STD-AGNA SMFTMS-ENGL 1994 Ml 0687575 OOO4LL4 205 mm 94FTM9 Analytical and Experimental Vibration Analysis of a Damaged Gear by: F. Choy, M. Braun, and V. Polyshchuk University of Akron; J. Zakrajsek,and D. Townsend, Lewis Research Center, NASA; and R. Handschuh, US Army Research Center American Gear Manufacturers Association TECHNICAL PAPERSTD-AGMA SHFTMS-ENGL 1994 MM Ob87575 OOO4L1S 142 mm Analytical and Experimental Vibration Analysis of a Damaged Gear F. Choy, M. Braun, and V. Polyshchuk, University of Akron; J. Zakrajsek, and D. Townsend Lewis Research Center, NASA; and R. Handschuh, US Army Research Center [he statements and opinions contained herein are those ofthe author and should not be construed as an official action or opinion of the American Gear Manufacturers Association.) ABSTRACT: ‘A comprehensive analytical procedure was developed for predicting faults in gear transmission systems under normal ‘operating conditions. A gear tooth fault model is developed to simulate the effects of pitting and wearon the vibration signal under normal operating conditions. ‘The model uses changes inthe gear mesh stiffness to simulate the effects of ‘ear tooth faults, The overall dynamics ofthe gear transmission system is evaluated by coupling the dynamics of each individual gear-rotor system through gear mesh forces generated between each gear-rotor system and the bearing forces generated between the rotor and the gearbox structure, The predicted results were compared with experimental results ‘obiained from a spiral bevel gear fatigue test rig at NASA Lewis Research Center. The Wigner-Ville Distribution (WVD) was used to give a comprehensive comparison of the predicted and experimental results. The WWD method applied tothe experimental results were also compared. other fault detection techniques to verify the W VD’ ability to detect the pitting damage, and to determine its relative performance. Overall results show good correlation between the experimental vibration data of the damaged test gear and the predicted vibration from the model with simulated gear tooth pitting damage. Results also verified that the WVD method can successfully detect and locate gear tooth wear and pitting damage. Copyright © 1994 American Gear Manufacturers Association 1500 King Street, Suite 201 Alexandria, Virginia, 22314 October, 1994 ISBN: 1-55589-644-8 Copyrighl by Ube American Ceor Manufolurers Association ft Dec 29 17:35:43 2006STD-AGNA 4FTMI-ENGL L994 MM Ob87575 OOO4GIb 088 a ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL VIBRATION ANALYSIS ‘OF A DAMAGED GEAR F. K. Choy, Professor M. J. Braun, Professor YV. Polyshebuk, Research Associate ‘The University of Akron, Akron, Obio 44325 4. J. Zakrajsek, Aerospace Engineer D. P. Townsend, Senior Research Engineer NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44135 R. P. Handschub, US Army Research Laboratory, Cleveland, Ohio 44135 L INTRODUCTION In the last two decades, the use of gear transmissions in both defense and commercial applications hhas substantially increased. With the demand for higher power and performance, premature failures in transmissions often result’ in financial losses, and sometimes even lead to catastrophic consequences, Ia the ‘aerospace industry, one of the major concerns is with gear fatigue failures in 'rotorcraft transmission systems. Large vibrations in gear transmission systems usually result in excessive gear tooth wear and possible tooth crack formation which, in turn, leads to premature gear failure. ‘Thus, it is important to understand the dynamics of a transmission system over a variety of fault conditions, as yee as der nominal conditions, With this, methods can be explored to detect and assess the magnitude of the gear damage present. Due to limitations in the number and types. of experiments that can be performed, the only practical means of obtaining this type of data is through analytical simulations. ‘The major objective of the research reported herein is to develop and verify a model to predict the vibration of 4 transmission system with the effects of gear surface pitting and wear. To simulate the vibration of the transmission system, the equations of motion were established individually for each rotor-gear-bearing system. The effects of tooth wear or surface pitting are simulated by, changes in the magnitude and phase of the mesh stiffness. ‘These localized changes in the gear mesh are incomporated into each gear-rotor model for “dynamic simulation{1-3]. The dynamics of each gear-rotor system are coupled with each other through the gear mesh interacting forces and the bearing support forces. The global vibrations of the system are evaluated by solving the transient dynamics of each rotor” system simultaneously with the vibration of the casing. In order to ‘minimize the computational effort, the number of degrees. of-freedom of the system are reduced by using a modal synthesis procedure{I,2). Copyrighl by Ube American Ceor Manufolurers Association Pi Dec 29 17:35:43 20 To verify the analytical model with experimental , the dynamics of single spiral bevel pinion with various degrees of gear tooth damage’ was" simulated. Results from the model were compared to experimental results using « joint time-frequency analysis method. This approach was chosen because of the large amount of information represented in the joint time-frequency rerults ‘which can not be represented separately in either the time domain or the frequency domain. The joint time frequency analysis will provide an instantaneous frequency spectrum of the system at every instant of the revolution of the pinion while a Fourier Transform can only provide the average vibration spectrum of the signal obtatned during ‘one complete revolution. In other words, the time-changin Spectral density from the joint time-fequeney spectra wil provide information concerning the frequency distribution eoncentrated at that instant around the excited jnstentaneous frequency which cannot be obtained in a regular vibration ffequency spectrum. ‘The joint time- frequency analysis approach applies the Wigner-Ville Distribution (WVD) [46] on the time vibration signal of the system. Some success lias been achieved in applying the WVD to gear transmission systems [7,8] to recognize faults at various locations. of the. geat- Other fault detection “techniques, including. frequency domain analysis[910) and aeveral time discriminant methods such as: FMA[I1), NAd", and NB4"(12-14) are also used to compare with and verify with the WVD approach. Based on results of this study, some conclusions are made on the ability of the developed model to simulate gear tooth surface damage, and the ability of the WVD method to detect damage sufficient to verify with the ‘model IL ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE. ‘The dynamics of the ith individual gear-shaft system can be evaluated through the equations of motion for the vibrations of a individual rotor-bearing-gear system as shown in Figure 1[1,2], given in matrix form, asSTD-AGMA SMFTMI-ENGL 1994 MM Ob87575 OOO4LL? TLY a IM] (W,) + [Ks] (3) = AFYO + FCO) + FO) @ where [M] and [Ky] are respectively the mass and shaft stiffness matrices “of the rotor, {W;} isthe general diplceman cng of th hoes eal connie system, and, iO) dFglt)}, and (Fy(t)} are Ripert the fall Vetortctig ‘on thet oer system due to bearing forces, gear mesh interactions, and mmaimbalanes Ta this model. the dynamics bctea the azbox and the rotor are coupled d i forces, which are evaluated by the relative motion between the rotor and the gearbox. The interactions each individual rotor ae coupled through the ‘gear forces generated by the relative motion of the two mating gears at the mesh point. The equations of motion of the gearbox with p rotor systems can be expressed as [Md (We) + [Kel (We} = z (Tal (Fp) (2) where [T.;] represents the coordinate transformation Tecate Bror an he gen’ “The bearing forces (Fy,(t)} for the ith rotor can be evaluated AF yiCt)} = (Cy) (CW) - (Ty) (Wai) ) + 1K) (O¥)- (yd (Wa) @ where [C,,) and [K,,) are respectively the damping and cae a are PEs tthe corile transformation matrices for the gédrbox with respect to the ith rotor, and W; is the casing displacements at the rotor locations ‘The gear forces generated from the’ gear mesh interaction{1,2) can be written as F(t) = (F(t) + (yO) © where {F,(t)} is the vector containing the gear forces and fame cunoe Ea fn Ces Teotnatng gous kal T ()) te ener emt ee jaan [ores iis ftp Seen the eae ng iafece [nlc atten ey ae dymaict of he stent al tne Solel Toe sad cag cqesdons of totics have to te set ears Shuinie “the computational eat te odd React 2) oes ast, tie medal degre o ecole oe pial equals at ott Gag iP eaiaipel mole caketa! eer seen undamped mode shapes of the gearbox, the rotor and the gearbox displacements were transformed into the modal coordinates to reduce the number of degrees of freedom in the system to minimize the computational effort. The tae oratia af egt, epemeatnal fe. The gearbox vibration were solved simultaneously for the Ben eccratoe "nar ary, or ie See agate the nln nepali scheme wae Soplaemens a ech tae sop eeansent cals ‘IL EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ‘Using the spiral bevel gear fa test rig illustrated in Figure 2, the resulting fatigue damage on the pinion oa sted jn Figures 3 ale ‘The prim: Fuspone of ts tigi fo fly tae Cees of et nal design, gear matertls, and lubrication types on fhe fatigue Siete aneah qaty gars [Bees sal Seed Copyrighl by Ube American Ceor Manufolurers Association ft Dec 29 17:35:43 2006 gears are used extensively in helicopter transmissions to transier power between nonparallel intersecting shafts, the use of this fatigue rig for tic studies is. practical Vibration data from an accelerometer mounted on the pinion shaft bearing housing was captured using a personal computer with an analog to digital conversion board and aatilising filter, The 12 toth test pinion, and the 36 tooth gear have: 0.5141 in diametral pitch, 35 degree spiral angle, 1 in. face width, 90 degree shaft’ angle, and 22.5 degree pressure angle. ‘The pinion transmits 720 hp at nominal speed of 14400 rpm. The test tig was stopped several times for gear damage inspection, ‘The test. was ended at 17.79 operational hours when a broken portion of ‘tooth was found during one of the shutdowns. IV, VIBRATION SIGNATURE ANALYSIS PROCEDURE Three major methodologies: A) the joint time. frequency approach, B) the frequency domain approach, and C) the time domain techniques, were used in this study. The following is a description of the three methodologies: (A)Joint Time-Frequency Technique To examine the vibration signal in a joint time- frequency domain, the Wigner-Ville method {4,5} was used in this study. While the Fast Fourier Transiorm (FFT) technique can provide the spectral contents of the time signal, it cannot distinguish time phase change during a complete cycle of operation. In other words, it assumes that the time signals are repeatable for each time data acquisition window without considering the effects of any magnitude and phase changes during the sampling period. Tye Wigue Vile datbaton will provide an ineactive relationship between time cy during the of the time’ data window. The comprehensive representation of the vibration sigual using the WVD. method is the primary reason that it was used to compare the predicted and experimental vibration results. WVD (WignerVille Distribution), in discrete form, can written as: Wy (oT, ) = 27 % aorsn xt(aTit). ¢lérir @) where ‘W(t, ) = the Wigner-Ville distribution in both the time domain ¢ and frequency domain f. x{t) = the time signal PS fhe sampling interval the length of time data used in the transform To allow sampling at the Nyguist rate and eliminate the concentration of energy around the frequency origin due to the cross product between negative and positive uency[4.5), the analytic signal was used in evaluat CURB A stay teed St) detacd ac s(t) = x(t) + jH[x(t)) ©) Where Hlx(t) is the Hilbert transform of x(t). Homever, tn licenativn ‘appronch canbe tue o eae the ‘Dalyiie signal ual the frequency domain definition, The Shalt fgual (0 can bevevalsatel by aleaisting the BET of the time signal x(t), then setiing. the “negative frequency spectrum fo, seo. The aasiyt ‘aa be abtained by evaluating the inverse FFT of the spectrum. "To simplify the computational effort, the WWD can be evaluated using @ standard FFT algorithm, AdoptingSTD-AGMA SMFTHS-ENGL 1594 MM Ob87575 DO04b38 950 mm the convention that the sampling period i+ normalized to hnityy it is necessary only to evaluate the WWD at time zero. Hence Wy (0,0 = 2 x xi) eit @ where k(i) sf). Equation (13) can be evaluated using the discrete FFT algorithm, In order to avoid a repetition in the time domain WVD, a weighting function(§} was added to the time data before the evaluation process. Such a process may decrease the tection ofthe dstbution, but it will eliminate the repetition of peaks in the time domain and. 1 interpretation of the result is substantially easier. (B) Frequency Domain Technique ‘The frequency spectrum is found by applying a Discrete Fourier ‘Transform (DFT) on the time averaged signal x(t), such that the spectral components are x(k) = 7 > x(t) exp( BBE) ® where X(t) = time domain signal X(k) = frequency domain signal T= sampling time interval N= number of data points The frequency components were examined in the frequency domain and compared with those obtained at various stages of the fault development in the spiral bevel pinion. (C) Time Domain Techniques Four different time domain techniques for, early detection of gear tooth damage were used in this study. All fof the time domain techniques were applied to the ‘bration signal after it was time synchronously averaged. ‘These techniques are: FM4, NA4*, and NB4*. They are defined as follows: PM4{i1] is an isolated fault detection parameter for the gear tooth, and is given by the normalized kurtosis, of the resulting difference signal as x NY (q-at rag = =i © Tarr where KOS aw 2 PO ans a) ; Srignal time spchronoue sgl ee We ands Bre IEE numberof data pont inthe ine signal NAS [12-14] is a general gear fault detection parameter, with trending capabilites, A residual signal is constructed by removing regular meshing components from the time averaged signal. ‘The frst order sidebands stay in the residual signal and the fourth statistical moment of the residual signal is then divided by the averaged variance of the’ residual” signal, raised to’ the second power. The average variance is the mean value of the vatiance of all Copyrighl by Ube American Ceor Manufolurers Association Pi Dec 29 17:35:43 20 previous records in the run ensemble, This allows NA4 to ‘compare the current gear vibration with the baseline of the system under nominal conditions. NAd is given by the {quasi-normalized kurtosis equation shown below: (20) residual signal ‘mean value of residual signal jotal number of data points in one time record data point number in time record time record number ‘= current time record number in run ensemble ‘An enhancement to this parameter is given by NAS", in which the value of the averaged variance is "locked" when the instantaneous variance exceeds a predetermined value (ld). ‘This provides NA4 with enhanced treading ‘capabilities, in which the kurtosis of the current signal is compared to, the variance of the baseline signal under ‘nominal conditions, NB4 is another parameter similar to NA4 that also uses the quasi-normalized kurtosis givea in equation (4). The major diference is that instead of using » residual signal, NB¢ uses the envelope of the signal bandpassed about the mesh frequency. Again, as with NAA”, NBI* is an enhancement to the NBd parameter, in which the valie of the average variance is "locked" when the instantaneous variance exceeds a predetermined value. ‘The equation for NB4* is given below: NBA"(M) a) {3 § aod s() = maguitude off (0) + (8(0))} 2) vehere b(t) = time averaged signal bandpassed Sikered about the meshing frequency H[b(t)] = the Hilbert Transform of b(t) N'= total number of data points in one time record data point number in time record time record number ~ current time record aumber in run ensemble ‘¥. DISCUSSIONS OF RESULTS AA seties of photos showing the deterioration of the pinion tecth at various stages of the test are shown in figures 3 and 4. Figure 3A shows the initiation of a small pit on one of the pinion teeth during the first shutdown, at about five and a balf hours into the test. As the test, progressed, the rig was shut down seven more times to examine the severity of the pitting and its relations with the corresponding vibrations. Figures 3B, 3C, and 3 show the increase of the damaged azea at the’pinion tooth as te elapsed tie incteaed to 6.5, 8.55, and 1008 hours respectively. Note that in Ggure 4A, at 12 hours, the damage of the pinion tooth increased Yo 75% of the tooth surface. At this stage, pitting also initiated on the adjacent ‘tooth and continued to grow as the time increased to 14.53 hours, figure 4B. At 16.16 hours, the damage has grown to three edjacent teeth as shown ia figure 4. The test wasSTD-AGMA S4FTHS-ENGL L994 MM OL87575 OO04b29 At? a terminated when a tooth fracture is found on one of the three heavily pitted teeth at 17.79 hours, as shown in figure 4D. 5 and 6 show the WVD, the time signal(to the left sf the WVD), and frequency: spectra(below 2 WD), of ie spa evel pion, rain a, vos ages corresponding to the photographs given in figures 3 and f Pigure 5A shows the vibration siguature dive fo initial pitting, us shown i figure 3A, a around 200 degrees irom the triggering point of the gear at 55 hours of running time. As time progressed to 6.55 hours, more favanced pitting is occuring sx show ta figure $B, the NIV aplitde incesses following by. ae sbert term amplitude and phase change at 260 degrees as illustrated fo Gguee SB. This pheasinens. is alo evident in. the Feqeny spectrum wih the exsteac of able deband tocponeate’ Due to the spect increaee{afier the shutdown St 358 hour, the overall. WD. sopltede, increases substantially as shown in figure 5C. At the running time of 10.03 hours, as seen in figure 3D, pitting become more advanced as can be detected by the initiation of a cross Patter in the WD, Sure SD. The piting of te tooth is Frere prooouncod at 1£09 hone, as show in gure 4A, abd cla be vertied by the disloc cess pattew In the WVD shown in figure 6A. The high concentration in the WVD energy at 14.53 hours combined with the further increase in tdeband. amplitudes in figure 6B thows the initiation ef the pitting procem an the’ naighboring teeth, as illustrated in figure 4B. At 16.16 hours, as seen in figure GC, the WVD pattern changes, es two crow patterns start to appear, showing more advanced damage tothe adjacent tecth "so utrated in figure 4G, The discontinuity of the test frequency compoutal with tine, ef shows by. the WWD in igure 6D, is mainly due to the shor term phase change caused by the fractured tooth and the pitting of the fee Sedjucent teeth, "as shown in Ggure. 4De. This Pheoomanon ls also Conmoed Uy the salantial increase the eideband amplitude in the frequency epectrum in figure 6D. Tn order to simulate the dynamics of the system with gear tooth damage, two mesh sifaess motels with combinations of stiffness reduction and phase delay, ete introduced, A simple stiffness reduction and phase Change model, chown in figure TA, was used to sinrlate the Single tooth surface iting damage at 12 hours a thown in Bgure 4A. The resling experimental vibeaiion Signature, due to this damage is ven in Bgure 6A: The teak sttines model gen’ ia gue 7B coasted of 8 Crenbinatca of ifsc and phtoe changes over’ three consecutive teeth, to approximate the ‘maliple tooth pitting damage at 17.79 hours, as seen in figure 4D. The Fesulling experimental vibration signature ‘due to (is extensive is given in figure 6D. Additional Ectional effecte were also aded to the mode to simulate tie nghons of te tether dae oping Tae fimulated vibration signatures of the pinion grat are given ib'Ggure € Gompacing figures 8A aad 6A, for the & toot damage ese ai HE Sos ‘one may "wticn Similarities ‘etween both the frequency apestze and the WVD ‘display. The unevenness ia the jxperimeatal time Sigual is maiziy due to the modulation of frequencies dus to other excitations in the test rig, which are not included in the model. For the tooth break-off cate at 11-79 hours, both the numerical WVD, figure 8B, and the rimental_ WVD, figure 6D, show a large cross pattern at the 6th ‘tooth pass location due to the tooth fracture. Some Alscrepancies have been detected betweea the expeimental sod ihe numeric! tine anal a the th and th nth pass locations, ‘The experimental time signal consists tome “higher” frequency, smaller amplitude vibration ‘modulation, which were not simulated. This additional Copyrighl by Ube American Ceor Manufolurers Association Pi Dec 29 17:35:43 20 modulated signal excited the 14 times rotational speed component," clown ig be exprinenial,eyeency spectrum in ), and, in turn, is responsible for smnall differences created in the WVD. ‘The FM4 parameter, as seen in figure 9A, shows a possible reaction as the pitting started to occur, however, It does not provide any coherent indication of the severity of the pitting as the damage increased. In addition, it does hot provide any information to distinguish the pitting on single or multiple teeth. Results from NA4" are illustrated in figure 9B. It is obvious from the figure that NAd" provides a very good indication of the pitting development on the pinion tooth. The magnitude of the parameter increases to. a nondimensional value of 7 after shutdown #2 at 6.55 hours, and further to a value of 17 when the pitting covers ‘75% of the tooth surface at 8.5 hours. As expected, the "locked" denominator in NA4* provides a robust indication as the pitting progresses [13,14]. The NB4* method, a8 shown jn figure 9C, displays ‘a very similar trend to that of NA4”, with a more robust indication to the severity of the damage. However, both 'NA4® and NB4" did not provide any type of indication as fhe damage spread Yo Other tet, ead fally tooth acture From the results it is clear that the analytical model has the ability to accurately model gear tooth pitting damage. The WWD method not only verified the analytical results, but also provided detailed diagnostic information on the damage. The WVD method provides Information as to the lation ofthe damage on the geas, and also the magnitude of the damage present. information, however, is currently only discernable by the Jhuman eye, A post-processing scheme, such as a neural network algorithm, is needed to process the data provide by the WVD in an automated fashion. VL CONCLUSIONS 1) A modal. synthesis methodology was developed to simulate the dynamics of gear transmission systems, While the computational eforts fave been greatly reduced by the modal transformation, the ‘numerical results generated maintain good accuracy. 2) Gear tooth damage due to wear and pitting can be approximated by amplitude and phase changes in the gear mesh stiffness model. The gear mesh model can easily be fncorporated into the global transmission system for dynamic simulations 2) The WVD method provider» compiehensve Fepresentation of the vibration signal. Tt was moses used to verify the analytical model. 7 4) The WVD method provides detailed information that can be used to detect and locate gear tooth faults. 5) The NA4* and NB4* parameters show good reactions to the inital pitting damage and very nice indications for the growth and severity of the pitting damage. However their indications for the tooth fracture are unclear. ‘MIL REFERENCES: 1 PK, Tu, Y.K., Savage, M., and Townsewnd, D.P., *Vibration Signature Analysis of Multistage Gear Trasamiasion", J. of the Franklin Institute, “Vel. 328, Noa/s, 1901STD-AGMA S4FTMS-ENGL 1994 MM 0687575 OOO4b20 SO9 mm 2 Choy, F.K., Ruan, YE, Zakrajsek, JJ., Oswald, F.B,,"Modal "Simulation of" Gearbox. Vibration with Experimental Correlation” AIAA J. of Propulsion and Power, Vol.9, No.2, March 1993, 3. Kabraman, A; Ozguven, H.N.j Houser, DR; and Zakrajsek, J.J."Dynamic Analysis of Geared Rotors by Finite Element*, NASA TM-102M9, AVSCOM-TM-80.C- 4. Boashash, B. and Black, Pl. “An efficient Real Time Hoplenentlion of the WineVile Daten” THEE ans. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, V ASSP35, No. 11, November 1867. ne Vol 5. Claasen, T.A.C.M., and Mecklenbruker, W.F.G , "The Wigner Distribution ” A'tool for TmeFtequency ‘Signal Analysis,” Part I Philip J. Res. 35, 1980. 6 Shin, YS. and Jeon, Jd. "Pseudo WignerVille ‘TimeFreyueney Distribution and its Application te Machinery. Condition Monitoring”, J. of Shock and ‘Vibration, Vol. 1, Issue 1, 1995/1994, pp. 65 7. Forrester, B.D., "Analysis of Gear Vibration in the ‘TimeFrequeacy Domain,” Proc. of the 44th Meeting of the ‘Mechanical Failure Prevenention Group. Feb. 1990. 8. Mefadden, P.D. and Wang, WJ. *TimeFrequency Domain Analysis of Vibration Signal for Machinery Diagnostics (Il) the Weighted: WignerVille Distsibution”, University of Oxford, Report No. OUEL 1891, 1991. 9 Randall, R.B., "A new Method of Modeling Gear Faults,” Journal ‘of Mechanical Design, Apr. 1982, Vol 104/259. 10. Taylor, J.L, "Fault Diagnosis of Gears Using Spectrum Analysis,” Second International Conference on Vibrations in Rotating Machines, Cambridge, Sept. 24, 1980, I. Mech, E,, London, pp. 163168. 11. Stewart, RLM., "Some Useful Data Analysis Techniques for Gearbox Diagnostice,” Institute of Sound and Vibration esearch, Paper MHM/R/10/17, 1977 12, Zakrajsek, J.J., Towsend, D.P. and Decker, HJ. "An. ‘Analysis of Gear Fault Detection ‘Methods as Applied to Pitting Fatigue Failure Data’, NASA TM105950, presented at the 47th Mechanical Failure Prevention Group Meeting, Virginia Beach, Virginia, April 1315, 1993. 13. Zakrajack, J.J., Handschub, RLF, and Decker, HJ. * Application of Fault Detection Techniques to Spiral Bevel Gear Fatigue Data”, NASA TMLOG467, presented in the 48th Mechanical “Failures Prevention’ Group Meeting, Wakefield, Massachusetts, April 1921, 1994. 14. Decker, H.J., Handschuh, RLP., and Zakrajsek, JJ, "An Enhancement to the NAU Gear Vibration Diagnostic Parameter,” NASA TM106553, presented at the 18th Annual Meeting of the Vibration Tastitute, Hershey, PA, June 2023, 1994. 15. Choy, F.K; Townsend, DP; and Oswald, FB., "Dynamic Analysis of _ Multimesh-Gear Helicopter ‘Transmissions’, NASA TP-2789, 1988, 16. Boyd, LS., and Pike, J.A., "Epi AIAA Journal , Vol.27, No.5, May 1989. cle Gear Dynamics”, Copyrighl by Ube American Ceor Manufolurers Association Pi Dec 29 17:35:43 20 17, Handechub, R., "Effect of Lubricant Jet Location on Spiral Bevel 'Gear Operating Temperatures,” NASA ‘TM105656, AUSCOM TR91C033, presented at the 6th International Power Transmission and Gearing Conference, ASME Sept. 1916, 1992, Phoenix, AZ. Zt Bowrng forces 74 mn 7 4 ‘eartorens Figure 1-Schematic of a rotor-gear bearing system. Figure 2-Spiral bevel gear tet rg at NASA Lewia Center.STD-AGHA SMFTMS-ENGL 2994 MM Ob87575 OOO4G21 44S mm Figure 4.-Pictures of the damaged pinion teeth. (a) 12.03 hour. (b) 14.53 hours. (c) 16.16 hours. (4) 17.79 hours Copyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Association ft Dec 29 17:35:43 2006STD-AGMA S4FTHI-ENGL L994 MM 0687575 OOO4b22 381 Me . ‘La Figure 5-Time signal, WVD plot, and 8 ofthe is iroeatl andy. (=) 5. hour. (6) 655 hous () 855 hours (4) 1009 houses ne” eet fom experimental tay ® Figure 6."Time signal, WVD plot, and fequency spectra in (F126 ham: FTES har (MET bom) Sam sion tenth om experimental stad. Copyrighl by Ube American Ceor Manufolurers Association ft Dec 29 17:35:43 2006STD-AGMA SUFTMS-ENGL 1994 MM Ob87575 000423 218 a st tin PEEEESSERETEOLEDEE Run Time (Hours) ® BE Run Time ours} 9.-Regulta from method. (a) FMA. (b) NA&*. (©) NBA. Copyright by the American Gear Manufacturers Association ft Dec 29 17:35:43 2006