terminals 4B can be replaced by a current source Jy in parallel with a resistance Ry as shown in Fig. 1.328(b). The current /y is equal to the current that would flow when terminals 4 and B are short circuited, i.e., Jy, is equal to the current flowing through short-circuited terminals 4B. The resistance Ry is the same as Thevenin’s resistance Ryy, i.e., Ry is the resistance measured at AB with load removed and replacing all sources by their internal resistances. Complex circuit 2) (b) Fig. 4.328 Norton's equivalent circuit Hence, Norton’s theorem as applied to de circuits may be stated as under: Any complex network having two terminals A and B can be replaced by a current source of current output /y in parallel with a resistance Ry. (i) The output J, of the current source is equal to the current that would flow through 4B when A and B are short circuited. (ii) The resistance Ry is the resistance of the network measured between A and B with load removed and replacing the source with their internal resistances. Steps to apply Norton’s theorem Step 1: Short the branch resistance through which current is to be calculated. Step 2: Obtain the current through this short-circuited branch, using any of the network-simplification techniques. This vurrent is Norton’s current Ly. Step 3: Calculate Ry as viewed through the two terminals of the branch from which current is to be calculated by removing that branch resistance and replac- ing all sources by their internal resistances. Step 4: Draw the Norton’s equivalent cireuit showing current source Jy, with the resistance Ry, in parallel with it. Step 5: Reconnect the branch resistance. Let it be R,. The required current through the branch is given by Ry sien 4 Example 1.80 By Norton’s theorem, find the current in 20 Q in the network shown in Fig, 1.329.109 152 100V = 100 200 WWW Fig. 1.329 Solution Current through 20 Q resistor is required. This resistance can be called load resistance Ry. Its terminals A and B are called load terminals. A 100 150 10 A 100V = 2 Ai= 209 B Fig. 1.330 Step I: Calculation of Iy Removing the load resistance from the network and short circuiting the load terminals, we get the modified network as shown in Fig. 1.331. fe In Fig. 1.331, current flowing wa) a through the short circuit placed across ton the load terminals A and B is called 8 Norton current Jy. This current can Fig. 4.331 be calculated by mesh analysis as shown below. Applying the KVL to mesh 1, | -10/, -10(7, — 4) + 100 = 0 ' or 20], + 10%, = -100 @ Applying the KVL to mesh 2, “15h - 10-1) = 0 or 101, - 251, =0 @ Solving Eqs (i) and (ii), h=25A Hence, Jy =2.5 A, from A to B Step II: Calculation of Ry Removing the load resistance from the network and replacing the voltage source by short circuit, we get the network as shown in Fig. 1.332. 159In Fig. 1.332, equivalent resistance across the 102 152 load terminals 4 and B is called Norton’s a creat resistance Ry. Thus, Ry = Ryg = (10 |] 10) + 15=20 100 Step UI: Calculation of load current Norton’s equivalent circuit can be drawn as = shown in Fig. 1.333. Fig. 1.332 A a Iy=2.5A 4 Ry=202 Ry= 202 8 Fig. 1.333 By current division rule, 20 20 +20 Tr = Ing = 2.5 X = 1.25 AQ) Example 1.81 By Norton’s theorem, find the current in 4 Q resistor in the network shown in Fig. 1.334. 6v a ie pa : Fig. 1.334 Solution Current through 4 © resistor is required. This resistance can be called load re- sistance R,. Its terminals 4 and B are called load terminals. ev - e A 5A(A 22 2a(h Ry=4aQ 8 Fig. 1.335Step I: Calculation of Iy Removing the load resistance from the network and short circuiting the load terminals, we get the modified circuit as shown in Fig. 1.336. ev 62) A sA(4 hy 2a j2act Ig In Mesh 1 Mesh 2 Mesh 3 Fig, 1.336 In Fig. 1.336, current flowing through the short circuit placed across the load terminals A and B is called Norton's current Jy. This current can be calculated by mesh analysis as follows. In mesh 1, current source of 5A is in the direction of mesh current J. So = 5 @ Mesh 2 and mesh 3 form a supermesh. By expressing the current in the common branch, we get the current equation as (h-h)=2 (ii) By applying the KVL to the supermesh, we get the voltage equation as 6-2, - 1) =0. or - 2-2 = 6 Gi) Solving Eqs (i), (ii) and (iii), B=4A Hence, Iy=4 A; from A to B Step WI: Calculation of Ry Removing the load resistance from the network and replacing the voltage source by short circuit and current sources by open circuits, we get the network as shown in Fig. 1.337. os 22 (Peale Fig. 1.337 a h In=4A(h Ry=22 Ry=42 Thus, Ry = Rug = 2 2. Step III: Calculation of load current i: Norton’s equivalent circuit can be drawn . as shown in Fig. 1.338. Fig. 1.338By current division rule, 2 T,=Iyg=4x 2 = 1. = hho TED 133 AQ) Example 1.82 By Norton’s theorem, find the current in 4 Q resistor in the network shown in Fig. 1.339. tov | 1 6a 20 S100 20 10 30 {t 24v oe Fig. 1.339 Solution Current through 4 Q resistor is required. This resistance can be called load resist- ance R,. Its terminals A and B are called load terminals (see Fig. 1.340). 10V | 1 6a (4 22 109 20 19 30 Ri=40 4 i 2av B A Fig. 1.340 10V Step I: Calculation of Iy = amgal | Removing the load resistance from the network and short 6A (4) 20 102 20 circuiting the load terminals, we get the network as shown ao on in Fig. 1.341. InFig. 1.341, curent flowing through the short circuit placed {t oe across the load terminals 4 and pay te Biscalled Norton’s current Jy. Fig. 1.341By source transformation, i.e., converting parallel combination of current source of 6 A and resistor of 2 Q into equivalent series combination of voltage source and resistor, we get the modified network as shown in Fig. 1.342. 10v 5 oF 4 109 e 20 12V-—>> Mesht Mesh 2 19 39 ie pa mse pay 2 ieee Fig. 1.342 Applying KVL to mesh I, 2h - 10(, — 5) - (i, - 5) + 12 =0 or —--13/, + 10, + =-12 @ Applying the KVL to mesh 2, 20g =) — 10-27, = 3 =) 0) or 10/, - 154, + 3/, = 10 Gi) Applying the KVL to mesh 3, (I; — 1) ~ 3 — h) + 24 =0 oy #3, 4, = 24 (iii) ‘The value of /; may be found by solving the above three simultaneous equations or by‘the method of determinants as given below: Putting the above three equations in matrix form, we have =13 10 1A) fai . lo -15 3 |/7,.|=} 10 1 3 -4i/7,| |-24 13 19. > 1, Sa, LOG a te So, 10:2 15 ts3) ||| S188, A; =} 10), -IS9 DO eee 1 3-4 1 3 By Cramer’s rule, _ As _ 2330 _ em ewan ee Hence, Jy = 12.39 A, from A to B eam memesStep I: Calculation of Ry Removing the load resistance from the network and replacing the voltage sou by short circuits and current source by open circuit, we get the following ci D 20 100 20 G} E 12 32 i 8 A Fig. 1.343 Converting the star connection formed by 1, 10.Q, and 3 Q resistors (¥ CDE) into equivalent delta connection, ie., ¥ CDE = A CDE, we get the circuit as shown in Fig, 1.344. D 2 29 20 ° m B A Fig. 1.344 ix19 10x3 We have RT 1410+ —— sia sai a peat 3 =43.Q, iL 1x3 (3+ — 4a The simplified network is shown in Fig. 1.345. D 29we get the following network: 3.672 AWW 1.982 E => CL—WW— E => Be ww A 430 8 A Fig. 1.346 Hi: Calculation of load current equivalent circuit can be drawn as shown below: division rule, A A In = 12.39 A (4 Ru= A=40 1.989 B Fig. 1.347 I, = lag = 12.39 x ns =41A-) Example 1.83 By Norton’s theorem, find the current in 5 Q resistor in the nétwork shown in Fig. 1.348. 39 A 6o 6a i AWW AN NWN O) oat 5a 100 2A 30 22 | www AWW 10V oe Fig. 1.348 Solution Step I: Calculation of Iy Current through 5 Q resistor is required. This resistance can be called load resistance R,. Its terminals A and B are called load terminals. Removing the loadresistance from the network and short circuiting the load terminals, we get the following network: 30) Ane 6a AWW AN WV Zs sah Iw 102 2A 3a 20 {t WW Bee 40 Fig. 1.349 2 In Fig. 1.349, current flowing through the short circuit placed across the load terminals 4 and B is called Norton’s current Jy. By source transformation, i. converting parallel combination of current source of 2 A and resistor of 6 Q into equivalent series combination of voltage source and resistor, we get the modified network as shown in Fig. 1.350. : 32 A 6a 62 ne v AWS {t 6a(h Iw fk }100:) Ig 32 Mesh 1 Mesh 2. Mesh 3 ANA Bigy 22 42 Fig, 1.350 The current /y can be calculated by mesh analysis. In mesh 1, current source of 6 A is in the direction of mesh current [,. So G6 Applying the KVL to mesh 2, 6h - 10(2, - 4) — 2, + 10=0 or 18, + 107,=-10 Applying the KVL to mesh 3, -61,- 12-31, —41,- 10 =) =O on a) 0A =23%, = Solving Eqs (i), (ii) and (iii), we get =6A,5=035A — = 5.65 A, from A to B 4 oreby short circuit and current sources by open c=CaiES. we network: 32 A 6Q 62 102 30 e B 22 42 Fig. 1.351 i By series-parallel circuit reduction techniques, we get the network as shown in Fig. 1.352. 62 62 A A A 109 139 > 5.652 > 13.652 YCDE, we get the simplified network as shown in Fig. 1.357. c 'y Fig. 1.357 The current Jy can be calculated by Mesh analysis. Applying KVL to Mesh 1, =1.331, - 04(T, — £)-1(,— 4) + 10= 0 2.731, + 0.4L, + I, = -10 @ Applying KVL to Mesh 2, -2L, + 15 -5(I - 5) 0.4, - ) = 0 0.47, - 7.45, + 5, = -15 Gi Applying KVL to Mesh 3, 55 — L) -1 - 4) = 9 1, +5h-6=0 Gi) Solving Eqs (i), (ii), and (iii), we get 1,= 7.5064 ie. Ty = -7.506A Step Il: Calculation or Ry Removing the load resistance from the network and replacing the voltage sources by short circuit, we get the network as shown in Fig. 1.358. In Fig. 1.358, equivalent resistance across load terminals A and B is called Norton’s resistance Ry. eo 102 . Fig. 1.358In Fig.1.358, node C and node A are same, similarly node D and node B are same. By joining them, the circuit can be simplified as follows: 10Q AIC é BID Fig. 1.359 * By using series-parallel reduction technique, the circuit is reduced across A and Bas follows: 102 102 ca > 2.0270 A Ee AWC 0.6670 E 1.8570 BID AIC 25420 BID Fig, 1.360 Thus, Ry = Ryg = 2.027 Q Step III: Calculation of load current Norton’s equivalent circuit can be drawn as follows: Iy=-7.506 A Ry= 2.0722 Fig. 4.361 By current division rule, -7.506 x 2.027 a 2.027 +1i Example 1.85 Obtain Norton’s equivalent circuit across 4 and B as shown in Fig. 1.362. B 4a 10Vi 22 a *)ev 52 i Fig. 1.362 | Solution ; For simplicity, the circuit shown in Fig. 1.362 can be redrawn as shown in Fig. 1.363. tov(t 22 12 Z)5V ANN 5Q A e 42 Fig, 1.363 Step I: Calculation of Iy In Fig. 1.364, current flowing through the short circuit placed across the load terminals A and B is called Norton’s current Jy, Fig. 1.364 In the circuit of Fig. 1.364, there are two combinations as follows: i) Series combination of voltage source of 10 V and resistor of 5 2 Gi) Series combination of voltage source of 5 V and resistor of 4 QConverting the above combinations into equivalent combinations, we get the simplified circuit as follows: 2a(h 52 20 19 4a (4)1.25A Fig. 4.365 In Fig. 1.365, all elements are in parallel. The resistors 5 Q and 2 Q are in parallel. Similarly resistors 1 Q and 4 Q are in parallel. 2ah 1.439 08a ¥) 1.254 AM nee Fig. 1.366 In the circuit of Fig. 1.366, there are two combinations as follows: (@ Parallel combination of current source of 2 A and resistor of 1.43 Q (ii) Parallel combination of current soyrce of 1.25 A and resistor of 0.8 2 Converting the above combinations into equivalent combinations, we get the simplified circuit as follows: 1.439 08a 2.86V 7 cnBy applying KVL to the loop, we get 2.86 + 1.43ly + 0.8ly+1=0 y= -3 A Step II: Calculation of Ry Replacing the voltage sources by short circuit, we get the network as shown in Fig, 1.368. In Fig. 1.368, equivalent resistance across load terminals 4 and B is called Norton’s resistance Ry. 2 20 12 sinianu a. 42 Fig, 1.368 In Fig. 1.368, resistors 5 Q and 2 Q are in parallel. Also resistors 1 Q and 4 Q are in parallel. 1.43.0 0.82 . A B Fig, 1.369 Thus, Ry = Ryp = 1.43 + 0.8 = 2.232 : Step IIE: Norton’s equivalent circuit Norton’s equivalent circuit can be drawn as follows: Iy=-1.73a (4 2A Ry=2.230 °B Fig. 1.3701.19 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem This theorem deals with transfer of maximum power from a source to load and may be stated as under: Inde iat Ee Power is transferred from a source to a load when the load resistance is made equal to the equivalent resistance of the network as viewed from the load terminals, with load removed and replacing all sources with their internal resistances. Figure 1.371(a) shows a complex circuit supplying power to the load R,. The circuit enclosed in a box can be replaced by Thevenin’s equivalent cireuit con- sisting of a single source of emf V;y (called Thevenin voltage) in series with a Single resistance Ryy (called Thevenin resistance), as shown in Fig, 1.371(b). Clearly, the resistance Ryy is the resistance measured between terminals A and B with R, removed and replacing the sources with their internal resistances. Ac- cording to maximum power transfer theorem, maximum power will be trans- ferred from the circuit to the load when R, is made equal to Ry, the Thevenin’s resistance at terminals 4 and B. al A I Complex circuit A B B (@) Fig. 1.371 _ Illustration of maximum power transfer theorem Proof , Referring to Fig. 1.371(b), the current supplied to R, is given by fe i ut R, + Rey 2 2 Vv; Vin ®; E Power delivered to R,, P = PR, = ( ze xR,=—H 4 iy Ry + Rew (Ry + Br)? For a given circuit, Vm, and Ryy are constants. Therefore, power delivered to the load depends upon R;. In order to find the value of R, for which the value of P is maximum, it is necessary to differentiate Eq. (ji) wart. R, and set the result equal to zero, ie, for Pray, OP.ts So, differentiating Eq. (i) wrt. Ry, we get ap _ Rt R,)’ Vi ~ Van Rp (2Rru + 2R,) aR, (ra + Ry) or (Brat RD? Vau- Vink OR + 22) = 0 or (Ry + Ri) Vay (Rrn + Rx) — 28] = 0 or Ry - R= or Rp = Bre This proves the maximum power transfer theorem Power delivered to R, is given by _ Vino (Ry + Ria) When R, = Ry, P= Prnax: Via Bra ~ (Br + Rr? * v2 or Prax = ae ora So, zB ‘max Ww Se 400 600 Example 1.86 Calculate the value of R; for it to absorb the maximum [ power and find out the maximum = 2 200 120V power in the circuit of Fig. 1.372. i Salution Be According to maximum power Fig 1.372 transfer theorem, maximum power mn will be transferred from the circuit to the load when R, is made equal to Ry, the Thevenin’s resistance at terminals 4 and B. Load terminals are marked as 4 and B. Calculation of Ry Ae Removing the load resistance from the network and replacing the voltage source by short circuit, we get the modified 402 609 network as shown in Fig. 1.373. In Fig. 1.373, equivalent resistance across the load terminals A and Bis called ae ‘Thevenin’s resistance Ry. By series-parallel circuit reduction techniques, we have Fig. 1.373Sor enaranesronan nee ma a SS Seen Rry = Rag = (40 || 20) + 60 = 13.33 + 60 = 73.33 Q Thus, when R, = 73.33 Q, it absorbs the maximum power. The maximum power, Pra iS given by v2 _ Vim 4Rrx Thus, for calculation of Py. (maximum power), Vp, is required. Calculation of Vry Removing the load resistance from the network, we get the following network: Ww max, 1 400 600 Fig. 1.374 In Fig, 1.374, voltage appears across the load terminals A and B, which is called Thevenin’s voltage Vix. For calculation of Viz; ie., Vyp, the selected path from A to B is marked by dotted line in Fig. 1.374. As this path contains the 20 Q resistor, current through this resistance is required. The 120 V source produces the total current A, which flows through 20 @ resistor. By Ohm’s law, i208 circuit current, J = a 40+20 Hence, Vry = Vip = (20 x 2) + (60 x 0) =40V i Now, Prax can be calculated as re 40)? ee Se SiO = 5.45 W 4Rqy 4x 73.33 Examaple'1.87 "Find the magnitude of R, for the maximum power transfer to the circuit shown in Fig. 1.375. Also find out the maximum power. 32 Oi 20 a 49 52 wove Fig. 1.375Solution According to maximum power transfer theorem, maximum power will be trans- ferred from the circuit to the load when R; is made equal to Ry, the Thevenin’s resistance at terminals A and B. Load terminals are marked as A and B. Calculation of Ryy Removing the load resistance from the network and replacing the voltage source by short circuit and current source by open circuit, we get the following network: 3a 2A *B 40 Fig. 1.376 In Fig. 1.376, equivalent resistance across the load terminals 4 and B is called Thevenin’s resistance Rry. By series-parallel circuit reduction techniques, we have Rr = Rag = G12) +344 =1434+34+4=8.430 Thus, when R, = 8.43 Q, maximum power is transferred to the circuit. Calculation of Vy Removing the load resistance from the network, we get the modified network as shown in Fig. 1377. In Fig. 1.377, voltage appears across the load terminals 4 and B, which is called Thevenin’s voltage V7). For calculation of Voy i€.s Vp. the selected path Fig, 4.377 from A to B is marked by r dotted line in Fig. 1.377. As this path contains the resistor 2 Q, current through this resistance is required. The required current can be calculated by mesh analysis. Mesh 1 and mesh 2 form a supermesh. By expressing the current in the common branch in terms of mesh currents, we get the current equation as a6 @ By applying the KVL to the supermesh, we get the voltage equation as 105421, or «6-5 2 10 Gi)Solving Eqs (i) and (ii), h=5.A Von Van (4x 0) + (2 5.71) + (3 x0) =1142V NoW, Pruay Can be calculated as er _ (11.42)? 4Ryy 4x8.43 Example 1.88 In the network of Fig. 1.378, determine the maximum power delivered to R,. =3.87 W . toa eo 25a(t sa (oa 2A, 100 == 30v e Fig. 1.378 Solution According to maximum power transfer theorem, maximum power will be trans- ferred from the circuit to the load when R, is made equal to Ry, the Thevenin’s resistance at terminals A and B. Load terminals are marked as. and B. Calculation of Ryy, Removing the load resistance from the network and replacing the voltage source by short circuit and current sources by open circuits, we get the following network: 100 A Pa 5a J0QSR; 3 Fig. 1.379 In Fig. 1.379, equivalent resistance across the load terminals A and B is called Thevenin’s resistance Rry. Resistor R, gets short circuited, so removing it, we get the network as shown below: 102 A 20 A 52 > 3150 otWe have Ry = Ryg = 1.76 Q Thus, when R; = 1.76 Q, maximum power is transferred to the circuit. Calculation of Vzy Removing the load resistance from the network, we get the following network: 100 A 22 25a(t sa (H)i0a 102 =a OV) 8 Fig, 1.381 By source transformation, ie., converting parallel combination of current source of 25 A and resistor of 5 Q into equivalent series combination of voltage source and resistor, we get the modified network as shown in Fig. 1.382. In Fig. 1.382, voltage appears across the load terminals 4 and B, which is called Thevenin’s voltage V-y,. For calculation of Vay, i.e., Vyp, the selected path from A to B is marked by dotted line in Fig. 1.382. As this path contains the 2 Q resistor, current through this resistance is required. The required current can be calculated by mesh analysis. 109 = 30V 125V—— 2 Fig. 1.382 Mesh | and mesh 2 form a supermesh. Expressing the current in the common branch, we get the current equation as earn @ Applying the KVL to the supermesh, we get the voltage equation as 10h, ~ 2h — 10) -) + 125 - 54, =0 or -15f, ~ 12h + 10, = - 135 (i) Applying the KVL to mesh 3, —10(F, - 1.) - 30 =0 or 10-10, = 30 Gi) Solving Eqs (i), (ii) and (iii), h=1441AHence, fg = 14.41 A(>) Further, we get Vy = Vag =30+(2x 14.41) 30 + 28.82 = 58.82 V NoW, Pyygy Can be calculated as _ Vin _ 68.82)? me SaRee o ARLTo, = 491.45 W Example 1.89 Find the value of R, for maximum power transfer and also calculate the maximum power transferred to R, in the network of Fig, 1.383. Solution ‘According to maximum power transfer theorem, maximum power will be transferred from the circuit to the load when R, is made equal to Ry, the Thevenin’s resistance at terminals 4 and B. Load terminals are marked as. and B. Calculation of Ryw Removing the load resistance from the network and replacing the voltage source by short circuit, we get the network as shown in Fig. 1.384. In Fig. 1.384, equivalent resistance across the load terminals 4 and B is called Thevenin’s resistance Rr. For simplification, the circuit can be redrawn as shown in Fig. 1.385. Converting the delta connections formed by 4.0,5Q, and 2 Q resistors (A CAD) into equiva- lent star network, i.e., A CAD => ¥ CAD, we.ob- tain the modified network as shown in Fig, 1.386 A 4Q 52 c D 12 82 B Fig. 1.385 Fig. 1.3830 A 4a 5a c oD 19 Ba B 20 Fig. 1.384By series-parallel circuit-reduction techniques, we get the following network: A 1.82Q a 2 1.8292 s > Ss = 3.272 1.732 8.912 1452 B B 8 Fig. 4.387 * Thus, Rr = Rag = 3.27 @. Hence, when Ry = 3.27 9, maximum power is transferred to the circuit. Calculation of Vx Removing the load resistance from the network, we get the following circuit: 50V Fig, 1.388 In Fig, 1.388, voltage appears across the load terminals A and 2, which is called Thevenin’s voltage Vp}. For calculation of Vry, ie, Vp, the selected path from ‘Ato B is marked by dotted line in Fig. 1.388. As this path contains the resistors | @ and 4 ©, currents through these resistances are required, In Fig. 1.388, the actual directions of curreits are marked. The 50 V source produces the total asrrent [/A, which divides at node C. Let current through branch CAD is J; and current through branch CBD is 1. By using series-parallel eircuit-reduction tech- niques, we get the circuits as shown in Fig. 1.389. From Fig, 1.389(b), the total circuit current, J = sas =769A rom Fig, 1.389(a), the total circuit eurrent divides at node C. By CDR, 9 69 X —— = 3.845 A 9+9c D c D ! 1 20 pees 2a ee 50V 50V fa) (b) Fig. 1.389 9 4 =769 x —— =3.845A Z 949 We now have Vy = (1 x) - (4x h) = (1 x 3.845) — (4 x 3.845) =-11.54 V rae (ns Pryge = Got = = 10.18 W Hea mx AR 4 xo, EXERCISES 1. Explain the concept of source transformation with suitable example. . Derive the relation to express three star-connected resistances into equiva- lent delta, . State and explain superposition theorem. |. State and explain Thevenin’s theorem. . State and explain Norton’s theorem. 6: State and prove the maximum power transfer theorem. 7. Three resistors Rj, Ry, R; are connected in star. If this network is equivalent to delta-connected resistors R,, Rj, R., prove that (refer to Fig. 1.390) RR, y yaw Ry = Ry + Ry + 1 Ry Ro Re8. Three resistors Ry, Rp, Rc are connected in delta. If this network is equiva- lent to star-connected resistors R, Ry Ry, prove that (refer to Fig. 1.391) Raia OR, + Rp + Re x x Ry Re. Re Re Fa Y Zz ane y 2 Fig. 1.394 9. A certain winding made of copper has resistance of 100 Q at room temperature. The resistance temperature coefficient of copper at 0°C is 0.00428/°C. Calculate the winding resistance if temperature is increased to 50°C. Assume room temperature as 50°C. [Ans. 109.67 Q] 40. A coil has 25 Q resistance at 40°C and 45 Q resistance at 100°C. Find its resistance and resistance temperature coefficient at 0°C. [Ans. 11.68 Q; 0.0285 /°C] 11. Find the resistance between points X and Y in the network of Fig. 202 1002 1.52 2.22 252 . 052 i 2.02 1.792 Fig. 1.392 “i [Ans. 1.84 Q} 12. Calculate the total resistance of the network between points 4 and B in the network shown in Fig. 1.393: 120 Fig. 1.393 [ns. 3 Q]