Preservation of breeding stock by means of game laws, restriction of harvest other similar conservation measures
 Artigicial stocking
 Habitat improvement
 Game farming
THE VALUE OF WILDLIFE
 The study of morphology, anatomy, physiology, etc helps in knowing the relationship with other animals.
 People get educated on types of flora and fauna.
 Monkeys and other animals are used for scientific research findings for the of many species of plants used in drugs and
medicine.
 Helps in understanding former land connection.
 Maintaining the balance in nature.
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 Wildlife tourism industry can be setup
 Means of generating revenue; animals are sold to zoos of other countries bringing income by way of foreign exchange.
 Wildlife serves as a source of food; wildlife will undoubtedly supply high – class protein food from meat and fish.
ANIMALS THAT NEED PROTECTION
 Animals that need protection could be categorized as threatened or endangered species.
 Threatened species is any species listed as critically endangered or vulnerable.
 Endangered species is any species threatened with extinction by anthropogenic or natural changes in their environment
or a species in imminent danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
SOME NIGERIAN ANIMALS AND THEIR SCIENTIC NAMES

Lion Panthera Leo
Tiger Panthera tigris
Rhinoceros Diceros bicomis
Horse Equus equus
Bush fowl Numida meleagris
Guinea fowl Francolinus bicarlcuratus
Pigeon Columba domestica
SOME NIGERIAN FOOD CROPS AND THEIR BOTANICAL NAMES

Maize Zea mays
Rice Oryza sativa
Yam Discorea species
Groundnut Arachis hypogea
Soya beam Glycine unguiculata
Oil palm Elias guinesis
GAME RESERVES IN NIGERIA

 Kainji lake national park, consisting of (A) Borgu Game Reserve (kwara state) and (B) Zugurma Game Reserve (Niger
state)
 Yankari Game Reserve (Bauchi state) wildlife sanctuaries projects by Nigeria Conservation Foundation (NCF)
 Okomu wildlife sanctuary ologbo and Gilli Gilli (Edo state)
 Kanyang mountain
 Oban hills national parks in cross – river state opened by prince Philip of britian in 1989.
 Hadeja and Nguru wetland project (Jigawa state)
CHAPTER FIFTEEN: ORIGINS OF SCIENTIFIC TRUTH AND REVIVAL OF SCIENCE

 Science (from latin sciellia, meaning “knowledge”) is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in
the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.
 In the early modern era the words “science” and “philosophy” were sometimes used interchangeably in the English
language.
 By the 17th century, natural philosophy (which is today called “natural science”) was considered a separate branch of
philosophy.
 Philosophy can be seen as a distinct activity, which is aimed towards a more comprehensive understanding of
intangible aspects of reality, and experience that cannot be physically measured.
 In modern use, “science” more often refers to a way of pursuing knowledge, not only the knowledge itself.
 Natural science when the knowledge is about nature, its two key components are observation and critical thought.
 The study of nature is broadly divided into the biological science (life science) which deals with living or organic matter
and physical science encompasses the branches of natural science and science that study non – living systems in
contrast to life sciences.
 To do science means to be able to observe natural processes and explain the underlying causes.
 To the purists, complete knowledge of any natural phenomena requires full understanding of the principles.
THE EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
 The Nile river rises from the lakes of central Africa as the white Nile and from the mountains of Ethiopia as the Blue Nile
 The whit Nile meets at Khartoum and flow together northward to the Nile delta, where the 4000 mile course of this
river spills into the Mediterranean sea.
 Manetho divided Egyptian kings into thirty dynasties ( a 31 st was added later)
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 Early Egypt was divided into two kingdoms, one in Upper Egypt (Nile valley), and one in lower Egypt (Nile delta).
 The Nile flows from south to north
 The Middle East is generally believed to be the cradle of western civilization which is symbolic of Egyptian empire.
 One of the most significant achievements of the middile east is the keeping of records that provides a vista into the
glorious past.
 The early history of science in Egypt was closely knit with religion. Cosmic order was guaranteed by deities.
 They knew the five inner planets: Venus, mercury, mars, satun and Juipter in addition to the sun and the earth. From
the belief that these seven planet ruled men in succession came the seven day week.
 The epitome of Egyptian civilization is their great pyramid.
THE BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
 Babylon is Akkadian “babilani” which means “the Gate of God(s)” and it became the capital of the land of Babylonia.
 Babylonian depended on two great swift rivers – Tigeris and Eupharates.
 The land was rough and made habitable by extensive civil works, irrigation and damming. Besides life was insure due to
storms, unfriendly insects and flooding.
 The Babylonians were able to make great advances in mathematics for two reasons. First, the number 60 has many
divisors (2,3,4,5,6,10,12,15,20, and 30), making mathematics easier.
 The Babylonians had a true place – value system, where digits written in the left column represiented larger values
(much as in our base – ten system: 734 = 7x100 + 3x10 +4x1).
 Among the Babylonians’ mathematical accomplishment was the determination of the square root of two correctly to
seven places.
 They introduced astronomy, no doubt, their system of mathematics developed from the need to calculate positions of
celestial bodies were far superior to that of the Egyptians.
THE CHINESE CIVILIZATION (ABOUT 200 BC TO 300 AD)
 Chinese civilization originated in various regional centers along both the Yellow River and the Yangtze River valleys in
the Neolithic era.
 The yellow river is said to be the cradle of chinese civilization.
 The written history of china can be found as early as the shang Dynasty (1700-1046 BC), although ancient historical text
such as the records of the Grand Historian (100 BC) and Bamboo Annals assert the existence of a Xia Dynasty before the
Shang.
 Much of chinese culture, literature and philosophy) further developed during the Zhou Dynasty (1045-256 BC).
 The land was hostile and element was unfriendly
 The chinese civiliazation therefore developed somewhat slowly, but steadily and independebtky,
 Their savants had devised at about 2000BC effective technique for plotting positions of major celestial bodies,
 They believed that the universe was one whole system and changes in the heavens foretell remarkable events on earth.
 Much of early chinese astronomy was for the purpose of timekeeping.
 Astrological divination was also an important part of astronomy. Astronomers took careful note of “guest stars” which
suddenly appeared among the fixed stars.
 They were the first to record a supernova, in the Astrological Annals of the Houhanshu in 185A.D
 The supernova that created the Crab Nebula in 1054 is an example of a “guest star” observed by chinese astronomers,
although it was not recorded by their European contemporaries.
 Traditional chinese science was pursued for the sake of understanding order in nature and its application for survival,
not for the progress of science.
 The chinese approach to mathematics is algebraic (using numbers and letters) even for spatial problems that require
geometry.
 The wheel, metallurgy and some form of moveable printing device for writing were developed around 1700BC
 The chinese also developed highly sophisticated navigational systems based on the stars.
 Chinese sailors inn the third century where aready able to find their bearing using the Great Dipper and the North Pole.
 In conjunction with their observations of the heavens, the chinese also built planetariums, and various instruments
including armillary for measuring the celestial coordinates.
GREEK CIVILIZATION (800 BC - 600 AD)
 The Greek made the first attempt to explain natural laws.
 Their puerile theology taught that powerful gods are beings that were subject to the laws of nature.
 The Greek civilization started in the Balkan Peninsula, but some Greeks lived in islands and in Asia Minor (Turkey) they
started to live together in city states or polis, which had its own
Government, laws and army Athens and Sparta were important city-states.
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 The rulers of the polis were rich people, or aristoi, and so this form of government was called “aristocracy”. Sparta was
an example of aristocratic government.
 Between the 8th and 6th centuries BC, Greece went through a period of crisis because the population increased and as
the land wasn’t fertile, there was not enough food for everyone; so many Greeks migrated and founded colonies
around the Mediterranean sea.
 Greek society was an unequal society, it was divided into two group: citizens and non – citizens.
 There were three different categories of “non – citizens”: Foreigners, who were free and could fight in the army,
worked in trade and crafts but could not land or houses. Slaves, who were not free and worked for a family. They
worked in agriculture of domestic work. Women, who could be free or slaves, but had no rights, they were always
under the rule of a man.
 The Greeks were the first to look for an explanation of natural phenomena using logic and reasoning.
 The Greeks are considered to be the fathers of philosophy and science.
 The three greatest Greek philosophers were Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.
 The first Greek philosopher, as far as the records show, is Thales of Miletus (c. 624-c. 546 BC) who saw a divine purpose
in all things – teleology.
 Thales invented the study of geometry by dissecting a circle along its diameter. He also attempted to explain observed
natural phenomena on the basis of substance water.
 The two foundations of science were laid – first deductive reasoning and second second critical thought.
 Education was very important in Greece. Boys started school at the age of 7, they learnt to read and write and solve
mathematic.
 They learnt about traditions, ethics and had military training. Girls did not go to school and were illiterate.
 They Greeks belived in many gods, each city – state has its own deity.
 The gods were immortal but they behaved as humans, they ate, loved and fought, Zeus was the king of gods and lived
with the rest in Mount Olypmpus.
 They also belived in heroes who were the sons of gods and humans, Ulyses or Hercules were very powerful but mortal.
 They also believed in fantastic creatures, such as Cyclopes and centaurs.
 The Greek invented myths, which were stories about their gods and heroes.
 The believed the temple were the homes of the gods, and the priests were their servants.
 The Greeks constructed many different types of buildings, but the most important ones were the temples. They were
rectangular and normally built in white marble and painted in colours
 Greek architects, who were concerned about proportion, harmony and beauty, followed very
Stict rules according to three orders that determined the style of the building. The three orders were Doric, Ionic and
Corinthinian.
 Greek sculptors were interested in representing the beauty the of the naked human body.
 Ancient Greek philosophy focused on the role of reason and inquiry.
 To know nature means to understand and explain natural phenomena.
PYTHAGORAS (582 - 507 BC)
 Understanding the world through mathematics was at the heart of Pythagoras’ mission life.
 Like Thales Pythagoras is rather known for mathematics than for philosophy.
 The earliest known person to have formulated the theorem was down the indian mathematician Baudhayana in 800BC
 Pythagoras’ influence found an expression in visual art and music as well, particularly in the renaissance and baroque
epoch.
 It could be said that Pythagoras found the study of mathematics as a purifier of the soul, just as he considered music as
purifying.
 From Pythagoras we observe that an answer to a problem in science may give rise to new questions.
ARISTOTLE (384 – 322 BC)
 Born in the Greek colony of Stagira, Macedonia, Aristotle was the son of Nicomachus, the court physician to the king of
Macedonia.
 He was a generalist
 The soul, he said, was composed of two broad component; a rational part and an irrational part.
 The rational half was itself subdivided into “scientific” and “calculative” sections, and the irrational half was made of a
“desiderative” and a “vegetative” part.
 His love of categories also led him to divide all people into three clusters, there was the majority group who love
pleasure, smaller group- which includes politicians who love honor, and the smallest but most elite, group who love
contemplation, these were the philosophers.
 He developed his theories by employing experiment and observation.
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 He concluded that heavenly objects such as the sun, stars and known planets were perfect spheres and equally moved
with unchanging motion in concentric spheres around a stationary earth – geocentric theory of the universe.
EUCLID (365 – 300)
 Euclid also known as Euclid of Alexandria was a Greek mathematician, often referred to as the “Father of Geometry”.
 His element was one of the most influential works in the history of mathematics.
 Euclid’s five axioms are;
1. A straight lines segment can be drawn joining any two points
2. Any straight line segment can be extended indefinitely in a straight line.
3. Given any straight line segment, a circle can be drawn having the segment a radius and one endpoint as Centre.
4. All right angles are congruent (equal)
5. If two lines are drawn which interest a third in such a way that the sum of the inner angles on one side is less than two
right angles, then the two lines inevitably must intersect each other on that side if extended far enough.
ARCHIMEDES (287 – 212 BC)
 Archimedes of Syracuse was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor and astronomer.
 He studied at Euclid’s academy in Alexandria and is regarded as one of the leading scientist in classical antiquity.
 He is credited with designing innovative machines, including siege engines and the screw pump the bears his name.
 He used the method of exhaustion to calculate the area under the arc of a parabola with the summation of an infinite
series, in manner not too dissimilar from modern calculus.
 He also studied the spiral bearing his name, obtained formulas for the volumes of surfaces of revolution (paraboloid,
ellipsoid, hyperboloid), and an ingenious system for expressing very large numbers.
 Archimedes was contemplating a mathematical diagram when the city was captured. A Roman soldier commanded him
to come and meet general Marcellus but he declined, saying that he had to finish working on the problem. The soldier
was enraged by this, and killed Archimedes with is sword.
 Plutarch also gives a lesser known account of the death of Archimedes which suggests that he may have been killed
while attempting to surrender to a Roman soldier.
 The last words attributed to Archimedes was “Do not disturb my circles”
 This quote is often given in latin as “Noli Turbance Circulos Meos”, but there is no reliable evidence that Archimedes
uttered these words and they do not appear in the account given by Plutach.
 Archimedes may have used his principle of buoyancy to determine whether the golden crown was less dense than solid
gold.
 Archemedes mode of investigation was to first build a mechanical model of a problem and demonstrate the solution by
geometry.
PTOLEMY (100 – 170 AD)
 Ptolemy constructed a model of the planetary system in his book that is better known under the Arabic title Almagest.
 The first volume contains an exposition of the geocentric view, the second extensive tables of sine of angles and the
third computation of motions and sizes of the moon and the sun.
 His works in optics include properties of mirrors, laws of reflection and refraction of light. As a true scientist, he
preferred to work with accurate observation rather than preconceived ideas.
HELLENISTIC GREECE
 Hellenistic period lasted from 323 BC, which marked the end the wars of Alexander the Great to annexation of the
Greece by the Roman Republic in 146 BC.
 The great centres of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria and Antioch, Capital of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria
respectively.
DARK AGE
 Science in this period was not for pursuit of knowledge for its sake but as a means for understanding God’s creation as
dictated by the church.
 The church itself essentially held firmly to Aristotelian physics and Ptolemy’s geocentric cosmos.
 The dark age period witness the invention of the crank, brace and bit, wheelbarrow to mention a few.
CHAPTER SIXTEEN: REVIVAL OF SCIENCE

 During late antiquity and the early middle ages, the Aristotelian approach to inquiries on natural phenomenon was
used.
 The Aristarchus (380 BC) heliocentric theory which places the sun and not the earth at the centre of the universe.
 Working scientists usually take for granted a set of basic assumptions that are needed to justify a scientific method:
1. That there is an objective reality shared by all rational observers
2. That this objective reality is governed by natural laws
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3. That these laws can be discovered by means of systematic observation and experimentation.
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473 - 1543)
 Copernicus recalculated the geocentric and circular orbits of the sun, moon and other known planets.
 Nicolaus Copernicus was the first astronomer to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced
the earth from the center of the universe.
 Heliocentrism, is the astronomical model in which the earth and planets revolve around a relatively stationary sun at
the center of the solar system. The word comes from the Greek thelios “sun” and kentron “center”.
 The notion that the Earth revolves around the sun had been proposed as early as the 3rd century BC by Aristarchus.
 Copernicus epochal book, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (on the revolutions of the celestial spheres);
published just before his death in 1543, is often regarded as the starting point of modem astronomy and the defining
epiphany that began the scientific revolution.
GALILEO GALILEI (1564 – 1642)
 Galileo Galilei formulated the basic law of falling bodies, which he verified by careful measurements.
 His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations and support for
Copernicanism.
 Galileo has been called the “father of modern physics”, the “father of science” and “the father of modern science”.
 Galileo described his views on dynamics and statics in Dialogue on the two new sciences, which emphasized
mathematics over rhetorical arguments.
 Galileo’s 1610 “The starry Messenger (Sidereus Nuncius) was the first scientific treatise to be published based on
observations made through a telescope.
 Johannes kepler (December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630) was a German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer.
 Kepler determined the exact year of christ’s birth, derived logarithms based on mathematics, with no reference to john
Napier’s work, and is responsible for finding the three laws of planetary motion.
 Kepler’s first law: The orbit of a planet about and the sun is an ellispse with the sun’s center of mass at one focus.
 Kepler’s second law: A line joining a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time.
 Kepler’s third law: the squares of the periods of the planets are proportional to the cubes of their semi – major axes.
ISAAC NEWTON (1642 – 1727)
 His monograph philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) (1687),
often shortened to principia Mathematica or simply “the Principia”, lays the foundations for most of classical
mechanics.
 Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a theory, of colour based on the observation that a
prism decomposes white light into the many colours that form the visible spectrum.
 He also formulated an empirical law of cooling and studied the speed of sound.
JAMES CLERK MAXWELL (1831 – 1879)
 Scottish mathematician and physicist whose most prominent achievement was formulating classical electromagnetic
theory.
 Maxwell’s achievements concerning electromagnetism have been called the “second great unification in physics
 In 1865, Maxwell pulished a dynamical theory of the Electromagnetic field. It was with this that he first proposed that
light was in fact undulations in the same medium that is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena.
 Maxwell also helped develop the Maxwell – Boltzmann distribution, which is a statistical means of describing aspects of
the kinetic theory of gases.
 No wonder the following quotations about Maxwell: Albert Einstern said: “The special theory of relativity owes its
origins to Maxwell’s equations of the electromagnetic field”.
ALBERT EINSTEIN (1879 – 1955)
 He is best known for his theory of relativity and specificially the equation E= mc 2 which indicates the relationship
between mass and energy (or mass – energy equivalence)
 Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics “for his services to theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery
of the law of the photoelectric effect”.
 Einstern published four times in the Annalen der Physik, the leading German physics journal.
 According to general relativity, the observed gravitational attraction between masses results from the warping of space
and time by those masses.
 General relativity has developed into an essential too in modern astrophysics.
 His dissertation was entitled “A new determination of molecular dimensions”.
 Einstein refused surgery, saying: “I want to go when I want. It is tasteless to prolong life artificially.
ROBORT BOYLE (1621 – 1691)
 Hence Boyle’s law states that for a fixed mass of gas, pressured and volume are inversely proportional.
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 He was rich enough not to need a job, but accepted the post of director of the East india – company so that he could
propagate Christianity around the world.
LAURENT ANTOINE LAVOISER (1743 – 1794)
 Antoine-laurent de Lavoisier (August 26, 1743 – May 8, 1794) was a French nobleman who, along with John Dalton and
Jons Jakob Berzelius, is considered a “father of modern chemistry”.
 He killed off the Aristotelian concept that elements ‘could transmute into each other.
 He demonstrated that water is made of hydrogen and oxygen.
 He stated the first version of the law of conservation of mass; disproved the phlogiston theory.
JOHN DALTON (1766 – 1844)
 Dalton is best known for his formulation of the atomic theory
 The statement that “atoms cannot be” subdivided, created, or destroyed into smaller particles when they are
combined, separated, or rearranged in chemical reactions” is inconsistent with nuclear fusion and chemical reactions.
DMITRY IVANOVICH MENDELEYEV
 Russian chemist who developed the periodic classification of the elements.
 Mendeleyev found that, when all the known chemical elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic weight,
the resulting table displayed a recurring pattern, or periodicity, of properties within groups of elements.
 Naturally, physical sciences split into four major subject areas – astronomy, chemistry, mathematics and physics.
 Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, that studies the universe beyond the earth and all that it contains.
 Ancient astronomers were able to differentiate between stars and planets, as stars remain relatively fixed over the
centuries while planets will move an appreciable amount during a comparatively short time.
 A light – year is an astronomical measure of distance. It is the distance covered by light in a year-some huge distance
that fogs the mind.
 Milky way galaxy is a vast collection of stars of which our sun is just one.
 Terms of light which were invisible to the naked eye: X-Rays, gamma rays, radio waves, microwaves, ultraviolet
radiation, and infrared radiation.
 Our sun was found to be part of a galaxy made up of more than 10 10 stars (10 billion stars).
 Latro is a Greek word for a healer, it originated from the swiss physician Theosophatus von Hohenheim who taught that
alchemy should produce a life giving drug instead of gold. This led to production of many chemicals other than metals.
 It was Stephen Hales who invented the first pneumatic trough, a tool which was used to unravel the composition of air.
 In the 19th century, the central question in chemistry was that of atomic weight of different substances.
 The periodic table, which classifies about 103 or so known elements according to their atomic structure and properties,
is regarded as the chemist basic tool.
 The most ancient mathematical texts available are Plimpton 322 (Babylonian mathematics c. 1900 BC), the Rhind
Mathematical Papyrus (Egyptian mathematics c. 2000 – 1800 BC).
 All of these texts concern the so-called Pythagorean theorem, which seems to be the most, ancient and widespread
mathematical development after basic arithmetic and geometry.
 The study of mathematics as a subject in its own right begins in the 6 th century BC with the pythagoreans, who coined
the term ”mathematics” from the ancient Greek (mathema), meaning “subject of instruction”.
 Chinese mathematics made early contributions, including a place value system.
 The Hindu-Arabic numeral system and the rules for the use of its operations, in use throughout the world today, likely
evolved over the course of the first millennium AD in India and was transmitted to the west via Islamic mathemathics.
 It was the same Greek savants who, from the time of Plato , originated the idea that the physical world was crafted
with mathematics.
 Euclid’s Element and Ptolemy’s almagest attest to this fact.
 The subject was also seen then as a form of amusement for the intellect.
 In that era mathematics meant geometry and algebra.
 Algebra further developed during the Arabic civilization with the incorporation of Hindu numerology.
 Galileo observed the moons of Jupiter in orbit about that planet, using a telescope based on a toy imported from
Holland.
 Tycho Brahe had gathered an enormous quantity of mathematical data describing the positions of the planets in the
sky.
 Kepler succeeded in formulating mathematical laws of planetary motion.
 The analytic geometry developed by Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650) allowed those orbits to be plotted on a graph, in
Cartesian coordinates, simon slevin (1885) created the basis for modern decimal notation capable of describing all
numbers, whether rational or irrational.
 Gottfried wilhlm Leibniz developed calculus and much of the calculus notation still in use today.
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 The most influential mathematician of the 18 th century was arguably Leonhard Euler.
 Leonhard Euler for example, he named the square root of minus 1 with the symbol i, and he poularized the use of the
Greek letter π to stand for the ratio of a circle’s circumference its diameter.
 Other important European mathematicians of the 18 th century included Joseph Louis Lagrange, who did pioneering
work in number theory, algebra, differential calculus, and the calculus of variations.
 19th century: the 19th century mathematics became increasingly abstract.
 This century saw the development of the forms of non – Euclidean geometry no longer holds.
 The Russian mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky and his rival, the Hungarian mathematician Janos Bolyai,
indepently defined and studied hyperbolic geometry, where uniqueness of parallels no longer holds.
 In this geometry the sum of angles in a triangle add up to less than 180 o. Elliptic geometry was developed.
 The British mathematician George boole devised an algebra that soon evolved into what is now called Boolean algebra,
in which the only numbers were 0 and 1. Boolean algebra is the starting point of mathematical logic and has important
application in computer science.
 The 19th century saw the founding of a number of national mathematical societies:
 The London mathematical society in 1865.
 The societe mathematique de france in 1872.
 The circolo matematico di Palermo in 1884.
 The Edinburgh Mathematical society in 1883
 The American mathematical society in 1888.
 20th century: the 20th century saw mathematics become a major profession.
 In a 1900 speech to the international congress of mathematicians, David Hilbert set out alist of 23 unsolved problems in
mathematics.
 Today, 10 have been solved, 7 are partially solved, and 2 are still open, the remaining 4 are too loosely formulated to be
stated as solved or not.
 Notable historical conjectured were finally proven. In 1976, Wolfgang Haken and Kenneth Appel used a computer to
prove the four color theorem.
 Classification of finite simple groups (also called the “enormous theorem”), whose proof between 1955 and 1983
required 500 – odd journal articles by about 100 authors, and filling tens of thousands or pages.
 One of the more colorfull figures in 20 th century mathematics was Srinivasa Aiyanger Ramanujan 1887 – 1920), an
indian autodidact (one who without any formal education taught himself) who conjectured or proved over 3000
theorem, including properties of highly composite numbers, the partition functions and it asymptotic and mock the to
function.
 Paul Erdos published more paper than any other mathematician in history, working with hundreds of collaborators.
 Physics (from Ancient Greek: physics “nature”) is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion and
its motion through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force.
 Or put simply physics can be defined as the science of change of matters.
 Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy.
 Dynamics which studies moving objects and statics which concerns stationary objects and centres of gravity make up
mechanics.
 Optic – the study of light started out as geometrical optics in the work of Euclid and Ptolemy.
 The law of conservation of energy states that energy can be transformed from one form to another but can not be
created nor destroyed.
 Light and heat were electromagnetic waves not particle and were not amenable to Newtonian mechanics.
 Quantum theory holds that any observable property of objects can be described by a mathematical equation which
likens every particle in the universe to each other.
 The difficulty of locating anyone particle exactly is rightly called Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: DAMAGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT

 The environment is the sum total of human surroundings consisting of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the
lithosphere and the biota.
 Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the ph (the ph is a measure of acidity) of
natural rainfall is about 5.6 of the Earth’s oceans as CO2 becomes dissolved.
 The emission of greenhouse gases leads to global warming which affects ecosystems in many ways.
 Smog and haze can reduce the amount of sunlight received by plants to carry out photosynthesis and leads to the
production of tropospheric ozone which damages plants.
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 Light is the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum (390 – 780nm). It is required to drive photosynthesis in green
plants which is regarded as the basis of life.
 Nocturnal animal which become active only in the dark when others are at rest.
 Heat determines temperature which tells the degree of hotness or coldness of any object.
 Natural radioactivity arises from spontaneous disintegration of heavy elements such as uranium – 238, Thorium – 232
etc.
 The acronym REM (Roentgen Equivalent in Man) is derived from the biological equivalent of the heat in mega joules
per kilogram of one Roentgen of X-rays delivered to a biological tissue.
 Roentgen is the man who discovered X-rays.
 The Earth is enveloped in mass of gas called the atmosphere.
 The major component gases in the atmosphere are nitrogen (78.08%), Oxygen (20.94%) Argon (0.9%), Carbon Dioxide
(about 0.03%), others in very small amounts, are Neon, Helium, Ozone, Hydrogen, Krypton, Xenon and Methane.
 Our climate and weather is determined by water vapor, pressure and temperature at various points in the atmosphere
 The ozone layer is known to shield the earth from harmful effects of ultraviolet light – the blue and of visible light.
 Pollution is aided by agents called pollutants.
 A pollutant is a substance present in greater than natural concentration as a result of human activity that has a net
detrimental effect upon its environment or upon something of value in that environment.
 Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution.
 Air pollution is the release of chemical and particulates into the atmosphere.
 Thermal pollution, is a temperature change in natural water bodies caused by human influence, such as use of water as
coolant in a power plant.
 In Nigeria, the federal Ministry of Environment (fmenv) was established by the executive order of the Nigeria
government as the supreme authority over environment affairs in Nigeria.
 Fmenv is saddled with the responsibility of ensuring a clean and a healthy environment throughout Nigeria.
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS, ENVIRONMENT AND ITS RESOURCES ENVIRONMENT

 While Encarta (2008) posits that Environment is made up of the surrounding influences of all external factors
influencing the life and activities of people, plants and animals
 The word environment is derived from the French word environment: which means to encircle or surround as in (A)
the circumstances that surround an organism (B) the complex of social or cultural conditions that affect an individual
or community.
 Atmosphere: It is the gas around astronomical objects such as the earth.
 The gases surrounding the earth in their respective proportions are as follows: Oxygen 21%, Nitrogen 78%, Carbon-
dioxide- 0.033%, Argon and neon gases-1%, water vapour-3% and its proportion varies according to the season and
relative humidity.
 Lithosphere: the outer part of the earth that is referred to as lithosphere where the deeper part is called earth crust.
 The lithosphere is commonly referred to as the topographic part of earth. It contains all kinds of mineral, holds all
plants and animals.
 The two levels of lithosphere are the landforms and the oceanic level.
 Asthenosphere is the weak part of mantle.
 Hydrosphere refers to the portion of the earth’s that is water, including the seas and water in the atmosphere.
 About 71% of earth’s surface is water – the seas, lakes, rivers, oceans etc.
 Biosphere consist of all living organisms (micro and macro) on the earth, water bodies and atmosphere constitute
biosphere.
 Environment science is the study of environment and interaction between man and environment (Ufuah 2004).
CHAPTER NINETEEN: ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE

 A resource is what we get from the environment to meet our needs and desire.
 Every activity of man depends on the local available resources in the environment.
 Natural resources can be classified into two groups, there are; Renewable and Non-renewable
 Resources are Renewable when each resource in this class can be rescued repeatedly without completely losing it,
though its state may change.
 Non-renewable resources that are available in nature but are limited in supply and cannot be recovered in other useful
state.
 The yam farmer obtains his livelihood from the lithosphere (earth) because the supply of yam will sustain him
economically.
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 Aesthetics has to do with our appreciation of the beauty of nature.
 Environmental problems cannot be reasonably and adequately tackled unless we pay serious attention to population
control measures.
 Earth carrying capacity is usually defined as the “maximum number of individuals of a specie that can be sustained by
an environment without decreasing the capacity of the environment to sustain that same amount on the future.
 Cunningham et-al (2005) divided conservation History and Environmental activism into four distinct stages.
I. Pragmatic Resource conservation
II. Moral and aesthetic nature preservation
III. Growing concern about Health and Ecological damage caused by pollution
IV. Global Environmental Movement.
CHAPTER TWENTY: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

 Environment can be defined as the aggregate of all external conditions and influences affecting the lives and
development of organisms.
 Environment history is an attempt to unite the two worlds of science and history.
 The three revolutions significant in the development of environmental sciences are Agriculture, Industrial – Medical
and information – Globalization.
 The negative impact of science and technology resulted in environmental activism known as “Greenpeace”, and earth
day that started in 1970.
 Architecture is the art and science of building design or style of building.
 Wright (1943) observes that: architecture is the triumph of human imagination over materials method and men.
 Traditionally architecture is the loud expression of people’s culture.
 Centre for Earth construction and Technology (cectech, (1995) says that construction in general and earth construction
in particular is the expression of the culture of people and individual traditions and we should not for traditions and we
should not forget it.
 Dictionary of building construction and architecture defines architecture as: A person trained and experienced in the
design of buildings and the co-ordination and supervision of all shapes of the construction of buildings.
 The attributes of architecture are those essentials that without them architecture as a discipline will not be realized
such essentials are Shelter, Order and Expression.
 Any building design that considers humidity, heat exchange & noise level and usable space provide good condition for
healthy living. The described situation is termed passive design.
 Culture is the material and non material work of arts and science, knowledge, manners education, thought, behavior
and attitude accumulated by people through their history (Ahianba 2009).
 Tradition is essentially the retention of what has been developed over time, be it social, intellectual or spiritual.
 The cultured man in the ambit of tradition is sophisticated sensitive and educated, Ahianba (2009).
 Tradition is handing down from generation to generation opinions beliefs customs etc. (Hornby 1969)
 Surveying is the technique, profession, and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three – dimensional
position of points and the distances and angles between them (Wikipedia 2012)
 Types of surveying include land surveying, Quantity Surveying, Quantity Surveying, Building Surverying.
 In other words building is an act of construction. It can also be defined as the art of constructing edifices, or the practice
of civil architecture, that which is built, fabric, as a house, church, castle, arena / stadium etc.
 Geoinformatics is the science and technology which develops and uses information science infrastructure to address
the problems of geography, geosciences and related branches of engineering.
 Geoinformatics is generally defined as the art science or technology dealing with the acquisition, storage, processing
production, presentation and dissemination of geoinformation.
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE: ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE SOCIETY, HISTORY OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY.
 The history of technology is the history of the invention of tools and techniques,
 Prehistoric technology is technology that predates recorded history.
 This period which may have been some 2.5 million years before writing was developed, is referred to as the stone Age.
 The Stone Age can be divided into the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age and the Neolithic or later Stone Age.
 During the Paleolithic Age, all humans had a lifestyle which involved limited use of tools and few permanent
settlements Fire, stone tool and weapons were technological envelopement of major importance during this period,
and were tied to survival, hunting, and food preparation.
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 The Neolithic age was characterized by development of agriculture, domestication of animals, and the adoption of
permanent settlements, during this period, agricultural tools such as the plough. Digging stick and hoe were developed.
 After the Neolithic revolution, metal smelting was develop with Copper and later Bronze (an alloy of tin and copper).
 The copper age lasted from 5000 to 3000 BC while the Bronze Age was from 3000 to 2000BC
 The Egyptians invented and used many simple machines, such as the ramp to aid instruction processes.
 Ancient Indian construction and architecture shows a thorough understanding and application of materials engineering,
hydrology, and sanitation.
 Medieval technology refers to the technology used in medieval Europe under Christian rule.
 Renaissance technology is the set of European artifacts and customs which span the renaissance period, roughly the
1400’s to the 1600’s
 Isaac Newton who is famous for his three basic laws of motion developed differential calculus essential to
mathematical analysis of most physical systems.
 Hooke Discovered that material lengthens in proportion to the force exerted on it, up to the elastic limit, and in
compression it shortens in a similar fashion.
 Huygens develops spiral watch spring and the pendulum clock and measures gravitational acceleration.
 Robert Boyle discovered the expansion quality of air and the correlation between temperature, volume, and pressure.
 The invention of the printing press by the German goldsmith Johnnes Gutenberg is widely regarded as the single most
important, event of the second millennium, and is one of the defining moments of the Renaissance.
 In 1828 the world’s first engineering society, the institution of Civil engineers came into being in England.
 Mechanical engineering was the second branch of engineering to emerge in the last part of the 1700s as a result of the
development of different types of machines
 Mechanical Engineers received formal recognition in 1847 with founding of the institution of memberial of engineer in
England.
 Electrical Engineering received formal recognition in 1871, which followed the development of electricity.
 Thomas Edison and Lee Deforest developed electrical equipment and electron tubes.
 Orville & Wilbur Wright develop powered aircraft.
 Theodord Maiman produced the first working laser which has applications in surgery, transmitting telephone calls,
tracking storms, to welding steel, to cut fabric and to produce hologram.
 The Canadian Academy of Engineering defines Engineering as a profession concerned with the creation of new and
improved systems.
 Technology on the other hand as defined by the New Encyclopedia Britannica (vol. 18) is the systematic study of
techniques for making and doing things.
 Technology in general is directed by Engineers
 Engineer by virtue of his training can translate human needs into technical designs and models.
 Some of Engineering Disciplines are;
 Aeronautical and Aerospace Engineering
 Chemical Engineering
 Civil Engineering
 Electrical and Electronics Engineering
 Geological and mining Engineering.
 Industrial or management Engineering
 Marine Engineering
 Materials and Metallurgical Engineering
 Mechanical Engineering
 Production Engineering
 Military Engineering
 Nuclear Engineering
 Medical and Biomedical Engineering
 Agricultural Engineering
 Increasing use of robots in manufacturing will displace the human employees thus adding to the unemployment
problems
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO: ENERGY AND THE SOCIETY

 Energy is usually defined as capacity for doing work.
 Energy application leads to the conversion of materials into goods and services far beyond the capabilities of any single
individual.
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 The expansion of industrial output and the overall economy of the nation are both directly related to the amount of
energy available and cannot therefore be separated from it.
 Factors that determine energy usage are;
1. Demographic and geographic factors
2. Economic factors
3. Technological factors
4. Life styles factors
 Energy usage can be for residential, commercial, industrial and transportation purposes
 Energy sources have been traditionally grouped into conventional and non-conventional
 Conventional sources are sources of energy that are in common and widespread usage. They include: petroleum oil,
natural gas, coal and hydro.
 The non – conventional are sources of energy that are not in common use, among them are solar, nuclear, biomass,
wind, ocean tides and ocean waves and geothermal energy.
 A more modern classification of energy sources is based on whether the sources belong to the group that are
everlasting or not.
 Sources of energy that are everlasting, that is to say, those that will always be available are the renewable energy
sources.
 The non-renewable sources of energy include petroleum oil, natural gas, coal and nuclear.
 Non-Renewable Energy Sources are; Petroleum, Natural Gas and Coal
 In 1980, fossil fuels as energy sources accounted for about 90% of our national energy consumption.
 Petroleum and its by-products account for about one third of the energy consumed in the world, About 40% of the
product comes from the Middle East.
 The consumption of petroleum products stood between 80% and 90% of the total commercial energy consumption
over 35 years.
 The oil refineries in the country (Port Harcourt, kaduna and Warri) have an annual installed production capacity of LPG
of about 30,000 tons; for kerosene, the total annual installed capacity is about 2.7 million tons.
 Natural gas has been called the nearly perfect energy resource.
 The combustible gas is colourless, odourless, and lighter than air.
 Nigeria has an estimated 176 trillion cubic feet of proven natural gas reserves, giving the country one of the top ten
natural gas endowments in the world and the largest endowment in Africa.
 Coal was the fuel basis of the industrial Revolution.
 Coal ranges from lignite (barely compacted from the original peat) through bituminous coal (soft coal) to anthracite
(hard coal)
 Renewable Energy Sources are; Solar Energy, Hydro-electric Power, Biomass, Wind (Power) Energy
 Solar energy utilization is usually classified into solar thermal and solar photovoltaic
 The first method involves converting concentrated solar energy into thermal energy for use in power plants.
 In the photovoltaic methodology, solar radiation is converted directly into electricity by devices called solar cells.
 Solar one, is the world’s largest solar electric power plant in California, it generates electricity by first converting light to
heat.
 SERC means Sokoto Energy Research Center
 NCERD means National Center for Energy Research and Development
 Biomass energy refers to the energy of biological systems such as wood and waters. This is called organic fuel.
 Energy is of two kinds; potential energy, which is stored energy and kinetic energy which is due to motion
 Mechanical energy of a car motion is reduced and converted to heat energy when the brakes are applied
 In an electric water heater, electrical energy is converted to heat energy.
 The chemical energy stored in batteries and accumulators can be converted to electrical energy
 In telephone system sound energy is converted to radio waves at the mouthpiece and transmitted over long distance
and then reconverted to sound energy at the ear-piece.
ATTEMPT THE VARIOUS YEAR PAST QUESTION AND GET FAMILIAR WITH THEM
1. The micro-world of biology was discovered in the ...…… century. (A) 19th (B) 20th (C) 17th (D) 15th
2. The biological principles of which these philosophers is relevant in modern biological science (A) Anaximander (B)
Aristotle (C) Erasmus Darwin (D) Xenophanes
3. ………… coined the world ‘protoplasm’ as the physical basis life. (A) August Weismann (B) Victor Hugo De Vries (C)
Thomas Henry Huxley (D) George Cuvier
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4. The experiment that paved way for the synthesis of organic compounds was conducted by ……………. (A) Oparin (B)
Miller (C) Needham (D) Spallanzi
5. Bipedalism is a characteristic possessed by ……………. (A) Apes (B) Man (C) Monkeys (D) Gibbons
6. The evolution of the giraffe’s long neck was used to buttress the inheritance of acquired traits by ……………. (A) Charles
Darwin (B) Jean Baptiste De Larmack (C) Hugo De Virus (D) Anaximander
7. The field of study that replaced natural history before the term ‘biology’ was adopted is ………… (A) natural philosophy
(B) theology (C) pharmacology (D) geology
8. The idea of artificial selection was put forward by the Islamic scholar ………… (A) Abu Rayham (B) Al Dinawari (C) Al-
Jahiz (D) El-Bashir
9. The theory of biogenesis using microorganisms was first propounded by ……………….. (A) Aristotle (B) Oparin (C)
Francisco Redi (D) Louis Pasteur
10. The first scientist to identify fossils as the remains of extinct animals was ………………… (A) Xenophanes (B) Anaximander
(C) Anaximenes (D) Aristotle
11. Orang-utans and gorillas are examples of ……………. (A) lesser apes (B) great apes (C) largest apes (D) marsupials
12. The oldest hominids belong to the genus………………. (A) Zingamthropus (B) Proconculs (C) Australopithecus (D)
Dryopithecus
13. Which of these is not in fossils lineage of Humans? (A) Pithecanthropus (B) Sinanthropus Pekinensis (C) Homo Habilis
(D) Australopithecus Africanus
14. Which of these terms is not a synonym for ‘biotechnology’ (A) bioinformatics (B) genetic engineering (C) tissue culture
(D) cell culture
15. Worldwide access to better measurements, theoretical models and predictive model experimentation was developed
in the ……………..century. (A) 20th (B) 19th (C) 21th (D) 18th
16. Endangered and threatened species need protection from fear of …………….. (A) destruction (B) extinction (C)
propagation (D) marginalization
17. One of these will help man evolve a sustainable use of his environment (A) deforestation (B) overgrazing (C)
afforestation (D) bush burning
18. Which of these is not a game reserves located in Jigawa state of Nigeria? (A) Kainji Dam (B) Hadeija Nguru Wetland (C)
Kanyang Mountain (D) Oban Hills National Park
19. The treatise on evolution titled “on the origin of species by natural selection” was published by Charles Darwin in
………………. (A) 1849 (B) 1869 (C) 1859 (D) 1869
20. Attempts at enhancing the use of coal has led to the development of a technology called (A) recycling (B) landfill (C)
Incineration (D) briquetting
21. The theory of evolution which states that only changes affecting the germplasm is heritable was propounded
by……………… (A) Charles Darwin (B) august Weismann (C) victor hugo de vries (D) Aristotle
22. The philosopher who propounded the famous “theory of mutation” was…………… (A) Alfred Wallace (B) Thomas Huxley
(C) Victor Hugo De Vires (D) August Weismann
23. The 19th century witnessed a revolution due to invention of …………… (A) telescope (B) magnifying lens (C) microscope
(D) electronic device
24. The earliest scientist recorded in history were the…………… (A) Romans (B) Britons (C) Americans (D) Greeks
25. “living things as machines” is a slogan in the scope of …………….. (A) physiology (B) biotechnology (C) bacteriology (D)
biophysics
26. …………………. Constructed a method of the planetary system in his book that is better known under the Arabic title
‘Almagest’. (A) Aristotle (B) Euclid (C) Plato (D) Ptolemy
27. The most famous naturalist who wrote on the origin of species was ………….. (A) Erasmus Darwin (B) Charles Darwin
(C) George cuvier (D) Alfred Wallace
28. Which of the following is not correct about the man Albert Einstein? (A) mathematician (B) theoretical physicist (C)
astronomer (D) all of the above
29. The dictum that “everything in the universe has a purpose” was stated by………………. (A) st Thomas Aquinas (B) albert
einstein (C) Aristotle (D) Archimedes
30. The law that “a line joining a planet and the sun sweeps out equal intervals of time” was stated by…………….. (A)
newton (B) Johannes (C) Aristotle (D) Plato
31. Who among the following proposed the notion that the earth revolves around the sun as early as in the 3 rd century BC?
(A) socrates (B) Aristotle (C) Aristarchus (D) Plato
32. …………….. Is the study of the structure and transformation of matter. (A) astronomy (B) physics (C) chemistry (D)
botany
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33. ……………. Is the astronomical model in which the earth and planet revolve around a relatively stationary sun at the
center of the solar system. (A) geocentrism (B) heliocentrism (C) galactocentrism (D) none of the above
34. According to Aristotle, soul composed of two broad components namely ………….. (A) rational part and irrational part
(B) scientific and calculative (C) desiderative and vegetative (D) rational and scientific
35. The dictum “God does not play dice with the universe” was stated by …………… (A) James .c. Maxwell (B) albert
Einstein (C) Aristotle (D) Isaac newton
36. The following are air contaminants except ……………… (A) SO 2 (B) CO2 (C) NO2 (D) H2O
37. What year did Maxwell published a book entitled “a dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field” (A) 1861 (B) 1862
(C) 1865 (D) 1866
38. Prehistoric man is referred to as …………….. (A) Heidelberg man (B) Swanscombe man (C) Peking man (D)
Neanderthal man
39. Borgu game reserve is located in ………………….. (A) Niger State (B) Bauchi State (C) Bornu State (D) Kwara State
40. ………………. Are two key component of natural science (A) Observation And Critical Thoughts (B) Biological Science And
Physical Science (C) Concept And Theories (D) Philosophies And Sociology
41. The periodic table classified elements according to their …………….. (A) Colours (B) Atomic Weights (C) Form (D)
Fragrance
42. The earth is enveloped in a mass of gas called …………. (A) Atmosphere (B) Stratosphere (C) Troposphere (D)
Thermosphere
43. ………….. Is a temperature change in nature water bodies caused by human influence such as used of water a coolant in
power plants. (A) visual pollution (B) water pollution (C) thermal pollution (D) light pollution
44. Wastes from abattoirs are classified basically as ………………. (A) air pollution (B) water pollution (C) land pollution (D)
all of the above
45. ……………. Describe situation where toxins may pass through tropic levels becoming exponentially more concentrated in
the process. (A) environment (B) bio magnifications (C) bi magnification (D) magnification
46. ……………. Is the apparent motion of fixed objects seen by an observer in motion. (A) relatively (B) parallax (C) star
47. The inventor of formal logic and who also pioneered the study of zoology is ……………. (A) Archimedes (B) Plato (C)
Aristotle (D) Euclid
48. Chemical energy is a form of …. (A) kinetic energy (B) potential energy (C) solar energy (D) none of the above
49. In the ancient Greece boys usually starts school at age….. (A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 8
50. …..proposed the atomic structure of matter which is just like our solar system (A) Michael faraday (B) Niels bohr (C)
Albert Einstein (D) Isaac newton.
51. The foundation of the physical sciences rests upon two keys…. (A) concepts and theories (B) philosophy and sociology
(C) biological science and physical science (D) observation and critical thoughts.
52. By your evaluation, which of these is not any environmentalist by any standard (A) geographer (B) forester (C)
surveyor (D) advocate and solicitor
53. Environmental science is …. (A) the study of man and his environment (B) the study between physical and human
geography (C) the study between past and present environment (D) the study between developed and
underdeveloped
54. Environmental science is aimed at…. (A) mans problem (B) environmental problem (C) forest background (D) land
problem
55. Which of these does not fit into the area of study? (A) agriculture (B) forestry (C) photography (D) social cultural
balance
56. Dramatic change in population density impinges on (A) change in environmental quality (B) sex of man and animals
(C) production capacity of industries (D) churches and mosques growth
57. Which of these is a misfit? (A) hydrosphere (B) spherical objects (C) atmosphere (D) lithosphere
58. Tradition is defined as ______ (A) cultural dances by the society (B) acceptance of the way of life and repeating it for a
long time (C) advanced form of culture (D) models of culture
59. Venn diagrams showing linkages showing physical components of earth does not include.. (A) hydrophobia (B)
lithosphere (C) hydrosphere (D) biosphere
60. Atmosphere composition includes the following except … (A) oxygen of about 21% (B) nitrogen of about 78% (C)
argon and neon of about 1% (D) atomic gas is above the carbon dioxide
61. The percentage composition of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is…… (which one is odd in the following) (A) 50% (B)
0.03% (C) 71% (D) 0.22%
62. Minerals are valuable materials or resources and are classified as…(which one is odd in the following (A) mineral fuels
(B) logging (C) ferro alloy (D) iron and non-ferro minerals
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63. In the study of environmental science which of these did not talk about environment? (A) ufuah (B) whynne hammond
(C) egede (D) hagget
64. Stock is …… (A) what is naturally available to man (B) what is not naturally available to man (C) looking at the stock
(D) receiving the stock
65. Natural resources compete …. (A) in the forest (B) in the market square (C) in the market place (D) in the presence
of man
66. Conservation is said NOT to make sense in the following ways except one. (A) indiscriminate felling of trees (B)
occurrence of wild fires in the forest and bushes (C) protecting resources from unwanted exploitation (D) in
concentration on consumption of resources only
67. Environmental remediation is advocated by…………………. (A) man (B) doctor (C) environment (D) aborigines
68. Lithosphere and hydrosphere refer to …………………. (A) sky and water (B) water and river (C) land and water (D) gases
and water
69. Which of this is environmentally friendly (A) deforestation (B) shifting cultivation (C) mining of lead (D) mining of coal
70. It is not true that ……………. Can pollute the environment. (A) solid waste (B) gaseous waste (C) agriculture (D) factory
fumes
71. Erosion is as a result of ………………………….. (A) good industrial development (B) heavy rain and lack of landscaping (C)
high population (D) grazing
72. Which one of this is not renewable (A) mining marble stones (B) forest tress (C) water (D) metals
73. Which of these is responsible for the massive exploitation of the environment (A) wild life (B) fishes (C) horticulturist
(D) man
74. Only one of these belongs seriously to environmental sciences. (A) geography (B) work environmental (C) driving
through the city (D) work culture
75. Culture is ………… (A) dancing (B) dressing (C) evolving way of life (D) tradition
76. The land surface of earth for habitation by man is ………………….. (A) 29% (B) 39% (C) 21% (D) 31%
77. Energy flow pattern includes ……………… (A) source (B) conversion (C) consuming device (D) all of the above
78. Which method is employed in the direct conversion of solar energy into electrical energy (A) solar thermal (B)
photovoltaic (C) fuel cells (D) none of the above
79. Man entered the space age in the ……………… century. (A) 21 st (B) 20th (C) industrial revolution (D) none of the above
80. The branch of engineering devoted to the study and development of material, their properties. Processing and
application is …………….. (A) marine (B) mechanical (C) materials and metallurgical (D) production
81. Which of the following energy source have the greatest negative impact on the environment (A) solar energy (B) wind
energy (C) geothermal energy (D) coal
82. Broadband internet access became commonplace in developed countries during the ………….. (A) industrial revolution
(B) renaissance period (C) 2nd century (D) none of the above
83. Advances in power generation with the use of atomic power gave rise to which branch of engineering (A) civil (B)
mechanical (C) electrical (D) nuclear
84. The rapid development of chemical, electrical, petroleum and steel technologies first took place during the
…………………… (A) 21st century (B) renaissance period (C) 2nd industrial revolution (D) stone age
85. The branch of engineering devoted to the design and operation of system to propel a ship is …………………… (A) marine
(B) mechanical (C) materials and metallurgical (D) production
86. Which energy source enhanced the industrial revolution in the 18 th and 19th century (A) solar energy (B) nuclear
energy (C) wind energy (D) coal
87. Petroleum oil, natural gas, coal and hydro belong to which energy classification (A) renewable (B) non-conventional
(C) conventional (D) none of the above
88. Energy used for offices, schools, hospitals, stores and hotels is classified as ………………………. (A) residential (B) industry
(C) transportation (D) commercial
89. Major technological advances recorded during the medieval era include the invention of ………………………… (A)
windmills (B) watermills (C) mechanical clocks (D) all of the above
90. Efficient use of machinery, labour and raw materials for production is in area of ……………….. (A) materials engineering
(B) mechanical engineering (C) industrial engineering (D) chemical engineering
91. Factors that determine energy usage include …………………. (A) economic (B) technological (C) lifestyle (D) all of the
above
92. Energy of biological system such as wood and wastes is called ………………. (A) biotechnology (B) bioengineering (C)
biomass (D) none of the above
93. Chemical energy is a form of which energy (A) kinetic (B) nuclear (C) potential (D) all of the above
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94. Energy usage in the transportation sector depends almost exclusively on which form of energy (A) solid fuel (B) liquid
fuel (C) nuclear fuel (D) none of the above
95. Which of the following is a contribution of engineering and technology to the society (A) societal transformation (B)
employment generation (C) improved standards of living (D) all of the above
96. Processing into smokeless briquettes is used for which of the following fuels. (A) LPG (B) diesel (C) coal (D) uranium
97. Energy from the sun reaches the earth in the form of …………….. (A) heat and light (B) light and sound (C) chemical and
mechanical (D) all of the above
98. The problem of radioactive waste generation and disposal is associated with ………………….. (A) solar energy (B) nuclear
energy (C) wind energy (D) all of the above
99. The use of aero-turbine is association with which form of energy (A) nuclear energy (B) wind energy (C) geothermal
energy (D) petroleum energy
100. A major device for hydro-electric power generation is the ………………. (A) Windmill (B) Gas Turbine (C) Water
Turbine (D) Aero-Turbine

1.C 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.B 6.B 7.D 8.A 9.A 10.A
11.C 12.C 13.D 14.A 15.C 16.B 17.C 18.B 19.C 20.D
21.B 22.C 23.D 24.D 25.B 26.D 27.B 28.D 29.C 30.B
31.C 32.C 33.B 34.A 35.B 36.D 37.C 38.B 39.D 40.B
41.B 42.A 43.C 44.D 45.B 46.B 47.C 48.C 49.C 50.B
51.C 52.D 53.A 54.B 55.A 56.A 57.B 58.B 59.A 60.D
61.B 62.B 63.C 64.A 65.C 66.C 67.A 68.C 69.B 70.C
71.B 72.A 73.D 74.A 75.C 76.A 77.D 78.B 79.B 80.C
81.D 82.C 83.D 84.C 85.A 86.D 87.C 88.D 89.D 90.C
91.D 92.C 93.C 94.B 95.D 96.C 97.A 98.B 99.B 100.C

1. The loss of limbs in snakes was used to buttress the theory of use and disuse of body parts and inheritance of acquired
characteristics by ………………… (A) charles darwin (B) hugo de vires (C) jean baptiste de larmack (D) anaximander
2. The field of study that replaced natural history before the term biology was adopted as………………………. (A) natural
philosophy (B) theology (C) pharmacology (D) geology
3. The theory of spontaneous generation states that life originated from …………….. (A) other living things (B) preexisting
life (C) non-living things (D) the almighty creator
4. The first scientists to identify fossils as the remains of extinct animals was................. (A) Aristotle (B) anaximander (C)
anaximenes (D) Xenophanes
5. Biomial nomenclature in taxonomy was introduced by which of these scientists? (A) Charles Darwin (B) carolus
linaeus (C) anaximenes (D) anaximander
6. Worldwide access to better measurement, theoretical models and predictive model experimentation was developed in
the....................... Century (A) 20 th (B) 19th (C) 21st (D) 18th
7. The treatise on evolution titled "on the origin of species by natural selection" was published in 1859 by................... (A)
Charles Darwin (B) Louis Pasteur (C) Ernst haeckel (D) miller
8. ...................... Is a technology used in medicine and other biological products (A) information technology (B) gene
therapy (C) biotechnology (D) ecology
9. One of these ways will help man conserve his environment f sustainable use (A) deforestation (B) overgrazing (C)
10. Which of this is not a game reserve in Nigeria? (A) kainji dam (B) hadeija-nguru wetland (C) okomu forest (D) oban
hills National Park
11. Which of these characteristics is the earliest human trait in evolution? (A) ability to work (B) bipedalism (C) complex
brain (D) language development
12. The modern human, Homo Sapiens origin have been traced to................... (A) Europe (B) Australia (C) Africa (D)
America
13. Which of these is not a reason for the disappearance of many herbal plants and animals species in Nigeria (A) tourism
(B) overgrazing (C) soil erosion (D) tree cutting
14. The study of living things in semi-controlled environments falls under the field of................... (A) embryology (B)
ecology (C) physiology (D) biochemistry
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15. Which of these is a synonym for genetic engineering? (A) bioinformatics (B) biotechnology (C) embryology (D)
astrobiology
16. The discovery of...................... Opened up biological thinking in the 19 th century (A) telescope (B) magnifying lens (C)
microscope (D) electronic device
17. Which of these in human history is of no relevance in biological sciences? (A) Roman's (B) Babylonians (C) Arabians
(D) Greeks
18. "Living things as mechanics" is a slogan in the scope of........................ (A) biophysics (B) biotechnology (C)
psychology (D) physiology
19. The theory of artificial selection and natural selection were propounded by........... And.......... (A) abu rayham birumi
and Charles Darwin (B) al-jahiz and Charles Darwin (C) abu rayhan and francis galton (D) Charles Darwin and Francis
galton
20. The theory of evolution which states that "only changes affecting the germplasm is heritable" was propounded
by............ (A) Charles Darwin (B) August Wisemann (C) Victor Hugo de vires (D) Aristotle
21. ............... Is referred to as the father of microbiology (A) Charles Darwin (B) Louis Pasteur (C) Victor Hugo de vires
(D) Aristotle
22. ............. Described the nucleus of the cell in 1831 (A) August weismann (B) Victor Hugo de vires (C) Thomas Henry
Huxley (D) Robert brown
23. Which of these philosophers idea is relevant in modern biological sciences? (A) Anaximander (B) Aristotle (C)
Erasmus Darwin (D) Xenophanes
24. The experiment that paved way for the synthesis of organic compounds was conducted by................ (A) Oparin (B)
miller (C) Needham (D) spallanzi
25. The cell theory was first propounded by................. (A) Ernest haekel (B) erasmus Darwin (C) thomas Henry Huxley
(D) schleiden and schwann
26. The nile River rises from from the lakes of Central Africa as the white nole and fron the mountains of Ethiopia as
the................ (A) blue nile (B) black Nile (C) red nile (D) yellow nile
27. Which of the following rivers is said to be the cradel of Chinese civilization? (A) blue river (B) white river (C) red river
(D) yellow river
28. Who among the following scientists saw the study of mathematics is the purifier of the soul? (A) Aristotle (B)
Archimedes (C) Pythagoras (D) Plato
29. Who among the following scientists is best known for the “eponymous law of the planetary motion”? (A) johannes
kepler (B) Archimedes (C) Pythagoras (D) Plato
30. The mysteries of DNA as the template on which living things are fashioned were unraveled by................ (A) Crick And
Watson (B) Dulong And Peit (C) Pythagoras (D) Plato
31. The pH (a measure of acidity) of natural rainfall is about............. (A) 5.6 (B) 8.6 (C) 11.69 (D) 13.5
32. The amount of water vapour in the air is regarded as.................. (A) temperature (B) humidity (C) evaporation (D)
transportation
33. The acronym REM means (A) Roentgen Equilibrium (B) Revolution Equivalent In Man (C) Roentgen Equation In Man
(D) Roentgen Equivalent In Man
34. Which of this is not a major component of gases in the atmosphere? (A) nitrogen (B) oxygen (C) argon (D) xenon
35. Newton's book which enthroned mechanics as a foremost science is called....................... (A) principle (B) principal
(C) principia (D) principled
36. The periodic table classified elements according to their.................... (A) Colours (B) atomic weights (C) form (D)
fragrances
37. ................... Are two key components of natural science (A) observation and critical thought (B) biological science and
physical science (C) concepts and theories (D) philosophy and sociology
38. The dictum that "God does not pla6 dice with the universe" was stated by........................ (A) James c. Maxwell (B)
Einstein (C) Aristotle (D) isaac Newton
39. What year did maxwell publish a book entitled A Dynamic Theory Of The Electromagnetic field? (A) 1861 (B) 1862 (C)
1865 (D) 1866
40. Which of the following is not incorrect about the man, ptolemy (A) astronomer and geographer (B) physicist and
physician (C) physicist and geographer (D) none of these
41. Exponential representation of very large Numbers was invented by................... (A) Socrates (B) Aristotle (C)
Archimedes (D) Plato
42. ………………. Is the first civilization to record a supernova in the astrological annalsof the houhanshu in 185 A.D. (A)
Chinese (B) Babylonian (C) Greek (D) egyptian
43. Astronomy as a science was introduced by …………………... (A) Egyptians (B) babylonians (C) Chinese (D) Greeks
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44. The law of inertia was first proposed by ……………….. (A) Galileo (B) newton (C) kepler (D) Watson
45. The diction that God authored both book of natures was stated by (A) St. Thomas Aquinas (B) Al-Battan (C) Al-hassen
(D) pliny
46. Which of these is not a theory about the universe (A) geometric theory (B) heliocentric (C) galactocentric theory (D)
lactocentric theory
47. The law that is joinig a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal interval of time was stated by who (A)
newton (B) Johannes (C) Aristotle (D) Plato
48. Who among the following proposed the notion that the earth revolve around the sun as early as in the 3 rd century B.C.
(A) Socrates (B) Aristotle (C) Aristarchus (D) Plato
49. According to Aristotle, soul composed of two broad components (A) rational part and irrational part (B) scientific and
calculative (C) desiderative and vegetative (D) rational part and scientific part
50. ……….. Is the apparent moton of fixed objects seen by an observer in motion (A) relativity (B) paralliax (C) parallel (D)
star
51. Mineral are valuabe materials or resources and are classified as any of the following EXCEPT ……………. (A) mineral fuel
(B) ferro-alloy (C) age of forest (D) iron and non-forrous materials. Which is the odd one
52. In the study of environmental science, which of these talked about the environment (A) ufuah (B) goodluck jonathan
(C) buhari (D) fayose
53. Stock is ……….. (A) what is naturally available to man (B) what is not naturally available to man (C) looking at the stock
(D) receiving the stock
54. Natural resources compete (A) in the forest (B) n the market square (C) in the market (D) in the presence of man
55. Conservation makes sense in the following ways EXCEPT ………………. (A) thedestruction of vegetative cover (B)
healthwise (C) economically (D) protecting resources from unwanted exploitation
56. Environment remiediation is advanced to one of these (A) insects (B) living and non-living things (C) man (D)
aborigines
57. Culture is defined as …………….. (A) established ways of doing things (B) retention and propagation of culture (C)
advanced form of culture (D) models of culture
58. Which of these is environmentally friendly? (A) deforestation (B) mining if coal (C) mining of lead (D) horticulture
59. It is not true that …………… cannot pollute environment (A) solid waste (B) gaseous (C) horticulture (D) factory fumes
60. Erosion is a result of …………… (A) good industrial (B) heavy rain (C) high population (D) overgrazing, lack of drains and
planning
61. By your evaluation which of these is not an environmentalist by any standard (A) geographer (B) road construction
engineer (C) surveyor (D) advocate of green environment
62. Environmental science is……………….. (A) the study of man and the environment (B) the study between physical and
human geography (C) the sudy between past and present environment (D) the study between develop and under
developed
63. Environmental science is aimed at …………. (A) land (B) forest background (C) environmental problem (D) all of the
above
64. Which of these does not fit into this area of study (A) forestry (B) agriculture (C) socio cultural balance (D) motor
mechanic
65. Dramatic change in population density impinges on …………….. (A) change in environmental quality (B) sex of man and
animals (C) production capacity of industries (D) churches and mosques growth
66. Which of these is a misfit (A) hydrosphere (B) atmosphere (C) lithosphere (D) spherical objects
67. Lithosphere refers to …………………. (A) sky (B) water (C) land (D) gases
68. Venn diagram showing linkages of physical components of earth does not include ………………. (A)
hydrosphere/biosphere (B) environment and nature (C) lithosphere /biosphere (D) hunting in the forest
69. Atmosphere composition includes the following except …………… (A) oxygen of about 21% (B) nitrogen of about 78%
(C) argon and neon of about 1% (D) natural gas from crude oil 42%
70. It has been said that ………… percentage earth surface is covered with water (A) 50% (B) 10% (C) 71% (D) 81%
71. In other words, the land surface of the earth for habitation by man is ………………… (A) 29% (B) 39% (C) 21% (D) 31%
72. Only one of these belongs seriously to environmental science. Identify it : (A) architecture (B) work environment (C)
work culture (D) driving through the city
73. One of these is not renewable. Which one (A) coal (B) forest trees (C) water (D) metals
74. Which of these is responsible for the massive exploitation of the environment (A) wildlife (B) fishes (C) whoever use
the earth without replacement (D) forester
75. Culture is ………………………….. And tradition is …………….. (A) dancing and dressing (B) dressing and landscaping (C)
evolved way of life and propagating (D) tradition only
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76. The best technological response to the problem of accumulated municipal waste is …………….. (A) incineration (B)
recycling (C) dump sites (D) none of the above
77. Factors that determine energy usage include ………………… (A) demographic (B) economic (C) technological (D) all of
the above
78. Which method is employed is direct conservation of solar energy into electrical energy (A) solar thermal (B)
photovoltaic (C) fuel cells (D) none of the above
79. A major device for hydro-electric power generation is the ………………… (A) wind-mill (B) gas turbine (C) water turbine
(D) aero turbine
ANSWER TO GST 112 PART 2 PAST QUESTIONS

1.C 2.D 3.C 4.D 5.D 6.C 7.A 8.C 9.C 10.A 11.B 12.C 13.A 14.D 15.B 16.C 17.B 18.B 19.A 20.B 21.B 22.D 23.B
24.B 25.D 26.A 27.D 28.C 29.A 30.A 31.A 32.B 33.C 34.C 35.C 36.B 37.A 38.B 39.B 40.A 41.C 42.A 43.C 44.A
45.A 46.D 47.B 48.C 49.A 50.B 51.C 52.A 53.A 54.C 55.A 56.C 57.A 58.D 59.C 60.D 61.D 62.A 63.C 64.D 65.A
66.D 67.C 68.D 69.B 70.C 71.C 72.A 73.C 74.C 75.C 76.B 77.D 78.B 79.C 80.C 81.C 82.D 83.C 84.D 85.C 86.C
87.B 88.C 89.C 90.B 91.C 92.A 93.C 94.A 95.B 96.A 97.B 98.A 99.B 100.D

1. Who among these thinkers carried out extensive research on cell components and heredity (A) August Weismann (B)
Victor Hugo De Vires (C) Thomas Henry Huxley (D) Robert Brown
2. ….……………..are know as the father of zoology and botany, respectively (A) Anaximander And Aristotle (B) Aristotle And
Theoprastus (C) Eramus Darwin And Theophratus (D) Erasmus And Charles Darwin
3. Genetic engineering is a technology used in medicine and manufacture of other biological products (A) information
technology (B) game therapy (C) biotechnology (D) production engineering
4. Which of these ways will help man conserve his environment for sustainable use (A) deforestation (B) overgrazing (C)
5. A species in imminent danger of extinction in its habitat is termed (A) threatened (B) endangered (C) vulnerable (D)
game animal
6. One of these nations is of relevance in the history of biological sciences (A) Romans (B) babylonians (C) arabians (D)
Greeks
7. The history of natural selection were propounded by ……………….. (A) eramus Darwin (B) Aristotle (C) francis galton
(D) charles darwin
8. The invention of …………………. Opened up biological thinking in the 19 th century (A) telescope (B) magnifying lens (C)
microscope (D) electronic device
9. “living things and machines” is a slogan in the scope of ________ (A) biophysics (B) biotechnology (C) psychology
(D) physiology
10. The unit of structure and function in all living things is (A) atom (B) cell (C) nucleus (D) Molecule
11. Which of these characteristics in the earliest human trait in evolution? (A) ability to make tools (B) bipedalism (C)
complex brain (D) language development
12. The fossils of early humans were located in _______ (A) Europe (B) austrialia (C) Africa (D) America
13. The universal carrier of energy in the cell is _______ (A) glucose (B) adenosine triphosphate (C) fatty acid (D) amino
acid
14. The study of living things in semi-controlled environment falls under the field of _______ (A) ambryology (B)
biolochemistry (C) physiology (D) ecology
15. The works of ________ paved way for the preservation of milk and development of vaccines (A) Charles Darwin (B)
George Curvier (C) Louis Pasteur (D) Aristotle
16. The development of long neck in giraffe was used to buttress the theory of use and disuse of body parts and
inheritance of acquired characteristic by _______ (A) Charles Darwin (B) Hugo De Vires (C) Jean Baptiste De Larmack
(D) Anaximander
17. The term used for the study of living things before the term ‘Biology’ was adopted was _______ (A) Natural
philosophy (B) Natural history (C) Pharmacology (D) geology
18. The theory of abiogenesis states that life originated from _______ (A) Other Living Things (B) Pre-Exiting Life (C)
Non-Living Things (D) The Almighty Creator
19. The first scientist to identify fossils as the remains of extinct animals was _______ (A) Aristotle (B) Anaximander (C)
Anaximenes (D) Xenophanes
20. The theory of evolution which states that “only changes affecting the germplasm is heritable” was propounded by
_______ (A) Charles Darwin (B) August Weismann (C) Victor Hugo De Vires (D) Aristotle
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21. _______ is referred to as the father of Microbiology (A) Charles Darwin (B) Louis Pasteur (C) Victor Hugo De Vires
(D) Aristotle
22. _______ is referred to as the father of Biochemistry (A) Oparin (B) Spallanzani (C) Needham (D) Thales
23. Binomial nomenclature in taxonomy was introduced by which of the following scientists? (A) Charles Darwin (B)
Carolus Linnaeus (C) Anaximenes (D) Anaximandeer
24. The treatise on Evolution titled “On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection” was published in 1859 by _______ (A)
Charles Darwin (B) Louis Pasteur (C) Ernst Haeckel (D) Miller
25. Exponential representation of very large numbers was invented by ________ (A) Socrates (B) Aristotle (C)
Archimedes (D) Plato
26. Which of the following civilizations were the first to record a supernova in the astrological annals of the Houhanshu in
185 A.D? (A) Babylonian civilization (B) Egyptian civilization (C) Greek Civilization (D) Chinese civilization.
27. The Pythagorean Theorem about right angle triangles is given as _______ (A) a 2 + b2 – c2 (B) a2 + b2 - C2 = 0 (C) C2 + b2
= a2 (D) a2 + c2 = b2
28. The law that the orbit of a planet about the sun is an ellipse with the sun’s center of mass at one focus was stated by
_______ (A) Isaac Newton (B) Johannes Kepler (C) Plato (D) James Clerk Maxwell
29. James Clerk Maxwell is best known for his work on ________ (A) relativity (B) atomic theory (C) kinetic theory (D)
electromagnetic theory
30. Anthropogenic (man-made) sources of pollution include the following except _______ (A) industrial wastes (B)
agricultural wastes (C) ocean release (D) combustion of fossil fuels
31. In which of the following years did Albert Einstein receive the Nobel Prize in Physics “for his services in Theoretical
Physics and especially for his discovery of law of the photoelectric Effect”? (A) 1925 (B) 1921 (C) 1927 (D) 1928
32. Traditional Chinese science was pursued for the following reasons, except _______ (A) Application for technology (B)
Chinese Civilization (C) Babylonian Civilization (D) Greek Civilization
33. The first ancient civilization to attempt to understand the principle of nature is the _______ (A) Egyptian civilization
(B) Chinese civilization (C) Babylonian civilization (D) Greek civilization
34. Light is in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum between _______ (A) 180 – 280nm (B) 50 – 280nm (C)
290 – 780nm (D) 390 – 780nm
35. The application of computer science and information technology to the field of biology and science is termed
……………….. (A) Biotechnology (B) Bioinformatics (C) Computation Biology (D) Astrobiology
36. Which of the following is not a major component of gases in the atmosphere (A) Nitrogen (B) Oxygen (C) Argon (D)
Xenon
37. That the earth revolved around the sun enthroned the ………….. (A) Heliocentric System (B) Galactocentric System (C)
Geocentric System (D) Lunar System
38. Which of these is not a theory about the universal (A) Geocentric Theory (B) Heliocentric Theory (C) Galactocentric
Theory (D) Lactocentric Theory
39. The author of the text, equilibrium of planes is …………..… (A) Ptolemy (B) Archimedes (C) Charles (D) Phiny
40. The law of inertia was first proposed by ……….. (A) Galileo (B) Newton (C) Kepler (D) Watson
41. Heat determines ……………. Which tells the degree of hotness or coldness of any object (A) pressure (B) temperature
(C) humidity (D) force
42. The first Greek philosopher that introduced the question of form is ………….. (A) Thales (B) Millien (C) Pythagoras (D)
Archimedes
43. Philosophy emerged out of the search for ………………. (A) regularities in nature (B) irregularities in nature (C) chaos in
nature (D) natural forces
44. The oldest famous mathematician text-elements is credited to ………………. (A) Euclid (B) Ptolemy (C) Archimedes (D)
Thales
45. Boyle’s law is simply ……………. (A) the inverse relationship between the volume of gas and its pressure (B) the direct
relationship between the volume of gas and its pressure (C) the inverse relationship between the volume of gas and its
temperature (D) the direct relationship between the volume of a gas and its temperature
46. The relationship between physical observation and numbers was established by ………………. (A) Aristotle (B) Euclid (C)
Pythagoras (D) Ptolemy
47. The procedure for calculating areas of circles by method of exhaustion was devised by ………………….. (A) Archimedes
(B) Thales (C) Aristotle (D) Charles
48. The diction that God authored both the book of scriptures and of exhaustion was divided by ………….. (A) St. Thomas
Aquinas (B) Al-Battan (C) Al-Hassen (D) Pliny
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49. The statement. “I want to go when I want. It is tasteless to prolong life artificially. I have done my share. It is time to
go. I will do it elegantly” is credited to …………. (A) Isaac Newton (B) Galileo Galilei (C) Albert Einstein (D) James Clerk
Maxwell
50. Who among the following invented the first periodic table including 33 elements (A) John Dalton (B) Laurent Antoine
Lavoisier (C) Robert Boyle (D) Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev
51. Which of this is a misfit (A) hydrosphere (B) spherical objects (C) atmosphere (D) hydrosphere
52. Tradition is defined as ……………………. (A) cultural dances by the society (B) acceptance of a way of life and repeating it
for a long time (C) advanced for of culture (D) models of culture
53. Venn diagram showing linkage of the physical components of earth does not include ………………………….. (A)
hydrosphere (B) lithosphere (C) hydrosphere (D) biosphere
54. Atmosphere composition include the following except …………….. (A) oxygen of about 21% (B) nitrogen of about 78%
(C) argon and neon of about 1% (D) atomic gas is above the carbon dioxide
55. It has been said that of carbon dioxide …………….. Percentage is above the earth surface (A) 50% (B) 0.33% (C) 71% (D)
0.22%
56. By your evaluation, which of these is not an environmentalist by any standard (A) geographer (B) forester (C) surveyor
(D) advocate and solicitor
57. Environmental science is ………………… (A) the study of man and the environment (B) the study between physical and
human geography (C) the study between past and present environment (D) the study between developed and
underdeveloped
58. Environmental science is aimed at ………………….. (A) man’s problems (B) environmental problem (C) forest background
(D) land problem
59. Which of these does not fit into the area of environmental study (A) agriculture (B) forestry (C) photography (D)
social-cultural balance
60. Dramatic change in population density impinges on ………………… (A) change in environmental quality (B) sex of man
and animals (C) production capacity of industries (D) churches and mosques growth
61. Minerals are valuable materials of resources and are classified as ……………… (A) minerals fuels (B) ferro-alloy (C) non-
ferrous materials (D) all of the above
62. In the study of environmental science, which of these did not talk about the environment (A) Ufuah (B) Wayne
Hammond (C) Egede (D) Hagett
63. Stock is ……………. (A) what is naturally available to man (B) what is not naturally available to man (C) looking at the
stock (D) receiving the stock
64. Natural resources compete ……………. (A) in the forest (B) in the market square (C) in the presence of man
65. Conservation is said not to make sense in the following ways except ……………. (A) indiscriminate felling of trees (B)
occurrence of wild fires in the forest and bushes (C) protecting resources from unwanted exploitation (D) in
concentrating on consumption of resources only
66. Environmental remediation is advocated by …………. (A) Man (B) Doctor (C) Environmentalist (D) Aborigines
67. Erosion is as a result of …………… (A) good industrial development (B) heavy rain and lack of landscape (C) high
population (D) grazing
68. Which one of these is not renewable (A) coal (B) forest trees (C) water (D) solar
69. Which of these is environmentally friendly (A) deforestation (B) shifting cultivation (C) mining of lead (D) mining of
coal
70. Only one of these belong seriously to environmental science. Identify it (A) geography (B) work environmental (C)
work culture (D) driving through city environment
71. Culture is ……………… (A) dancing (B) dressing (C) evolved way of life (D) tradition
72. The land surface of the earth for habitation for man is …….. (A) 29% (B) 29% (C) 21% (D) 31%
73. It is not true that ……………… can pollute the environment (A) solid waste (B) gaseous waste (C) agriculture (D) factory
fumes
74. Which of these is responsible for the massive exploitation of the environment (A) wild life (B) fishes (C) horticulturist
(D) man
75. Lithosphere and hydrosphere refers to …………. And ………….. Respectively (A) sky and water (B) water and river (C)
land and water (D) gases and water
76. The first industrial revolution began in the ………….. (A) 20th century (B) 21st century (C) 18th century (D) none of the
above
77. The branch of engineering that deals with exploration of mineral deposits is ……………. (A) mechanical (B) civil (C)
geological and mining (D) military
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78. Appropriate technology is reputed to be ………………. (A) small scale (B) energy efficient (C) environmentally sound (D)
all of the above
79. The first hydro-power supply station in Nigeria is at …………… (A) jebba (B) kainji (C) itakpe (D) ikom
80. The digester is used for which source of energy (A) nuclear (B) biogas (C) wind (D) solar
81. Which of the under-listed is not a benefit from application of engineering and technology (A) global warning (B) water
pollution (C) depletion of energy resources (D) none of the above
82. The use of flat plate collectors is linked with which of the following application (A) photo-voltaic (B) solar thermal (C)
biomass (D) none of the above
83. Which of the following is defined as :systematic study of techniques for making and doing things” (A) science (B)
engineering (C) technology (D) none of the above
84. The branch of engineering concerned with the creation, improvement and protection of the communal environment is
……………… (A) mechanical (B) civil (C) electrical (D) marine
85. Factors that determine energy usage include …………….. (A) demographic (B) economic (C) technological (D) all of the
above
86. Major technological advances recorded during he medieval technological period include invention of ……………… (A)
windmills (B) watermills (C) mechanical clock (D) all of the above
87. Energy usage in transportation sector depends almost exclusively on which form of energy (A) solid fuel (B) liquid fuel
(C) nuclear fuel (D) none of the above
88. A major device for hydro-electric power generation is the …………….. (A) windmill (B) gas turbine (C) water turbine (D)
aero turbine
89. Which period witnessed a revival in scientific activities leading to many discoveries (A) early technology (B) medieval
technology (C) renaissance technology (D) 20th century
90. Which of the following excelled in the art of building with stones during the ancient technology period (A) Romans (B)
Greeks (C) Chinese (D) Egyptians
91. The required fuel for nuclear energy generation is ………… (A) petrol (B) diesel (C) uranium (D) titanium
92. The first step in mining technology began during the …………… (A) Paleolithic age (B) Neolithic age (C) ancient
technology (D) medieval technology
93. The copper age lasted from ………. To ………….. (A) 6000 to 5000 B.C (B) 5000 to 3000 B.C (C) 3000 to 200 B.C (D) none
of the above
94. Medieval technology occurred between ……………….. And ………………. (A) 1st to 6 th century (B) 17th to 18 th century (C)
20th century (D) none of the above
95. The first development of power aircraft was credited to …………… (A) the wright brothers (B) Thomas Edison (C) Lee
Deforest (D) None Of The Above
96. The development of steam-power ships and railway occurred during the ………. (A) first industrial revolution (B) second
industrial revolution (C) neolithic period (D) none of the above
97. The development of the printing press is creduted to ……… (A) Archimede (B) Johannes Guatenberg (C) Robert Boyle
(D) None Of The Above
98. The development of biotechnology and bioengineering began in the …………. (A) industrial revolution (B) ancient
technology (C) 21st century (D) none of the above
99. Which of these were well known for improving pre-existing technologies during the ancient technology (A) Romans (B)
Indians (C) Greeks (D) None Of The Above
100. Which of the following energy source is non-polluting and with limitless potential’s (A) coal (B) natural gas (C)
solar (D) biomass
ANSWER TO GST 112 PART 3 PAST QUESTIONS

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.C 5.B 6.B 7.D 8.C 9.B 10.B 11.B 12.C 13.B 14.D 15.C 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.D 20.B 21.B 22.A 23.B
24.A 25.C 26.D 27.B 28.B 29.D 30.B 31.B 32.B 33.D 34.D 35.B 36.D 37.A 38.D 39.B 40.A 41.B 42.C 43.A 44.A
45.A 46.C 47.A 48.A 49.C 50.D 51.B 52.B 53.A 54.D 55.B 56.D 57.A 58.B 59.D 60.A 61.D 62.C 63.A 64.C 65.C
66.A 67.B 68.A 69.B 70.A 71.C 72.A 73.C 74.D 75.C 76.C 77.C 78.D 79.B 80.B 81.D 82.A 83.C 84.B 85.D 86.D
87.B 88.C 89.D 90.D 91.C 92.D 93.B 94.A 95.A 96.A 97.B 98.C 99.C 100.C
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General Studies Summary by OMUGHELE FABULOUS

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GST 111 KEY POINTS, PAST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ---- NIGERIAN PEOPLE AND CULTURE

DISTINTIVE ERUDITE SCHOLARS (DE - SCHOLARS)

CHAPTER TWO: NIGERIAN PEOPLE AND CULTURE

CHAPTER THREE: SOME HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA DURING THE 19 TH CENTURY

CHAPTER FOUR: NATIONAL ECONOMY, ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND NATIONAL INCOME

CHAPTER SIX: EVOLUTION OF NIGERIA AS A POLITICAL ENTITY

CHAPTER SEVEN: POLITICAL AND MORAL OBLIGATIONS OF CITIZENS

CHAPTER EIGHT: THE INDIVIDUAL AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER NINE: SOCIETY, CULTURE AND THE INDIVIDUAL

CHAPTER TEN: THE CONCEPT OF FUNCTIONAL EDUCATION

CHAPTER ELEVEN: AFRICAN WORLD VIEW

GST 111 PART 1 PAST QUESTIONS

ANSWERS TO GST 111 PART 1 QUESTIONS

GST 111 PART 2 PAST QUESTIONS

ANSWERS TO GST 111 PART 2 PAST QUESTIONS

GST 111 PART 3 PAST QUESTIONS

ANSWERS TO GST 111 PART 3 PAST QUESTIONS

GST 111 PART 4 PAST QUESTIONS

ANSWERS TO GST 111 PART 4 PAST QUESTIONS

GST 112 KEY POINTS, PAST

CHAPTER THIRTEEN: THEORIES OF EVOLUTION

CHAPTER FOURTEEN: MAN AND HIS COSMIC ENVIRONMENT

SOME NIGERIAN ANIMALS AND THEIR SCIENTIC NAMES

SOME NIGERIAN FOOD CROPS AND THEIR BOTANICAL NAMES

GAME RESERVES IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER FIFTEEN: ORIGINS OF SCIENTIFIC TRUTH AND REVIVAL OF SCIENCE

CHAPTER SIXTEEN: REVIVAL OF SCIENCE

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: DAMAGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS, ENVIRONMENT AND ITS RESOURCES ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER NINETEEN: ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE

CHAPTER TWENTY: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO: ENERGY AND THE SOCIETY

ANSWERS TO GST 112 PART 1 PAST QUESTIONS

GST 112 PART 2 PAST QUESTIONS

ANSWER TO GST 112 PART 2 PAST QUESTIONS

GST 112 PART 3 PAST QUESTIONS

ANSWER TO GST 112 PART 3 PAST QUESTIONS

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