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Onesimos Nesib

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Onesimos Nesib was a native Oromo who converted to Lutheran Christianity andtranslated the Christian
Bible into the Oromo language. His parents named him Hikaas a baby, meaning Translator, he took the
name Onesimus, after the Biblicalcharacter, Onesimos Nesib is included in the American Lutheran Book
of Worshipas a saint, who commemorate his life 21 June. The Mekane Yesus Church honoredhim by
naming their seminary in Addis Ababa for him, born near Hurumu in modernEthiopia, Onesimos lost his
father when he was four years old. There he proved agood student, and eventually received baptism on
Easter Sunday and he was sent tothe Johannelund missionary seminary in Bromma, Sweden for five
years to receivefurther education, upon his return to Massawa, he married Mehret Hailu. His partygot
no closer than Asosa, and were forced to return to the town of Famaka. The partywas forced back to
Khartoum, which they reached on 10 April 1882 just as theMahdist revolt broke out. Onesimos
recovered from his illness, and found his way back to the Imkullu Mission, after attempting another
unsuccessful mission to reachWelega in 1886, he began his translation of the entire Bible.
Unfortunately,Onesimos found that he lacked knowledge of the words and idioms of his nativelanguage
for he had not lived with his people since childhood. This came from AsterGanno, a girl who had been
brought to Imkullu Mission. Although she providedmuch of the material for the translation, Aster failed
to receive anyacknowledgement for her contributions. It was not until 1904 that Onesimos at
lastreturned to Welega at a place called Nedjo, unlike his predecessor, Onesimos preached to his flock in
the Oromo language, which the local Ethiopian Orthodox priests could not understand, and incurred
their hostility. This, combined with theesteem the local Oromo had for him and he was brought before
Abuna Mattheos inMay 1906, who ordered that he be exiled upon the accusations of the local
clergy.However Emperor Menelik reversed the Abunas decision, and ruled that Onesimos

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could return to Nekemte, although Lij Iyasu was deposed the next year from his position as designated
Emperor, his edict was not rescinded, and Onesimoscontinued to distribute his translations and preach
until his death. DACB article onOnesimos Nesib Mekura Blucha, Onesimos Nasibs Pioneering
Contributions toOromo Writing, Nordic Journal of African Studies 4, 36-592. Oromo people

The Oromo people are an ethnic group inhabiting Ethiopia, whoare also found in northern Kenya and
Somalia. They are the largest ethnic group inEthiopia and the wider Horn of Africa, at approximately 34.
5% of Ethiopias population according to the 2007 census, with an estimated total Ethiopian population
of over 102 million, the number of Oromo people exceed 35 million inEthiopia alone. Oromos speak the
Oromo language as a tongue, which is part of theCushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. They were
referred to as Galla throughmuch of the history, the word Oromo appeared for the first time in 1893,
then slowly became common in the second half of the 20th century. The Oromo peoplesubscribed to
their Traditional Religion, had the system of governance in theirmedieval history which consisted of
elections of their leaders. An elected leader bygadaa system stays on power only for 8 years, from 15 to
17 century Oromos werethe dominant players in Northern Ethiopian Zemene Mesafinit era politics.
TheOromo people became Christians or Muslims over the centuries, while some retainedtheir
traditional beliefs and they have been one of the parties to historic migrations,and wars particularly with
northern Christians and with southern and easternMuslims, in the Horn of Africa. Older and subsequent
colonial era documentsmention Oromo people as Galla, anthropologists and historians such as Herbert
S.Lewis consider these indirect literature as full of distortions, biases andmisunderstandings. Historical
linguistics and comparative ethnology studies suggestthat the Oromo people likely originated around
the lakes Shamo and they are

Cushitic people who have inhabited the East and Northeast Africa from at least theearly 1st millennium.
The first verifiable record mentioning the Oromo people by aEuropean cartographer is in the map of
Italian Fra Mauro in 1460, the map was likelydrawn after consultations with Ethiopian monks who
visited Italy in 1441. It is aterm for a river and a forest, as well as for the people established in the
highlands ofsouthern Ethiopia. This historical information, according to Mohammed Hassen, isconsistent
with the written, Fra Mauros term Galla is the most used term, however,through early 20th century. The
earliest primary account of Oromo ethnography, andoften cited, is the 16th-century History of Galla by
Christian monk Bahrey whocomes from the Sidama country of Gammo and he begins his treatise on the
Oromo by introducing them with prejudicial terms. According to an 1861 book byDAbbadie, a French
explorer who traveled up to Kaffa by 1843, he was told that theword Galla was derived from a war cry
and used by the Gallas themselves. A journal published by International African Institute suggests it is an
Oromo word for thereis a word galla wandering in their language, the first known use of the word
Oromoto refer to this ethnic group is traceable to 1893. The historic term for them has beenGalla and
this term, stated Juxon Barton in 1924, was in use for these people byAbyssinians and Arabs. The word
Galla has been interpreted, such as it means to gohome. In Afar language, states Morin, Galli means
crowd, foreigners and carriesderogatory connotation ordinary, other societies such as the Anuak people
refer allthe migrant highlanders consisting of largely Amharas as Galla people while theTigreans, in the
past, refer Amharas as half Galla3. Eritrea

Eritrea, officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa.With its capital at Asmara, it is
bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south,the northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have
an extensive coastline along theRed Sea. The nation has an area of approximately 117,600 km2. Its
toponym Eritrea

is based on the Greek name for the Red Sea, Eritrea is a multi-ethnic country, withnine recognized ethnic
groups in its population of around six million. Most residentsspeak languages from the Afroasiatic
family, either of the Ethiopian Semiticlanguages or Cushitic branches, among these communities, the
Tigrinya make upabout 55% of the population, with the Tigre people constituting around 30%
ofinhabitants. In addition, there are a number of Nilo-Saharan-speaking Nilotic ethnicminorities, most
people in the territory adhere to Christianity or Islam. In medievaltimes much of Eritrea fell under the
Medri Bahri kingdom, the creation of modern-day Eritrea is a result of the incorporation of independent,
distinct kingdoms andsultanates eventually resulting in the formation of Italian Eritrea. In 1947 Eritrea
became part of a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethiopia, subsequentannexation into
Ethiopia led to the Eritrean War of Independence, ending withEritrean independence following a
referendum in April 1993. Hostilities betweenEritrea and Ethiopia persisted, leading to the Eritrean

Ethiopian War of 1998

2000and further skirmishes with both Djibouti and Ethiopia, Eritrea is a one-party statein which national
legislative elections have been repeatedly postponed. Accordingto Human Rights Watch, the Eritrean
governments human rights record is consideredamong the worst in the world, the Eritrean government
has dismissed theseallegations as politically motivated. The compulsory military service requireslengthy,
indefinite conscription periods, which some Eritreans leave the country inorder to avoid, since all local
media is state-owned, Eritrea was also ranked as havingthe least press freedom in the global Press
Freedom Index. Eritrea is a member ofthe African Union, the United Nations, and IGAD, during the
Middle Ages, theEritrea region was known as Medri Bahri. The name Eritrea is derived from theancient
Greek name for the Red Sea and it was first formally adopted in 1890, withthe formation of Italian
Eritrea. The territory became the Eritrea Governorate withinItalian East Africa in 1936, Eritrea was
annexed by Ethiopia in 1953 and an Eritrean

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