Yoda analysis is based on KitebhofT's current law which states thatthe algebraic sum of currents meeting at Point is zero. Every junction where two or more branches mect is regarded as a node. One of the nodes in the vark is taken as reference node or datum node. If there are n nodes in any network, the number of ultaneous equations to be solved will be (1 ~ 1). Gig.4.1 Steps to be followed in Nodal Analysis 1. Assuming that a network has» nodes, assign a reference node and the reference rections and assign ‘ current and a voltage name for each branch and node respectively. Apply KCL at each node except for the reference node and apply Ohm’s law to the branch currents Solve the simultaneous equations for the unknown node voltages. Using these voltages, find any branch currents required. ExiipLE 28 [| Find the currerit supplied by each battery and load voltage. a eee nov 71004 osaS oma o3a | | | i | | Fig. 256 | ‘We assign a voltage V, at the node and assume that currents are moving away from the node. Applying KCL at the node, |Vy =100 , %-110 4 Ye=120 4 99g ~ 3 025° (0275 0: 10.97 ¥, ~ 1200+ 100 Load voltage Current supplied by the battery of 100.V ae = 108A 10027 ~110 Current supplied by the battery of 100 V = ‘Current supplied by the battery of 100 V Wise 2519 [Find the voltage at ndes 1 and 2. 10 @ iO) Fig. 257 22 @ Gn Assigning voltages 1, and V3 at nodes | and 2 respectively, assume thatthe currents are moving away fea the nodes, Applying KCL at Node 1, en 1 Ws Applying KCL at Node 2, ak 1 37,— Vind Solving Eas.) and (i, We2V W=2V DESEZIO | Find v, and Vp Gi) @ 1a zi Fig. 2.59sume that the currents are moving away from the nodes. “Applying KCL at Node A, Vgxl0 Va, Fa-Vo Tee SV 4504+ V4 +204 ~ Vp 1D ° av yp-2¥ = 50 a) Applying KCL at Node B, Weta ee sae see Wp 3g Vy +54+5¥ p90 _ 15 -3V, + 9¥ p= 85 i) Solving Eqs. (and (i ¥,=939V ¥,=1258V |ERaingLE LAT NE Cotculae the current through the 5 £2 resistor. ‘i 3a Ye $2 BA Fig. 2.60 sume that the currents are moving avvay from the nodes ‘Applying KCL at Node 1, a8. 2 KM 3 24431, +2 - 2) _ 6 SV\-2V; 0 Applying KCL at Node 2, Wea¥, , Yy-(-20) 3 Pome: LOY, +1575 + 3004 6 — 6 30 10¥, ~31¥/,+ 6¥, = 300 ) Applying KCL at Node 3, neWah Bee ~ 4,4 5%, 47,497, 160 160 Solving Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), -871V ~9.92V 1337V b-h 5 13.37-(-9.92) 5 4.66.8 Find the current in the 100 2 resistor. a ov 10a Tsow Fig. 261 Assume thatthe currents are moving away from the nodes. Applying KCL at Node 1, 507, -207, = 2400 Applying KCL at Node 2, Hh = 30° 30 ‘100 10/5 OF, 240+ 9; 300 ae “107, +197, = 240 Solving Eqs. (i) and (i), 48 Current through the 100 8 resistor = 72. ah the 100 8 resistor= 72 = TE = 048AISDS) Find Vy and Vp vs 310 yy 20 @ E a + 2a(t oes 1A av 1v eS Fig 2062 scume thatthe curens are moving away fom the nodes. “Applying KCL at Node 4, Ma. 22m 7 pn AVE 4 Ip 2 4Y,-2¥, @ “Applying KCL at Node B, i Ve—Va Van? Ta Wy Wy 4Vy-2 _, 2 24+ Vy 4 roy Solving Eqs. (i) and Gi), v,=288V ¥y=325V |ERSBSIEZDE Find the voltage across the 5 resistor. 9A 40 22 vy, 39 vw Ms aa 1000 ses ny Fig 2.65, Assume that the currents are moving away from the node. “Applying KCL at Node 1, Vi=12 ,A-4 UK yong 7 Applying KCL at Node 2, ie 2) loos sine 50%, —50K, +¥%4 +20; = 20 _ 7 ae LOSE -S0V, + 71¥,—20¥; = 0 ‘i ‘Applying KCL at Node 3, Bm he BoM sma pre MyM, +, 44-H, _ Sqrnee rT cia SV, -4V,+ 10¥4 ~ 180 i Solving Eqs. (), (i) and Gi), ' ¥,=635V ¥,= 11.96V ¥,~ 2588 ‘Voltage across the $ Q resistor = V5 ~ Vp = 2588-1176 1412 Bangle 225 rind currents 1, 1, and 5, y "a y, 20 . _ a ? Fig 264 Assume that the currents are moving away from the nodes. “Applying KCL at Node 1, ints Ye M25 ig Mian Niels ETE] 10‘Applying KCL at Node 2, BaK Ye, Me-(50) _ Tees ae 2, = Wh + SV, + 10F, + 500 Saag) 2050-18 24, +17, Solving Eas. (i) and (i), = 2619 7A, H50 201850 sas [EBRPOLZE Find currents 1, fp and |, and voltages V, and Vi, nh 020 2032 hose “Applying KCL at Node a, 36-030, O.SV,-027, 1.8+0.2¥,-02¥, 342 Applying KCL at Node 6, hth=2 Wy MOK _ (Ras O.1N, - 0.1% +33-0.3% 0.03 ¥, =20 = 110V Ai) (ii) i)O.1¥,-0.4¥, = 32.4 : Solving Eqs. () and (i, Vv 109 120-4, Ht # 02 104 Or On W eeipl22127 Find the curent in the 10 2 resistor, eae) ya Fig. 2.66 Node 1isdieely connected 1 a voltage source of 50 V. Hence, we cannot write KCL equation at Node At Node 1, %,=50 Be ‘Assume that the currents are moving away from the node. Applying KCL at Node 2, a w-wh FO Va 30 "= 30 *T0 y= +H =50+10, geass 100 -2¥, + 17%, = 50 a Solving Eqs. (i) and (i), y= 50V y= 882V % Current in the 10.0 resistor = 7.so 2a ov Rig 267 fy BepIE22B Pind V, and V> "Assume that the curents are moving eway from the nodes. “Applying KCL at Node a, A) Applying KCL at Node 5, ho-Va Uo a 10 50 10¥,—10¥, +27, +5%—5¥. _ 4 i 100 -107, + 17%,-5V.=0 ti) Node c is directly connected to a voltage Source of 20 V. Hence, we cennot write KCL equation at Node c, AtNode c, a 69-20=-1231V + i [Bsciiple2029 | Find the voltage across the 100 Q resistor 500. 200 Egy © [es ge) ov asa(he soa’ 1009 7 s02 Fg 2.68a Rr) ree ee ois tbe cmd emcee cence ane y=60 PoE wath Gees saving ty a en aopiing ECL Node, Di lavaeoe cmiee amet Vit 3¥y-Ve= 12 Applying KCL at Node C, e Ye-2, Vo 4 307 20 50 "100 2We-2V 4+ SVo—SVg+ We-24+ Vo=0 j -2Y,,5Vg+ 10% = 24 a Solving Eqs. (), (i) and Gi), ¥o= 31.468 V ‘Voltage across the 100.0 resistor = 31.68 V 1(23] [SUPERNODE ANALYSIS! [Nodes that are connected to each other by voltage sources, but not to the reference node by a path of volt sources, form a supernode. A supemode requires one node voltage equation, that is, a KCL equation. T remaining node voltage equations are KVL equations. [Beatie 2130 If Find ehecurent through the 4 2 resistor 4 vy Fe 20 Nodes and 2 form a supernode. . V,-V 6 q Assume that de currents are moving away from the nodes. Applying KCL at the supernode, -5+4 24% «0 2 a 8v 2n+h, =28 i == Solving Eqs () and Gi), y, =1.33V wey, tA ¥, =533V % % curenttrough ited ressor= 2 Baissa 5 F a Pcie 2.31 J Find the current through the 4.2 resistor. Nodes | and 3 form a supemode. Fie 2.70 WW =8 li)