0. Interpretation procedures for obtaining soil deformation ‘parameters Methodes d'interprétation pour obtenir les paramétres de déformabilité des sols 34 N.JANBU, Professor and K. SENNESET, Chief Engineer, Norwegian Institute of Fig. 3 Results of CL~ tests. Example tne cootfic fant ever geil, € fun a cl-te tach a8 €or feant rate fp. Ate Piste for jut even 80 ° ¢ 7200 i : 2 i © 1000 ° Fig. 4 Fthe ke yet o coutticlents op and a, ara very nately ¢ Tiat, even for fairly lafge variations of o/e Sislasy vee Fig. 2,” This weane chat one can 2 Cltast without rigorous restrictions, fuch ae constant rate of loading (CRL), con tie Tate of strain (CHS) oF coustane gradient (eo). At our institute it is common to specify a limit for the maximum rate of Au/Ac, say £0.3. fut even a0, no sharp restriction te seeded: Time tetistance = Vis mtn ' 1 Secondary ‘Primary consolidation ° 5 10 8 2 Time after load opplication, min 2000 t Matin ley, L Riwvllon. : Tet series 83. | i Step time min | 5 {(Senneset, 1973) 5 z = 1000 + | ® | ' — rot | Pe 0 re Effective stress 0", KPa Fig. 4 Preconsolidotion pressure obtained from the 1, - O'curve 1b20: JANBU AND SENVESED procedure is tailormade ror using con puters, both in date acquisition and in the process of keeping the Au/dc-rate constant. The procedure results in considerable tine saving for running an oedoneter test A com- plete test, including graphical presentation of the results and parameter interpretation takes about 2-4 hours for most Norwegian clays. Figs. 3a, 3b and 3c are typical examples of parameters obtained by Cl-tests with our equip ment. The interpretation procedure is compute- tized for easy plotting. All three diagrans indicate quite clearly the preconsolidation p,’ The curve in Fig. 34 deserves special cou ents. Tt represents the rate of deformation needed to maintain a (fairly) constant rate of Ou/o. This rate is plotted versus average effective stress g". It has been experienced that the deformation rate has to be changed appreciably as the preconsolidation pressure is passed. Hence, the 6-0" curve is also used for p,) ~ determinations. Experience has shown that even the long- term behaviour (creep) of a clay yields precise information about the preconsolidation pressure, For an I-test, for instance, the inverse of strain rate (resistance R= i/é) increases al- most linearly with tine, once primary consol dation is completed (Janbu 69), see Fig.4 If the slope r, = dR/dt (creep number) is plot- ted versus efféctive stress level 0’ one obtains curves of the shape shown in Fig. 4.b. Usually, such curves define p,’ with roughly the same accuracy ‘as the othef procedures de- scribed above, if not better. INTERPRETATION OF UNDRAINED LOADING CONDITION For several test fills on clay excess pore pressure du has been measured simultaneously with the increase in applied load 4p. By plot~ ting du versus Ap one will frequently observe a marked change of the slope, see eg. Sallfors (1975) and Tavenas (1978). If du is plotted versus Op’ the break in the cu-ve is more pronounced, and dp! = excess pre~ cousolidation pressure beyond pj°= effective Renee, pt =p} + Opt Ganbu 1577), overburden. see Fig. 5. che break in the Au - dp curve demonstrates that the rate of excess pore pressure increase is smaller below p' than above pt. This rate~ change is associatéd with a partfal breakdown of the (several thousand year old) soil struc~ cure. The slope of the Au ~ Ap curve can be used to determine a characteristic pore pressure piraxeter D, defined by the enuation du = 9, - Dog wo where ¢, = mean normal stress, 3s u, = maxi- mm devPator stress.Bp Fig. 5 Excess preconsolidation determined by short term load tests on clay (Sr = 100%). ‘A theoretical solution will lead to the follow jing du-value below the center of the load bu = (By = DBP ” where typical values of 8, and 8, are 0.8 and 0.4, respectively (Janbu "77). “Hence, when Au/hp is measured (and the g-values are’ calcu~ lated for the given load case). £q.(7) will lead to the in situ determined D-value. For 4 test fills on clay this procedure has lead to Devalues in the range of 0.25 to 0.6 for the overconsolidated range, and about ~0.5 for the normally consolidated range. {IN SITU PARAMETER DETERMINATION For applied engineering purposes the most important strese-strain-strength parameters are those based on effective stress. This means that field load tests either have to be carried out a drained, or undrained with pore pressure measurenents. ‘When applying stepwise loading, for each depth, the drained tests are timecon” suming and expensive, especially in clays. However, by developing effective stress in~ texpretations of rapid, undrained loading con- ditions, with know pore pressure, the time r quired for a complete test at given depth in clay may be brought down to a few per cent of the time required in a drained procedure. ‘The authors believe that there is hardly an~ other field in soil exploration where so much renains to be done in developing proper equip~ nent and adequate interpretation procedures. It is a very challenging field which vill call for the use of international resources. SUMMARY Dased on a very tong expertence in cent soft gatanuesey Wy iabaeeeery and in suaeit iL Peigpeceed hats + Arithmetic plots should be used in genera for all basic parameter interpretations. + By plotting parameter versus effective stress in arithmetic scale, the preconsc Lidation pressure can be determined in several ways of equal reliability, by ob serving the etress range where the parane- ter undergo appreciable changes. + The determination of effective stress pars. meters in saturated clays are most econo mically done by rapid (undrained) Loading procedures with measurements of pore pres- sure. This applies to Laboratory, a8 vell as in situ procedures. Dnatvercg, Be (1975) Sarctonene eberscteristice of buy W. (0969) S081 coope Coad on SWE, Wieabeten, (Ly sige ere A. and Bjetdoes, #.. (1955). Principal ‘etose ratise aad" theld aflonace om eke 2 fressibiiiy of gaits. Proc. 62h TES, Soatreat, (1), 288-233. ova (987) Hyena calc} aon based tinoacee Seate Universiey. Boil-2, ceotanil Stuy Teonahete be, (1969). Te cestetance concept applied Ysdeo, (ds IIei86. " Jone, He (2977). PrinctpLee and Saterpe Geers, Copcaboisaiagen 197Ty Dales osu, Rs (1970). Geotekaks Ghapeer 6, $ 7 ‘acvapias) Sanit Forlag seat eve, 4-212, Jonas, B- and obeica, Vs (1969). Com sioulea’grediene coos See, a (95) 77-97. udvigsen, ¥- (1978). Consohidation east proceduces ‘{Etpsteooes Digtous thesis (Norvesite) enneset, Es (0973). Oadonstar procedures (loswesi#) Tusseagere sed 8Dhy 1073, Hrondhela 52, (35) 519-598. 1. (1969). Consotidation 5S: 0998). The praconseLidacion reeset ehariour of emenkawncs 08 47" ovregien Tact, of fectoolOWr sod Jaa, 1. (1976). A coneéauous cool igteraat report, HTM, Teondhels: a 8 >